computer & business teminology

8/7/2019 Computer & Business teminology

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BASICS ()F COMPUTERSCompuEr: A computer is a pro grammab le , multiuse mach in e tha t acc epts d ata, raw facts, an d fig uprocesses, o r manipu la tesit in to in form ation w e can u sc, su ch a s summarie s a nd totals,C .P.U :CentralProce ss ing Un itTasks of C .P . U :

ALU :A llm anip ulatio ns o ndata f ifecarr ied out.Control Unit:

1) Se lec tion in te rp re ta tion '& Execu tion of inst ruc tions.2 ) Decod in g and issu e v ario ussignals

3 ) Decod e n ex t in stru ctio nMemory Unit: Where the sto ra ge o fdata takes place.Generation of Computers : There is no single change-in am ' p resent com puters. There are5 steps i.e., 5genera tions in presen t deve lopment.First Generation : This generation had the time period.of 1946-[955. Vaccurn tubeswere main componentsin this generationcomputers. The main limitations of'first generation computers were large space, slow

speed, less memory, le ssp rogra rmn ing capac rty fault.f inding was d iff icult, s ho rt lifeand maintenance w asI • . ' ,difficult, , '

Second Generation Computers: This generationhad th e time per iodof I956-Q5. Transistorswere maincomponentsin thisgener ation, Ma in f ea tu re s we re speedincreases,.sizereduced,memoryincreased, longlife,maintenanceproblem isreduced.Ex: IBM - J407 J IBM - l604 .

Third Generation CQmputers : This g en era tio n h adwe time p erio d o f 1966-75.Ie ( Integrated Circuit 'S)were .ma in componen ts inthisgenera tion compute rs . th is genera tion compute rs a re a lso ca ll ed: r. . .l lN fcomputers.~g : LSI (Large ScaleIntegration)Fourth Generation Computers: This generation had the time period f I"76~85. Micro. Processorchipsaremain component s in thi s genera tion .This generaticn.cornpurersan: a lso called Micro Compu te rs .Eg: VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)FHth Generation Computers: T11isgenerationhavingthe time period of] 986- to present.S)lLST (SuperVery Large Scale.lntegrared)chiRSarc .used in thisgeneration. thesecomputersare also calledsupercomputers,fig :I plains , Serversetc.,.Softw~U'e: Software of p ro gram s c on ists o f th einstructions th at te llthe computer h ow to p erform .a task.Softwareis writte n in sp ec ia l c od eby p rogramme r. Typ es o f so ftware .

- Applica tion sof tware~Sys tem sof tware

Application Software: Application software is software that has been developed to solv · a particularproblem, to perform useful work on specifictasks or to provideentertainment Types o f .a pp lid atio nsoftware.

- Custom software- Packaged software

Ex: Java, C, C++, COBOL, etc.,S.lstcm softw are: S ystemsoftwarecon trols th e all o catio n an dusage of hard ware resources& e nable s the1 !P2 : ! ! c a o a n ssof twa re toUI!1_ _

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Eg ~M s-DO S, Windows 95, 98, N T,UNIX, Macintosh O peratin g System } etc'j

HardW3I:C :H a rdware consists of all the machineryand equipment in a computer system. Hardw are iseategorized according to operations it performs,

.. Input hardware- Pronessing& Memory Hardware~ Output. Hardware-Secondary - Stoulge. h~nl:\\!"afe- Communieatlon Hardware

Inf!_ utD ey ices :Consists of devices th at a llow people toput tlata into the-computer in a for:tf":lth at th e'computer can use.E:g : .&eybQurd,Mouse,Micm phone, S canne r, e tc.,P J.:o cc ssin ir a nd Memory Hll n:l,,(are : CPU is p erform ing this task. The aeti vities of the CPU areaGt iv i t i . e sof these hardware. It has all devices of CPO lU remotherboard, M icroproces.snt etc .., .Ou tpnl.Haolware ; Ou tput hardware consis ts o fdev ic es that trans la te · in fo rma tion p roce ss ed .by th e computerinto a-form.that,h um a ncan understand.E.g:Screen,Printers, Soundoutput device , e tc .,Secontlary - S to ra ge ..cH ardwa re :-S econdary -storageHardwareconsists of devices that store data &

Programs permanent lyo ndisk,Eg : Flopydisk, H arddisk, M agnetic. tape, CD - R OM ) ete.,

P erip:heral D ey ice : P eripheral D evice is any pieceofhardware th at is.co nn ected to aeomputer.Eg :K e yb oard ,Mouse , Mon ite r&.Print er. e tc .,

Bit: The smalle st mea su reormemoryisa bit, it deal with"eri"and' 'off' electrical stages, tF l e .yrepre sented a sO 's & J 's ;

on - 1off - 0

Byte: B its are combinedin a group of eight ~8)Kilo.byte : (K arKS)to24 bytes' i.e., {Vo bytes

.Megaby_t~ : (Mar MB)

.I millienbytes,1024 Kilobytes .

CtigabJ;te-:(GorGB)1billionbytes1(}24Megabytes

Terabyte: (T Of TB)11'dlliohbytes10'24Meabytes

l'r:iH ion byte: (T or TB)l 'IrillicnbytesW24 Giga bytes i.e., hy'tes

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Petabne : (PB)1quadrillionytes1024 Tera by te s i.e .,2 :sup 5(5 0) b ytes.

Kinds ofComnuters :Micf'ocomputers : Microcontrollers, also called embedded computers, nrc the t iny, specia li zedmicroprocessors insta lled in"smart" appliancesand automobiles.Mi 'c rQCompute rs - p ers on alCQJR1)u te rs :Microcomputers are sm all computer that canfit on or b esid edesk o r are portable.pes: Perso na l Compute rs(pes) are desktop, tow er, orportable computers that can fun easy - to -programs such.as word processing or spreadsheets .Desktop pes: DesktopPC s are those in w hich the system cabinet sitson a desk, w ith key board in frontmonitoroftenon top. .:rower pes; Tower pes arethose in w hich the system cabinet sitsas a "tow er'! on the desk or on the fn ex t tothe desk,g ivin g y oumore u sa ble d esk s pa ce .Laptops: A la pto p compute r is a p orta ble c ompute r e qu ip pedwith a f la tdisplayscreen an d weig hing ab2 -11 pounds.Notebook Computers: A notebook C om puters is a portable com puter thatweight 4 ~ 9 pounds androughly the size ofa . th ick notebook .Microcomputers '" Workstatiions : Workstations look likedesktop PC.s but are far more p owerfuTraditionally,workstations were soph istic ated mach ines thatfit 0111a desk! cost m anythousandsof don ars

. andwere usedmainlyby eng inee rs and scien ti stsfo r technica l purposes .M in icompoters m id ran ge computers:Minicomputersare mach in es m idwa y in co st an dcapabilitybetweenm icrocom puters and m ainfram es. They can be used as single - user w orkstations. W hen usedtiedby n etwork to sev eral h und red term in als fo r m an y' u sers th ey are kn own as m id ran gecomput

Mainframes: The largecomputerscalled mainframesare the o ldest category ofcomputersystem. Occupyispeciallywired. air - condit ionedrooms and capableof great processing speeds and data storage,mainframetr ad itiona lly havebeen water - or air -coo led compute rsthat are about the size of ajeep and that ranp rice fro $5 0.0 00 to $5 m illion .S uper C omputers: Ty pically priced from $225,,000 toover $30 m illio n, su pe rc ompute rs a re h ig hc apmachines that require special air - conclitioned rooms and are the fastest calculatingdev ic es eve rinvented.Servers: A server. or netw ork server,is a cen tralcomputer th at hold sdatabases and program s for m anpes; workstations,o r te rm in als, wh ic h a re c alle d c l ie nts.Procedure : P ro ced ures are d escrip tio ns o f h ow th ing s are d one - step s fo r accomp lisin g a resu lt

guidelines f-o rWhat is acceptable.End - User: An End - U seror simplya user is someonewithmoderate technicalknow ledge ofinformatiotech no lo gy who u ses compu ters fo r en tertainmen t, edu catio n o r work - related tasks.LOW l1 :.A lso know n as logon. to establish a connection to a computer sy stem or online serviceit. M any system s require the entry of an identification number or a password before the syaccessed.User ID :.A uniquecode whic h identifies. anindividual subscriberto an onl incservice.P assword: A secu rity meth od-th at id en tifies a spe cific au th orized u ser o f a compu ter sy stem obya u niqu e string o f ch arac ters th at: a u ser ty pes as an id entificatio n co de.

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Logout: A lso knownas logoff .To relinquish asessionand sign offacornputersystcmby sending a te rminam~sage.,

Vendor: Theperson or company that m anufactures, supplies, or sells, computerhardware, softw arerelated services.

API~LICATJON SOFTWAREGUI:: G raphical U ser Interface (OUl) m eans usegraphics (im ages) and m enus 'as w etl.askeystrokchoose commands, start pro~am s and see lists of files and other options,W indow: A window is a-rectangular area that appears onth e screen and display inform ation fparticular part of a program . We can show more than one windowon screen.Icons: An Icon is a picture used in aGUI to represent a command, a program , afile or a task,Curso~ : The cursor is the m ovable sym bol onthe display screen that show s y ou whereyoumay enter dor c-ommands next,(Insertion point),Cursormay be blinking rectangle'o r beam .Word Wrap: Automatically continues text onthe next line when you reach th e rig ht m arg ini.e ., th e t"w raps around' to the next line.Font: Style and s iz e o f cha racte rs .

Default sett in_gs ;Default settings are the sett ingsautomaticallyusedby a p ro gram un less, th euser specifio the rwise , the reby overr id ing them

P ixel : C ontraction ofpictures elemen t. th e smallest elemen tthat display software can useto create lex tgraphics.

Oatcbase : A databaseis 'U colle ctio n o finter re l a tedfiles ina co rn pu ter sy stem .DB1VIS :DBMSis a p rogram that controls the structure of a database'and access to th e data ..Cyberspa_ce: Cyberspace has com e to m ean the online or digital world ingeneral and the iworld w ide w eb inparticular.Down load:Downloadmeans tran sfer fileontoour computer'sharddisk, '

U pload .:U pload a file of data from youcomputerand transferit elsewhere..

E lectro nic mailsoftware: E - m ains lw enab lesuse rs to sendletters and files from one computer to an

Browser: A web brow ser orsimply brow ser, is so ftw are thatenables you to "brow se through" andweb sites.

Web Search Tools :

~Directories

- Sea rch Engines .S earch E ngines: Web sear~h engines allow s y ou to find specific docum ents through key boardDTP : D esk 1bp Publishing (DTP) invol yesusing a m ic ro compu te r a nd mouse ! sc anne r.Ia se r0Ii inkjet prinand D IP mixing text .& g raph ic s to p roducehigh -qua lity output fo rcommericalprinting.CAD :Computet- A ided Design (CAD) programs are softw are programs for thedesignof products, structCivi.lengineeringdrawing andmaps. .CAD I CAM: Computer - A idedDesign I Computer - A idedManufacturingSoftware allows producdesigned w ith CAD to be input intoan au tomated manufactu rin g sy stem th at makes th e p ro du ct.LO TUS 1-2-3: A widelyp opu lar sp read sh eet p ro gram from Lotu s Dev elo pmen t Corp oration ,Freeware: Freeware is softw are that isava ila ble fre e o f c ha rg e,Shareware: Shareware is copyrighted s/w that is distributed free of chargebut requires users to m

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SYSTEM SOFTWARESystem Software: it en ables th eapplications sof tware tointeractwith the computerand help s the compumanage Itsinternal and externalresources.TYpes o fsy stem so ftware :

- P rogramming language s- Operatingsystems

- Subroutines- U til ityProgrammes- DiagnosticRoutines- Language trans la to rs

PrQ I:ramm ine1angpages :A programming language is a language usedin writingprograms to directproeesslastep s to be caried o utby atcomputer.Hierarchy of P rog ramming Languages ,:A) Machine language (or) firstgeneration languages

B ) A ssem bly L anguage(OJ;)se cond genera tion language sC) Compile r languages (High -Ievel-Ianguages)(or) thirdgeneration languagesD) The fourth generation languages (4 GLS)

Machine Lanaeua2c :.In the early days of com puter. all program s-w ere writtenin machine codes. Eachparticularcomputer modelhas amachinelanguage , wh ichis based on theinternalengineering archi tectureothe equipment, and which is developed andprovided to userby the computer manufac turer.It is the languao f the compute r" the only language the compute r unders tands withou t translation,AssemblerLanguage: They are also known assymboliclanguages because they employ symbols fo r botarithm etic and logical operations and even location address. Standard symbols for the variousoperation are

suppliedby he compuer manufacturerwho createsthe assemblylanguagefo r th is compute r.Compiler Lane;uages ; They are also called high - level languages or procedural languages. They arprocedure oriented. they employ plain english like and mathematic al exp res sions.They are detachedfrom the machine design and therefore the name 'High level' languages.Fourth Generation Lan&ua2es (4GLS) :They are high level user friendly languages. There are twotypes of4GLS.

- Production o rie nted 4GLS- User O riented 4 G LSOperatin2 system : The operating sysem consists of the mastersystem of programs that manage the

basic' operationsof the computer. The tasks of operating system includes.Bootin~ : The term Booting refers to the process of loading an operating system into a computer's

mem ory fromdisk.Com,and prompt: A character or group of characters on the screen that lets you know that the operatingsystem is available and ready to receive input,

User int~rface : The user interface is,the user - controllable part of the operating sy st~mthat allows you to

communicate, or interact ,with it .Command - Driven interrace: A command - driven interface provides you to enter acommand by typinin codes OT words.



