computers are your future tenth edition chapter 12: databases & information systems copyright ©...
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Computers Are Your Future
Tenth Edition
Chapter 12: Databases & Information Systems
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What You Will Learn
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Recognize the potential uses of database programs.
Describe the basic components of a database.
Distinguish between file management programs and relational database management systems, and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each.
What You Will Learn
Understand advanced database programs and applications, such as data warehouses, data mining, client/server database systems, and Web-database integration.
Describe the basic qualities of a good database.
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What You Will Learn
List the components and main functions of an information system.
Recognize the functional divisions of an organization.
List the major types of information systems used in today’s organizations.
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What You Will Learn
Describe how the retail sector is taking advantage of computer databases to increase sales and gain a competitive edge.
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Databases & Information Systems
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The Levels of Data in a Database
A database is a group of data that can be entered, selected, sorted, grouped, reviewed, and produced as output.
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The Levels of Data in a Database
Database units Bit
The smallest unit of data stored by a computer
Contains either a 1 or a 0 Character
A letter, number, or symbol Made of bytes, which are groups of 8 bits
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The Levels of Data in a Database
Database terms Field
Composed of one or more characters Identified by its field name
Record Group of related fields Is contained in tables or data files
Primary key or key field Unique identifier for each record
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The Levels of Data in a Database
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Types of Database Programs
Two types of database programs, software used to create databases and use their data File management programs
Manage only one table or file Known as a flat file
Database management systems (DBMS)
Manage multiple tables or filesCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 12
Types of Database Programs
File management systems are: Useful for personal or small business
needs Used to develop an uncomplicated
computerized system for information storage and retrieval
Inexpensive and easy to use Unable to link to data stored in other
filesCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 13
Types of Database Programs
Database management systems (DBMS) are: Able to access, store, and edit data Available in a variety of forms Not usually tied to one particular platform Able to present information in various
formats
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Types of Database Programs
Database management systems (DBMS)
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Types of Database Programs
Database management system classifications Based on how information is organized and
retrieved Four main DBMS classifications
Flat Hierarchical Network Relational database management system
(RDBMS)
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Types of Database Programs
Relational database management systems (RDBMS) Most widely used class of DBMS Link data found in several tables or
files Compared with file management
programs: More expensive Harder to learn Better in controlling data redundancy Better in preventing potential data errorsCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice
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Types of Database Programs
Data warehouses Combine all the data of an organization
into one large database Help executives make decisions
Examine data through the drill-down method View performance data for whole company Search through individual department data
Data marts are similar but support a department or division
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Types of Database Programs
Data mining Method used for
data review and investigation
Can be used to determine unknown data patterns
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Types of Database Programs
Client/server database systems Use database server software that
reacts to the information requests of remote users
Also use database client software to provide an interface with the user
Use queries to request information from the database server
Examples: ATMs and online bankingCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 20
Types of Database Programs
Web-database integration involves taking database information and making it accessible over the Internet.
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Advantages of Database Management Systems
Characteristics of a good database: Data integrity Data independence Avoiding data redundancy Data security Data maintenance
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Advantages of Database Management Systems
Data within a database is considered to have data integrity if that data is considered valid.
Data validation techniques are used as an attempt to prevent data integrity errors.
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Advantages of Database Management Systems
Data independence Data that controls applications and
data stored in the database are kept separate.
Avoiding data redundancy Enter data only once. Multiple entry of the same data is a
sign of an inadequately developed system.
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Advantages of Database Management Systems
Data security: Prevents a database’s contents from being accessed by unauthorized users.
Data maintenance: Required to permit the proper care and protection of data.
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Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness
A skillfully created information system: Integrates data, computer hardware,
software, procedures, and users Main functions include:
Accepting data Converting data into information Storing data Distributing the information
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Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness
Methods for controlling information include: Only routing information
to appropriate users Summarizing information Ensuring information
selectivity Getting rid of needless
information that wastes time and resources
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Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness
Each of the core functions of an organization is managed by the appropriate functional division (functional unit, functional area).
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Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness
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Functional divisions of an organization: Accounting and finance Marketing and sales Human resources Management Manufacturing Information systems
Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey
For retailers, computers and databases are no longer used solely for traditional applications.
Point of sales (POS) cash registers are computers that integrate credit card authorization and inventory systems and are used as marketing devices.
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Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey
Other systems that retailers use include: Check-screening systems, which
determine if a check is written on a delinquent account
Signature capture systems, which obtain digital customer signatures
Photo checkout systems, which show the photo of a customer at the time a credit card is used
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What You’ve Learned
Database programs convert data into information and can be used for both personal and business information management and organization.
Database files, which are the foundation of databases, are made up of individual units of data called fields. When grouped together, these fields are called records.
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What You’ve Learned File management programs, which work
with a single flat file, are easy to use and inexpensive but cannot control data redundancy.
Relational database management systems (RDBMS), which work with multiple tables at a time, are more complicated to use and more expensive but have the ability to reduce data redundancy.Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice
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What You’ve Learned
Through a data warehouse, many small databases throughout an organization are combined into one large database to provide decision-making information.
Data mining is used to explore data and expose patterns.
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What You’ve Learned
Client/server database systems enable multiple users to access information simultaneously.
Data integrity, data independence, the lack of data redundancy, data security, and data management procedures are features of a good database.
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What You’ve Learned An information system integrates
data, hardware, software, people, and procedures.
The information system works by accepting, processing, storing, and distributing the resultant information.
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What You’ve Learned
The functional divisions of an organization include the departments of a company.
Information systems include transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive information systems, knowledge systems, and expert systems.
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What You’ve Learned
The retail sector’s use of point-of-sale terminals, when linked with inventory databases and other systems such as check-screening systems, provides businesses with the ability to perform many business tasks effectively.
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