computer architecture microprocessor based computers
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Computer architecture
Microprocessor based computers
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von Neuman architecture
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Clock
Clock is an astable producing a square wave Synchronises processes Sets the speed of operation of CPU For most microprocessors each instruction
takes several clock cycles Clock usually based around quartz crystal for
accurate clock speed
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CPU – Central Processing Unit
Controls the movement of information around the system
Performs logical and arithmetic operations Process depends on instructions fetched
from memory Microprocessor is a CPU on one chip Instructions are in machine code (binary) Instructions are different for each
microprocessor family
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Instruction sets
The Intel Pentium 4 instruction set is enormous, it is a 32 bit data bus so there are 232 possible instructions
The Z80 is an older 8 bit microprocessor with a simpler instruction set
e.g. 10000111 is the instruction to double the number held in the CPU
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Memory
Address DataA12 – A0 Hex I/O7-I/O0 Hex
0000000000000 0000 10100111 A7
0000000000001 0001 00111111 3F
0000000000010 0002 10000100 84
0000000000011 0003 01010101 55
0000000000100 0004 10010001 91
0000000000101 0005 00000010 02
0000000000110 0006 10111010 BA
Continued…
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ROM – Read Only Memory
Permanent store Information cannot be changed Information does not disappear when power
turned off Used for storing programs so that machine
has program to start at turn on
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RAM - Random Access Memory
Temporary store Data can be written to or read from RAM Information is lost when power is turned off
(volatile)
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Input port
Obtains in formation from outside the system in digital form
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Output port
Sends digital information to outside the P system
Information is latched so stays at output until changed
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Data bus
Set of wires (8 in 8 bit system) Two way - carry data to and from P All devices connected to same bus (omnibus
means for all)
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Address bus
Set of wires Provides information about which device to
write to or read from Provides address in memory being written to
or read from
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Control bus
Set of wires Provides information about direction of data
movement Can provide information about device being
addressed (memory, I/O) Can provide timing information