computer architecture 2012 – introduction (lec1) 1 computer architecture (“mamas”, 234267)...

Computer Architecture 2012 – Introduction (lec1)1

Computer Architecture Computer Architecture (“MAMAS”, 234267)(“MAMAS”, 234267)

Spring 2012Spring 2012

Lecturer: Dan TsafrirReception: Mon 18:30, Taub 611

12/3/2012Presentation based on slides by David Patterson, Avi Mendelson, Lihu Rappoport, and Adi Yoaz


General InfoGeneral Info Grade

20% Exercise (mandatory) תקף 80% Final exam

Textbook “Computer Architecture:

A Quantitative Approach” (4th Edition)by: Patterson & Hennessy

Other course information Course web site:

http://webcourse.cs.technion.ac.il/234267/Spring2012 Lectures will be upload to the web a day before the

class


Computer System Computer System StructureStructure


Classical Motherboard Classical Motherboard DiagramDiagram

CPU

PCI

North Bridge DDR2 or DDR3Channel 1

mouse

LAN

LanAdap

External Graphics

CardMem BUS

CPU BUS

Cache

SoundCard

speakers

South Bridge

PCI express 2.0

IO Controller

HardDisk

Pa

rall

el

Po

rt

Se

ria

l P

ort Floppy

Drivekeybrd

DDR2 or DDR3Channel 2

USBcontroller

SATAcontroller

PCI express ×1

Memory controller

On-board Graphics

DVDDrive

IOMMU

More to the “north” = closer to the CPU = faster


Intel Core 2Intel Core 2

Northbridge = MCH =mem controller hub

Southbridge = ICH = I/O controller hub

Notice bandwidths

65 to 45 nm


Intel Nehalem Core i3 i5 i7Intel Nehalem Core i3 i5 i7

For high-end i-Series chips,Northbridge functionalitymoved onto processor(=> made faster)

45 to 32 nm


Intel Sandy Bridge Core i3 i5 Intel Sandy Bridge Core i3 i5 i7i7

The trend continues32 to 22 nm


Course FocusCourse Focus Start from CPU (=processor)

Instruction set, performance Pipeline, hazards Branch prediction Out-of-order execution

Move on to Memory Hierarchy Caching Main memory Virtual Memory

Move on to PC Architecture Motherboard & chipset, DRAM, I/O, Disk,

peripherals End with some Advanced Topics


The ProcessorThe Processor


Architecture vs. Architecture vs. MicroarchitectureMicroarchitecture

Architecture:= The processor features as seen by its user= Interface Instruction set, number of registers, addressing modes,

…

Microarchitecture:= Manner by which the processor is implemented= Implementation details Caches size and structure, number of execution units, …

Note: different processors with different u-archs can support the same arch Example: Intel Pentium-IV vs. Intel Core2 Duo

We will address both


Why Should We Care?Why Should We Care?

Abstractions enhance productivity, so:If we know the arch (=interface),Why should we care about the u-arch (=internals)?

Same goes for archJust details for a programmer of a high-level language

Abstractions only work so long as what’s below worksThe taxi story: http://vimeo.com/11478146 (4:50-6:00)


Recent Processor TrendsRecent Processor Trends

Source: http://www.scidacreview.org/0904/html/multicore.html


Well-Known Moore’s LawWell-Known Moore’s Law

Graph taken from: http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm


The Story in a NutshellThe Story in a NutshellTransistors(1000s)

clock speed(MHz)

power (W)

Instructions/cycle(ILP)


Took the Industry by SurpriseTook the Industry by Surprise


Dire Implications: PerformanceDire Implications: Performance


Dire Implications: SalesDire Implications: Sales


Dire Implications: ProgrammersDire Implications: Programmers


Supercomputing: “Top 500 list”Supercomputing: “Top 500 list”


Dire Implications: Dire Implications: SupercomputingSupercomputing


Processor PerformanceProcessor Performance


Metrics: IC, CPI, IPCMetrics: IC, CPI, IPC CPUs work according to a clock signal

Clock cycle: measured in nanoseconds (10-9 of a second) Clock frequency = 1/|clock cycle|: in GHz (109 cycles/sec)

