computer,history,generations,and its types
TRANSCRIPT
2023 5 2年 月 日 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERGENERATIONS OF COMPUTERHISTORY OF COMPUTERTYPES OF COMPUTER
BY MUKHTIAR & ROSHAN ALI
May 2, 2023 2
May 2, 2023 3
LOGOGOVT:PG JAHANZEB COLLEGE SAIDU-SHARIF SWAT
PRESENTATION TOPIC:COMPUTER GENERATIONSHISTORY OF COMPUTERTYPES OF COMPUTER
SCRIPTED BY: FROM GROUP A MUKHTIAR CLASS NO:-20ROSHAN ALI CLASS NO:-24
SUMBMITTED TO SIR: NAJIBULLAH SB
DEPARTMENT:ZOOLOGY 3RD SEMESTER
DATE:4/1/2016
C:\Users\ROSHANALI\Desktop\COMPUTER GENERATIONSSSSSSSSSSS.lnk
May 2, 2023 4
1
2
3
COMPUTER
CONTENTS OF PRSENTAION TOPIC
•COMPUTER GENERATION
•TYPES OF COMPUTER
•HISTORY OF COMPUTER
May 2, 2023 5
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
•2ND GENERATION (1956-1963)
•FIRST GENERATION (1940-1956)
•4TH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)
•3RD GENERATION (1964-1971)
1 2
3 4
• 5TH GENERATION (PRESENT AND BEYOND)
5
May 2, 2023 6
.1stgeneration
2nd generation
3rd generation
4th generation
5th generation
technologyvacuumtubes
transistorsintegratedcircus(multiple transistors)
microchips(millions of transistors)
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
size filled whole buildings
filled half a room
smaller, just occupy a small table
SMALLER THAN 3RD GENERATION
PALM OF HAND
May 2, 2023 7
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER GENERATIONSGENERATIONS
the history of computer is often reference to the d/f generation of computing devices.each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computer operate.most developments resulted in increasingly smaller,cheaper, more powerful and more efficient computing devices.
May 2, 2023 8
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERSFIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS(1940-1956)(1940-1956)
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
They were often enormous and taking up entire room. First generation computers relied on machine language. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using
a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions
The first generation computers relied on machine language. input was based on punched card and paper tape,and outpu
was based on printouts. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-
generation computing devices.
May 2, 2023 9
.
univac tube boardunivac tube board individual vacuum tubeindividual vacuum tube
May 2, 2023 10
2ND GENERATION COMPUTERS (1956-1963)
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic.
High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.
These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory.
though the transistors still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage.
the first computers of this generation were developed for the"atomic energy industry."
May 2, 2023 11
The main features of second generation are Use of transistors.
Reliable in comparison to first generation computers.
Smaller size as compared to first generation computers.
Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers.
Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers.
Faster than first generation computers.
Still very costly.
Supported machine and assembly languages.
May 2, 2023 12
IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108
SOME COMPUTERS OF THIS GENERATION WERE:-
May 2, 2023 13
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS 1965-1971 The computers of third generation used integrated circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.
May 2, 2023 14
IC used. More reliable in comparison
to previous two generations.
Smaller size. Generated less heat. Faster. Lesser maintenance. Still costly. Consumed lesser electricity. Supported high-level language.
May 2, 2023 15
Some computers of this generation were:
IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP(Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168 TDC-316
May 2, 2023 16
4TH GENERATION COMPUTERS1971-1980
The computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution. IN this generation time sharing, real time, networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
May 2, 2023 17
VLSI technology usedVery cheapPortable and reliableUse of PC'sVery small sizePipeline processingNo A.C. neededConcept of internet was introducedGreat developments in the fields of networksComputers became easily available
The main features of fourth generation are:
May 2, 2023 18
Some computers of this generation were:
DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11 CRAY-1(Super Computer) CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
May 2, 2023 19
In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became UULSILSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. A I is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.
FIFTH GENERTION COMPUTERS1980-TILL DATE
May 2, 2023 20
AI includes:
RoboticsNeural NetworksGame PlayingDevelopment of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations.Natural language understanding and generation.
May 2, 2023 21
ULSI technology Development of true artificial intelligence Development of Natural language processing Advancement in Parallel Processing Advancement in Superconductor technologyMore user friendly interfaces with multimedia featuresAvailability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rate
.
