Information System Architecture:Computer System

Presented ByEngr. Md. Fazlul Kader

Assistant Professor, Dept. of APECE

University of Chittagong, Bangladesh

Contents

System

Properties of a system

Computer system

Components

Hardware

Software

Human ware

Data/Information

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

System

Definition: System is a collection of some integrated components that works

to accomplish a specific task

Properties: A system must satisfy the following

properties

Each system consists of several components

There must be a logical relation between the components

The components of a system should be controlled in a way such

that the specific task can be accomplished

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Computer System

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Computer System

Components

Hardware

Software

Humanware

Data/Information

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Computer System:Components

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Computer System:Hardware

Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or

components of a computer

For example: monitor

Keyboard

hard drive disk

mouse

printers

graphic cards

sound cards

memory,

motherboard and chips,

etc all of which are physical objects that we can actually touch.

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Computer System:Hardware

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Computer System:Hardware

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Hardware

Basically There are five categories of

Hardware:

1. Input Devices

2. Output Devices

3. Memory Devices (Primary Storage)

4. Storage Devices (Secondary Storage)

5. Processor (Central Processing Unit)

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Hardware: Input Devices

An input device is any device that transfers

data from the outside world into a computer.

Examples: Manual Input Devices: Keyboard

Pointing Devices: Mouse, Touch Screen, Gaming

Devices (Joystick and Game Controller), Touch Pad, digital

pen.

Source / Direct Data Entry Devices: Barcode Reader

,Optical Mark Recognition (OMR), Optical Character

recognition (OCR) Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)

Multimedia Input: Digital Cameras ,Webcam, MicrophoneEngr. Md Fazlul Kader

Hardware:Output devices

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) to the outside world.

Examples of output devices:

Speakers

Headphones

Screen (Monitor)

Printer

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Hardware:Memory Device (Primary Storage)

Random-access memory (RAM) : RAM is a form of computer data storage.

It is Considered as the main memory of the computer

It takes the form of integrated circuits that allow

stored data to be accessed in any order (that is, at

random).

The word "RAM" is often associated with volatile

types of memory (such as DRAM memory modules),

where the information is lost after the power is

switched off.

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Hardware:Storage Devices (Secondary Storage)

Secondary Storage Devices Fall into various

Categories: 1. Magnetic Disks: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Zip/Jazz Disk

2. Magnetic Tape: Tape Reels, Tape Cartridge, Microfilm or

Microfiche

3. Optical Storage : CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, WORM Disk,

4. Bistable Storage : USB Flash Drive, Flash Memory Cards

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Hardware:The Processor

Central processing unit (CPU): A central processing unit (CPU), also

referred to as a central processor unit,

It is the hardware within a computer that

carries out the instructions of a computer

program by performing the basic arithmetical,

logical, and input/output operations of the

system.

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Hardware:

Others

Motherboard:

It is the central or primary circuit board making up a complex electronic system

Also known as mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board

Computer Bus:

It is used to transfer data or power between computer components inside a computer or

between computers

Power Supply

Video Display Controllers

Basic Input Output System(BIOS):

also known as the system BIOS or ROM BIOS

The BIOS software is built into the PC, and is the first software run by a PC when powered

on.

The fundamental purposes of the BIOS are to initialize and test the system hardware

components, and to load an operating system or other program from a mass memory

device.

etc.Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Software

Definition:

Computer software, or just software, is a collection

of computer programs, procedures and documentation

that performs different tasks on a computer system

In contrast to hardware, software "cannot be touched".

Classification

Based on Working Principle: Two classes

System Software

Application software

Based on Commercial perspective

Commercial Software

Freeware/Open Source

SharewareEngr. Md Fazlul Kader

Software Classification:Based on Working Principle

Software

System Software Application Software

System Management Software:

Operating System

Network Management

Database management

System Support Software: System Utility Software:

System Performance Software

System Security Monitor Program

System Development Software: Programming Language Translator

Programming Editors and Tools

CASE

General Application

Program

Application Specific

Program

Word Processor

Spreadsheet

Accounting Software

Web Browsers

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Software ClassificationSystem Software

Definition: is a computer software designed to operate the computer hardware

and to provide and maintain a platform for running application

software.

