[computer hardware, architecture and network] zebo pengzebpe83/teaching/dtn/lec1.pdf · 2 zebo...

2005-10-27

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Datorteknik och datornät[Computer Hardware, Architecture and Network]

Zebo PengInstitutionen för datavetenskap (IDA)

Linköpings universitet

www.ida.liu.se/~HIIC62

22Zebo Peng, IDA, LiTHZebo Peng, IDA, LiTH Datorteknik — Föreläsningsanteckningar IDatorteknik — Föreläsningsanteckningar I

ObjectivesObjectives

How does a computer work and communicate?0 Hardware0 Operating system0 Computer network

Terminology and basic concepts of computer systems and networks.

How does a computer work and communicate?0 Hardware0 Operating system0 Computer network

Terminology and basic concepts of computer systems and networks.

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KursinnehKursinnehåållll II

Datorhårdvara och maskininstruktion0 Centralenheten och instruktionsutförande.

0 Primärminnet och sekundärminnen.

0 Maskinnära språk och assemblyspråk.

0 Datorarkitektur.

Operativsystem0 Grundläggande principer för operativsystem.

0 Minneshantering.

0 Multiusersystem, time-sharing.

Datorhårdvara och maskininstruktion0 Centralenheten och instruktionsutförande.

0 Primärminnet och sekundärminnen.

0 Maskinnära språk och assemblyspråk.

0 Datorarkitektur.

Operativsystem0 Grundläggande principer för operativsystem.

0 Minneshantering.

0 Multiusersystem, time-sharing.


KursinnehKursinnehåållll IIII

Datornät (Johan Fagerström)0 Introduktion till datakommunikation.

0 Grundläggande principer för datornät.

0 Protokoll: TCP/IP och OSI-modellen.

0 Internet.

Datornät (Johan Fagerström)0 Introduktion till datakommunikation.

0 Grundläggande principer för datornät.

0 Protokoll: TCP/IP och OSI-modellen.

0 Internet.

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KursmaterialKursmaterial

HuvudlitteraturDatorteknikdelen

0 William Stallings: Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance, 6th edition, Prentice-Hall.

Datornätdelen

0 James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross: Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 3rd edition, Pearson Education.

Föreläsningsantekningar.

HuvudlitteraturDatorteknikdelen

0 William Stallings: Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance, 6th edition, Prentice-Hall.

Datornätdelen

0 James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross: Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 3rd edition, Pearson Education.

Föreläsningsantekningar.


KursmaterialKursmaterial (Cont(Cont’’d)d)

Ytterligare material0 Läsanvisningar (repetitionsfrågor).

Referenslitteratur för kursen0 S. Nachmens: Datasystem och datorsystem,

Studentlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-13153-4.

0 Gunvald Hedemalm: Nätverk från grunden, 3:e upplagan, Pagina, ISBN 91-636-0506-6.

0 V. C. Hamacher, et al.: Computers Organization, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-114323-8.

Ytterligare material0 Läsanvisningar (repetitionsfrågor).

Referenslitteratur för kursen0 S. Nachmens: Datasystem och datorsystem,

Studentlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-13153-4.

0 Gunvald Hedemalm: Nätverk från grunden, 3:e upplagan, Pagina, ISBN 91-636-0506-6.

0 V. C. Hamacher, et al.: Computers Organization, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-114323-8.

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FFöörelrelääsningsning II

Maskininstruktion ochmaskininstruktionsutförande

Processenheten

Technologitrender

Sammanfattning

Dator och datorsystem


What is a computer?What is a computer?

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Definition of a ComputerDefinition of a Computer

A computer is a data processing machine which is operated automatically under the control of a list of instructions (called a program) stored in its main memory.

A computer is a data processing machine which is operated automatically under the control of a list of instructions (called a program) stored in its main memory.

Process-enhet

Primär-minne

dataöverföring

komandon

Dator


A Computer SystemA Computer SystemA computer system consists of a computer and its peripherals [periferenheter].Computer peripherals include input devices [inenheter], output devices [utenheter], and secondary memories [sekundärminnen].

