computational models of cognitive control (i)
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Computational models of cognitive control (I). Matthew Botvinick Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University. Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968. Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968. Structural elements. Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968. Structural elements. Control elements. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Computational models of cognitive control (I)
Matthew BotvinickPrinceton Neuroscience Institute andDepartment of Psychology, Princeton University
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Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968
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Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968
Structural elements
Short-term store
Sensory register
Long-term store
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Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968
Structural elements
Short-term store
Sensory register
Long-term store
Control elements
Search / RetrievalTransfer to/from STS
Which register?Forward into sts?
SearchRehearsal
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Baddeley, 1986/2007
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Baddeley, 1986/2007
“Slave systems”
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Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977
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Norman & Shallice, 1986
Contention scheduling system
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Norman & Shallice, 1986
Supervisory attentional system (SAS)
Contention scheduling system
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GREEN
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-- Controlled (task-guided) attention: “attention for action” (Stroop)
-- Ignoring or inhibiting task-irrelevant stims/responses (Go/No-Go)
-- Manipulating information in working memory (N-Back)
-- Switching between tasks (Wisconsin Card Sort)
-- Planning / scheduling (Tower of London)
-- Navigating through extended, hierarchically structured tasks
“Executive/Cognitive Control”
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-- Controlled (task-guided) attention: “attention for action” (Stroop)
-- Ignoring or inhibiting task-irrelevant stims/responses (Go/No-Go)
-- Manipulating information in working memory (N-Back)
-- Switching between tasks (Wisconsin Card Sort)
-- Planning / scheduling (Tower of London)
-- Navigating through extended, hierarchically structured tasks
“Executive/Cognitive Control”
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-- Controlled (task-guided) attention: “attention for action” (Stroop)
-- Ignoring or inhibiting task-irrelevant stims/responses (Go/No-Go)
-- Manipulating information in working memory (N-Back)
-- Switching between tasks (Wisconsin Card Sort)
-- Planning / scheduling (Tower of London)
-- Navigating through extended, hierarchically structured tasks
“Executive/Cognitive Control”
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-- Controlled (task-guided) attention: “attention for action” (Stroop)
-- Ignoring or inhibiting task-irrelevant stims/responses (Go/No-Go)
-- Manipulating information in working memory (N-Back)
-- Switching between tasks (Wisconsin Card Sort)
-- Planning / scheduling (Tower of London)
-- Navigating through extended, hierarchically structured tasks
“Executive/Cognitive Control”
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-- Controlled (task-guided) attention: “attention for action” (Stroop)
-- Ignoring or inhibiting task-irrelevant stims/responses (Go/No-Go)
-- Manipulating information in working memory (N-Back)
-- Switching between tasks (Wisconsin Card Sort)
-- Planning / scheduling (Tower of London)
-- Navigating through extended, hierarchically structured tasks
“Executive/Cognitive Control”
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-- Controlled (task-guided) attention: “attention for action” (Stroop)
-- Ignoring or inhibiting task-irrelevant stims/responses (Go/No-Go)
-- Manipulating information in working memory (N-Back)
-- Switching between tasks (Wisconsin Card Sort)
-- Planning / scheduling (Tower of London)
-- Navigating through extended, hierarchically structured tasks
“Executive/Cognitive Control”
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-- Controlled (task-guided) attention: “attention for action” (Stroop)
-- Ignoring or inhibiting task-irrelevant stims/responses (Go/No-Go)
-- Manipulating information in working memory (N-Back)
-- Switching between tasks (Wisconsin Card Sort)
-- Planning / scheduling (Tower of London)
-- Navigating through extended, hierarchically structured tasks
GETTING WITH (AND STAYING WITH) THE PROGRAM
“Executive/Cognitive Control”
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GETTING WITH (AND STAYING WITH) THE PROGRAM
Encoding / Formulation Maintenance Projection Updating
Task Context
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GREEN
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Cohen, McClelland & Dunbar, 1990
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< < < > < < <
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Cohen, Servan-Schreiber & McClelland, AJP, 1992.