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Menu - driveninterface : A menu - driven interfaceallows you to use cursor m ovem ent (arrow )keyschoose a command from a menu.G~al)hical user interface (GU!) : The QUI allows you to use graphics (images) and menus and as wenkey storkes to cho ose commands, start p ro gram s,and-see lists o f files and oth er option s.Icons: aresmall pictorial figu res th at represent tasks p roced ures an d pro gram s.A window is a rec tangular a re athat appearson the screen anddisplay informationfrom a particular par0

program.A desktop presents icons on the computerscreen according to principles used fororganizing the topbusiness per~ondesk.~ehvorl{ ~Iser interface (NUl) :NUl, which o ffe rsa b rowse r lik e in te rfa cethat help s u se rs in te ra ctwionlin e programs and files.

Kernel: It acts assupervisor,which manages the CPU ,residesin mainmemorywhile the.computeris on adirects other"Nonresident" programs to perfo rm task s to supportapplications programs.Multi~asking: For one user -excuting more thanone.prograrn concurrently,Multiprogramming:For multiple - U sers excecutingdifferent user's programs concurrently

Tim e ,. sharinll :Formultiple users - executingdiffernet user 'sprogramsin round - robin fa shion.. -

Multip rocess ing: for s ingleormultipleusers - s imultaneousprocessing of two or moreprograms bymulticomputers ..P ar! -lle l nro c'c ssing :Several full- pledged crus work together on the same tasks, sharing memorItoften used in la rgecomputer sy stems designed to keep runn ingif one of the CPU s fails. These are callfa- tolerant systems. 'Virus: Avirus consists of hidden proramm inginstructions that are buried w ithin an application orprogram. they copythemselves to otherprograms, causinghavoc , some times! however,it can des troy, progrand data Viruses are spread when people exchange diskettes or download information form computnetworks.Antivirus softw are: A ntiv irusso ftwa re isa udl ity program thatscans hard disks, diskettesand mem o rdetectviruses.Vaccine: An applica tion program thatremoves and destroysacomputer virus.

Worm: A destructive program that reproduces itself to the point where a com puter ornetwork cannoth ing but manageth eworm,Eventually,your computermemory or harddisk will f illup complete ly.Platform: Platform refers to the particular processor m odel and operating system on whiccomputesy stem is based. ,

S!stem software: The programs that make uptheoperating system,alongwith the associatedutilityprogramas distinctfrom an applic ationprogram.J 1 Q S . :DOS stands for D isk Operating Sy stem . It is a command - dri " en operatingsystem.PIUK and Play: Plug andpJayrefers to the ability to add a new hardware component to acompute r sysand h av e it work w ith ou t need ing to p erfo rm compl icated tech nicalprocedure.UNIX :UNIX is amultitasking operating system for multiple users that hasbuilt- in networkingcapab ilityversions that can run onall kinds of computers .l'oFtable Operating System: Which can run with relatively simplernodifleations on.di fferent typescomputers from micro to mainframes. .

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Window s NT: Window s new technology,is ,a mult it asking , multiuser,multiproeessing network opera tinsystemwith a graphical user interface,

'- ,Work~oup : A workgroup is agroLLpof compute rsconnected with networking hardware and software soth at u se rs ca n sh are reso urc es,such as files and databases .. Q L E - :Object L inkingandEm be~ding is a tool for joining severalsoftware applications,

Recycle Bin: Allows YO J Ito dispose of fi les o r retriev e th emlater.

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Motber Board: The main printed circuit boardin a computer that contains the centra! processing unitappropriate coprocessor and support chips, device controllers, memory, and also exp ansio nslots to g iv eaccess. tothe computer's internalbus. '

Chip: A chip or m icrochip is atiny piece of"s il icon thatcontainsmillionsof microminiatureelectronic circuitcomponents.

Micro Proc~sor. :A micro processor is the minia tu ri zedcircuitry of a computer processor the part tha

proc esses o r man ipu lates da ta in to in fo rmatio n.CPU: The central processing unit the brain of the com puter, follows the instrucitons ofth e softw are t~ anjpulate data intoinformation, The CPU consists of tw o parts.C_onro1Un it: Thecontrol u nit tells the rest o f th ecompute! ' sys temh ow to carry o ut a program 'sinstructionsALU :T he arithm etic logic unit perform s aithm etie.operations and logicalope ra tions andcontrols the speedof those operations.

EBCDIC: Extended BinaryCoded Decimal InterchangeCode is.genera llyuseful fo rmain frame computeto represent data.

ASCn : American stan da rd c od e fo r in fo rmatio n in te rch ange(ASCm is the binary code mostwidely used

with microcomputers. r

Unicode: U nicode uses tw o bytes for each character i.e., 16bits,. w here as other uses only 8 bwith th ehelp of unicode we canrepresent alm ost allthe w ritten languages ofthe:world.Parity bit: Parity bit also called a check bit isanextra bit attached to. the end ofahyte for purposech eckin g for ac cu racy.Even Parity: Make thenumber of 1's in data as even number.Odd~Parity:Make thenumber of I's in dataas odd.number,M achineLanguage : M achine language is abin ary ty pep rogramm ing lang uage that thecomputet: can nmdirectly. .

UPS : A U niterruptable Pow er Supply (U PS) is a battery operated device that acts as a surge pp ro vid es a computer w ith ele ctricityif three is a pow er fail ure.elSe Chips: else s tands for ComplexInstructionSetComputing are used m ostly in PCs and in-convenmainframes.RISe Chips': RIse stan ds fo rReduced Instruction Set Computing are used m aiilly 1 1 1worksta ti ons.RAM : R andom A ccess M em ory is m em ory that tem porarily holds data and instruction thatw ishortlyby the CPU . It is als-ocalld main memory,internalmemory o r p rima ry sto rage .SIMM : S ingle In lin e MemoryModule hasmultiple RAM chips onone side.DTh 'IM ', : Dual In lin e MemoryModule has mult ip leRAM chips on both sides.



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D I{A l\1 Chips: DRAM (Dynam ic R andom Access M emory) chips aremorecommonly u sed th an SChips in rn ic ro compute rs becausethey are less.expensive,SRAM Chips: SRAM (Static R andom A ccess M em ory) chipsare faster than DRAM ch ip s, b utb esbeingmute expensive they takeup m ore space and usemore.power.ROM :.ReadOn ly Memoryi s a lsoknown as fin n ware. ca nn otbe writte n o n o r erasedby th e compute rwithout special equipment.

•Cache M emory: Cachememory is a special high - speedmemory area that the C PU can access qcache memory can be located on the m icro processorcnip or elsewhere on the motherboard. This alCPU ttl run faster b ecauseit doesn"t have,to take :tim e to sw ap instructions in and out of m ain m emBUS: ABl1s or bus line is an electrical pathway through which bits are transmitted within the CPU andbetw een the CPUand otherdevices in the sy stem unit.Port: A port is a socket on theoutsideof the system unit that is connected to a board on the i~ssystem unit. A port allow s y ou to pI ug in a cable to connectape ripheral device such a s a mon ito r, pm odem sothat it can communicatewith th e c ompute rsystem.SCS I 'fort: Sm all C omputerSystem Interfaceport p rovid es a n in te rfac e fo rtransferring d ata athigh spe

'far up to7 Of 15 SCS I - c ompatib le .d ev ice s. SCS Idev ic es a re Ih lk edto geth er inwharis calld a dlasy ch- · 11set of devices connected in a series along an-extended cable.Univ~~ql seriaJ bus : Universal serialbus (USB ) allowsupto 127 peripherals to be connected throughjone genera l pu rpose po rt.IMll1 tip lex in g: In communicatio ns, atechnique thattransmits several signa ls ove ra singlecommunicatiochanneLMultithred.clingrThe concu rrent p roce ss ingof severaltasksor threadsinside the same program,Becausevera l ta sks can be processedin parallel, one task does nothave to waH foranother to f inish before staCom)JactUisc: AbbreviatedClf, A non - magnetic, polish ed , o ptic al d iskused to s to relarge amountsdigitialinformationCD - I : Acronym for compact D isc-Interactive,pronounced "see-dee-eye", A hard w areand softwstandard disc format that encompasses data text, audio, still video images, and animated graphics ..

CD - R :Abreviation for CD R ecordable, Atype of CD device that brings CD - ROMpublishing inth e rea l o f th e smallbusinesso rhorn e o ffic e.~ - ROM ; Acronym for Compact D isc - R eadOnly Memory,pronounced "see -dee - room ", Acapacity,optical storage device that uses com pact disctechnology to sto re Iar,ge_ummmfsof informatiup to 6 50 J \ . 1B(tbe equivalent of approximately300 ,000 pages of text)on a-s ing le4.7 2" d isc ,iMIDI Board: A1vfiDI -Musical instrument Digital Interface provides a standard for the interchangemusical in formation between musicalinstruments, synthesizesnndcomputers.Radio ..Frequeng' Identifica.tion Technoln2Y : RF -10 tagging.

Biometric Systems: B iometric sl iSthe scienee of measuring indiv idua lbodycharacterstics, Biometric sdevicesidentifya personthrougha f ingerprint, voice intonationor other biological characteristic.

OUTPUTSo_ft_f;0PY:Softcopy re fe rsto data that isshown ona displayscreen or is in audio or voicefOnTI. This kof output is no t tangib le ,it can' t be touched. .Ha r! 1c ;oPY :Hardcopy refers to the printed output. Theprincipal examples are printouts, whether textgraphics f rom prin te rs .



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Cathode ..Ray 'lUbes (CRTs) : CRT is a vaccum tube used as a display screen in a computer 01 ' videodisplayterminal,

Pixel: A pixel orpicture elem ent is the sm allest unit onthe screen that can be turned on and off ordifferent shades.LiQuid Crystal Disula! (ljCl)) :LCD consistsof a substance calldl iquidcrystal.the molecules of which lineup in a way that alters thc irop ttcal p roper tie s.As aresult light - usally backlighting behindthe screen isblocked or allow through tocreate an image .R esolution: The im age sharpness of adisplay s cre en is c alld its re so lu tion,Vi e l e _< )Display Adal)ier : A videodisplay ad ap arer o r v id eo g rap hic s ca rd is a cireu it board mat determinethe resolution,numberof colo rs a ndspeed w ith w hich im agesappearon th e display screen,VGA :VideoGraphics Arraywill support 16-256colorsd ep en din g o nresolution. VGS is caned4- bit colorSVGA :'Super Video Graphic sArray w ill support 256 colours at higher resolution then '\fGA.SVGA iscalled 8~bit color.XGA : Extended Graphics Array supports up to 16.7 million colors at a resolution of 1024 x 768 pixels,XGA is caned 24 bit color or true color.

Smat .....Card : A smart card looks like a credit card but contains a microprocessor and memory chip.When inserted into a reader, it transfers data on and from a central computerand it can store somebasic financial records. It is more secure than a magnetic - stripe card.

Touch Screen ,:A touch screen is 11 video display screen that has been sensitized to receive input fromthe tOUC)lof a finger.

STORAGEBuffer: An area of memory set aside for temporary storage of data, often unit! some external eventcom~letes.

SCSI : SC~I (Small Computer Systemlnrerfuce), Pronounced ~iSCU?ZY") .. u1l0WRYOlJl to plug a numbeof peripheral devices into asingle expansionboard in your computer by linking these devices and to end 1 1asort of 'daisychain,ErnE: EIDE (Enhanced Integra teddrive Electronics) co nn ects h ard d rives to a m ic ro computerby usingfla trib bon c ab le a tta ch ed to anexpansion board - called a host adapter - that pl u gsinlo an expansion s lo t othe mothee-board.llAID Storae;e Systelu :A RAID storage system; whieh consists of any where from 2 tol 00 di sk drives ,within a single cabinet sends data to the computer along several parallel paths sinultaneously, Re&pons~time is thereby s ign if ican tly improvedRAID stands for redundant amy of Independentdisks.

CD-ROM: Com pactdisk-read only m emory is an opticaldisk formal that is used to hold p re re co rd ed teg ra ph ic s a ndsound. R ead only m eansthe disks contents is recorded at the tim e ofmanufacture and cannobe written on or erased bythe user.CD-RDisks: CD - R, which stands for compact disk -reeordable, is a CD formetthat allows users to usa peripheral CD recorder towrite data (O nly once) onto a specially m anufactured diskth at canthen be reaby any compatible CD- ROM drive.

DVD: Digital video disk ordigital versatile disk represents a new genera tiono fh igh - d en sityCpROIvd isks , wh ichare read by laser and which have both:write - once and rewritable capabilities.

Neural Network: Neural networks use physical e lectro nic d ev ice s o rsoftware to m im ic theneurological

structure of the human brain.



COMWUTERLANGUAGES

CUCK' " . 'ID . , CO\lPUIERTER. 'USOLOG

I

Holo ..g ;r am :Hologram is a three -dimensionalpicture that i s crea ted by tw o lasers, w hich move elctphysicallythrough iii.transparent crystal to tum different areas from to dark.

Algorithm: Set of ordered, logical steps for solving a problem.