A computer system consists of a computer and its peripherals [periferenheter].Computer peripherals include input devices [inenheter], output devices [utenheter], and secondary memories [sekundärminnen].

Dator

Sekundär-minne

Datorsystem

Inenhet Utenhet

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Basic Principles of ComputersBasic Principles of Computers

Virtually all modern computer designs are based on the von Neumann architecture principles:Virtually all modern computer designs are based on the von Neumann architecture principles:

Data and instructions are stored in a single read/write memory.

The contents of this memory are addressable by location, without regard to what are stored there.

Execution occurs in a sequential fashion (unless explicitly modified) from one instruction to the next.

Data and instructions are stored in a single read/write memory.

The contents of this memory are addressable by location, without regard to what are stored there.

Execution occurs in a sequential fashion (unless explicitly modified) from one instruction to the next.

CPU

Memory


Why von Neumann architecture? Why von Neumann architecture? General-purpose, programmable.Instructions can be treated as data.Instruction execution is done automatically.It can be built with very simple electronics components:0 Data processing function is

performed by gates. 0 Data storage function is provided by

memory cells.0 Data communication is achieved by

wires.

General-purpose, programmable.Instructions can be treated as data.Instruction execution is done automatically.It can be built with very simple electronics components:0 Data processing function is

performed by gates. 0 Data storage function is provided by

memory cells.0 Data communication is achieved by

wires.

CPU

Memory

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11stst Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

Built with Vacuum tube [vakuumrör] .

1946-1957

Speed: ~40,000 operations per second

Built with Vacuum tube [vakuumrör] .

1946-1957


Eniac, 1946


22ndnd Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

Built with transistors.

1958-1964.


Built with transistors.

1958-1964.


The 1st transistor(Bell Labs, 1947)

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33rdrd Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

Built with integrated circuits [integrerad krets].

1965-1971.0 Small scale integration -

1965 on; Up to 100 devices on a chip

0 Medium scale integration - to 1971; 100-3,000 devices on a chip

Speed: ~1,000,000 operations per second.

Built with integrated circuits [integrerad krets].

1965-1971.0 Small scale integration -

1965 on; Up to 100 devices on a chip

0 Medium scale integration - to 1971; 100-3,000 devices on a chip


Chi

p


44thth Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

Built with large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits.

1972-1977.

3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip.


Built with large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits.

1972-1977.

3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip.


LSI

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55thth Generation of ComputersGeneration of Computers

Built with very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits.

1978-.

100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip


Ultra-large-scale integration = Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip.

Built with very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits.

1978-.

100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip


Ultra-large-scale integration = Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip.

Source: S3


MooreMoore’’s Laws Law

Number of transistors per chipNumber of transistors per chipwould double every 1.5 yearswould double every 1.5 years

100M

25M

50M

75M

# of trans.

0080 85 90 9575year

Clock Frequency (every 2 years)Clock Frequency (every 2 years)PerformancePerformanceSoftware sizeSoftware sizeMemory capacityMemory capacity

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Intel Microprocessor EvolutionIntel Microprocessor Evolution


Processenhet

CPU [CPU [ProcessenhetProcessenhet]]

StyrenhetAritmetiskoch logisk

enhet

The Central Processing Unit (CPU), also called processor, includes two main units:

a program control unit, and an Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).

The Central Processing Unit (CPU), also called processor, includes two main units:

a program control unit, and an Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).

Register Klocka

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CPU (ContCPU (Cont’’d)d)

The primary function of a CPU is to execute the instructions stored in the main memory.

An instruction tells the CPU to perform one of its basic operations.

The CPU includes also a set of registers, which aretemporary storage devices used to hold control information, key data, and intermediate results.

The operations of the components of a computer are synchronized by a clock unit which generates regular pulses of electronics signals.

Within a clock cycle time, one or several operations is performed. (Ex. clock frequency of a Pentium 3 ≈ 733 MHz.)

The primary function of a CPU is to execute the instructions stored in the main memory.