The main features of fifth generation are:
TYPES
DESKTOP
LAPTOP
NOTEBOOK
ULTRABOOK
CHROMEBOOK
May 2, 2023 22
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
May 2, 2023 23
Before the 1500s, in Europe, calculations were made with an abacusInvented around 500BC, available in many cultures (China, Mesopotamia, Japan, Greece, Rome, etc.) In 1642, Blaise Pascal (French mathematician, physicist, philosopher) invented a mechanical calculator called the Pascaline In 1671, Gottfried von Leibniz (German mathematician, philosopher) extended the Pascaline to do multiplications, divisions, square roots: the Stepped Reckoner None of these machines had memory, and they required human intervention at each step
May 2, 2023 24
CHARLES BABBAGEIn 1822 Charles Babbage (English mathematician, philosopher), sometimes called the “father of computing” built the Difference Engine
Machine designed to automate the computation (tabulation) of polynomial functions (which are known to be good approximations of many useful functions)
Based on the “method of finite difference”Implements some storage
In 1833 Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, but he died before he could build it
It was built after his death, powered by steam
May 2, 2023 25
Lady Augusta AdaCountess of Lovelace
1815-1852 Lady Augusta Ada was a brilliant mathematician.Lady Augusta Ada wrote programs to be run on Babbage’s machines.For this, she is recognized as the first computer Programmer.
May 2, 2023 26
Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper:- Harvard Mark I Computer
The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) Computer was created by IBM for Harvard University, which called it the Mark I. First universal calculator.
1944
May 2, 2023 27
The Colossus Mark I & II are widely acknowledged as thefirst programmable electric computers, and were used atBletchley Park to decode German codes encrypted by theLorenz SZ40/42.
1943/1944 clossus mark-1 and mark-2
May 2, 2023 28
John Eckert & John W. MauchlyENIAC 1 Computer
1946 ENIAC was short for
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer. It was the first general purpose (programmable to solve any problem) electric computer. It contained over 17,000 vacuum tubes, weighed 27 tones and drew 150 kW of power to operate.
May 2, 2023 29
1947-THE TRANSISTOR
Invented by William Shockley (seated) John Bardeen & Walter Brattain at Bell Labs.
The transistor replaces bulky vacuum tubes with a smaller, more reliable, and power saving solid sate circuit.
May 2, 2023 30
1951-UNIVAC 25 feet by 50 feet in size
5,600 tubes, 18,000 crystal diodes300 relays
Internal storage capacity of 1,008 fifteen bit words was achieved using 126 mercury delay lines
First commercial computer - Between 1951 and 1958, UNIVAC- I computers were delivered.
May 2, 2023 31
1953 IBM 701 EDPM COMPUTERIBM enters the market with its first large scale electronic computer.
May 2, 2023 32
1984-APPLE MACINTOSHApple introduces the first successful consumer computer with a WIMP user interface (Windows Icons Mouse & Pointer),
Motorola 68000 @8Mhz128KB RamUS$1,995 to US$2,495
May 2, 2023 33
“ a short summary''(first telegraph message sent by Samuel Morse, 1844, 1844)Electronic and computing technology quickly progressed—at an ever-accelerating pace—from vacuum tubes (Lee de Forrest, the audion, 1907, the audion, 1907)to transistors (William Shockley et al. 1947). 1947)to semiconductors (Jack Kilby & & Robert Noyce, 1958, 1958)to microprocessors (M.E. “Ted” Hoff, 1971, 1971)to networking and the Internet (Vinton Cerf & & Robert Kahn, 1982, 1982]to the World Wide Web (Tim Berners-Lee, 1991, 1991)and beyond…
Whatever next?…
May 2, 2023 34
THERE ARE THREE MAIN TYPES OF COMPUTER:-analog computerdigital computerhybrid computer
TYPES OF COMPUTER
May 2, 2023 35
ANALOG COMPUTER''a computer that represents data by measurablequantities, as voltages,or,formerly,the rotationof gears,in order to solve a problem,rather thanexpressing the data as numbers.''
this type of computer accept analog input and givesanalog outputs.most complex computer.use for scientific research and resaerch purposes.most fastest computer.
EXAMPLES:-•thermometer•analog clock•speedometer•tire pressure gauge
May 2, 2023 36
DIGITAL COMPUTER''A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system of “0” and “1”.
these are the most commonly used computers
EXAMPLESIBM PCApple MacintoshCalculatorsDigital watches etc
May 2, 2023 37
HYBRID COMPUTER ''A computer that processes both analog and digital data.''
''Hybrid computer is a digital computer that accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and processes them in digital form.” A hybrid computer may use or produce analog data or digital data. It accepts a continuously varying input, which is then converted into a set of discrete values for digital processing.
May 2, 2023 38
EXAMPLES Hybrid computer is the computer used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient. Devices used in petrol
pump. Hybrid Machines are
generally used in scientific applications or in controlling industrial processes.
May 2, 2023 39
1 2 3 4
REFERENCES
SLIDESHARE.COM FROM MY COMPUTER COPY
http://edutry.blogspot.com www.mhhe.co
m/peternorton
May 2, 2023 40
Thank You
May 2, 2023 41
Thank You
Kingsoft OfficeMake Presentation much more fun