computer science building...ventilation, and atrium ventilation to maximize free cooling in the...

COMPUTER SCIENCE BUILDINGYORK UNIVERSITYTORONTO, ONTARIO

BUSBY + ASSOCIATES ARCHITECTS /VAN NOSTRAND DI CASTRI ARCHITECTS

Nathaniel LloydB. Arch CandidateUniversity of Waterloo

ADVANCED STUDIES IN CANADIAN SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Table of Contents Quick Facts IntroductionMain Floor Plan ProgramBuilding SectionSite Sustainable DesignEnvironmental Controls ConstructionIntegration of SystemsCostingLeadership in Energy & Environmental Design ConclusionBibliography, Endnotes & Image Credit

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COMPUTER SCIENCE BUILDINGYORK UNIVERSITY, TORONTO, ONTARIO


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YORK UNIVERSITY COMPUTER SCIENCE BUILDING

QUICK FACTS

Building Name York University Computer Science BuildingCity North York, Ontario, CanadaYear of Construction 2001Architect Busby + Associates Architects; Van Nostrand

de Castri ArchitectsConsultants Keen Engineering (mechanical); Yolles

Partnership (structural); Carinci Burt Rogers (electrical); John Lloyd & Associates (landscape)

Program Classrooms, labs and offices for the Department of Computer Science

Gross Area 115,000 sq ft (10,700m²)Owner/User Group York University Department of Computer

Science

Climate Temperate, cold-humidSpecial Site Conditions Located at heart of campus; infill siteAesthetics Four stories; sustainable features are

aesthetic features

Structural System ConcreteMechanical System 30% of conventional building systems

equipment usedSpecial Construction Air stacks; perimeter systems; green roof

Daylighting Natural daylighting throughoutShading Brise-soleils backed by operable wood

panels on south façade; East and West façades saw-toothed to optimize daylighting

Acoustics Machined wood to offset exposed concreteVentilation Natural Ventilation 55% of year, broadened

thermal comfort range Adaptability Interior partitions can be repositionedUser Controls Occupants instructed when to open windows

or air diffusers; direct digital control system for heating and cooling

Estimated LEED rating 42 points – Gold Status

Budget $16.6 millionCost of Construction $16.6 million Annual Maintenance Cost Not establishedSpecial Circumstances York University storm water system could not

handle additional loadAwards 2002 Governor General of Canada, Award

for Architecture; 2002 Lieutenant Governor of BC, Medal for Excellence; 2002 World Architecture, International Green Building Award

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Figure 1 (Above): The Computer Science Building’s south facade addresses Campus Walk, York University’s main exterior circulation route. Figures 2 and 3 (Below): Differ-ent views of the building’s main entrance located on the south east corner.

INTRODUCTION

The York University Computer Science Building is exemplary of sustainable design in Canada. The Computer Science Building is a four level, 115,000 square foot building made up of computer labs, classrooms, lecture theatres, and offices connected through large atria. Ironically, this building full of high-tech equipment uses low-tech solutions to exceed the ASHRAE 90.1 standard for energy efficiency by 40%. This significant accomplishment is achieved through many different design measures, all of which build upon one another to produce a highly efficient building.1 This building is particularly Canadian in the sense that it endures both harsh winters and hot summers. The mechanical design is made up of two separate strategies to combat this typical Canadian climate: Summer/Winter and Spring/Fall. The building employs a low-tech/eco-tech approach to its mechanical systems that is primarily passive in nature. The two dominant passive elements are, first, the building’s capacity to harness its thermal mass, and second, its ability to take advantage of thermal stacking.

The design team was directed to achieve a warm, open, and welcoming facility that would be simple and flexible enough to accommodate unpredictable future technology and use of the building. An additional objective was to create the first “green” institutional project in the province of Ontario. The design team embraced the opportunity to achieve environmental sustainability in the cold weather climate. Architects Alliance describes the building as “highly insulated for a cold climate, capitalizing on solar gain and heat absorption in an exposed structure,” while performing at other times of the year as a “naturally ventilated tropical structure.”2

The design process was “front loaded” with much of it taking place before architectural drawings were even started. In the integrated design effort

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the architect, client, and consultants worked closely with one another in diagrammatic format to ensure all the building systems worked together. In some instances, building systems that otherwise would operate independently were allowed to enhance and build upon each other. The result is a dramatic reduction of redundant elements and a final product that appears to have every element truly integrated into the design.

This building replaces a computer science building built in the mid 1990’s, which was highly customized, un-integrated and impossible to adapt to changing needs. There was a vision for the new building to be highly flexible, which in turn became integrated with the sustainable vision.3 The requirement of being able to reorganize interior layouts led to the development of perimeter electrical, mechanical, and data systems. This in turn required that no workspace could be more than four meters from the perimeter systems, which ring the building’s exterior and atrium walls. Through the integrated design process, a new building emerged with exposed concrete floors and ceilings to provide thermal mass, a flexible layout, and natural day lighting throughout.

Perhaps the most interesting design feature is the building’s reliance on natural ventilation – a challenge in a climate with such variable extremes. This is achieved through a mixed mode approach, with small fancoil units distributed throughout the building to serve the peak summer and winter loads, while natural ventilation serves to condition the space and provide fresh air during the milder shoulder seasons. Given the relatively deep floor plate, atria are used to enhance natural ventilation and also provide daylighting to spaces. The exposed concrete structure provides thermal mass to smooth the heating and cooling load peaks. External shading on the south exposure and the saw-tooth walls on the east and west sides neutralize the perimeter, thereby further reducing the cooling load. Under-floor air delivery in the lecture theatres

Figure 4 (Above): York University’s Computer Science Building’s main entrance lobby - or “crush” space. Figures 5 (Below): South-facing louvers help control solar gain.

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Figure 6: Computer Science Building Floor Plans - Main, Second, and Third Floors

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promotes air stratification which reduces the cooling loads while enhancing natural ventilation through buoyancy effects.4

The aesthetic intentions of this building were driven by its sustainable requirements and its location on the York University campus. Each façade relates to its urban context and its environmental exposure, while the interior spaces cater to the requirements of the integrated building systems.

PROGRAM

The York University Computer Science Building is composed of three main elements: 1) a 950-seat lecture hall, 2) various atriums, and 3) offices and laboratories that encircle the atria. The programmatic elements are located to best suit the sustainable objectives and site requirements. For instance, the main entry “crush space” opens up to the south exposure and Campus Walk, giving a visual welcome to the campus while also allowing indirect light to enter through louvers and canopies. On the opposite side of the building, heat generating computer labs have been located along the north façade to reduce the heating loads required during the winter. Conversely, in the summer the northern exposure also has low cooling requirements. The interior spaces are organized around the atriums to allow for perimeter services, natural day lighting, staged air zones, natural ventilation, and passive heating and cooling.

In section, the atriums are integral to the mechanical systems which utilize them differently depending on the season or building necessity. In the summer/winter mode, partially heated or cooled air is delivered to the atria. The air then is fully heated or cooled by local fancoil units and delivered to the corresponding local rooms. In the spring/fall mode, the atria naturally draw cool air through

Figure 7 (Above): The floor plan is designed to be flexible; partitions can be used to divide the space into offices (Left) or leave the floor plate open (Right) for additional classrooms. Figure 8 (Below): A schematic section of the Computer Science Building. Circulation spaces are coloured in blue, public spaces in orange, and private spaces denoted in grey. The underground air plenum is indicated in light brown.

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Figure 9: Ventilation Schematic for Spring and Fall

Figure 10: Building Ventilation Schematic Summer Figure 11: Building Ventilation Schematic Spring / Fall Figure 12: Building Ventilation Schematic Winter

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the underground plenum of the building while naturally exhausting rising hot air through high level openings. This stacking effect also takes place in the offices and labs as they open up to the aria and the exterior. In the event of a fire, exhaust fans in the atria are used for smoke extraction, while in normal circumstances the fans can run at half speed to assist natural ventilation.

The building is currently home to the Faculty of Computer Science. It is expected that the needs of the faculty will evolve or that a different student population will move in. Perimeter services and moveable floor to ceiling partitions ensure that changing the interior layout requires the least possible intervention. It is possible to move existing partitions that define a central corridor and two rows of offices to a classroom organization with perimeter circulation.

The architects couldn’t escape a high-energy demand to deliver uninterrupted, heavy-duty cooling to counteract computer-generated heat. However, they allowed nature to temper this demand by strategically locating the computer labs on the coolest, northern side of the building. The entire design is based on natural ventilation strategies including operable windows, high-level stack ventilation, and atrium ventilation to maximize free cooling in the spring and fall and night-time purging of heat during the summer. Controls involve independent weather station monitoring of wind direction, speed, and precipitation. Within each space there are visible and accessible controls for operable windows, air diffusers, and lighting. After hours use of lighting systems is tied to the phone systems.

