CHAPTER 1:What is Computer OrganizationAn introduction to Computer Organization.

Why do you need to learn Computer Organization.?

• As an IT student you are required to take this subject.

• You want to build software people use.

• You need to make purchasing decision or offer “expert” advice.

• Both Hardware and Software affect performance.• Algorithm determines number of source-level statements

• Language/Compiler/Architecture determine machine instructions

• Processor/Memory determine how fast instructions are executed

• I/O and number of cores determine overall system performance.

Computer Algorithm Example

• Flow chart of an algorithm (Euclid's algorithm) for

calculating the greatest common divisor (g.c.d.) of two

numbers a and b in locations named A and B. The

algorithm proceeds by successive subtractions in two

loops: IF the test B ≥ A yields "yes" (or true) (more

accurately the number b in location B is greater than or

equal to the number a in location A) THEN, the

algorithm specifies B ← B − A (meaning the number b −

a replaces the old b). Similarly, IF A > B, THEN A ← A − B.

The process terminates when (the contents of) B is 0,

yielding the g.c.d. in A. (Algorithm derived from Scott

2009:13; symbols and drawing style from Tausworthe

1977).

What is Computer Organization?Where is the HW/SW Interface?

I/O systemProcessor

Compiler

Operating

System(Windows)

Application (C Program)

Digital Design

Circuit Design

Computer Organization

Datapath & Control

Transistors

MemoryHardware

Software Assembler

Levels of Representation

lw $t0, 0($2)lw $t1, 4($2)sw $t1, 0($2)sw $t0, 4($2)

High Level Language Program (e.g., C)

Assembly Language Program (e.g.,MIPS)

Machine Language Program (MIPS)

Hardware Architecture Description (e.g., Verilog Language)

Compiler

Assembler

Machine Interpretation

temp = v[k];

v[k] = v[k+1];

v[k+1] = temp;

0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000

1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001

0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111

Logic Circuit Description (Verilog Language)

Architecture Implementation

wire [31:0] dataBus;

regFile registers (databus);

ALU ALUBlock (inA, inB, databus);

wire w0;

XOR (w0, a, b);

AND (s, w0, a);

Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer

Processor

Control(“brain”)

Datapath(“brawn”)

Memory

(where programs, data live whenrunning)

Devices

Input

Output

Computer

Keyboard,

Mouse

Display,

Printer

Disk(where programs, data live whennot running)

Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer

Overview of Physical Implementations

• Integrated Circuits (ICs)

• Combinational logic circuits, memory elements, analog interfaces.

• Printed Circuits (PC) boards

• substrate for ICs and interconnection, distribution of CLK, Vdd, and GND signals, heat dissipation.

• Power Supplies

• Converts line AC voltage to regulated DC low voltage levels.

• Chassis (rack, card case, ...)

• holds boards, power supply, provides physical interface to user or other systems.

• Connectors and Cables.

The hardware out of which we make systems.

CIS314 - Fall 20089

Integrated Circuits (2003 state-of-the-art)• Primarily Crystalline Silicon

• 1mm - 25mm on a side

• 2003 - feature size ~ 0.13µm = 0.13 x 10-

6 m

• 100 - 400M transistors

• (25 - 100M “logic gates”)

• 3 - 10 conductive layers

• “CMOS” (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) - most common.

° Package provides:

• spreading of chip-level signal paths to board-level

• heat dissipation.

° Ceramic or plastic with gold wires.

Chip in Package

Bare Die

Printed Circuit Boards

• fiberglass or ceramic

• 1-20 conductive layers

• 1-20in on a side

• IC packages are soldered down.

Technology Trends: Memory Capacity(Single-Chip DRAM)

year size (Mbit)

1980 0.0625

1983 0.25

1986 1

1989 4

1992 16

1996 64

1998 128

2000 256

2002 512

• Now 1.4X/yr, or 2X every 2 years.

• 8000X since 1980!

Types of DRAM

DRAM Growth Rate

Moore’s Law

• Gordon Moore - co-founder of Intel observed and predicted a trend:

• Density of data on a chip would double every year

• (Specifically density of transistors on an integrated circuit)

• True for 4 decades. Has slowed a little to double every 18 months. Expected to continue for at least two more decades.

• Implications: increased performance, decreased cost

Technology Trends: Processor Performance

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

DEC Alpha 21264/600

DEC Alpha 5/500

DEC Alpha 5/300

DEC Alpha 4/266

IBM POWER 100

1.54X/yr

Intel P4 2000 MHz

(Fall 2001)

We’ll talk about processor performance later on…

year

Perf

orm

an

ce m

easu

re

INTEL ProcessorsIntel Pentium Dual core CPU Logo Intel Pentium Dual Core Processors

The Intel Pentium processors with Intel dual-core technology deliver great desktop performance, low power enhancements, and multitasking for everyday computing.