Program: A program isa list 0J instructions that the computer must follow in order to p ro ce ss d ataintoiofcrmation,

Struetred Programming: Structured programming takes a top - down approach that breaks programs intomodular forms, It also uses standard logic tools called control structures (Sequential, selection and i terationMlldtdar Programming: A p rogramming te chniquethat breaks a problem down into a seriesof relativelsmall components, or modules, that each perform a specific task. Thus, each module can be coded as aseparateunit, and several programmers can w ork on different parts of the sam e program at the sathe:end of the project; allthe modules arebrought together to form.the.f ina l product .Pseudocode: Pseudocode is amethod of desig nin g a p rogramusing normw. hwn~n -Ianguage s ta_ :temdescribe the logic and processing flow.

Progrnmming LangtLa2e: A programming language is a set of rules thattellsth e c ompute r wha t o pe ra tto do.

·Syntax :The syntax is therulesof aprogramra ir rg language ,Prograrmninglanguagesl:mvetheirowngrammerjust ~ human languages do.

Debug: Debug means to detec t, locale and rem ove all errors in acomputer pgorarn.Syntax Errors: Syntax errors are caused by typographical errors and mcottect use of the programminglanguage. Logic errors are caused by incorret use of contra] structures.Bug: A logical or programming error in .hardware or software that causes a malfunction of some sortIf the problem is in software, it can be fixed by changes to the program,

Error: The difference between the expected and the actual, In computing I an error is not necessarily thesame as a mistake, but is often the w aythatthe computer rep orts u nex pected. u nu su al, impo ssible,events. Errors range from trivial, like a disk drive that does not contain a disk, to fatal, as when a seriousop eratin g sy stem bug rend ers th e sy stem u seless.C ompier : A compiler is a language translator that converts the entire program of a high -levelmachinelanguagebefore thecomputer executes the program,lilterpretcr : An interpreter is alanguage translator that convert each high - level language statement intornachme language and executes it immediately statement by statement,

FORTAN : FORTRAN (Formula Trans later) was the first high -Ievel language. Originally designed toexpress mathematical formulas. It is still the most widely used language for mathematical, scientific andeng iree ring prob lems.COBOL: COBOL (Common Bisiness oriented Language) isthe most frequently used business programminglan gu ag e fo rlarge computers.BASIC: BASIC (Begineer's All purpose Symbolic Instruction code) used to 'b the most popular.mic ro compu te r langu ag e and is c on sid ere d th e e asie st p ro gramminglangaugeto learn .Pascal: Pascal is on alternative to BASIC as a language for teaching purposesand is relatively easy to learnA difference from BASIC islilat Pascal U'ie~ structured programming.

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LlSP :USP(List Processor) is athirdgeneration language used principallyt o const ruct a rt if ic ia l int el li gprograms.LISP is used towrite expert sy stems andnatural ~language program s .

.R.rG:RPG (Repor t ProgramGenerator)was ahighly s tru ctu red andre la tively easy-to -learn th irdgenerulilanguage designed to help generate business reports. The user filled out a special formspecifying whainformation the report should includ eand inwhat kind of format.LOGO: LOGO is a third generation language des igned primarilyto teach children problem- solving anp ro gramm ing skills. A t the basis o f log o is a trian gu larpointer, calleda turtile, which re spondsto a few simpcommands such as forward, left and r igh t,

APL :APL (A ProgrammingLanguage) is a third genemtioulanguage that uses a special keyboard withspecial symbols to enable users to solve.complex mathematical problem s in a single step. Thespecialkeyboaris required because the APL symbols are not part of the fami Ija r ASCII cha ra cte rset.PROLOG: PROLOG(P ro gramming Log ic ) isused fo rdevelopingart if icial intel l igence applications,suchanatural language programs and exper t sys tems.

Ada: Ada is an extremelypowerful structure prog ramm ing lang uag e d esign edby the US. Departm entdefense to en su reportabilityof programs from one app lica tion to ano ther.OOP :Ob jec t -Oriented P rogramming (OOP) is a programming methodtha t combinesdata with the instructifor processing the data, resulting ina.self - sufficient "object" that can beused in o ther p rograms.Methods : P rocess inginstructions abouttheoperations to be perfo rmed ondata with inth e object arccallethe methods.Eamples of OOP programming laogya.ges : - Small talk.> C ++, - Hypertalk.HTML : HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a markup language that lets people create on - screendocuments fo r th e in te rn etthat can easify be linkedby wordsand pictures to other doucments. One othe mainfeatures of H TML is the ability to Inserthypertext links in toa docum ent. H TMLuses focreating2.D web documents and links. "XML : XI\1L (Extensible Markup Language) makes it easy for machines to red web sites hy enablinweb developers to add more "tags'? to a web page. XML uses fur m aking theweb work better.

VRML(Virtu al Reality ModelingLanguagerisa ty pe of programming language u sed10 creme three dimensioweb pag es.Java: Java is an object - orientedprogramming language thatallows p rograme rs to build a pp lica tio nsthcan run onany ope ra ing sys tem .OLf : ~ ttl .hb re"t ia tion fo rob jectlinkinga nd embeddin g, p ro noun ced"oh-Iay".A pro toco lfor applic atie napplication communications.

COMPUTER ANDINTERNE'rCyber8];!8<:e:CYiJerspaceencompasses.l.lOtonIY thccomputeronline worl.da na th e internetinp:JI1.iCUI:l.ralso the w hole w ired and w ireless w orld of communicaions in general.

SIlrfln~ : Tobrowseyourway through different d inernetresources,takingt angen ts wheneveryou f ee l likeS ometim es known as net su rfin g.

I

Browser: An application program used to exp lore intern et reso urces, A b rowser letsyou wander from 1\1d

to node w ithout concern for thetechnicaldetails ofthe Iinks betw een the nodes or the specific m ethoaccess them , and presents the inform ation - text, graphics! sound or video -as.adocumento n th e screenG atewaj : INnetworking.a shared connection betw een a localarea netw oi k[1I1d a larger systemsuch a

m ainfram e computer or a largepacket sw itchin g n etwork. u sually slower than a bridge or router, a gat



typicallyhas-itsown processor and m em ory. andcan per fo rmp ro to co l c onve rsio ns, P ro to co leonversioa llows a gateway(0 conne ct two d issim ila r n etwo rk s: th at lsc onve rte d and re fo rma tte d b efo reit is forward

. to the network.

!:lost :The ceru ral o r co ntro llin g c ompu te r iu a n etwork ed o r d istrib uted p ro cessin g e nv iro nmeservices that o thercomputers or term inals can acess v iath e network.Hub: In a n etwork, th e c en tral c on trllin g d ev ic ein a star netw ork, .Leased l ine: A communicationscircuito r telephone line reserved fo r the permanen t use o fa specificcustomeMay also b ecaned a p riv ate lin e,Hvpe.'ID~ia : H theapplicationreliesheavily on text-based informat ion ,it is known ashypertext;howeveif full-'motion video,animation, g ra ph ic s, a ndsound are used. It is considered to be hypermedia.C hat R oom : C hat room s are discussion areas inwhich y ou m ay join w ith othersil la real tim e conversatity ped in th ro ughyour keyboard

(A RPA NET® Adv anced R esearch P rojectAgency- Network)

TCP II'e: T ransm ission C ontrol P rotocol I1ntem etP rotocol is the standard ized set of comput

protoc DIs) tha tallow differentcoputerson different networksto communica tewith eachother efficiency,loternet Serv ice Prov ide rs(lSPs) :ISPs are localOT national:companies thatwi l lp rovid e pub lic accessme internet (and w ordw id e w eb) fora fla t month ly fe e.Dom ain N am eSystem (DNS) DNS, th e internet addressing scheme.An internet address two sec tions..E-m ail: E -l 1u t i Jor Electronicmail, I inks compute rsby wired o r w ire le ss connectionsand a Bows users,c 1e ctro nic mailb ox es, to send and rec eiv e messag es.FTP: File Transfer Protocol (FfP) is a method where by you can connect to a remotecomputercalled anJ :T f1?s ite andtransfer puhllcly ave ila ble file s to you r own m ic ro compu rc r's h ard disk ,Gonher : Gopher is a uniform sy stem ofmenus, orseries of lisrs, tha !'l'iow u se rs ~ :...easily brow se a

retrieve files stored on different computer. by making successive menu selections.TPI~ ..fe f ne tis a te rm in al emula tio n p ro to co l th atallow' y ou Locos ,"3.!",,:~~!VCl .m) to remote ..·..,..iputers,

\iVorid wide Web: The world wide,web or "the web" . con sistsof <Ill iu.. crconnectec system of sites,oervers, all over the world that can store information in multimedia form - sounds, photos and video awell a s text. The site s sh are a fo rm co nsistin gof ahypertext se ries o flinks that connect simlar words anphrases.Hypertext: Hypertext is asystem in whic h d oc umnets sc atteredacross many internet ite s a re d ire ctlinked, so that a word or phrase in one document becomes a connecti n to a document in a differ mplace.

H TM IJ ; H yper text M arkup Language (H TML) is the set of~~"I instrucuons,called ~ . . : . g : : .o r marku ps tare used to specify documentstru ctu re . fo rma ttin g andlinks to other doc un .ents.http :// H ) pertex£transfe r p ro toco l (h ttp ://)is th e communic:'~vns standard (protocol) u sed to 'tra nsinformation on the web.Web site: Web site is the in!met location of a com puter or server on which a hyped inkeddocument isstored._eb_Jlagg: a w e bpage isactually a document, consisting of anHTh1L files. The home page o r w elcompage. is the m ain page or first screenyou see when you access aweb si teo,Veb brow ser: Webbro. vse r o r s imp lybrowser, is g rap hic al u ser in te rfac e so ftw are th at tran slates

~lo cumen ts a nd a llow> youto view w eb pages on your com puter screen,

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Web surrm g :M ove from one page to another is called w ebsurfing. Th i sis d on eby using your mouseclick011 th ehypertext or hypermedialinks.URL : The URL (UniformResourceLocato r) is anadd re ss that poin tsto a specif ic r esourceon th e web , tloca te aparticularweb site, y ou ty pe in itsadd ress orVRL. URLalways beginswith http://S ea rch Ene ines :Search Eng ines allow you to find spec ific documen ts th roughkeywo rd searches or mechoice. Search engines use software jndexe rs (calledsp inde rs) to crawlaro und th e weband buildindexesbased on w hatthey f ind .Plug-ins: Plug - ins are pro gram s that can be attachedto your web browse r.giving it additional capabil iies.O ften plugins are used to im prove anim ation, video and audio. "Portal.: A portal is an internet gateway that offers search toolsplus free features such as c- mailcustomizenew s andchatroom s, revenue com efrom on lin e advertisin g ..

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Electronk data interchanee (EDD : .EDIis the direct electronic exchange between organ izations computsystems ofs tandard busines s doucments , such as purchase o rder s, invo ices andshipping documents.

In tra ne t: In tra ne tsca r einternal co rp orate n etworks that use the infrastructure and stand ard s of thinterne, and the w orld w ide w eb.I

Firewall: A firewallis a t system of hardw are andsoftware that connectsth e in te rn et to ex tern al n etworsuch as the in te rnet.It b locks un auth orized traffic from en terin g th e inn anet and can also preven tmnauthorizedemployee f rom accessingthe in trane t,Proxy sever. : A proxy sever is aserver or rem ote com puter thatmay exist o utsid e of th e org an izatinetwork and all cornmumcations to he organization arc routed through itfiltercast : Intercast is a technology which simultaneously delivers TB broadcasts andselectedwebpages to yourpc.Netiquette :Netiquetteor nete tique tte . gu ides to appropria tebehaviour whileonline.Cookie: Acookie is a file that a web serverstores on a user's hard - disk drive when the uservisits a website. Thus, un known to y ou, a web site op erator or companies ad vertisin g on th e siteca n log your movementwithina site.VBNS :Linking su percompu ters and o ther b anks o fcomputers acrossthe nation. VBNS(Very - High-Speed B ackbone N etw ork Service) is the m ain governm ent componentto upgradethe backbone or primaryholesof data t ransmiss ion)Next Generation Internet (NGIl :NGlis the U.S.govemrnenfs broad new program to parallel the university- a n -business -sponsored effort of inteenet ", and is designed to provide money tosix government agencto be u sed to help tie th e campus h igh - perfo rmance backbones in to th e b roader federa l in fra sWonn : a w orm is a program that copiesitselfrepeatedly intomemory or onto adisk drive until nomorespace is le ft.Virus: a virusis a dev iant p rogram that a ttaches itse lftocompute r systems and des troyso rcorrupts da taHackers: Hackers are p eople who g ainunauthroizedaccess to computer or telecommunia tionssystemsforthe challenge or eventhe principle ofitCrackers: Crackers a lso g ain unau thorize d a cce ss to in fo rmatechnology b ut d o so fo r malicio us pu rpoCrackersattemptto break into computers anddeliberatelyobtaininformationforfinancial gain,shut dowhardware, p irate so ftw are o r destroy data.Encryption: Encryption or enciphering is the alteringofdata sothat it isnot usable unless the changes aundone. .



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CLICK III CO\lPUfER TERMIl\ 'OLOG-- -- - - - - - - - - - -

CO PUTER AND NETWORKING.