Thermal comfort has been maintained as per LEED guidelines. CO2 monitoring has been included in lecture halls and the main atrium space. Low VOC requirements were maintained for adhesives, paints, carpets, and fabrics – all of which were chosen for their green label status.5

Figures 13, 14 and 15: Building ventilation is assisted throughout the year by the building’s various atria which are planted and provide daylight to interior spaces.

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In order to reduce the amount of energy consumed while using a passive design, a broader range of indoor air temperatures and humidity levels were accepted into the design parameters. The temperatures in the lecture theatres and atria are maintained between 18°C and 26°C, while in the classrooms and offices the temperatures sit between 20°C and 23°C. The designed temperature effect is to gradually step from the outdoor temperature to the public space temperature to the classroom and office temperature.6 Conventionally, on a 32°C day a person walks from the outdoors straight into a building conditioned to 21°C, making occupants wish they had brought a sweater. However, in this building a person walks from the outside into the public areas conditioned to 26°C before entering an office or computer lab conditioned to between 20-23°C.

SITE

A gap between two existing buildings rather than the natural fields surrounding the York University campus was chosen for the site of the new Computer Science Building. The urban design solution was based on realizing the potential of this infill site; the south elevation of the new building enhances Campus Walk – York University’s main exterior grade level circulation route. Snow, wind, and rain protection are provided and extended to adjacent buildings on the east and west. The Computer Science facility opens up with a large glass elevation, a welcoming entry, and an open circulation space.

Site disturbance was minimized for the construction of the facility; the building is a stacked development for maximum area with as small a footprint as possible. Landscaping involves native vegetation and the planted roof acts as an additional landscape element. Walkways are permeable and new shade trees have been planted to help reduce exterior heat-island effects. Adjacency to two

Figure 16 (Above): An interior view of the lecture theatre reveals little of the ventilation system used to provide thermal comfort for the space. Only floor diffusers (Figure 17, Below Left) and ceiling hoppers (Figure 18, Below Right) provide any indication.

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bus lines, the provision of bicycle racks, showers, and no additional parking stalls all encourage alternative transportation to and from the building.7

The building addresses its site in response to the climatic conditions surrounding it. Direct sunlight entering the building is moderated differently on each façade; on the south it is controlled by louvers and canopies, on the east and west the façades are saw-toothed to limit direct solar gain, while on the north light enters naturally, yet indirectly, because of its orientation.

Stormwater is retained in the building’s planted roof which consists of eight inches of soil covered with sod and wildflowers. Through the natural retention capability of the soil and grass, the use of flow-control roof drains, a tank located on the roof, and two cisterns located underground (to the east and west of the building), the load on the campus stormwater system has not been altered by this building. Measures to control the stormwater have also allowed the building to gain additional insulation through the soil on the roof, an evaporative cooling strategy, and reduced heat islanding through the plantings.8

Due to the mechanical system having two distinct modes (summer/winter and spring/fall) it can function extremely efficiently year round. However, in the shoulder seasons (spring/fall) the building operates primarily using natural cooling and heating – and consequently – cost free. In a temperate climate, a building could operate in this manner year round. This is not to say that this building is not efficient while operating in the summer and winter – the building’s staged environment which steps from the uncontrolled outdoor environment to the partially conditioned indoor public environment to the fully conditioned indoor private environment is an extremely efficient system. The temperature differentials between each of the three zones are reduced, thereby allowing passive heating and cooling to be used at every opportunity.

Figure 19 (Above): The green roof after seeding. Figure 20 (Below Left): Daylight in the theatre is controlled by interior louvers. Figure 21 (Below Right): Atrium ceiling.

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SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Materials with the least environmental impact were chosen for the Computer Science Building. The concrete reinforcing rebar and the aluminium casings for the glazing is 100% recycled. Sustainable, recycled fabrics were specified for new furniture, and 50% of all materials were manufactured regionally. According to Walter Bettio, the project director at Architects Alliance, “we chose elements requiring very low energy to produce, and which were low in volatile organic compounds. We [also] kept toxic emissions from primers and adhesives down during construction.”9 The building has low embodied energy due to the use of local materials, those with recycled content or made from renewable resources, and the fact that the entire building can adapt to new requirements.