Instruction Count (IC) Total number of instructions executed in the program

Cycles Per Instruction (CPI) Average #cycles per Instruction (in a given program)

IPC (= 1/CPI) : Instructions per cycles.Can be > 1; see the “story in a nutshell slide”

CPI =#cycles required to execute the program

IC


Minimizing Execution TimeMinimizing Execution Time CPU Time - time required to execute a program

CPU Time = IC CPI clock cycle

Our goal:

minimize CPU Time (any of above components) Minimize clock cycle: increase GHz (processor design)

Minimize CPI: u-arch (e.g.: more execution

units)

Minimize IC: arch + u-arch (e.g.: SSETM)

SSE = streaming SIMD extension (Intel)


Alternative Way to Calculate Alternative Way to Calculate CPICPI

ICi = #times instruction of type-i is executed in program

IC = #instruction executed in program =

Fi = relative frequency of type-i instruction = ICi/IC

CPIi = #cycles to execute type-i instruction e.g.: CPIadd = 1, CPImul = 3

#cycles required to execute the program:

CPI: CPIcyc

IC

CPI IC

ICCPI

IC

ICCPI F

i ii

n

ii

i

n

i ii

n

# 1

1 1

1

#n

i ii

cyc CPI IC

IC ICii

n

1


Performance Evaluation: Performance Evaluation: How?How?

No simple answer

Performance depends on Application Input

Mathematical analysis Typically impossible

What to do?


BenchmarksBenchmarks

Use benchmarks & measure how long it takes Use real applications (=> no absolute answers)

Preferably standardized benchmarks (+input), e.g., SPEC INT: integer apps

• Compression, C complier, Perl, text-processing, … SPEC FP: floating point apps (mostly scientific) TPC benchmarks: measure transaction throughput (DB) SPEC JBB: models wholesale company (Java server, DB)

Sometimes you see FLOPS (“pick” or “sustained”) Supercomputers (top500 list), against LINPACK


-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

Evaluating PerformanceEvaluating Performance Use a performance simulator to evaluate

the performance of a new feature / algorithm Models the uarch to a great detail Run 100’s of representative applications

Produce the performance s-curve Sort the applications according to the IPC increase Baseline (0%) is the processor without the new

feature

-4%

-3%

-2%

-1%

0%

1%

2%

3%

Negativeoutliers

Positiveoutliers

Bad S-curve

Small negativeoutliers

Positiveoutliers

Good S-curve


Amdahl’s LawAmdahl’s Law

Suppose we accelerate the computation such thatP = proportion of computation we make fasterS = speedup experienced by the proportion we improved

For exampleIf an improvement can speedup 40% of the computation

=> P = 0.4If the improvement makes the portion run twice as fast

=> S = 2

Then overall speedup =

1

(1 ) PP S


Amdahl’s Law - ExampleAmdahl’s Law - Example

FP operations improved to run 2x fasterS = 2, but…P = only affects 10% of the programSpeedup:

ConclusionBetter to make common case fast…

1 1 11.053

0.1 0.95(1 ) (1 0.1) 2PP S


Amdahl’s Law – ParallelismAmdahl’s Law – Parallelism

When parallelizing a program P = proportion of program that can be made parallel 1 - P = inherently serial N = number of processing elements (say, cores)Speedup:

Serial component imposes a hard limit

1

(1 ) PP N

1 1lim

(1 )(1 )N P PP N


The ISA is what the user & compiler see

The HW implements the ISA

instruction set

software

hardware

Instruction Set DesignInstruction Set Design


Considerations in ISA DesignConsiderations in ISA Design Instruction size

Long instructions take more time to fetch from memory Longer instructions require a larger memory

• Important for small (embedded) devices, e.g., cell phones

Number of instructions (IC) Reduce IC => reduce runtime (at a given CPI &

frequency)

Virtues of instructions simplicity Simpler HW allows for: higher frequency & lower power Optimization can be applied better to simpler code Cheaper HW


Basing Design Decisions on Basing Design Decisions on WorkloadWorkload

Immediate argument’s size in bits (histogram)

1% of data values > 16-bits Having 16 bits is likely good enough

0%

10%

20%

30%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

11 12

13

14

15

Immediate data bits

Int. Avg.

FP Avg.