AI . :Artific ialIn le llig en ce(A l) is a g roup o f re iated te chno logie s that a ttempt to developmachines to emulahuman -Iikequalities such as learning , reason ing .communicating. seeing& hearing.Natural-Iangauge processinl: Natu ra l- language p roce siogis the study of w ay sfo rc ompu ters torecognand understandhuman language. whetherin spoken orwrinenformFuzzy Lof:ic :Fuzzy logic i a method of dealingwith: imprecisedata and unc erta in ty, w ith p ro blems th amany an swersra ther thanone.eural networks: Neura l netwo rk suse phy sic al e lec tro nic d ev ic es o r so ftwareto mimic the:neurologic

structure of the human brain.

Client: A device or application program that makes 1LI .e of the services provided by a server.

Scr_ver : In networking, any computer that makes access to files. printing. communications, or otheervices available to users of the network.

Network admini~trator : Also known as a system administrator, The person respons ible for the daytoday operations o f a n etwork.

Ilmg: Ping is often used as a verb. as in "ping thatworkstation to see if it is awake.Backbone: In communications that po rtion o f thenetworkthat manages the bulk oftbe traffic. The bamay co nn ect sev eral different locatio ns o r b uild in gs, an d may also co nn ect toother, smalle r ne tworks.CK :A b breviation for acknow ledgm ent. Sentby the receiv in g corn puer to in dicate th at the datahas be

re ceiv ed w ith ou t e rro r, a ndthat the n ext part of the tran sm issio n rn ay be ent,

p Iin g :.The uunsrnissin o f inform ation from an earth stationto3 1communic ation s ate llite .

nov nlinkg : The transm ission ofinformationfroma satelliteto an earth s ta tion.Packet .:Any block of data, ent over anetwork. E ach packet contains inform ation about m hesender and treceiv er, an d erro r-co ntro l in formation , in add itio n to the actual message. P acketsmay be fix ed o r v arialeng th , andthey will be reassembledif neces sa ry whenthey reach their dest ination.Session: The time duringwhich a program infunningon e ithera.local or a remotecomputerBand wid th :

t) In c omrnun ie atio ns, th e d iffe re nc e b etween th ehighestand th elowes, frequenciesavialable transmissioanygiven range.

2) In netwo rking, th e tra nsm issio n capa city o f a compute r o r a commun ic atio ns channel, sta te dmegabytes per econd; the higher the num ber, the fasterth e data transmision ta ke s p lac e ..Intnldcr : An unautho rized userof a computer system, usuallya person w ith malic io us in ten t.P ileserver : A n etworked compiler u sed to store files for acc-ess,by o th er clien t compu ters on the n etw

ISDN Jincs : [SON stands for integrated Services Digital Network. It consists of hardware and softwareilialallow voice. video~U1ddata to be communicatedas digital s ignalsover traditiona]copper wire telephotioo .GPS :Global Positioning Sy rem, consists of aeries of 24 earth orbiting atellites 10,600 miles above thee arth th at contin uously tra nsm it timed rad io sig nals th at ca nbe used to iden tify earth loca tions.CDPD :Cellular Digital "PacketData'placesmessages ill p acke ts o r d ig itla l e le ctronic " enve lops"and. endthem through under used rad io channels betw en paasesin cellular phone conversations.

Nenvork : Anetwork or communicarionsnetw ork is a system ofinter connected compuers, Telephoother communicationsdevices thatcan communicate w ith o neanother and share app lic ations anddata ..

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@>ICreative Learning Institute for Com-rehensh,e Knowled e:' CLICK·



UB:MS :Da tabase managemen t sys temsoftwareor a .databasemanage r is a p rogram that con ro ls fhe s tof a database and access of the data.DBA : D atabaseAdministrator (D BA ), a person w ho coordinates a11related activities and neforcorporations,database.ASC ITFiles :ASCn f iles are tex t-only f ilesth at c on tain n ogrpah ic s andn o fo rmatin g, su chas boldface oitalics.Q uery L ang_ uagg : Q ueryLanguageo r data m an ipu lation langu ag e is aneasy - to - use compu ter langufor m aking queries to adatabase and forretrieving selected records, based on the particular criteformal indica ted .Data Mining: Datamining(DM) also calld "knowledgediscovery", is th e compu te r - assistedprocess osiftin g thro ugh and anal y zing the amou nts o f data in order toextractmeaning and discover new knowThe purpose ofDM is to describe past trends and predictfuturetrends.

Dataware House: A data w are house is a special database of cleaned - up dataandmeta -data.____ " " " " " " " ''! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ... .. .. .. .. ., .. ,~iliiiiiiiiiliii __

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CLICK IHI COI\IPUJERTERl\nNOLOGY~

COMPUTER AND DATABASE

WAN : A w ide area network is a communications network that covers a w ide geographicalstate or a country,

l\.fAN :A M etropolitan A rea N etw ork is acommunicationsnetw ork covering a geographic area thecityo r subu rb .PBX : APrivate B ranch E xchange (PBX ) is a.private or leasedtelephone sw itch ing sy sem that co nnte lephone exens ionin - house,LAN: Local A rea N etw orks C LANs) arc local netw orks consisting of a communications liop erating sy stem , m icro comp uters o r w orkstatio ns,servers and other shared hardw are ..B rid.ge; A bridge is a hardw areand sof twarecom bination sed to connect the same types ofnetworkRouter, :A router is a special computer that d ire cts communic atin g messa ge swhen sev era l n etworksconnectedtogether,Repeater: In networking,a simplehardware dev ice th at m ovesanpackes from one local area netwsegm ent toanother, l'he~mail1 purp ose o f arepeated is to ex ten d th elen gthof the ne twork transrnis imedium beyond the norm al m axim um cable lengths.. ,

Gateway: A gateway is an interface th at e nable s dissimilar networks to communicae such as a LA

witha .WAN

ortw o LAN s b asedon d ifferent to pologies

networkopeningsysems.

Top0 10 .1 0" :The logicallayoutor shape of a netw ork iscalleda topology.FDD I netw ork: F iber D istributed D ata Interface netw ork usesfiber - optic cab le w ith an adaptatio n otopo log y using not o ne bu t tw o token ring s.ATM: Asynch ronous 'Ira n sfe r Made(ATM) combines the e ffic iency of packe -tsw itc hin g w ithsome aspeof circui tswitchinghuseenabltngit to handleboth dataand rea ltimevoice andv id eo . ATM is d esig nedto run

on high band w idth fiberoptic cables.Multiplexers, : A multiplexer is a device that m erges several low speed transm issions into0 ne high speetransmission. .

Protocol: A protocol is a set of conventions governing the exchange of data betw een hardwsoftware componen ts in acommunication network .Q S~ : O penSystem In terco nn ec tio n, is a ninternational standard that defines seven layers of protocworld w ide compu te r commun ication s.



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I CLICK III COMPUTER TERMJNOL- ---- --

COlVlPUTERAND MAN'AGE:MENTProto typing : The creation of atrial or demon stration sy stem , sothatpoten tial users canevaluate fe fin e acomment on the design before w ork on the actual product begins.iPS ,: A Transac tion P roce ss ing,System (TPS) is a com puter - basedinformation sy stem th atkeep tra ckth etran sactio ns n eed ed toconduct bus iness ..M I S . ~A Management Information System QtflS) is a computer - based information system that uses datarecorded by TPS as lnputiruo programs that produce routiereports as output.

DSS : ADecision Support S y 'tern (DSS) is a computer based information system that provides a flexibletool for analysis and h elp s manage rsfocus on thefuture.EIS : ..I\]} Execu tiv e Info rmatio n S ystem eE lS ) is aneasy - to- use D SS m adeespecially for top m anagerspecif ica lly supportsstrategic decision making ..EIS 1Salso calld asExecutive Support Sy ·tem (ESS)

PAS : O ffice Automatio nSystem (OAS) are tho se th at combin e v ario ustechnologies to red uce th emanualab or requ ired to operate an efficien office en v iro nment,

DFD : A Data F low Di a gram (DFD) graphically shows the flow of data thourgh asystem.F I.ow chart : Asystem f low cha rtdiagrams th e major inputs"outputs and processes ofa system.

Be:taSoftware: Softw are that has been released to across -selection to typical users fortesting beforecomrnericalrelease of thepackage.

WINDOWS FEATURESDesKtop: In a graphica user interface, an on - screenversion o fa d eskto pcontianing w indow s, icons,dialog' boxeathar represent appl icat ionprograms, files.and other desktop accessories.

Default: A standard setting, used in the absence of any user ~specified alternative. A defaul t is usuallyre la tie ly safe course o f a ctio nto try first,Control Panel: A selection that contains settings to control hardware options such as the mouse, displaand keyboard .Anim ation ~Amethodof creatingth e illu sion o fmovementby displayinga series ofslighdydifferimagesvequickly so UK' til F'y~'"is deee - ved into seeing smooth motion.

Daemon: Pronounced "de' n ", A backgroundprogram that runs unattended, withou anyuser interaricollecting informoriouor (">. f ._'iIIUUg opera ting sys temadministariontasks"

en" arl :A set of non - copyrighted or public dom ain graphical im agesphotographs, maps, or line arus ually on disk. that you can import into a WOld processor,desktop publishing program, or presentationgraphics program and incorporate into other documents. You can then resize, rotate, or edit the image toyour satisfact ion.

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C CK ' III . ' .. COl\'iRUfERTERl\UNOLOGY- . - - --

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BCD,BITBIOSCADCAl\iICASECDCD ..ROM

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emCAMCDACCOBOLCPUCRTCUCSMAlCA:CSl\1A1CD:DBADBMSDESDMLDOS,DTP°OVDI EBCDIS, EDP

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FDDFORTRAN:FIPGIGO

~ORTANTACRONYMS

American S tandard C ode forInformation InterchangeAmerican N ationalStandardInstitute

: .Artificial IntelligenceArithmetic and Log icUnitAdv an ced M ic ro D evid esAutomatic Telle r Mach ine/ AsynchronousTransmissionMode

BinaryCoded Decima l.Binary DigitB ask InputOutput SystemComuterAided DesignCompu te r A ided Manufactu ringComputer A ided SoftwareEngineeringCompact D isk ;Compact Disk ~ead On ly MemoryCompact D isk -Rewritable

Caracte r Use r In te rfac e.: C omputer A ided ManufacturingCentre fo r D ev elo pment o f Adv an ced Computin gCommon Business O riented L anguageCen tral P roce ssing UnitCathodeRay TubeCon tra] UnitC arrier Sense Multiple Acce-ssI CollisionAvoidanceCarrier S ense multiple AccessfCollisionDetectionData Base Admini st ra to rD ata B aseManagement SystemData Encryption S tandardData Man ipula tion LanguageDisk Opera tin g Sys temDesk Top Pub lishingDigital VideoDiskExtendedBinaryCoded D ecim al Interchange C odeElectrionie Da ta Process ingBlecrronicallyE ra sa ble P rogrammable ReadOnly Memory

.Elec tronic mailE lectron ic Numerical In tegrato rand CalculatorEnte rp rise Resource P lann ingExecutable (Execuatable F iles Extension N arne)F ile A llo cation Tab leF lop py D isk D riveFormulaTranslationFife Transfer ProtocolGarbage In/garbage O ut



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Graphic al Use r In terfa ceHard D isk D riveHewle tt Packa rdH yper Text M ark up LanguageHyper Text TransferProtocolH igh - Level D ata Link ControlH ierarch y an d InputI processing I output (diagram)

In te rnationa l Busines s Mach inesIntegrated S ervices D igial NetworkInt erne t ServiceProviderInternet ProtocolKilo Byte (l024 Bytest)Local A r-e a Ne tworkLogical Interfaces Per SecondList Processing(Computer Language)Liqu id Cry sta l D isp lay

Mega Byte (1024 Kilo Byres)ManagementInformationSystemMulti Media ExtentionModula to r Demodula to rObject L inking andEmbeddingObject Or iented P rogrammingOpera ting SystemPower on Selt TestProgrammingLanguage I S tructu red QueryLanguage

P rogramming in Logic .ProgrammableReadOnly MemoryRandom Acce ss MemoryRead Only MemorySys tems Appl ic ation P rogramsStruc tured Query LanguageTransmission Con tro l P ro to co llln tern et P ro to co lTransmis sion Con tro lProtocolUnin te rrupted Powe rSupply

UniversalSerialBusVisua l BasicVisualDisplayUnitVery Large Sca le In tegra ted C ircuitWide A rea N etw ork

WINOWS NT : WIndows Net Techno logy\VWW World WIdeWeb

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XML : Extensible M arkupLanguageY2K : Y~a_ rtwo Thousand

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lIPHTMLHrfl~HDLC

lDPO

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~ .: BUSI,NESS TERMIN-OLOGY :• •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •



CONCEPTS

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CLICK - III . Bt;SINESS TER.l\UI">{QI,. .OGY- - -

Utility: It m eans the pow erto satisfy hum an w ants.Good :A good isdefined as anything that satisfied a hum an w ant and thathas exchangevalue ,Consumer's Goods: Consumergoods are those goodswhich canhe used directly fo rconsumption.E x : B read, cloth etc.