The building impacts its surroundings in a positive manner; it provides no additional parking, no additional stormwater load, reduces heat island effects, and is linked to surrounding buildings while providing them with climatic shelter. It utilizes low-flow bathroom fixtures to conserve water while also using native species of plantings in the landscaping to reduce maintenance and water use.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS

Shading of direct sunlight takes place on all façades via louvers or the saw-tooth articulation. Daylighting is also brought into the building through the atria. Electricity consumption for lighting is reduced by about half because of ample natural light and the use of indirect and semi-direct electric lighting. Energy output for the building’s steam heating system has been about 40 percent lower than for a comparable campus building. Solar energy is also harnessed to power the solaron thermal chimneys.10

Figure 22 (Above): An engineering schematic of the solar chimney. Figures 23 and 24 (Below): Views of the solar chimney from the interior (Left) and exterior (right).

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The buildings ventilation operates in two distinct modes. In the Spring/Fall mode, the building opens up and air flows through operable windows into the classrooms and offices naturally. The air is then vented into the corridors that are connected to the atria. The air transferred to the atria is relieved through high level openings located in solar chimneys. Wind direction sensors control these openings in order to eliminate downdrafts. To extend the range of outdoor temperatures for which natural ventilation can be used, smoke exhaust fans can be run at half-speed in order to assist in ventilating the space. In Summer/Winter mode, the building is essentially “buttoned up” and mechanical systems are used to provide heating and cooling to the spaces. One air handler delivers fresh, tempered air to the atria space. A second air handling unit serves the two basement lecture theatres and the large theatre via an under floor supply system. Small local fancoil units in perimeter spaces take the air from the atria, condition it, and deliver it to the space. The air is then partially relieved back into the atria, which serves as a mixing plenum for the fresh air delivered by the air handling unit and the return air from the classrooms, offices, and theatres. The remainder of the air delivered by the fancoil units is exhausted through the roof. The atria are indirectly conditioned by transferred air from the occupied space.11

The environmental controls constantly monitor and adapt to the changing weather. This is recorded in the system to create its own baseline database, which it can use to adapt performance further.

Acoustical control was a concern as most of the building is exposed concrete. Wood acoustical panels were designed to offset the effects of reverberation and used in strategic locations throughout the building. The air plenums below the main lecture auditorium and lecture halls are also acoustically isolated and fire rated.12

Figures 25 (Above) and 26 (Below Left): Details of the saw-toothed east facade. Figure 27 (Below Right): Windows have a manually operable window on the bottom, and a window that is opened and closed by the mechanical systems at the top.

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Once the design and construction of the building was completed, the next challenge was to facilitate a smooth transition from construction to the operation phase. Buildings can be built to the highest standards of efficiency, yet will not function to their potential because of the way they are operated or maintained. To circumvent this potential problem for York University, a series of education/commissioning sessions were arranged and a detailed “graphical” user guide was developed outlining unique operating features of the building. Educating the building occupant on proper use and maintenance ensures that the Computer Science Building will operate at its optimum capacity for energy-efficient use.13

Occupants have the opportunity to participate in the reduction of energy consumed by using operable windows, and accepting a broader range of temperatures and humidity levels. More public awareness of sustainable concepts used in buildings such as this one will benefit society as a whole and, in particular, the younger generation which will be an active participant in conserving natural resources in the future. An “intelli-meter” in one of the building’s public corridors also tracks and displays various aspects of the building’s energy consumption, relative to a sample baseline, and simultaneously displays performance.14 This interactive feature brings awareness to the building’s impact on the environment, and allows building occupants to be conscious of its energy use.

CONSTRUCTION

The Computer Science building was constructed to maximize energy efficiency. Special attention was given to material selection and exterior envelope composition in order to produce a well-insulated and high-performing building (Table 1). Innovative solutions were also used for the structure of the building. Instead of using conventional concrete made with Portland cement, the

Table 1: Overall R-Values for the Computer Science Building and its ComponentsExterior Walls R-15.6:Metal/Spandrel Walls R=23.0Below Grade Concrete Walls R=12.2Pre-cast Concrete Panel Walls R=32.7Suspended Pre-cast Panel Walls R=26.5Copper Walls R=11.7Glazing U=0.56Glazing Frames U=0.32Roof (Overall) R=35.7

Computer Science Building uses EcoSmart15 concrete made with a maximum percentage of supplementary cementing materials, mainly fly ash. EcoSmart concrete produces less carbon dioxide than conventional concrete mixes and enhances engineering and architectural properties such as strength, durability, and aesthetics. EcoSmart concrete was used for all cast-in-place concrete components of the building. Exposed thermal mass to offset peak heating and cooling loads required all interior floor slabs, ceilings, stairs and 95% of interior walls and columns to be exposed. Approximately 5,000 cubic metres of concrete was used during the construction of the building. Fly ash was obtained from Lafarge Great Lakes in Atikokan, Thunder Bay. Approximately 385 cubic metres of Type C fly ash was supplied in bulk quantities to avoid the intensive labour associated with the use of fly ash delivered in bags. The concrete used ultimately produced approximately 50% less CO2 emissions than a conventional, all-Portland-cement concrete mix, resulting in the reduction of approximately 850 tonnes of CO2 emissions. Currently, only 27% of fly ash

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produced by the combustion of coal is reused or recycled – the remainder is disposed of in landfills.16

Although fly ash offers many environmental advantages, it also improves the performance and quality of concrete. Fly ash affects the plastic properties of concrete by improving workability, reducing water demand, segregation and bleeding, and lowering heat of hydration. Fly ash increases strength, reduces permeability and the corrosion of reinforcing steel, increases sulphate resistance, and reduces alkali-aggregate reaction. Additionally, the non-technical benefits of high volume fly ash concrete also include less cost than regular Portland cement, a more attractive colour, and a denser finish concrete.17

INTEGRATION OF SYSTEMS

The two modes of heating and cooling are integrated into the building’s structure and each other. In the spring/fall mode the air handling and fancoil units can be used to assist air movement, but do not need to condition the air. The mechanical system is designed to be able to run like a conventional building, however, it is not economical to do so. In the event that an unforeseen heating or cooling load is required, such as with the construction of an addition to the building, the mechanical room has been oversized to allow for growth. The design also accommodates future technology through the accessible perimeter data and telecommunication layout.18 However, despite these provisions, wireless technology may render this system redundant.

The Computer Science Building is integrated into the urban fabric by its close proximity to two bus lines, and into the university campus through an underground pathway and several grade level tunnels to surrounding buildings.

Figure 28 (Left): Typical exterior wall. Figure 29 (Right): Typical interior wall.

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COSTING

The capital costs for the Computer Science Building are the same as if a conventional institutional building had been constructed instead. This is due in part to a depressed construction industry at the time of tender, but also the integrated design process. This process, which takes all design aspects into account before starting working drawings or construction, allowed for the elimination of redundancies within the building design. The social cost of this building in regards to user comfort is minimal. In many ways user comfort is enhanced due to personal control over lighting, operable windows, and air diffusers. The maintenance costs of this building are extremely low as it has a high level of daylighting, passive heating and cooling, and passive ventilation. The key economic criteria for the building were to meet the site and sustainability requirements, but also the budget. In the end, the cost of the sustainable building systems balanced out to match those of a conventional building. For example, the air handling unites are 30% smaller than those in a conventional building, allowing capital cost savings to be spent in other areas. A financial incentive from CBIP was awarded as a result of the buildings high performance, thereby counterbalancing the cost of additional design fees.19

LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

The York University Computer Science Building is capable of obtaining a LEED Gold rating with 42 points. It performs well in all categories, including Site Selection, for its location as an infill site, exceeding local building density requirements, being close to public transit lines, and providing bicycle storage along with showering and changing facilities for cyclists. Ironically, despite not adding any new parking stalls to the campus in order to service the building,

LEED GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM 2.1 Project Checklist Sustainable Sites 7/14 Possible Points Water Efficiency 4/5 Possible Points Energy & Atmosphere 11/17 Possible PointsMaterials & Resources 7/13 Possible PointsIndoor Environment Quality 12/15 Possible PointsInnovation & Design Process 1/5 Possible Points Project Totals 42/69 Possible PointsComputer Science Building Result Gold Status

Figure 30: Night-time view of the southern side of the Computer Science Building.

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the project did not receive a point in that category because it did not designate existing stalls for carpool vehicles. Although some points were lost, others were gained for the innovative use of stormwater technologies, including roof and underground cisterns and the green roofing system. These same strategies were also helpful in achieving points in the Water Efficiency categories by using native planting species for landscaping and the green roof in order to reduce irrigation requirements. The use of low-flow fixtures and other equipment also helped reduce the building’s overall potable water consumption.

In the Energy and Atmosphere category the facility received many points for optimum energy performance because it operates 50% more efficiently than a conventional institutional building. The extra attention paid to building commissioning, measurement and verification, and the extensive operations and maintenance training for custodial staff also earned extra points for the building. The building loses points, however, for not incorporating on-site use of renewable energy resources such as photovoltaic panels or wind turbines.