Classification:3 classes

1. System Management Software:

Is used to manage the overall computer system as a whole

Classified as

Operating System: Windows, Linux, Unix and MS-DOS etc

Network Management: Server Monitor Professional

Database management: Oracle, MS Access, MS SQL Server

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Software ClassificationSystem Software

2. System Support Software:

Is used to support the computer system to work

properly

Classified as : System Utility Software: Anti-virus, Backup software, Disk cleaners

System Performance Software:

System Security Monitor Program:

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Software ClassificationSystem Software

3.System Development Software

Is used to develop the system software for the

computer system

Classified as

Programming Language Translator:

Assembler,

Compiler and

Interpreter

Programming editors and tools

Computer Aided Software Engineering(CASE)

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Software ClassificationApplication Software

Application software utilizes the capacities of a

computer directly for a dedicated task.

It is computer software designed to help the user

to perform singular or multiple related specific

tasks

Examples: Enterprise software

Accounting Software

Graphics software

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Software ClassificationApplication Software: Types

Basically two types

(1) Generic (General Purpose) Software A generic software package is a package that can be put to a wide

variety of uses.

For example a spreadsheet package can be used for any task

involving calculations or graph plotting.

The most common generic software packages are : Word Processor : Used to produce simple documents such as letters

and essays.

Desktop Publisher : Used to produce complicated documents such as

leaflets, posters and newspapers.

Graphics Package : Used to produce pictures and diagrams.

Spreadsheet : Used to perform calculations and draw graphs.

Database : Used to store information so that it can be easily searched.Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Software ClassificationApplication Software: Types

(2) Application Specific Software

An application specific package is produced to perform

one specific task.

For example a program written to produce invoices and

manage stock levels for a garage.

Example: Accounting software

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Different Types of Application Software

Word Processing Software:

This software enables users to create and edit documents.

The most popular examples of this type of software are MS-Word,

WordPad and Notepad among other text editors.

Database Software:

Database is a structured collection of data.

Database software allows users to store and retrieve data from

databases.

Examples are Oracle, MS Access, etc.

Spreadsheet Software:

Spreadsheet software allows users to perform calculations using

spreadsheets.

Excel, Lotus 1-2-3 and Apple Numbers are some examples of

spreadsheet software. Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Different Types of Application Software

Multimedia Software:

They allow users to create and play audio and video files. They are capable

of playing media files.

Examples: Real Player and Media Player.

Presentation Software:

The software that is used to display information in the form of a slide show is

known as presentation software.

Examples: Microsoft PowerPoint

Enterprise Software:

Enterprise software, also known as enterprise application software (EAS),

is software used in organizations, such as in a business or government.

It deals with the needs of organization processes and data flow.

Examples: Enterprise resource planning (ERP), Accounting software,

Customer relationship management (CRM)

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Different Types of Application Software

Information Worker Software:

Individual projects within a department and individual needs of creation and

management of information are handled by information worker software.

Examples: Documentation tools, resource management tools and personal

management systems

Educational Software:

It has the capabilities of running tests and tracking progress.

It is often used in teaching and self-learning.

Examples: Dictionaries like Britannica and Encarta, others like Google Earth etc.

Simulation Software:

Used to simulate physical or abstract systems, simulation software finds applications in

both, research and entertainment.

Examples: Flight simulators and scientific simulators

Content Access Software:

It is used to access content without editing.

Examples : web browsers and media players.

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Software Classification:Based on Commercial Perspective

Three Major Classes:

1. Commercial Software

2. Freeware/Open Source

3. Shareware

Software

Commercial

Software

Freeware/Open

SourceShareware

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

1.Commercial Software

Commercial software, or less commonly, payware, is computer

software that is produced for sale or that serves commercial purposes.

Commercial software can be proprietary software.

Commercial software requires payment before it can be used and

includes all the program’s features,with no restrictions or time limits.

Examples:

Airline reservation/ticketing software .

Accounting/billing software .

Inventory control software

Proprietary software or closed source software is computer software licensed under

exclusive legal right of the copyright holder with the intent that the licensee is given the

right to use the software only under certain conditions, and restricted from other uses,

such as modification, sharing, studying, redistribution, or reverse engineering.

Examples:Windows . Mac OS X . VMS . Android . Unix . Excel . Word . Adobe Reader .

Photoshop . Internet Explorer . Safari . etc.

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

2.Free and open source

software (F/OSS, FOSS)

Free to use i.e. freedom to copy and re-use the software

Does not require any payment from the user

OSS is computer software that is available in source

code form for which the source code and certain other

rights normally reserved for copyright holders are

provided under a software license that permits users to

study, change and improve the software.

Examples: Linux(OS), Mozilla(Browser), Apache (web

server)

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

3.Shareware

Also termed trialware or demoware

Basically “try before you buy” software

It is software that is provided to users without payment on

a trial basis and is often limited by any combination of

functionality, availability (it may be functional for a limited

time period only), or convenience.

Examples: There are literally millions of shareware

programs on the Internet. Some are

Winzip

Internet Download Accelerator 3.1

Spyware Doctor with Antivirus

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Shareware vs Freeware

Freeware Shareware

Freeware refers to software that

anyone can download from the Internet

and use for free.

Sharewares give users a chance to

try the software before buying it.

All the features are free. Most of the times, all features are not

available, or have limited use. To use

all the features of the software, user

has to purchase the software.

Freeware programs can be distributed

free of cost.

Shareware may or may not be

distributed freely. In many cases,

author’s permission is needed, to

distribute the shareware.

Adobe PDF, Google Talk, yahoo

messenger, MSN messenger

Winzip, Internet Download Accelerator

3.1

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Computer System:Humanware

Humanware is hardware and software that emphasizes user

capability and empowerment and the design of the user interface.

The process of building humanware generally consists of these

steps:

1. Define users and what they really want to do

2. Identify tasks they will need to do or capabilities they will want

3. Specify usability objectives for each task or capability

4. Build a prototype of the user interface

5. Test and verify or correct the prototype

6. Provide the prototype and usability objectives to the program designers and

coders

7. Test the code against the prototype and objectives and, if necessary,

redesign or recode the software

8. Test the product with users or valid test subjects and revise as necessary

9. Get feedback from users and continually improve the product

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Computer System:Data /Information

What is Data? Data is the raw materials of information

Data is a collection of facts, such as values or measurements.

It can be numbers, words, measurements, observations or even just

descriptions of things.

What is Information? Information is the structured format of data

Information is valuable because it can affect behavior, a decision, or an

outcome.

For example, if a manager is told his/her company's net profit decreased in

the past month, he/she may use this information as a reason

to cut financial spending for the next month.

A piece of information is considered valueless if, after receiving it, things

remain unchanged.

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Computer System:Data /Information

Examples

1,Rahim,3,

V,name,2,VI,Roll.

Munir,

VII

Karim,Class

Roll Name Class

1 Karim V

2 Rahim VI

3 Munir VII

Data[Unstructured] Information[Data +Structure]

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

Firmware

Definition: Firmware is software that is embedded

in a piece of hardware.

Think of firmware simply as "software for hardware.“

Firmware is defined as:”The computer program in a

read only memory(ROM) integrated circuit.”

Examples:

BIOS found in IBM –compatible Personal Computers

Open Firmware, used in computers from Sun

Microsystems, Apple, and Genesi

RTAS (Run-Time Abstraction Services), used in computers

from IBM

IBM stands for International Business MachinesEngr. Md Fazlul Kader

THANK YOU

Engr. Md Fazlul Kader