computer concepts eduardson a. tacuban, mit computer fundamentals generations lecture 1
DESCRIPTION
3 Modern computer is an electronic machine that can: Accept data/inputs Store it arithmetically Process the data logically Give some results/outputsTRANSCRIPT
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Computer Concepts
Eduardson A. Tacuban, MIT
Computer Fundamentals & Generations
Lecture 1
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ComputerThe word ‘Computer’ is derived
from the ‘Latin’ word ‘Compute’ means to perform calculations
Computer is a electronic calculating device that can perform arithmetic and logical operations at a very fast speed (processing) store data, input/output
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Modern computer is an electronic machine that can:
Accept data/inputsStore it arithmetically Process the data logically Give some results/outputs
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Uses of ComputerCountry DefenseMissile SystemAtomic AdvancementResearch – simulations,
computationsEducationMedical SciencesInternational network of computers?Business ApplicationsEntertainment
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Characteristics of ComputerSpeed – 1 hertz = 1 cycle/sec
2 GHz =
Accuracy – GIGO – garbage in garbage out
Data Storage - storage and retrieval of data, it can store and recall any information
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History of Computer
Abacus 5000 years ago Sliding beads on the racksTop most slide used for ‘units’Second top used for 10’sThird top used for 100’sAnd so on…
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Blaise Pascal (1623 -1662)
In 1642, Numerical wheel calculator was invented by Blaise Pascal
It consists of series of numbered wheels and dials, from zero to nine
When one unit passes from 9 to 0, one number is added in the next wheel
Only additions and subtractions are performed
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Gottfield Vilhem Van Leibniz (1646-1716)
In 1694German mathematician made
improvements in the machineEnabled the machine to multiply
numbersMachine worked by using gears and
dials
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Herman Hollerith (1860 - 1929)
In 1889
American scientist applied the idea of punch cards
Used for giving computer the input and receiving the output
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George Boole (1815 -1864)
Clarified binary system of algebra
TRUE / FALSE
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1941 – German developed Z3 to design airplanes
1943 – British made Colossus to break the secret codes
1944 – American made Mark I, half as long as foot ball field, 500 miles wiring used
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1945 – John Von made EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the key in this computer
1951 – Remington Rand made 1st commercially available computer named Universal Automatic Computer
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Generations
Steps of technological differences are called generations
Generations of Computers
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First Generation (1945 – 1956)
Vacuum Tubes, glass devices that control and amplify electronic signals
Each computer had a different machine language that tells that how to operate the computer. This made computers difficult to program
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Disadvantages
Large in sizeUnreliableAir-conditioning requiredNon portable
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Second Generation (1956 – 1963)
Transistors invented
Machine Language is replaced with Assembly Language
COBOL and ForTRAN developed
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Advantages
Lesser in sizeMore reliableA bit more portable
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Disadvantages
Maintenance RequiredAir-conditioning requiredCommercial production was
costly
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Third Generation (1964 – 1971)
Integrated Circuits (IC) allowed dozens of transistors to be put on a single chip
Operating systems used
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Advantages
Smaller in sizeFasterPortableLess power requiredEasier production
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Disadvantages
Air-conditioning requiredDifficult to manufacture IC chips
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Fourth Generation (1971 - Present)
Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundred of components on one chip
In 1980, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) squeezed hundred of thousands of components on one chip
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Disadvantages
Only disadvantage is highly difficult technology is required for microprocessors
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Fifth Generation
Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) used
Voice Recognition
Parallel Processing