•Producer's Goods: Producer's goods are thosegoods whicf help to produce consumer'sgoods ie.,they c an no t b e c on sume rdirectly but help in the p ro duction o f o ther good s.e g :Ma ch in ery, F acto ry b uild in gs etc.,P erisb ab Je Good~ : P erish ab legoods a re capab leof g iv in g serv ic e fo r a v ery sh ort p erio d o f'timI)ur,able Good~ : Durable goods m e capable of givingse rv ice fo ra long p erio d o f tim e.COmlJetitiveGoods: Competitivegoods arethosegoods which areperfect substitutes.Co.mple,mentanr GQods: Cammodit ieswhich are requircdjointly to satisfy a particula r needarecalled camp limen ta ry goods;

Free 'Goods; Goods which can be obtained free.Economic Goods: Goodswhich can o nlybe obtained at a cost.Vlcalth : In econom ic sense, a thingmust s atis fy 4 condition sto became w ealth. -Utility, source)transferable & external.

~,. National Wealth: The sum to ta lof in div id ua l w ea trh o f a ll citize ns, a nd o f all kin ds o f c ollecow ned w ealth is denoted by "N ational Wealth".Cosmopolitan Wealth: It is the wealth of the whole world,N ational Incom e: The aggregate am ount of goods and services that is producedin a country durin ga certain perio d o f tim e isca lle d itsna tional income .

P ro du ctio n: C re atio n o f u tilityin any fo rm is called p roduction.5. Consumption: The des truc tionof uti li ty forth e satisfactionof a hum an w ant.

Necessaries: Goods and se rv ic es wh ic hare of urgant need to h uman b ein gs.Comforts: Goods which are not abso lu te ly essen tia lbut which enable people to lead an enjoyalife.

:erice : Value - in - exchange expressed inmonetary te rms is c alle d p ric e.

Equilibrium: It implies a state inwhich forces makin g for changein opposingdirections are perfectlyinbalance,Microeconomics: It is the study of particu la r f irms, pa rticu la rhousehold 'in div id ua l p ric es, w ag eincome , ind iv idual industrie s and particu la te commoditie s.

~ . M acroecnom ics :It is th estudy of agg regates an d av erag es of w hole econ om ic sy stemrather th an th eparticular units.

~. D em and: D em and is the quantity that buyers are w illing and able to buy at alternative priI

The law ofDemand: It states" that th e price of a w ell - defined cammodity rise (falls), the quantityd eman ded d urin g a g iv en p erio d o ftim e falls (rises)Supply: Supply is the quantity that sellers are able and w illing to sell at alternate prices.

~. M arginal Utility: Itrefers to th esat is fact ion gainedfrom consumingan ad ditional u nit of th e goodservice.

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increases.Ind iffe rem_"'e Curve :,It is a curve show ing variouscombinationsofJwo commodities given the s

leve l o f s atis fa ction to the consumer.Elasticity: It is .a Measure of m arket sensitivity ofdemand.Total Cost :It is the total cost of producing a particular outputof the commodity.

Averag e Cost: It refers to the cost perunit of output and iscalculated by d iv id in g th e to tal co stbyleve l o f ou tpu t~ farg im tl C nst:It is the additional costof producing an addirional unit.J oin t p ro du cts: Jo in t p ro du cts re ferto 2 or m oreproductswhich arenecessarilyproduced by a givenprocess.

Joint Cost: Joint cost is the cost in cu rred inproduction of2 Drmore products till its sepcration10 . Perfect Competition: Manysellers of identical products! many buyers.7. Monopoly: One seller,many buyers.8.. O ligopoly: Pew sellers, m any buyers.9. Monopolostic Competition: Many buy ers, mayselle rs o f d iffe ren tproducts.o . Duopoh : Two selle rs ,many buyers.

DUQD.£ .Onl :Only two buyers,many sellers,

Dnmll:ing :.It re fe rs to the sale ofany commodity in a fo re ign market-a t a p rice belowthemarginal cosMarket .Price : The M .P. is the acutal price that prevails in a m arket at any particular m om

~. N onnaI Pnce :No rmal P rices are tho sepriceswhich may reasonab lebe expec ted in g iven conditioof dem and and supply .

.5 . Price ..discinuinati9D : It occurs when a monopolist chargesdifferent prices fo rdifferentunits of a- . -

commodity, eventhough theseunits are identicalin thes-physlcalcharecterisrics.·6. Paradox ofthrill :An increaseddesire to save m ay leadto a fallin the actualsaving of the community

This is known as paradox oftlrrift.

7 .. Investment Multiplier: It is the number by which a change in autonomous investment h~;; .!' il..

multiplied to get the resulting change in national incom e.8. L iquidity trap: If refers to3 situation where therate of interest is so lowthat people prefer to

hold m oney rather than investit.9. ~C : M arginalEfficience o f cap ita l is th eexpectedrate o fretu rn o f n ew in vestmen t.·0. Intlation ::Inflation is a-situationwhere prices arepers is ten tly r is ing .thereby reducing the value o

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money,~1, .Deflation :It is a situ atio n o fconstan tly fa llin g p ric es o f c ommoditie s and fa cto rs o f'p rodu c'2 . MoneyMarket: The Money Market is m arket that deals in the.short-term lending and bcrro

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·3. Capital M arket: The capital m arket is a market thatdeals in the longte rm borrow ingsand sh arecapital.

fS .

The Low of D im inishing M arginal U tility :It states that asthe quantity consumed of a commodityincreases over agivent ime pried,themarginal uti li tydiminishes.G iffcnjtQod s : {N amed after sir R ob ertGiffen). Giffengoods are goods ofostentationor goodshavingsaob appeal such asjew ellery or w orks of art. As the price of giffen goods increases, thei

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CLICK . fiJ B l1SlN"ESSTERl\llNOLOGY

~. Mutual Fund: A mutu al fu ndgathers fund s froma large num ber ofinvestors, creating a s ingle la rgepool of fund w ith these funds.it can then purchase a large num berof assets.Tr~astlry B ills: M oney M arket M utual funds m ay also invest their customer's money ingovernmentbonds , u suallycalled t reasury bill s,

Merchant banks: Merchant banks are in stitu tions th atCatTY out a variety of functions, such as theacceptance of bills ·of e xchange. the issue and placing of loans and securities, portfolio and

m aaagem entand sam ebanking services.'International Trade: It is th e trade among coun tries o f d iffere ntgeograph ic al a re as,

B alance of Payments: The balance of payments of a country isa .sy starnatic re co rd o f ail eo cnom ictrans ac tions between the re sid en tsof home countryand residents of foreigncountries durin g a p erio dof t ime.Devaluation: It refers to an official reductionin the external value of a country 's currencyill term s ofanother currency as w as done in july 1991.A dvalo_ rem Tariff: Atari ff based on apercentage.o f value.Specific Tariff: A tariff based an amount per unit.

Embar~o : TIDs isstraight forward ban as t radingwith ano ther count ry.Deficit FinaRcing : It refers to thecreation of near money forfi IIing up the gap betw ene.plannedexpenditure and estimated receipts"

Capitalism: The politico -economic system in which private property and private property arepermitted to become the base of economic development.

Socialism: A term which is used to describe th e general doctrine that the ownership and con tro lof the means of production-capital and land should be held by the community as a whole andadministreted in the interests of all.

Mixed Economy: Mixed Economy is an important form of econom ic system w hich com prise

both featu res o f capitalism and so cialism ,Balance of Trade : It re fe rs tothe differencebetween th e value of commodities andse tvices exportedby acountry against the value of commodities and serv ices importedin a given year.Bankr.l1ptaDcy : A condition lega lly dec la redby court oflaw, of'in so lvency of ind iv iduals , pa rtne rshor corporations ..B arter: Exchange ofgoods and services w ithout the use of m oneyis called barter.Boom : It refers to a period of 'expansionof bus iness act iv ity.Capital Formation: It is a process ofinvestment in fix ed a sse tscausing net additions to the stock ofbasic capi taJ .

Cash Reserve Ratio: Refers to the ratio which banks maintain between their holdings of castheir liabilities.

Closed Econom ..! : A self - sufficient econom y w hich depends only an internal resourcesexternal trade ..

Dear Money: Money that can be borrow ed only at a higherinterest rate.Demography: Thestudy about thepopulation in terms of age,life cycle stage,sex " in come lev el,educa tiona l leve l, ra ce and re lig ion,family s ize e tc .,

Droueht : L ack of rains is a situation know n as drought.Earnest M oney: A tokenpa~ment made to m ake binding a verbalagreement.

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LICK .' ID' . - BusiNESS TER '''UNOlOGY,I. Ex-Factory: Aprice quotation, it is th e amoun t p ay ab leat the fac to ry,that i s) excluding the; cost of

delivery to the buyer's prem ises -.F iduciary Issue: M eans that portion of thebank note issue w hich is not backedby gold.F ree Entry: A condition of m arketin which there is110 res tr ic tion onentryo f n ew firm s.FOB: Free on board

Hard. ..C urren(;y : Acurrency th at isfreely co nv ertib le into go ld o rather currencies.

Industrialisation : Refersto th e d ev elo pmen t o f in du stries as a g en eraldevelopmentstrategy,I_ .G .U :A w ritten acknow ledgem ent of a debtj .e., I ow e y ou,Input: The resources that a firm deploys in the production of goods and services,

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Law ofcons.tant returns: The Law of cons tan t retu rnsslates that an increaseoflabour and capital ~yield-proportionateincrease in output.

- .L ayoff: A type of industrial actionin which man ag emen t in stru cts workers n ot to rep ort to -woL eackaee: T he loss of purchasingpower from th ecircular flow o f in come.I...ig uid ity P re fe re nc e: Thedesire to holdready cash isknown as liquid ity preference.Na tio na1isa tio n : S ta e owne rsh ipand controls of anyof th e mean s of p ro du ctio n, d istrib utio n .

.N (,~rMoney :A ssets w hich are readilyconvertible into money.N oble: A coinmade f rom pla tinumWfudpwDusSing: Therearrangement o fa company 's fin an cia l a ffa irs a tyear en d to maketh e b ala ncsheet look different from usual.

$yndicaW :It is a volunta ry a ssocia tion o f indiv idua lbusinessman.Serin :Scrip refersto the subseritpioncertificate I

PrciceRin2 :It is a deviceby w hich thepricesare controlled by a prior understanding betw endealers.Pink.Book : The annualpublication ofU .K of balance of paym ents is inform ally know n as PinkOccupationalHa7Jud :: Ifthe inevitable risk which a worker hasto face when he accep ts employmein a particualr ty pe of industry.Imm igtation :W hen national of one' countrymoves fo r resld en ceemplo ymen t to an oth er co un t

m . Hyper Market: It is a term used for large orvery large super market,

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STOCK EXCHANGE

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The stock exchange is a developm ent of the 19th century . In India the firstorganised sto:..exchange w as set up inBombay in 1887 under the nam e ofNSSBA(Na tiv e S hare a nd S to ckBroker'sAsso cia tio n). It wa s fo llowedby stockexchangesatAhmedabad andother p laces.Und er th esecurities

contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956,. at present, there are 21. recognised stack exchanges. 7 stockexchanges have been g ra nte d p ertn an en t re cogn itio n. In add itio nthere are aNational Stock Exchange(N SE) and O ver The Counter Exchange of lndia(OTeE-)

rm i.nology :Stgg: Ex~ane : A sto ckexchange is a highly o rgan is ed financia l ma rketwhere shares , debenturesand bonds can bebought o r sold .Dalal Street: Bombay Stock E xchangeis known ,L ,Dala l S tre et.Lyons R ange: C alcutta stock exchange is know n as Lyons R ange.B roker: A broker is a commission agent w ho buys and sellssecurities an b ehalf o f n on members.

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CLICK 161 DllSL\ESS TER\1L' \OLOGY- - -

5. Dealers: Also known as jobber. Ajobber isan independen t dea le rm se cu rities whobuys and se llssecurities in .his ow n nam e.

6. Renrisiers :Remisiers are agents of full fledged members-of a stock exchange.7. Investors: Those who purchase securitieswith a v iew to in vestin gtheirmoney for purpose of gettin

an income are"investors".·8. Speculators: Those who buy with a hope to sell in future ata .profit due to rise in price are called

speculators.9. Bull: Also known as Tejiwala, He is an optimist speculator who expects a rise in the prices of

securities in the near future,10. Bear: A lso known as Mandiwala, He is a pessimist speculator because healways expects

prices to fall.

11. Lame Duck: When a bear speculator finds it difficult to meethis commitments, he is known asa lam e duck.

12. Stag: A stag is a speculator w ho applies for a new issue of securitieswith the sole aim of selling theat a prem ium as soon as the allotm ent-is done to him .

13. Bullish Market; A market dominated by bun speculators isknown asBullish Market.14, Bearish Market: A market-dom inated by bearspeculators is known as B earish Market.15. RigWn.gj:he Market: In order to avoid loss, the speculators starts spreading rernours of.a rise in

prices. Such t situation is known as Rigging the Market or Bull Campaign.SelUng short: The bears usually sell the securities which they do not possess. This is calledselling short.

Bear Pai,d : When the bear speculators are faced with a rise in prices,they may start spreadingrumours of a fall in prices.This is called "Bea r Paid ",

18. 'Tarawaniwalla : He is a dealer insecurities who ca: ries an bus iness in his own name andhe is notprohibited from acting as a broker at the sametime. I

9.. Listin~ ofSecorities :It supplies obtaining the permission of a recognised stock exchange to include I

th e se cu ritie s inits listfo r th e purpose o f d ea lin g.0.. Ready Delivery COl!tra~ : it involves the deli very of securities by the seller an dthe actualpayment

of thevalue of securit iesby th e buyer in cash.Speculation: It im plies b uy ing or selling on the basis offorecasting future prices.

~2. G ambUn&: ~.It is based on blind chance and not onknowledge and foresight.