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Cohen, Servan-Schreiber & McClelland, AJP, 1992.
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White & Wise, Exp Br Res, 1999
(See also: Assad, Rainer & Miller, 2000; Bunge, 2004; Hoshi, Shima & Tanji, 1998; Johnston & Everling, 2006; Wallis, Anderson & Miller, 2001; White, 1999…)
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From Curtis & D’Esposito, TICS, 2003, after Funahashi et al., J. Neurophysiol,1989.
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Questions…
-- What about manipulation in WM, etc? -- dynamics (switching, sequences)-- what controls control? (Homunculus)
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Intermission
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“A controlled process is a temporary sequenceof nodes activated under control of, andthrough attention by, the subject. Becauseactive attention by the subject is required,only one such sequence at a time may becontrolled without interference.”
Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977
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Ridderinkhof et al., Science, 2004 (Based on Picard & Strick, Curr. Op. Biol., 2001)
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Response override
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Response override Underdetermined responding
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Response override Underdetermined responding
Error commission
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Response override Underdetermined responding
Error commission
Conflict
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GREEN
GREEN
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< < < > < < <
> > > > > > >
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Botvinick, et al. (1999) Nature.
< < < > < < <
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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Thompson-Schill et al., PNAS, 1997
High constraint: APPLE
Low constraint: BALL
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Carter, Braver, Barch, Botvinick, Noll & Cohen, Science, 1998
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Barch, et al. Cerebral Cortex, 2001 / Botvinick, Carter & Cohen, TICS, 2004
Ridderinkhoff et al., Science, 2004
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Botvinick, et al. (2001) Psychological Review.
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Botvinick, et al. (2001) Psychological Review.
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Botvinick, et al. (2001) Psychological Review.
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Carter, Braver, Barch, Botvinick, Noll & Cohen, Science, 1998
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Gratton et al., JEPG, 1992
Low controlHigh conflict
High controlLow conflict
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Botvinick, et al. (1999) Nature.
Low controlHigh conflict
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Tzelgov, et al. (1992) Memory & Cognition.
High controlLow conflict
Low controlHigh conflict
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Carter, MacDonald, Botvinick et al. (2000) PNAS.
Low controlHigh conflict
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Barch, Braver, Sabb & Noll, JCN, 2000
Underdeterminedresponding
ResponseOverride
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Yeung, Botvinick & Cohen, Psychological Review, 2004
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Stuphorn, Taylor & Schall, Nature, 2000
Ito et al., Science, 2000ACC
SEF
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Nakamura, Roesch & Olson, J. Neurophys. 2005
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Curtis et al., Cereb. Ctx., 2005
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Davis et al., J. Neurosci. 2005
Neutral Incongruent
44%
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WHY?
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Control
Conflict
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Gratton et al., JEPG, 1992
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Botvinick, et al. (2001) Psychological Review.
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Botvinick, et al. (2001) Psychological Review.
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Tzelgov, et al. (1992) Memory & Cognition.
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Botvinick, et al. (2001) Psychological Review.
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Botvinick, et al. (2001) Psychological Review.
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Mayr, Awh & Laurey, Nature Neuroscience, 2003
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Mayr, Awh & Laurey, Nature Neuroscience, 2003
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Ullsperger & Botvinick, PB&R, 2005 Kerns, et al. (2004) Science.
See also:Freitas, Bahar, Yang, and Banai, Psychological Science, 2007 Notebaert, Gevers, Verbruggen, & Liefooghe, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2006
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Freitas, Bahar, Yang, and Banai, Psychological Science, 2007
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Kerns, et al. (2004) Science.