Intel i3 Processors

Intel Core i3 dual core processors provide 4-way multitasking capability, runs at fixed speed ideal for typical tasks and media playback but not games.

Intel i5 Processors-Usually quad core but some dual processors deliver the next level of productivity.

Mostly the same as i3 but with Intel Turbo Boost Technology, delivers extra speed when you need it. Like the i3 integrated graphics is included but is only ideal for normal use not for gaming.

Intel i7 Processors-Quad core for the most demanding applications with cache and faster clock speeds.

Quad-core processors feature 8-way threading, four cores will run faster, and more L3 cache, but will consume more power. High-end use, video and gaming with dedicated video card.

AMD ProcessorsAMD A4 - These A4 processors have 2 processor cores and include a Radeon graphics chip. Aimed for use with lower end systems.AMD A6 - A6 processors dual core, includes turbo function similar to Intelsallows for the processor to adapt to the task needed. Integrated graphics, on par with Core i3 range.AMD A8 - 4 processor cores is comparable to the i3 and low i5, its graphic part is faster than Intels version, can handle light gaming with ease.AMD A10 - 4 processors these quad cores are comparable with the Intel i5, and some i7s should benefit from better battery life.

AMD FX VersionThe industry's only 8-core desktop processorSupreme power available from virtually every core configuration - also available in 6- and 4-core variantsAggressive performance for mega-tasking and intensive applications like video editing and 3D modeling

Fastest CPU as of 2011

8.308 GHz

1.As of 2011, the Guinness Record for fastest CPU is by AMD with a

Bulldozer based FX chip "overclocked" to 8.308 GHz; however, it has now

been superseded by the next generation of AMD's FX chips "Piledriver" with

a clock rate of 8.429 GHz.

Computer Technology - Dramatic Change!

• Memory• DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years (since ‘96);

64x size improvement in last decade.

• Processor• Speed 2x / 1.5 years (since ‘85);

100X performance in last decade.

• Disk• Capacity: 2x / 1 year (since ‘97)

250X size in last decade.

Computer Technology - Dramatic Change!

• State-of-the-art PC when you graduate: (at least…)• Processor clock speed: 3-4 GHz

• Number of cores: 2-4

• Memory capacity: 4.0 GB

• Disk capacity: 2000 GB (2.0 TB = TeraBytes)

• New units needed for the future!

(Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta, Yotta = 1024)

COMPLETE LIST OF METRIC PREFIXES

Prefix Symbol 1000m 10n DecimalEnglish word Since[

n 1]short scale long scale

yotta Y 10008 1024 1000000000000000000000000 septillion quadrillion 1991

zetta Z 10007 1021 1000000000000000000000 sextillion thousand trillion 1991

exa E 10006 1018 1000000000000000000 quintillion trillion 1975

peta P 10005 1015 1000000000000000 quadrillion thousand billion 1975

tera T 10004 1012 1000000000000 trillion billion 1960

giga G 10003 109 1000000000 billion thousand million 1960

mega M 10002 106 1000000 million 1960

kilo k 10001 103 1000 thousand 1795

hecto h 10002/3 102 100 hundred 1795

deca da 10001/3 101 10 ten 1795

deci d 1000−1/3 10−1 0.1 tenth 1795

centi c 1000−2/3 10−2 0.01 hundredth 1795

milli m 1000−1 10−3 0.001 thousandth 1795

micro µ 1000−2 10−6 0.000001 millionth 1960

nano n 1000−3 10−9 0.000000001 billionth thousand millionth 1960

pico p 1000−4 10−12 0.000000000001 trillionth billionth 1960

femto f 1000−5 10−15 0.000000000000001 quadrillionth thousand billionth 1964

atto a 1000−6 10−18 0.000000000000000001 quintillionth trillionth 1964

zepto z 1000−7 10−21 0.000000000000000000001 sextillionth thousand trillionth 1991

yocto y 1000−8 10−24 0.000000000000000000000001 septillionth quadrillionth 1991

Summary:• Continued rapid improvement in computing

• 2Xevery 2.0 years in memory size; every 1.5 years in processor speed; every 1.0 year in disk capacity;

• Moore’s Law enables processor(2X transistors/chip ~1.5 yrs)

• 5 classic components of all computersControl Datapath Memory Input Output

Processor I/O

Research for the following topics:

1. What is computer organization.

2. Trends for memory capacity.

3. Trends for hard disk capacity.

4. Trends for processor performance.

5. Complete list of metric prefixes.

Research for the following topics: