computer graphic -- programming with opengl i · window is resized. – w and h are the new width...

C O M P U T E R G R A P H I C S

Jie chen

Computer graphic-- Programming with OpenGL I

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A simple example using OpenGL

• Download the example code "basic shapes" , and compile and run it

• Take a look at it, and hit ESC when you're done.

• It shows the following image:

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Overview of How the Program Works

• How does the program work? – The basic idea is that we tell OpenGL

the 3D coordinates of all of the vertices of our shapes.

– OpenGL uses the standard x and y axes, with the positive x direction pointing toward the right and the positive ydirection pointing upward.

– In 3D we need another dimension, the z dimension. The positive z direction points out of the screen.

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• How does OpenGL use these 3D coordinates?

• It simulates the way that our eyes work. Take a look at the following picture.

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• OpenGL converts all of the 3D points to pixelcoordinates before it draws anything.

• To do this, it draws a line from each point in the scene to your eye and takes the intersection of the lines and the screen rectangle

• Draw a triangle: it converts the three vertices into pixel coordinates and draws a "2D" triangleusing those coordinates.

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• The user's "eye" is always at the origin and looking in the negative z direction.

• OpenGL doesn't draw anything that is behind the "eye". (After all, it isn't the all-seeing eye of Sauron.)

The eye of Sauron,The Lord of the Ringsz direction

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• How far away is the screen rectangle from your eye?

• It doesn't matter. – No matter how far away the screen rectangle

is, a given 3D point will map to the same pixel coordinates.

– All that matters is angle that your eye can see.

Perspective projection: all projectors meet at the center of projection (COP)

P

P’

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Going Through the Source Code

• All of this stuff about pixel coordinates is great and all, but as programmers, we want to see some codes.

• Take a look at main.cpp.– the code is free.

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• Take a look at main.cpp.– The second thing you'll notice is that it's

heavily commented.– Let's go through the file.

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• First, we include our header files. – Pretty standard stuff for C++. – If we're using a Mac, we want our program to

include GLUT/glut.h and OpenGL/OpenGL.h; – Linux/Unix/Windows, include GL/glut.h.

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• We'll have this line near the top of main.cpp in all of our programs.

• By this line, we don't have to type std:: a lot;– for example, so we can use cout instead

of std::cout.

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• This function handles any keys pressed by the user.

• For now, all that it does is quit the program when the user presses ESC, by calling exit.

• The function is passed the x and y coordinates of the mouse, but we don't need them.

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Going Through the Source Code• The initRendering function initializes our

rendering parameters. – For now, it doesn't do much. – We'll pretty much always want to call

glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST) when we initialize rendering. – The call makes sure that an object shows up behind

an object in front of it that has already been drawn, which we want to happen.

– Note that glEnable, like every OpenGL function, begins with "gl".

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• The handleResize function is called whenever the window is resized.– w and h are the new width and height of the window.

• There are a couple of things to notice.– When we pass 45.0 to gluPerspective, we're telling OpenGL

the angle that the user's eye can see. – The1.0 indicates not to draw anything with a z coordinate of

greater than -1. This is so that when something is right next to our eye, it doesn't fill up the whole screen.

– The 200.0 tells OpenGL not to draw anything with a z coordinate less than -200. We don't care very much about stuff that's really far away.

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• The handleResize function is called whenever the window is resized.– w and h are the new width and height of the window. – The content of handleResize will be not change much in our

other projects, so you don't have to worry about it too much.• There are a couple of things to notice.

– When we pass 45.0 to gluPerspective, we're telling OpenGL the angle that the user's eye can see.

– The1.0 indicates not to draw anything with a z coordinate of greater than -1. This is so that when something is right next to our eye, it doesn't fill up the whole screen.

– The 200.0 tells OpenGL not to draw anything with a z coordinate less than -200. We don't care very much about stuff that's really far away.

(-1, -200)

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• gluPerspective– gl: OpenGL library– glu : a GLU (GL Utility) function. – glut: GL Utility Toolkit. – Don't worry about the difference among

OpenGL, GLU, and GLUT.

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• drawScene for 3D drawing. – glClear to clear information from the last time

we drew. – In most OpenGL program, you'll want to do

this.

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• transformations • For now, ignore this

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Going Through the Source Code• begin the substance of our program. • This part draws the trapezoid.

– glBegin(GL_QUADS) to tell OpenGL to start drawing quadrilaterals.

– glVertex3f, specify the four 3D coordinates of the vertices. • "3“ means three coordinates• "f" means in float format• All of the "f"'s after the vertex coordinates force the compiler to treat

the numbers as floats. – glEnd(): stop after drawing quadrilaterals

• Every call to glBegin must have a matching call to glEnd.

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Going Through the Source Code• begin the substance of our program.

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Going Through the Source Code• glBegin/glEnd calls are nowadays deprecated after

OpenGL 3.0 standard. – They will probably keep working in the foreseeable future.

• The OpenGL 3.0 specification marks several features as deprecated, including the venerable glBegin/glEndmechanism, display lists, matrix and attribute stacks, and the portion of the fixed function pipe subsumed by shaders (lighting, fog, texture mapping, and texture coordinate generation). – http://www.opengl.org/registry/

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Going Through the Source Code• Draw the pentagon.

– split it up into three triangles, which is pretty standard for OpenGL.

– glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES) to tell OpenGL to draw triangles.

– tell it the coordinates of the vertices of the triangles.– OpenGL automatically puts the coordinates together

in groups of three.– Each group of three coordinates represents one

triangle.