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DiPellegrino, Ciaramelli & Ladavas, J. Cog. Neuro., 2007
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Monitoring of action outcomes -- especially outcomes considered aversive or signaling reduction in reward
Gehring & Willoughby, Science, 2002Luu et al., Psychol. Sci., 2004 Niewenhuis et al., Cerebral Cortex, 2004Bush et al., PNAS, 2002Holroyd & Coles, Psychol. Rev., 2002
Use of outcome information to guide action selection
Matsumoto, et al. Science, 2003Bush, et al., PNAS, 2002Holroyd & Coles, Psychol. Rev. 2002Hadland, et al., J. Neurophysiol., 2003Kennerley, et al., Nature Neurosci., 2006
Action selection based on cost-benefit analysis
Rushworth, et al., TICS, 2004
Cost-benefit analysis might take effort into account
Walton, et al., J. Neurosci., 2003
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Johansen & Fields, Nature Neuroscience, 2004
Glu antagonist Glu agonist(kynurenic acid) (homocysteic acid)
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Jackson, Frost & Moghaddam, J. Neurochem., 2001
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Toward an integrative account
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Conflict is an outcome of action / strategy selection
Toward an integrative account
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Conflict is an outcome of action / strategy selection
Conflict is aversive (registers as a cost)
Toward an integrative account
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Conflict is an outcome of action / strategy selection
Conflict is aversive (registers as a cost)
Conflict informs subsequent decision making
Toward an integrative account
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Conflict is an outcome of action / strategy selection
Conflict is aversive (registers as a cost)
Conflict avoidance
Conflict informs subsequent decision making
Toward an integrative account
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task cue
strategy
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stimulus task cue
strategyresponse
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stimulus task cue
strategyresponse
conflict
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stimulus task cue
strategyresponse
conflict
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Law of least mental effort:
All else being equal, actions will be chosen so as to minimize the demand for cognitive control (indexed by processing conflict).
Law of least effort (Hull): All else being equal, actions will be chosen so as to minimize the amount of work performed.
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Macleod, Hunt & Mathews, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1978
STAR ABOVE CROSS
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“One basis for strategy selection: minimization of cognitive workload.”
-- Reichle, Carpenter & Just, Cog. Psychol., 2003.
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4
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3
90% switch 10% switch
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Botvinick, CABN, 2007
Card
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Card
Botvinick, CABN, 2007
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Card
Botvinick, CABN, 2007
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Card
Botvinick, CABN, 2007
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Anticipatory skin conductance responses
Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Lee, Journal of Neuroscience, 1999.
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0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
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0.12
Performance Decision
SCR (area)
High demand
Low demand
Botvinick & Rosen, Psych Res, in press
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Botvinick & Rosen, Psych Res, in press
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0
0.02
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0.06
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0.14
0.16
0.18
Performance Decision
SCR (area)
High demand
Low demand
Botvinick & Rosen, Psych Res, in press
SCR ACC (Nagai, Critchley, Featherstone, Trimble, & Dolan, 2004)
ACC damage loss of effort- and IGT-related SCR (Naccache et al., 2005))
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8
9
3
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6
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2000 ms
2000 ms
2000-8000 ms
2000 ms
2000-8000 ms
2
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Botvinick, Huffstetler & McGuire, in press
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Botvinick, Huffstetler & McGuire, in press
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Conclusions
Conflict can be viewed as an index of the demand for control
The occurrence of conflict appears to be detected in the brain
Conflict detection appears to impact cognitive control
Conflict may also register as a cost
Tasks / strategies may be chosen so as to minimize conflict
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Where does this put us?
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Where does this put us?
Chipping away at the homunculus
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Where does this put us?
Chipping away at the homunculus
But this is just about modulating task representations
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Where does this put us?
Chipping away at the homunculus
But this is just about modulating task representations
How are task representations selected in the first place?
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Where does this put us?
Chipping away at the homunculus
But this is just about modulating task representations
How are task representations selected in the first place?
How are they sequenced?
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Where does this put us?
Chipping away at the homunculus
But this is just about modulating task representations
How are task representations selected in the first place?
How are they sequenced?
Dynamics (decision-making) and Learning