Due to the extensive materials selection process, the Computer Science building gained many points in the Materials and Resources section. With a construction waste diversion plan, resource reuse and recycled content use through the fly ash concrete, and specification of locally manufactured products, the building receives 7 out of a possible 13 points.

Out of all areas of the rating system, however, the facility excels above all else in the Indoor Environment Quality section earning 12 out of a possible 15 points. With the extensive CO2 monitoring, effective ventilation systems, air quality management plan during construction, low-E materials, controllability of systems, and access to daylight for the majority of spaces, the Computer Science Building offers a premium indoor environment for all of its occupants.

Figures 31, 32, 33, and 34 (Clockwise from Above Left): Natural daylighting and T-8 light fixtures help reduce overall energy consumption of the building, including in its circualtions spaces between offices, classrooms, atria, and the lecture theatres.

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These indoor environment quality initiatives also earned the building one point in the Innovation and Design section of the rating system; the project team calculated the projected GHG emissions for the building over the next 75 years – a step well above and beyond the requirements of any building and the LEED rating system.

CONCLUSION

Many insights can be gained from Computer Science Building. The most significant of these is that a passive, duel-mode heating, cooling, and ventilating strategy works in Toronto’s harsh climate. This project also demonstrates how one “green” objective can have many positive repercussions. Such was the case with the requirement for flexibility leading towards a perimeter system which allowed for exposed thermal mass on the floor and ceiling. Through integrated design, one idea can get carried through every building system, allowing every element to work seamlessly with the others. In a conventional design process, by the time an architect, engineer, or consultant comes up with a great idea everyone else is in the middle of resolving their own set of problems in their own construction drawings, precluding any integrated or coordinated building strategies that work efficiently or sustainably. As such, the integrated design approach speaks volumes to the potential savings a building can achieve – both financially and environmentally. In the case of the Computer Science Building, both the client and the design team showed initiative to do something different. They worked closely together and the end product shows the effort put in by all parties. As such, they have created a liveable building in which every year new students will come to and learn the benefits of sustainable design.

Figures 35 and 36: The atrium spaces provide life and vitality in the building, contrib-uting not only to occupant comfort and well being, but also sustainable strategies.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Publications1. Czarnecki, John E. “Without architectural fanfare, Busby + Associates

and architectsAlliance demonstrate sustainability in a northern climate with York University’s Computer Science Building.” Architectural Record. February, 2003: p. 139.

2. Polo, Marco. “York University Computer Science Building.” Canadian Architect. January, 2001.

Internet1. Architecture Week: Green And Cool. Source: http://www.architectureweek.com/cgi-bin/awimage?dir=2002/

0403&article=environment_1-2.html 2. Busby + Associates Architects Website. Source: http://www.busby.ca/projects.htm3. Ecosmart Concrete. Source: http://www.ecosmart.ca/index.cfm?section=other-york4. York University Computer Science Website. On-line article by Don

Proctor. Source: http://www.cs.yorku.ca/general/building/article2.html

Personal Interviews1. Walter Bettio, Project Director, architectsAlliance, Toronto, Ontario.

ENDNOTES

1. Walter Bettio2. Architectural Record. February 2003. 3. Architectural Record. February 2003.4. Walter Bettio

5. Walter Bettio6. Walter Bettio7. Architectural Record. February 2003.8. Walter Bettio9. Architectural Record. February 2003. 10. Architecture Week: Green And Cool11. Walter Bettio12. Walter Bettio13. Canadian Architect. January 2001.14. Walter Bettio15. http://www.ecosmart.ca/index.cfm?section=other-york16. http://www.ecosmart.ca/index.cfm?section=other-york17. http://www.ecosmart.ca/index.cfm?section=other-york18. Walter Bettio19. Walter Bettio

IMAGE CREDIT

1. architectsAlliance / Van Nostrand di Castri Architects: Figures 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 19, 22, 28, 29 and on the Quick Facts page.

2. Architecture Week On-line Article: Figures 1, 6, 7, 13 and 20.

3. Busby + Associates Architects Website: Figures 2, 3, 4, 31 and 32.

4. Nathaniel Lloyd: Figures 5, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 33, 34, 35 and 36.

5. York University Computer Science Website: Title Page image.

computer science building...ventilation, and atrium ventilation to maximize free cooling in the...

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