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• draw the triangle. • We haven't called glEnd() to tell OpenGL

that we're done drawing triangles yet, so it knows that we're still giving it triangle coordinates.

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• glEnd(): finish drawing triangles• To draw the above four triangles using four calls

to glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES) and four glEnd(). However, this makes the program slower, and you shouldn't do it.

• we can pass other geometry shape to glBeginbesides GL_TRIANGLES and GL_QUADS, but triangles and quadrilaterals are the most common

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• This line makes OpenGL actually movethe scene to the window.

• We'll call it whenever we're done drawing a scene.

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Going Through the Source Code• main function. • We start by initializing GLUT.• It will appear in all of our programs, don't have to

worry too much about it. – glutInitWindowSize, set the window to be 400x400. – glutCreateWindow, tell it what title for the window. – initRendering, initialize OpenGL rendering.

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• point GLUT to the functions that we wrote to handle keypresses and drawing and resizing the window.

• One important thing to note: we're not allowed to draw anything except inside the drawScene function that we explicitly give to GLUT, or inside functions that drawScene calls (or functions that they call, etc.).

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• glutMainLoop, tells GLUT to do its thing. – tell GLUT to capture key and mouse input, to draw the scene

when it has to by calling our drawScene function.• glutMainLoop, like a defective boomerang, never

returns. – GLUT just takes care of the rest of our program's execution.

• return 0 so that the compiler doesn't complain about the main function not returning anything, but the program will never get to that line.

• that's how our first OpenGL program works.

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OpenGL function format

glVertex3f(x,y,z,w)

belongs to GL library

function name

x,y,z,w are floats

glVertex3fv(p)

p is a pointer to an array

dimensions

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OpenGL function format

glVertex3f(x,y,z,w)

• x,y and z are coordinates and w is a factor, so the real coordinates is (x/w, y/w, z/w). • The default values of z and w are z =0 and w=1, respectively.• For examples:

glVertex3f(1, 2, -3, 3) -> glVertex3f(1/3, 2/3, -1, 1)

glVertex3f(1, 2, -3) -> glVertex3f(1, 2, -3, 1)

glVertex3f(1, 2) -> glVertex3f(1, 2, 0, 1)

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OpenGL PrimitivesglVertex3f(x,y,z)

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OpenGL Primitives

GL_POINTSGL_POINTS GL_LINESGL_LINES

GL_LINE_LOOPGL_LINE_LOOPGL_LINE_STRIPGL_LINE_STRIP

OpenGL automatically puts the coordinates together in groups of two.

OpenGL automatically puts the coordinates one by one.

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OpenGL Primitives

GL_QUAD_STRIPGL_QUAD_STRIP GL_POLYGONGL_POLYGON

GL_TRIANGLE_STRIPGL_TRIANGLE_STRIP GL_TRIANGLE_FANGL_TRIANGLE_FANGL_TRIANGLESGL_TRIANGLES

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Polygon Issues• OpenGL will only display polygons correctly that are

– Simple: edges cannot cross– Convex: All points on line segment between two points in a

polygon are also in the polygon– Flat: all vertices are in the same plane

• User program can check if above true– OpenGL will produce output if these conditions are violated but it

may not be what is desired• Triangles satisfy all conditions

nonsimple polygonnonconvex polygon

p1

p2

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Polygon Issues• How can we plot those polygon which does not satisfy these

conditions?– nonsimple polygon : edges DO cross– nonconvex polygon : There are points on line segment between two

points in a polygon are NOT in the polygon– Flat: all vertices are NOT in the same plane

• Solution: divide them using Triangles because triangles satisfy all conditions

nonsimple polygon nonconvex polygon

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Polygon Issues

• Subdividing: improve a polygonal approximation to a surface using approximating triangles

20 triangles 80 triangles 320 triangles

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Polygon Issues

• Do something huge!

Demo

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Polygon Issues

• Do something huge!

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Hints for polygonizing surfaces

• Keep polygon orientations consistent– all clockwise or all counterclockwise– important for polygon culling and two-sided

lighting

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• Watch out for any nontriangular polygons – three vertices of a triangle are always on a

plane; any polygon with four or more vertices might not

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Hints for polygonizing surfaces• There's a trade-off between the

display speed and the image quality– few polygons render quickly but

might have a jagged appearance; millions of tiny polygons probably look good but might take a long time to render

– use large polygons where the surface is relatively flat, and smallpolygons in regions of highcurvature

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• Try to avoid T-intersections in your models – there's no guarantee that the line

segments AB and BC lie on exactly the same pixels as the segment AC

– this can cause cracks to appear in the surface

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Some terms

• Rendering: the process by which a computer creates images from models.

• models, or objects: constructed from geometric primitives - points, lines, and polygons - that are specified by their vertices.

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Some terms• pixel: the smallest visible element the display

hardware can put on the screen. The final rendered image consists of pixels drawn on the screen.

• Bitplane: an area of memory that holds one bit of information (for instance, what color it is supposed to be) for every pixel on the screen.

• framebuffer : Organized by the bitplanes. It holds all the information that the graphics display needs to control the color and intensity of all the pixels on the screen.

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24-bit true color

pixel

Bitplane

DAC: digital-to-analog converter

0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

8 bit DAC

8 bit DAC

8 bit DAC

registers

Blue 75

Green 172

Red 10

Color Guns

Frame BufferCRT Raster

8

8

8

0 1 0

0 1 0

1 1

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• The end of this lecture!

computer graphic -- programming with opengl i · window is resized. – w and h are the new width...

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