CISC ProcessorsCISC Processors CISC - Complex Instruction Set Computer

Example: x86 The idea: a high level machine language

• Once people programmed in assembly, CISC supposedly easier

Characteristic Many instruction types, with a many addressing modes Some of the instructions are complex

• Execute complex tasks• Require many cycles

ALU operations directly on memory (e.g., arr[j] = arr[i]+n)• Registers not used (and, accordingly, only a few registers exist)

Variable length instructions• common instructions get short codes save code length


Rank instruction % of total executed

1 load 22%

2 conditional branch 20%

3 compare 16%

4 store 12%

5 add 8%

6 and 6%

7 sub 5%

8 move register-register 4%

9 call 1%

10 return 1%

Total 96%

Simple instructions dominate instruction frequency

But it Turns Out…But it Turns Out…


CISC DrawbacksCISC Drawbacks Complex instructions and complex addressing modes

complicates the processor slows down the simple, common instructions contradicts Make The Common Case Fast

Compilers don’t use complex instructions / indexing

methods

Variable length instructions are real pain in the neck Difficult to decode few instructions in parallel

• As long as instruction is not decoded, its length is unknown It is unknown where the instruction ends It is unknown where the next instruction starts

An instruction may be over more than a single cache line An instruction may be over more than a single page


RISC ProcessorsRISC Processors RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computer

The idea: simple instructions enable fast hardware Characteristic

A small instruction set, with only a few instructions formats

Simple instructions• execute simple tasks• Most of them require a single cycle (with pipeline)

A few indexing methods ALU operations on registers only

• Memory is accessed using Load and Store instructions only

• Many orthogonal registers • Three address machine: Add dst, src1, src2

Fixed length instructions

Examples: MIPSTM, SparcTM, AlphaTM, PowerTM


RISC Processors (Cont.)RISC Processors (Cont.) Simple arch => simple u-arch

Room for larger on die caches Smaller => faster Easier to design & validate (=> cheaper to

manufacture) Shorten time-to-market More general-purpose registers (=> less memory refs)

Compiler can be smarter Better pipeline usage Better register allocation

Existing RISC processor are not “pure” RISC e.g., support division which takes many cycles


Compilers and ISACompilers and ISA Ease of compilation

Orthogonality: • no special registers• few special cases • all operand modes available with any data type or

instruction type Regularity:

• no overloading for the meanings of instruction fields streamlined

• resource needs easily determined

Register assignment is critical too Easier if lots of registers


Still, CISC Is DominantStill, CISC Is Dominant x86 (CISC) dominates the processor market

Legacy A vast amount of existing software Intel, AMD, Microsoft benefit But put lot of money to compensate for

disadvantage

CISC internally arch emulates RISC Starting at Pentium II and K6, x86 processors

translate CISC instructions into RISC-like operations internally

Inside core looks much like that of a RISC processor


Software Specific ExtensionsSoftware Specific Extensions Extend arch to accelerate exec of specific

apps

Example: SSETM – Streaming SIMD Extensions 128-bit packed (vector) / scalar single precision FP

(4×32) Introduced on Pentium® III on ’99 8 new 128 bit registers (XMM0 – XMM7) Accelerates graphics, video, scientific calculations,

…

Packed: Scalar:

x0x1x2x3

y0y1y2y3

x0+y0x1+y1x2+y2x3+y3

+

128-bits

x0x1x2x3

y0y1y2y3

x0+y0y1y2y3

+

128-bits


BACKUPBACKUP


CompatibilityCompatibility Backward compatibility (HW responsibility)

When buying new hardware, it can run existing software:• i5 can run SW written for Core2 Duo, Pentium4,

PentiumM, Pentium III, Pentium II, Pentium, 486, 386, 268

BTW:

Forward compatibility (SW responsibility) For example: MS Word 2003 can open MS Word 2010 doc Commonly supports one or two generations behind

Architecture-independent SW Run SW on top of VM that does JIT (just in time compiler):

JVM for Java and CLR for .NET Interpreted languages: Perl, Python

computer architecture 2012 – introduction (lec1) 1 computer architecture (“mamas”, 234267)...

Documents

introduction lec1

computer architecture

processor slide

u microarchitecture

nm slide

u note

faster slide

com11478146 slide