~3. O.L : Odd lotArbitrage: It re fers to th e simulta neous purch ase and sa leo fth e secu rityin2 differentmarkers in orderto m ake profits out of differences in prices prevailing in the different m arkets. .

5. Straddle: It refers to M aking use of differences inprices at tw o points of tim e.Wash sa les: It re fe rs to fic titious transactions wherein a specul ator arranges tosen a sec urity andbuythe sam e ata higher price through different brokers. .

7. Carryover or budla :It refers to thepostponement of a trans actioR from are settlem ent date to tn ex t s ettlemen t date .

8. lJ·lank transfer: W hen the transferor of a security signs the transfer form without stating t

the t ransfer,be is said to have m ade a blank transfer.- ---- - ---~~--------~------- -"



29. h_qrneri.ng :It means buy ing up of total supply of securities by some speculators to creshortage o f certa in secu ritie s ina stock exchange w ith a viewto fo rcin g th eprices up.

30. Hedging,: In thistransaction,the speculatorstty to offset loss from onetransaction.by gain fromtother transaction, 1

31. Fatka: A kind ofdifference settlement.The accountis-settledby paymentof'differeacebetweenagreed price on thedate of contractand the m !lrket price on thedate of settlement.

32. Auction:A pub licsale in whichbidder offer sincreaseo f p ric es ove r a no th erand what.issold goesa re who b id s h ighe st.

33. Utile Chip: Shares of firstclass companies.34. Bucket Shops ,: Where outside brokers deal in g insecursies unauthorisedly outside a stock exchan35. Kerb M ark.et : Purchase and sale of securitiesby broker or after the o fficiat hoursoutside astoc

exchange.36. Hammering: Whal1evera .member fails tomeet h is oblig atio ns, h e is c alle dd efnulto r. The p r

declarin ga member d efau l teris known as hammering,37. D irectorate of Stock. Exchallge :It was estab lish ed In [9 59 to en fo rce an d ad rn in i ster the p

o f thesecuritiescontents (Regula tion) Act, 1956.38. SEDJ: Securities and Ex.change Boardof India,39. O earing: H oose:It settles transactions amongthe member.40. B ond: Aform off ixed inte rest securi ty.41. Fawn Broker: He is a person wholendsmoney againsta pledged article.

COMPANIES ACT 1956n. n .. n. .. ... , .. .

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1. Prom otio~ .:Itre fe rs to those activ itie s wh ich a reunder taken to bringa businesscnterpriselnto existen2. . Formation: Formatio n o f a jo in t sto ck comp an y in vo lv es th e fo llowin g stag es in co rp ora

subscr ip t ion, commencement.3. Incnrgoratioll : It implies the registrationof the com pany asa:body corporate w ith the registe

com panies. Acompany is saidto bein co rporated whenit receives th e certif ic ate o f inco rpor aPri va te companycan commencebus ines s immed ia te ly a fte rincorporation.Whereas apU,bliccompahav in g a sh are c ap ita lcan commencebus iness a fte r gettingcertificateof commencement

4. Document used in Company Formation: Memorandumof associ arion, Articles of associatien-prospectus.

5. Meluorandum ofassociatiou :It serves as the constituent of acompany, It lays dow n objectsp eers o f th e compan y an d d efin es its relatio nswith th e outs ide pub lic .

6. Articles of Association : The A rticles of association of a com pany are itsbye law s or rules anregulations that govern the m anagem ent of its internal affairs.Aprivate company mustcon ta in the fo llowingprovisionsin its articlesRestric ts theright [0 t ransfer sharesLim its sthe num ber of m em bers to 50Prohibitamyinvitationto the publ icto subscribeforany shares/debentures o f th eCQJH"ony.

7. ])r" 's pectu s :Includes any notice, circular, advertisem ent inv iting deposits from the pubfo r tsu bscription or purchase of anyshares/debuntures of abody corporate,

S . D om icile Clause: A lso know n as situation clause. This clause specifies the nam e of the_ _ th~e.& !stered o~fice _ oftheco~an;L!sto be situated:..... _ . ~ __ ~. . ~ ~



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CLICK _ fjJ nOSINESSTERMl'\"OLOG- ---

9. Separate Legal Entity : A com pany bas an existence entirely distinct from and indepenum bers. It can own property andenter into contracts in its ow nnam.

10. Common Seal: A company being anartificialperson cannot sign forit self. The law provides fouse o f commonseal for i tssignatures.

I]. Number: In a privae company, minimum -is2 and maximum is SO .Where as in apub li ccompanyminimum is7 and no maximum lim it.

12. Chartered Companies: Companies which are es tabli shedby th e royal charter or under aspeciaorder granted bya king I queen are chartered companies.

Ex : East Ind iacompany, B ank of E ngland.13. Statutory Company _:A company established under a special Act passed by Parliament or by

state legislature.

Ex : RBI, IDBI, LIe etc .•

14.. Private Cgmuany : It is a company whichby it s articles a) Resticts th e right of its members ttransfer shares 15)Lim its the no.of members to 50 and c) Prohibits any invitation tosub scribe fo r any sh aresI debentures,

15. Government CQmpan,x :It ISa Compnay in wh ich51% or moreif the paid up share capital is hebthe central/state government.Ex; STC o f Ind ia, H lvIT L im ited

16. Comp~QI Limited by shares .:In th is typeofcompany the liability of members is limited to value ofthe share s helI by then,

17. Company l im i t ( ."< ihI G uarantee: IN such a com panythel i ab ili ty o f mernbrsis lim ited tosuch amouas they agreed to contribute. .

i8. Holding Company: A company is knownas aholding com pany w he nit controls th emanagementomajori ty ownersh ipin anothercompany.

] 9. SubsidiarY Company: It is a company in which an ith er companyholds ~ore thenhalf of its totavoting power.

20. Multinational Company: Such a companycarries on bus incss110t only in the c ountry o fits incorporin hu t alsoin on e or more o th er co un tries.

2] . Amalgamation: 'Themerger of two or more c ompan ies in toa single organisation.22. Absorption: Also known as merger. It means absorption of one business unit by another. The

absorbing com pany retains itsentity and enlarges its sizethrough merger.23. Liquidation: The termination, dissolution or winding lip a limited company.

24.. Dlssolution : A cornpnayis said to be dissolved when it ceases to exist as a c orp ora te e ntry,25. Windingpp: It is a statutory processby which it c eas es to e xistas l egal en ti ty,26. Quornm: Quorum fora board mee ting smallbe lf3 rd o fth e total strength or 2 directors w hich o

higher.27. Proxy.: A m em ber entitled to attend and voteat a mee ting can appoint another person to attend

vote at the m eeting on his behalf. The person so appointedi know n as proxy.28. A& enda: It refers to the various item s of business to be transacted at a m eeting.29. Motion: A motion isa proposal moved bya memberfor the purpose of discussion at the meeting,

30. ResoJution : It is a declaration which has been approved at a meeting.

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31 . M inutes: It refers to arecord of the business transacted at am e eting. It is asummaryof the proceeof a meeting.

32. Statoton: Meeting: This is thefirst g en era l m eetin g o fthe shareholders a fte r theIncorporationo fcompany.

33. AGM :Annual G eneral Meeting hold once in every year. •34. EGM : Extra o rd in ary Gene ra lMeeting held betw een tw o AGM 's35. Shares: A companys sharecapital is splitup in a large num ber of equal parts. Each part is

a share .36. Equity shares: Also known as ordinary shares. Which carry no preference right or priority i

payment of di vidend andin th e p aymen t o f cap ital are called equ ity sh are s.37.P'reference_j.~har.e~: These shares carry certain p re fe rentia l rightsat the time of winding up of t

o rg an isa tio n in re sp ec t o f th eir c ap ita l. a nd d iv id ed . I

38. Cumulative preference shares: In this case, dividends not paid in a part icular year a te carrforward to the next year,

39. C onvertibl.epr~terence Shares: Theseshares can b e co nv ertib le in to equ ity sh ares after aperiod.

40. Redeemable urcfercnce shares: Repayment of capital after expiry ofa specified periodor at toption ofth e company.

41. Debentures: Represents borrowings by acompany and represent its lo ancapital. A debenture isloan documentissued by a company as proof of themoney len t toit by the ho lde r.

"2 Naked debentures :. unsecured debentures. I~ ,_ .'43. Bearer Debclltures : It can be transfer redby m ere delivery as no record of such debenture

in the register. )!44. Unden"rlting :.It is our a rra ng ement b etween th e issu in g companyand afin an cial ag en cy kn own

un derw riter u nd er which th e latter ag ree s tobuy th at pa rt o fissue which i not subscribed by the pub45. Par value: Nominal or face value.46. At a premium -::Above par.47. At a discount: Below par.48. Work torule: A partia l fonn of a strike, which re ults in a slow downof production rather th

complete cessation.49. White pape!": A document expressing governm ent policy that has been published foexterna

NEGOTIAB,LE INSTRUMENTS ACT1, Ne~otiable : Transferable from one person to anorh T person .

.I 2. Instrument: Any written documentby which a rig ht is createdin favour of some person.I 3. Cheque: A bill o fexchanged rawn o n a sp ecifiedbanker and notexpressedto be payableotherw

than on demand.4. Stale Chegue : Outdated cheque.

S. Anti dllted Cb~ue :A cheque bearing an earlier date.6. pU.j~ dated Cheque: A cheque beaingthe latter date.7. Inchoale c Instrument: An instrument that is incompletein certain respects

8. C rossin..c : Crossing on achequeis direction to the banker that payment should not be m ade

counter.____ , _ ~ __ ~!!!!!!!!!!!"" __ , • ,__ ,--=_. J .:.- ............ _



CLICK - , . ... , -, : .. - - ,- _., , _ - . .-',' ,'_",," -, -. -- . -,' '."": -. " - - . , " . .- ,., -', Bus·,mc", TER"'J'01N()L_ _ "L,. Y • _ ."L 1 _. L.U"~ J't ,

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9. Dra,wer :The personwho makes the bill,10. Drawee: The person onwhom th e b ill is d rawn.L1. P~yee :The person to whomth e accoun t o f th e b ill is p ayab le.12. Dishonour: A bill~ay be d ishonou re d e ith erby non acceptance01' by non paymen t.13. N oting: It is aconvenient meth od o f au th en tic atin g th e fac t o f d ish on ou r.14. Hundls:Hundisare instrumentswritt en in orien ta llanguage.15. Lunatics: A lunaticis a person who lacks the power ofunderstand ing andrationaljudgement.16. M utilatc~ :Ch~!le : It is, a cheque w hich has been tuminto p ie ce s but p aste dafterwards.17. Countermand of Payment : Counterman d mean sstopping the payment 0 f a cheque by the customer.18. Endorsement: S ig nin g o nthe bank of thecheques by th e make rfor th e purpose o f its n egotia tio nf9. Gurnishee Order .:A b-ankeris bound to comply w ith th eorder issued by the court restraining him

from payingthe money from a customers account.20. I.O.ll : lowe you21 . R.D :Refer to Drawer.22. N~S :Not sufficient

23. N.F : No funds·24. E.I: Endorsement Irregular

25. E.N.C :Effects not cleared

26. D.D :Drawer Deceased27. W & FD :Words and figures differed

28. Sans Frais : These words, when added at the end of the endorsement, indicate that no expensesshou ld be incu rred onaccount o f thebill.

29 Clean Bill ~Where no documents oftitle to goods are enclosed to the bill.It is called aclean bill.

30. nocumentaryB ili :Wheredocumentsof title to goods a re e nc lo se d to th e b ill it is c alle d a docum

bill.31. ,Protest: The p ro te st-is th eformal 'notarialcertificateattestingthe dishonouro f th ebilland b-a:)Cdupon

the noting.,32.. Dis,charge :A negotial instrument is said to be dischargewhen it becomes complete by useless.33. Accommodation Bill : An accommodation bill is a bill drawn,accepted or endorsed without an

consideration. The purpose of draw ing and accepting accommodation bill s is to provideor more par ties.

34. E.xample._~of NegotiableInstrumeDt~ : Promissorynotes, bills of exchange,cheque" govt,sccu .itiesD iv idend wa rrants ,Hundis, B anknotes, Sharewerrants,Circular n otes, B ea rer d eb en tu res, etc.

35. Demand Dr,aft : It is drown by a bank in its another branch or it may be draw 11 an another bank.

36. Retiring a bill : Payment of the bill before the due d ate .

'TAXESI . Tax: Tax is an im position m ade for a public purpose w ithout reference to any service renby th e

state.

2. Toll: A tol is apayment in respectof som e benefit.advantage or service for the.use ofanother'sproperty.

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CLICK 1m fit iSINE~STERM~OLOGY- -

3. Cess: A cess is a tax imposed for specific purposewith reference to som e goods.I 4. Fee : A fee is a payrnentleviedby the state in resp ect of services p erform edby it for the benefit of

individuaL

5, Duty: A duty is a tax levied on commodity.6. Central exciseDuty: Excise duty is a tax on goods m anufactured in India.7. Customs Duty: It is a ta x o n th e g oo ds impo rtedinto and exported from acountry,8~ SalesTax: Sales tax is a tax upon a vendor in respect of his sales"

9. Central SalesTax,: It is a tax on transfer of goods fromare state to another.10. Assessee: Assessee is the person who pays the tax.