An instruction tells the CPU to perform one of its basic operations.

The CPU includes also a set of registers, which aretemporary storage devices used to hold control information, key data, and intermediate results.

The operations of the components of a computer are synchronized by a clock unit which generates regular pulses of electronics signals.

Within a clock cycle time, one or several operations is performed. (Ex. clock frequency of a Pentium 3 ≈ 733 MHz.)


Some Measurement TermsSome Measurement Terms

1 K = 1024 = 210 ≈ 103 (kilo)1 M = 106 ≈ 220 (mega)1 G = 109 ≈ 230 (giga)

1 m = 10-3 (milli)

1 µ = 10-6 (mikro)1 n = 10-9 (nano)

1 mån ≈ 2.6 X106 sekund32 år ≈ 1 X109 sekund

Speed of light ≈ 0.3 X109 meters/second

1 K = 1024 = 210 ≈ 103 (kilo)1 M = 106 ≈ 220 (mega)1 G = 109 ≈ 230 (giga)

1 m = 10-3 (milli)

1 µ = 10-6 (mikro)1 n = 10-9 (nano)

1 mån ≈ 2.6 X106 sekund32 år ≈ 1 X109 sekund

Speed of light ≈ 0.3 X109 meters/second

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Representation of DataRepresentation of Data

Inside a computer, data and control information are all represented in binary format which uses only two basic symbols, 0 and 1.

The two basic symbols are usually represented by electronics signals.

Data are represented as a sequence of bits such as 10100001.

Different coding systems have been used. One commonly used system is ASCII.

Inside a computer, data and control information are all represented in binary format which uses only two basic symbols, 0 and 1.

The two basic symbols are usually represented by electronics signals.

Data are represented as a sequence of bits such as 10100001.

Different coding systems have been used. One commonly used system is ASCII.


Representation of Numeric DataRepresentation of Numeric Data

The binary system [binära talsystemet] uses the same positional scheme as the decimal system.

The positional values are factors of 2: i.e., 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,... instead of 10.

Binary numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided directly (no need to convert them to decimal number first).

The binary system [binära talsystemet] uses the same positional scheme as the decimal system.

The positional values are factors of 2: i.e., 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,... instead of 10.

Binary numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided directly (no need to convert them to decimal number first).

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The Machine InstructionsThe Machine Instructions

The CPU can only execute machine code [maskinkod] in binary format, called machine instruction [maskininstruktion].

A machine instruction specifies the following information:0 Operation code [operationskod];

0 Operands [operand]

• Where: in memory, registers, or instruction;

• Addressing mode;

0 Address of the next instruction.

The operation code specifies the type of the instructions:0 data manipulation (arithmetic, logic, etc.)

0 data moving operations (load, I/O, etc.)

0 control operations (conditional branches, etc.)

The CPU can only execute machine code [maskinkod] in binary format, called machine instruction [maskininstruktion].

A machine instruction specifies the following information:0 Operation code [operationskod];

0 Operands [operand]

• Where: in memory, registers, or instruction;

• Addressing mode;

0 Address of the next instruction.

The operation code specifies the type of the instructions:0 data manipulation (arithmetic, logic, etc.)

0 data moving operations (load, I/O, etc.)

0 control operations (conditional branches, etc.)


Ex. of an Instruction SetEx. of an Instruction Set

1ar -> UTUTUt111

1In -> ARINIn110

1A -> IAR om ar>=0, annars iar+1->IAR

PJUMP AHopp påplus

101

1A -> IAR (PC)JUMP AHopp100

2ar-m(A) -> arSUB ASubtrahera011

2ar+m(A) -> arADD AAddera010

2ar -> m(A)STORE ASkriv001

2m(A) -> ARLOAD ALäs000

Tid(µs)

VerkanInstruktions-förkortning

BetydelseOP

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CPU

Instruction ExecutionInstruction Execution

Styrenhet

Primärminne

Adress Data

Aritmetiskoch logisk

enhet

IAR (PC)

MAR

AR

MBR

IR


Instruction ExecutionInstruction Execution

CPU

StyrenhetAritmetiskoch logisk

enhet

IAR (PC)

MAR

AR

MBR

IR

fetch decode execute

fetch cycle [hämtfas] execute cycle [exekveringsfas]

PC -> MARM[MAR] -> MBRMAR -> IRPC + 1 -> PC

Decode(IR) Perform the specified operation

(memory access may be needed)(PC may be changed)

[hämta] [avkoda] [exekvera]

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CPU

Ex Ex ppåå instruktionsutfinstruktionsutfööranderande

Styrenhet

Primärminne

Adress Data


enhet

IAR (PC)

MAR

AR

MBR

IR



Primärminne

Adress Data

CPU

Styrenhet

A := A + B – C;goto S1

LOAD 3715ADD 3716SUB 3717STORE 3715JUMP 2012

102015

XXX XXXX

ABC

S1

10131014101510161017

371537163718

2012

……

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CPU

Styrenhet

Primärminne

Adress Data


enhet

IAR (PC)

MAR

AR

TR

IR

01013

11013

2



Primärminne

Adress Data

CPU

Styrenhet



102015

XXX XXXX

ABC

S1

10131014101510161017

371537163718

2012

……

2

1013 LOAD 3715

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CPU

Styrenhet

Primärminne

Adress Data


enhet

IAR (PC)

MAR

AR

MBR

IR

01013

11013

2

2’LOAD 3715

3LOAD 3715

41014

LOAD 3715

The fetch cycle:



CPU

Styrenhet

Primärminne

Adress Data


enhet

IAR (PC)

MAR

AR

MBR

IR

1013

1013 LOAD 3715

LOAD 3715

1014

Decoding5

The fetch cycle:

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CPU

Styrenhet

Primärminne

Adress Data


enhet

IAR (PC)

MAR

AR

MBR

IR

1013

3715 LOAD 3715

LOAD 3715

1014

The execution cycle:

1

2



Primärminne

Adress Data

CPU

Styrenhet



102015

XXX XXXX

ABC

S1

10131014101510161017

371537163718

2012

……

3715 10

2

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CPU

Styrenhet

Primärminne

Adress Data


enhet

IAR (PC)

MAR

AR

MBR

IR

1013

3715 10

LOAD 3715

1014

The execution cycle:

1

2

310


Machine CyclesMachine Cycles

The execution of an instruction is carried out in a machine cycle (instruction cycle).

The CPU executes one instruction after the other, cycle by cycle, repeatedly.

The machine cycle time (or instruction execution time) of a computer gives an indication of its performance (speed).

Ex. a computer can have a performance of 733 MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second).

Since different instructions need different time to execute, the average instruction execution time [medelinstruktionstid] is used to calculate performance.

The execution of an instruction is carried out in a machine cycle (instruction cycle).

The CPU executes one instruction after the other, cycle by cycle, repeatedly.

The machine cycle time (or instruction execution time) of a computer gives an indication of its performance (speed).

Ex. a computer can have a performance of 733 MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second).

Since different instructions need different time to execute, the average instruction execution time [medelinstruktionstid] is used to calculate performance.

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SummarySummary

A computer executes repeatedly a series of instructions (called programs) stored in its main memory:

0 It performs data processing operations specified by the programs.

0 It runs the programs automatically, with no need for human intervention.

0 It can perform the operations in extremely high speed.

0 It can store and manipulate a large amount of data.

0 It can communicate with each other and with users in an efficient way.

0 It represents program and data in the same way, which leads to flexibility.

A computer executes repeatedly a series of instructions (called programs) stored in its main memory:

0 It performs data processing operations specified by the programs.

0 It runs the programs automatically, with no need for human intervention.

0 It can perform the operations in extremely high speed.

0 It can store and manipulate a large amount of data.

0 It can communicate with each other and with users in an efficient way.

0 It represents program and data in the same way, which leads to flexibility.

[computer hardware, architecture and network] zebo pengzebpe83/teaching/dtn/lec1.pdf · 2 zebo...

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