11. CBDT : Central Board for Direct Taxes

12. CBEe: CentralBoard fo r E xcise an d Customs13. CEGAT : Customs, Excise,Gold and Appe lle ate Tribunal.l4. I!SN : H arm onised System ofN om enclature.15.. CENVAT ~Central ValueAdded Tax16., MOnVAT: Modified Value A dded Tax17. SCN; Show Cause Notice.

18. Unjust Enrichment: A richnesswhich is notjustified ..

1.9. D irect Tax: This is thetax whic h is p aid d ire ctlyby the assessee.E .g. : In co rn tax, w ealth tax . ete.,

20. Indil!cct Tax: This is the tax paid directlyby the manufacturer or importer latter on collected from thbuyers. E g : E xcise duty , C ustom s duty , C entral sales tax, etc.,

2] ., Tax Avoidance:Utilising th e tax caneessionsand a rrang ing o fbus in es s and fin ancia l a ffa irsin a mannthatwillmin im ise taxliability .'

22. Tax Evasion: A purposeful understatement of taxable incomeby an assessee.

1. Ac-co unting :Accounting is calledas the language o f businessand it is a mean sof'communicatingthresults of business operations to all the parties con nectedwith the business .

2. Account: Anaccount is .a summary of the record of all the tr ansact ions rela tingto penon, asseexpense or gain.

3. Accountant: Acountant is a professional who is responsi b Ie for the processing offinanc~a'dur4. Real Accounts: Acounts relating to prop erties suchas cash, building or

5. Personal Accounts ::Accountsrelating to transactionswith p erso ns" conce rn s o r c ompan ie s.6. N ominal Accounts: Accounts relating to gains and losses and expenses and losses.7. Entry: Reco rd in g o fany trans ation fo r th efirst time is ca lled en try.8. Ledger: A group of accounts is known as ledger.9. Go in : con cernConcept: The a ssumptio n is th at th ebusiness will continuetrading over along perio

oftime,

10. Conservatism ~It means that antic ip ateno profit and provide for a ll p ossib le lo sse s .....

11. M ateriality : It m eans that events of relatively sm all im portance need notbe given a d etailed cortreatment.

, .

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CLICK III Bl1SL~ESSTERM1\OLOGY~ - -

12. prorrtand loss A~unt :It is a summary o f the revenu es and ex penses, in clud in g g ain s anda businessunit fo r anaccountingperiod.

13. Balance Sheet:Itls a statemen t of financial p osition o f a b usin ess u nitdisclosing at a giventime it sassets.Iiahihtiesandownership equities.

Ie4. CurrentAssets : CUITent assetsa re a ss ets wh ichwill normallybe converted in to ca sh w ith inyear.15. F ixed A ssets: F ixed assets are tangible,relatively lon g lived item s own edby the business .16. IntaneibleA ssets : Intangible assets are assets of value w ithout phy sical dim ensions,

Eg :GOodwill.17. Current Liabmties : Current l iabil it ies are the l iabil it iesdue withinan accoun ting per iod18. CQnlingentLiability :A liabilitymayor m ay not happen in future. It becom es a liability onthe

happening of a certa in fu tureevent.19 . A sset: Any th in g, tang ib le or in tang ib le o r mon etary v alue to-a b usin ess en tity.20. LiabH ity :Any amount owedby one person toanother.21. Equity: It means own er's fu nd s.

22. Profit: Revenueminus,ex penses for agivenaccountingperiod.23. Depreciation; The amortisationrepresentingallocationof cost expiration of tangible assets ove

usefullife,

24.'25.

26.27.

28.

29.30.

31.

32.

3_,.,

, .J.

34:

35.36.

37.38.39.

40.41.42.

Working C~-Rj ta l : Curren t assets minus cur rent liabil inesm Jrentory :1Ln.fersto the stock of the product a firm is offering for sale andcomponen ts th atmake uthe product.Amortisation: The a llo ca tio n o f th e cost o f in ta ng ib le a sse tsto th e periods o f their benefits .DepIction: The periodic allocationof the cost o fnatural resources extracted.BookValue: The co st o f an asset less accumu late d ep reciatio n,

Emuxion of Tim e : Passage of tim e.Obsolescen~e :' A situation under w hich an asset becom eout of date and can no largerproduce as acompe te tiv e bas is ..Scrap Value: The estim ated value of an asset after the end ofits usefu l l if e.F ranchise: A rlg hto fprev ilege receivedby a bus iness entity fo r the exc lu sive right to conduct bin a certa ingeograph ic al ..G -oodwill ;It mean s, rep utatio n valu e o f th eenterprise.Defined as the presentvalueo f expec ted fu tuearn ings o f abusines s inexcesso f'th e earning s no rmally realised. -D ivid end : T he p ortion of p rofits allo catedto the shareholders.Conateral Security: An additionalsecurity g iv en fo r th e lo an ta ken.Forfeiture of Shares : Cancellationof shares for non paymentof call money

Board: Board mean sBoard of directors of the company~Inflation: Inflationis the trend in whichth eprices" ingeneral,are increasingrapidlyduringany periodC~arin_g : It re fe rsto the ratio between bo rrowed fu nd s an d shareho lders fu nd s.Cash Discount: Itis a discount for prom pt paym ent of bilIs .

Bad D ebt: When the amount: due from a debtor is irrecoverable,it is called b ad debt.Marshallin2 :Ma rsh allin g is the sy stem ofarrangingthe various a ss ets andliabilitiesin a balanceshee

accordingto th e order o f liquid ity o r permanency.-- ~ ~I_._--_------------,---------



FOREIGN EXCHANGE

CLICK' m nliSINESS TERl\llNOLOGY

43. L~J!q : It is th e amount re ce iv edby non trading concerns asper the will of th e decea sed person .44. Consignm ent: A cons in gm ent is the despatch of a quantity ofgoods,for the purpose ofsale.45. Joint Venture: It m ay be defined as a tem porary partnership.46. Statement of A ffairs:It is a statem en t of assets and liabilities of a b usiness as on a aprtieul47. Rayaln: : Rayalty is anamount pay ab le p erio dic ally to th eowner o f an assetin exchang e fo r th e ri

to use certai rrproperty.

48. Dead Rent:It is the amount payable the lessee to the lessor.

1. Ex.dlange R ate: R ate at w hich the currencies of tw o countries are exchanged at apart icu

2. Bid Rate: It is the b uy in g rate q u otedby the banker.3. O ffer Rate; It is the sellingrate quoted by the banker.4. B id/ofl'grSpread: It is thedifference b etw een th e b uy in g and sellin g rate, an d co nstitu tes th edealer'

margin.

S" Libor (Lodon Inter Bank Qffer~Ratel: L ibor isthe rate applicable to in te r bank borrow ingsill the

London mon eymarket.6. Hard CurrcDq : Hard currencyis tha t whichis v ery muc hin dem and inthe fore in exchangemarket7. Swap Tran~action: It involves the sim ultaneous buy ing and selling of specified amountof foreign

currency for different-deliverydates.~n. H ooW D 2 :It is an arrangement where anoutstandinglunrrecommitmen t in fo re ignexchangeis converte

into d omestic cu rren cy, to av oid ex ch an ge risk.9. Euromarket: It is the market for bank depositswhich are d enomin ated in foreign cu rrencies.11. EorosteJiing: Denotes sterlin g d ep osits w ith th ebanks outside UK.

12. Square: Square position is achieved w here the overall purchases m ore or less equal th

foreign currency.13, E...CQ :European Currency U nit is a basket offixedamountsofEEe (European Economic Commun

coantries.14. R eporting curreng : It is th e currency used in p re senting fin ancia l sta temen ts.

15. VEMA: Foreign ExchangeManagementAct

MISCELLENEO'USI. Trade: Trade is a branchof commerce. It meansbuyingand selling of goods.

2. Industry: It cover,sthosebusinessactiv itie s wh ich a remainlyco ncern ed w ith p ro du ctio n o fgoods.3. Management: Managementis the a rt o fgetting thingsdone th roughthe effortof o the r peop le .4. Partnershin :It is th erelation betw een persons whohave agreed to.sharep ro fits o f abusinesscarrie

on by a11orany of them acting for aU .S. Dormant Partner: A lso known as sleepingpartner, The partner who simply con tribute s to the.capita

o f th e firm and doe snotta keany in te rest in its management.6.. Partner by Estoppel: If a person behaves in such a way that he is m istaken to be apartnerby third

p arties h e is calledby a partne rby estoppel.7. Joint stock company: Ajoint stock company is an a rtific ia l p erson c re ate dby law wi th perpe tu

success ion and a cornmonseal.~ ' __ ' '_-~ "' __ ""'"P~

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CLICK ID B(1SINE.,'-;STE1~'\1L"lOLO

8. BrandinK :It invo lves g iv inga name to the productof identify the products.9. M ultiple shog : It denotes that is an organisation under which a large number similar sho

at differentplacesi n one par ticula rareaor throughthe country under a common owner ship.Eg : B ata,InAmerica these are called as chain stores.

10. Imports: Im ports aredefined as goods and s erv ic es wh ichare obtained for consumption byonconsumed in another.

1L Honour: To meet an obligation whenit is d ue.12. Export: The term used for a goods orservice which m produced in one country and sold to an

consum ed in another.13. Cartel: An association of producess to regulate pricesby restricting outp ut and competetioD4. Consortium: A temporary grouping of independent firsrn, organisation and governm

together to pool their skills and resorces in order to undertake aparticular project.]5. Embar~o : When a nation s topstrading with ano ther nation.itis called embargo.16. Immieration: Whenp eople from oth ercountries comeand set tlein our country it iscalled immigrat]7. Emigration: When our re sid en ts le ave the home countrywith a v iew to settle p erman en tly in som

countryit is called emigration.18. ErKononics :It refers tothe c re -a tion ofsuch conditions that the output in a factory is m axim i19. Under Employment: l'he condition where a person holds a job with requirement that

the level of skills ofthat person.20. TiiWtCredit: A situation said to existwhen in te re st ra te s a re h igh.2] . B reak even Point ,:It is point of sales where the firms gets no profit or no loss.

22. Pink book :,The annual publication ofUK~ B alance of payments is informally known a23. GratutiI :A k ind o f re tirement benefit.24. Infant Industry: It means ayoung and growingindustty.

25. Lien: It means, a claim againstproperty.26. Promise: It means an accepted proposal.27. Agreement: It is defined as every promise and every set of promises forming the consideration for

each other.

28. Consideration: It meanssomething which is of som e valuein the eyes of law.

29. COercio n: It imp} ies a committin g or th rea ten in gto commit som e out w hich is contrary to law30. Fiduciary relation: A relationship of trust andconfidence.

31. Quantum merit: It is a claim for damages for breach of contract.:32. Bailment: It imp lie s a sort o f re la tionsh ipinwhich the personal property of one person tem

goes in to possession o f ano ther.33. P1edie : Also known as pawn. It is bailm ent of personal property as a securityfor some debt

engagement.34. Factor: An agent emrusteedwith the possession of goods for the purpose of selling them .35. Departrfientation :Grouping of act iv it ie s i scalled deprutmentation.36. Sta ld la tioQ :The tenn used for theperiods ofr ecess ion and r is ing unemploymentcoupledwithpositi

r ate s o f p rice inf la tion .37. Overdraft: Under this facility the borrow er isallowed to w ithdraw funds in excess of the balanc

currect ale. •

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CLICK Ii) B l1SIl \ESS TEW\1L 'JOLOG

8 .. BrandinK : It invol y es giving a name to the product of identify the products.9. Multiple shop: It denotes that is an organisation under which a large numbersimilarshops a re opene

at differentplaces in one particular area or through the country under a common owner ship.Eg : B ata, In America these are called as chain stores,

10. Imports: Imports aredefined as goods and serviceswhich are obtained for consumption by oneconsumed in another.

11. Honour: To meet an obligation when it is due.12. Export: The term used fo r a t goods or service which in produced in one country and sold to and

consumed inanother.J 3. (:artel: An a sso cia tio n o f p ro du ce ssto regu la te p ric esby restricting output and competetio14. Consortium: A temporary grouping of independent firsm , organisation and governm ent

togetherto pool their skills andresorces in order to undertake a particular project.15. Embari:0 :When a n atio n sto ps trad in g w ith anoth er n atio n,it is c alled embargo.16. IlI1IIlim "ation :Wh en people from other countries come and settle in our countryit is called immigrat io17. Em igration: When our re sid en ts le ave the home countrywith a v iew to settlepermanently in someothe

country it is calledemigration.18. Ergononics: It refers to the creation of such conditions that the outputln a factory ismaximised,19. Under Employment: l'he condition where a person holds ajob with requirement that are fo r below

the level of skills ofthat person,20.. Tight Credit : A situation saidto exist w hen interest rates are high.21. Break even Point: It is point of sales wherethe firmsgets no p ro fitor no loss.

22. Pink book: The annual pub lic ation o fUK, B alance of paym ents is inform ally know n as pink23. G ratutiI : A kind of retirement benefit.24 . Infant Industry: It means a young and grow ingindustry.25. Lien: It means a claim againstproperty.

26. Promise: It means an accepted proposal.27. Agreement: It is defined as every promise and every set of promises forming the consideration for

each o ther.28. Consideration: It means someth in g whichis of som e val u ein the eyes of law.29. Coercion: It impl ies a committing orthreatening to commit some out which iscontrary to law.30, Fiduciary relation: A re la tionsh ip o ftrust and confidence.31. Quantum merit: It is a claim for dam ages for breach of contract.

32. Bailment: I t implie s a sor t o f'r ela tionshipin which the personal property of one person tem pogoes in to posse ssio n o f a no th er.33. PledEe : Also known as pawn.It is bailment of personal property as a security for some d

engagement.34. Factor 7An agent ennusteedwith the possessiono f goods for the purpose of selling them .35. D epartm entation : G rouping of activities is called departm entation.36. Stagflation:Theterm used for theperiods of re ce ssion andrising unemployment coupledwith positiv

rate s o f p rice in fl ation.37.. Overdraft: Under this facility the borrow er isallowed to w ith draw fund sin excess of th ebalancein h i

currect ale. «

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CLICK 119 BL'SL '\ 'ESS TERMINOLOGY

38.

39.40.

41.

42.

43.

4 4 .

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.50.51.

52.

53.

54.

55.56.57...

58.

9.

Recession: Itmeans singn ific an t reductionin emplo ymen t an d produ ction, trade and in vestmen t,Laissez -Faire : Refers to apolicy of non ~interferenceby the state in economicaffairs.Hypothecation, : Refers to the pledg ing of securites ss co lleteral,Cartel: It means the form al agreem ent between firm s in an oligopolistic m arket tocooperate with'regard to agreed procedures on such variables- as price and output.M ortaga& e : T his is the transfer of a legal interest in a specific immovable property for the p

a debt.Lease: It is a contact betw een lessor andlessee, the lessor gives the right toU,Se the asset to the lesseeov er an agreed perio d fo r a con sideratio n.B oom : R efers to a period of expension of business activity.Shedilled Banks: Those banks which are entered in the second schedule of RBI Act, 1934 andwhich have a paid upcapitaland reserve-s of an aggregate vlaue of not less thanRs, 5 tacks.C oncord .:A n econom ic zone of N orth Indian States.

.' I

~ : Initial Public O fferings, which m eansshares being offered fo r the first time to th e public.India has the6th largest economy in the world.

Elle 18:It is the nam e of the newcosmetics ( fo r t eenage rs ) launchedby lakrne,Bazooka: It is actually a portable w eapon forfiring piercing rockets.

, , .Econometrics: It isthe application of mathematical & s ta tis tical mode lsfor th e study of economicproblems.White Goods: Consum er durable goods.

- ,Eg : Refr igerators,Kitchen appliances,etc . ..Father ofwhite revolution: Verghese knrien,F ather of greenrevolution, : Norman Bo rlaug ..Father of scientific management: F .W.Taylor.

Father of AdministratiYe management: Henry F ayolMabarastra :The state with la rg est numberof factories and la rges t numberof female workers.Wheat: Is the crop associated w ith green revolution.. .

India had the largest trade w ith USAThe famous Australian manufactu rer of cricket b ans is Kookabura,Switzerlan d is th e country famou s fo r watch industry.

2. France is the country famous for w ineindustry,The larg est c irculated magaz in ein India is Malayala Manorama

Plastic money: Means Credit cards.Assocham: Stands for associated chamber-of commerce and industry.Money: Money is a m edium ofexchange, a m easure of value; a store of value as it canbe. saved, anda standard for deferred payment.Natio nalisation o f Bank s: The impe-rialB ankwithwas creatediri 1921by amalgamat ing the presidencB anks of B enal, B om bay and M adraswas nationalised in 1955 and renam ed as S.B .!. The S.B .7 subsidiaries, 14banks were nationalised in 1969 and 6 m orein 1980.I."ead bank Scheme: This scheme provides for the adoption by a shedu1ed bank of a districtforcoordinating the activities of financial institutions and estimating credit needs of that district

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - . . . ~ - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - " " ' !



AGIOAmendment

I Antidumping

Appreciation

ATM

~uction

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CLICK II}) B l Sl[\['''IS TERML,\ /OLOG

69. Poverty: It is the inabilityto secure the min imum consumption equ iremen ts fo r life; health and

70. Bounty: A subsidy paidby the Governmentto th e exporters of ce rta in commoditie sin o rder to enath em tobe so ld rnorecheaply abroad.

7 I . C leanine.H ouse : A n institutionwhere mutual indebtednessbetween undertakings can be settled72. E nterpot : A centre at w hich goods are received for su bsequent distribution.73. ReftatiJ ons :Ail increase in theleve l o f nationa lincomeand output.

COlMMITTEE Purpose I Su~_ject

74.75.

76.77.

78.

79.

Raja Cba lla lah Committee . '

Malhot ra committeeMarkinsay

R.V.Gupta committeeAbid HussaincommitteeNarasimha& Varma Committee ~

TaxreformsInsurencesectorMe rg ero f7 asso ciatebanksw ith the SB ISmall savings

smal l sca le indust ries

Bank ing re fo rmsChanges inNBFC sector

Corporate.governancehears appeals on cybercrimesFather o f Economics

A book writte nby Alfred Marshall

80. Vasudevcommittee81 . Kumara mangalam Birla report '

82. Cyber regu la tions appella te tribunal83. Adam smith

84 . Principlesof EconomicsA,AA,AAAA+

AbatementAbstractAJcpayec

Letters indicating that a share or bond or bank has acertainratinfor reliability.

(Tax abatem ent) reduction of tax

FrozeuAJc

Short fo rmora report or documentWrittenbetween the 2 lines on a crossed cheque toshow that it caonly be paid into the ac co un t o f th e p erso nwhose name i s writ t

on the cheque.Nc where the money cannot: be used or moved because oaCOorder.Person employedby an organisation(Insu rance ompany) te calcth e risk involved in an insurance and therefore thepremiumpayabby persons taking out insu rance.

: - T o stop a meeting for aperiodWr itten s ta temen t wh ichis sig ned andsworn before asolic ito r awhich canbe used asev idence incourt.

Charg e m ade for changing money of one currency into anoC hanges m ade to a docum entWh ic h p ro te cts a c ountry a ga in st d ump ing.Increase in valueAutomated Telle r Mach ine.Selling of goods where p eoplemake bids and item 1Ssold to th ighest b idder.Exam ination of bo oks of accounts of a company.

Actuary

AdjournAffidavit

Audit



Authenticate

BanoonBank draft

To say something is true.Loan whe re th e.la strepaym ent islarger than others.Orderby one bank tellinganotherbank to pay money tosomeone

I CLICK _ lint IR iS INESS TERl\I l, \;O! :OG Y

Crossed cheque

The rate of interest w hich the central bank (RB I) change toth e commercialbanks.

G roup ofpricesor currencies taken as astadnarad,To leane property money etc (but not land) tosomeone in awill.New Yark S trockExchangeTo sell a bH 1of exchange at a lower price than that w ritteni norder to cashit before it smatu rity date.Any sudden collapse of stock m arketA worke rwhostill w orks at tim e of strike.Extra share given to anexis ting shareholder.

~ . _&eliQ ing__s>fthefianncuak records of anorganisation.

Cheque tohe returned to theperson.Who tried tocash it becausethere -is not eno ugh money in the pay ers acco untGovernment subsidy to help anindustry.Intensive discussionby a sm all group of people as a m ethop roducing newideas o r so lv ing p roblems.Failure to carry out the termsof an agreement.

Publicity booklet

Gold or s ilverbars ..Measure of quality of g old

Measureof w eight of precious stonesPlastic card which allows you to borrow money as to buygoodswithout paying for it immediately,

Plastic card sim ilar to creditcard, but w hich debits the holdaccount immediately.

List of item s for sale, withpricesWarningLet th e buy er b eware , th e buy er is h imse lf re sp on sib le fo r cthat w hat he buys is in good order,Note to a bank asking themto paymoney from youraccount t. theacoount of the person whose name is written on the note.Chequewith 21 ines acrossit showing that itcan only bedepositedat a bank notexchanged forcash,Chequ e ta kenby a traveler w hich can the cashedany where.

Bankrate

BasketBequeathBig board,

Discoun t a b ill

Black fridayBlackleg

BonussharesBook kee:pin,g

Bounce

Dountry

Brain storming

Breach

Brochure

BullionCarat

Credit Card

Debit Card

Catalogue

Caveat

Cavea t Emp to r

Cheque

TraveUers cheque

Consumer price Index Shows th e in flatio n O rhow prices of con sumer goods have riover aperiod o f time .

Cost of living index Way of measuring the cost of living which is shown as a______________ ~~nt~iocre~onfuefigure~llieprev~usye~

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Green card.

Grey market

Tax moved from salary or other paym ents beforeit is m ade fromthe source,Agent who receives ahigh comm ission b ecau sehe guaranteespaymentby customes.Separate a com pany into various sm all parts.Money paid to acustomer when a shipm ent is delayed at aportof by customs.

R eduction inthe value ofa t currency aga in st o th er currenc ieRefusa l to accep t r espons ib ility.File of documents.

One of the several indexes published by the Dow JonesCom pany based on prices on the N ew YarkStock Exchange.Order fo r money Loth e paidby abank.Plan of adocumen t whic hmay have changes madeinto it be fo re it scompleted,P ay ing b ack customsduty when impo rted g ood sare reexported.

Act o f g ettin g rid o f e xce ss goods che¥ tp lY,a noverse as marArrangementwith a bank to withdraw more than what is depositExactcopy of adocumentThings needed to produce a product (Land, Labour, CEnterprenuership)Bu sin ess o f b uy in g deb ts at a d iscou ntList of largest US corporation published each year in Forbesmagazme.Governmentsecuritie s /securitieswhich arevery safe.Creditcard hav ing specia lpriveleges.Contractual agreem ent to m ake sure that a valued.m ember shisjob,Large! usuallytax free sum of money given to a director lor emplwho resigns from a company beforethe end of the servicecontractGood repu ta tio n o f a busin ess.Money given to an employ ee after h isretirement.Currency used in E uropean union for calculating agricupayments.

Work perm it for anindividual in U SA .Uno fficial m arket ru nby dealers .•w here new issues of shareboughtand sold befo rethey officiallybecome ava il a b el fo rtradingall th e s tock exchange.Mark put on gold or silver to showthat the meta] is of correcquality . _ .System of buying som ethingby paying a sum regularly eacmonth.

Tax dedected at source

Del credere agent

Demerge

Demurrage

DevaluationDisclaimerDossierDow Jones Index

Draft

Duty drawback

DwnpingOverdraft facilityFacsimile

Factors of production

Factoring

FQrbesSOO

Gifts or gift edged securities

Go ld cardGolden handcuffs

Golden hand shake

GoodwillGratuityGreen currency ,

Hallmark

Hire purchase_________ IiIiiiIiiii m!!!!!!!!!!'!!! -:- _

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Overdraft

Period w hen a new businessis exempted frompaying tax.

Situation ofrising pricesBook of original entry which records themonetary trans ac tions ofum.

L ist o f good s b ein g ship ped which the tran sporter g iv esto the persosending the goods to how thatthey have been loaded .Time betweenplacing an order and re cieving theproduct.

Document issued.by abank on behalf of a custom er authoripayment to a supplier whenconditions specified in thedocumentare met. ~

Legal right to hold someonesgoods untill a debt has beenpaid.List of goodsI companies w hich are banned from trading.Industrialdispute where the company is closed so thatworkercannot work unti ll theconditions of the,managementis met byth e wokers,List of items (goods).

Factory where coins are made.Money which someone has savedover of a period of time.Option to buy shares at a certain price.

Option to sell shares at a certain price.

Obta in ing se rv icesfrom sp ec ia list c ompanie s ra th er th anemployingfull tim e member of staffto de th em .Amount of money w hich a com pany or person can wtih drawa bankale w ith banks perm ission and w hich is m ore than thethe account.

Small bookle t o f advertising mate ria l.List of people em ployed and paid by a com pany.Very small or nom ial rent.Extra am ount given by a com pany to em ployes in additionsalaries.Law according to which people are promoted until they occupypositions for which they are in competant,Stealing small amounts of money.

Security given to apawnbroker.

All the shares ownedby someone.Invoice sent to a buyer before the goodsa resent so that paymecan be made.

Person who gambles or hopes to make money on the, stockexchange.Money paid .or action carried out in return for somethinCompetition for success in business or in a carter,

Tax holiday

Intlation

Journal

Bill of Lading

ILead time[

Letter ot'Credit (LIe)

Lien

BlackListLockout

Manifest

MintNest eggCall optionPuloption

Outsourcing

PampletPayrollPepper corn rent

Perk

Peter principle

PilferagePledge

Port folioProforma

Punter

Quid ProquoRat race

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Ordinary sharesTy c o o n

Paper Gold

Ceteris pairbus

Fortune 500

.Shares which receive a dividend only after all th eother dividendshave been paid.

Normal shares in at company with voting rights."Importantbusinessman.Spec ia l DrawingRights (SDR) \

Repossess .To take back an item which som eo ne isbuying undera hire purchaseagreem ent or property w hich som eone is buy ing under a mb ecau se th e p urch aser c an no tco ntin ue th e p aymen ts,Summary ofa person's l ife storywith details of educationandworkexpenence,Additional clause.A ce rtificate issu ed to sh ow th atsomeone has b een a llo te d a sh aI bond.

Resume

RiderScrip

Diferred shares

Free on board (FOB)

Means "O therthingsbeing equal"

The 500 largest companies in USA annually listed in fortune

magazme,Price including all the selle rs costsuntil] th e goods are deliveredfor shipment.

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