computing, information, and communications - networking and … · 2009-01-29 · president clinton...

NATIO

NALSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COU

NCI

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National Science and Technology CouncilCommittee on Technology

Subcommittee on Computing, Information, and Communications R&D



Supplement to thePresident’s FY 1999 Budget

Supplement to the President’s FY 1999 Budget

Computing, Information, and CommunicationsComputing, Information, and Communications

About the National Science and Technology Council:

President Clinton established the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) by ExecutiveOrder on November 23, 1993. This cabinet-level council is the principal means for the President tocoordinate science, space, and technology policies across the Federal Government. NSTC acts as a“virtual agency” for science and technology to coordinate the diverse parts of the Federal researchand development enterprise. The NSTC is chaired by the President. Membership consists of the VicePresident, Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, Cabinet Secretaries, Agency Headswith significant science and technology responsibilities, and other White House officials.

An important objective of the NSTC is the establishment of clear national goals for Federal scienceand technology investments in areas ranging from information technologies and health research, toimproving transportation systems and strengthening fundamental research. The Council preparesresearch and development strategies that are coordinated across Federal agencies to form an invest-ment package that is aimed at accomplishing multiple national goals.

To obtain additional information regarding the NSTC, contact the NSTC Executive Secretariat at(202) 456-6100.

About the Office of Science and Technology Policy:

The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) was established by the National Science andTechnology Policy, Organization and Priorities Act of 1976. OSTP’s responsibilities include advisingthe President in policy formulation and budget development on all questions in which science andtechnology are important elements; articulating the President’s science and technology policies andprograms; and fostering strong partnerships among Federal, State, and local governments, and thescientific communities in industry and academe. The Assistant to the President for Science andTechnology serves as the Director of the OSTP and directs the NSTC on behalf of the President.OSTP Associate Directors co-chair the various committees of the NSTC.

To obtain additional information about OSTP, please call (202) 456-7116.

Cover Images

This year’s cover is a collage of images gathered from throughout this document. The coveritself highlights the increasing importance of leading-edge technologies to the U.S. and tothe world—including technologies, like the Internet, the Next Generation Internet, andadvanced computing technologies that have been made possible by CIC R&D efforts.

, ,

NETWORKED COMPUTINGFOR THE

21ST CENTURY

A Report by the Subcommittee on Computing, Information, andCommunications R&D

Committee on Technology

National Science and Technology Council

OSTP LETTER

[FPO-Letter to besupplied]

v

D r. Mortimer L. D owneyChair

D r. D uncan T. MooreWhite House Co-Chair

Gary R. BachulaVice Chair

VacantVice Chair

E. Fenton CareyExecutive Secretary

Lori A. PerineWhite House Liaison

Deputy SecretaryDepartment of Transportation

Associate Director for TechnologyOffice of Science and Technology Policy

Acting Under Secretary for TechnologyDepartment of Commerce

Director, Defense Research and EngineeringDepartment of Defense

Research and Special Programs AdministrationDepartment of Transportation

Senior Policy Advisor, Computing, Information, andCommunications

Office of Science and Technology Policy

Committee on Technology

Members

D r. Joseph BordognaActing Deputy DirectorNational Science Foundation

D avid BoydDirector, Office of Standards and Technology,

National Institute of JusticeDepartment of Justice

Russell E. D ressellDirector of Research and Development, DS&TCentral Intelligence Agency

D avid M. GardinerAssistant Administrator for Policy, Planning, and

EvaluationEnvironmental Protection Agency

D r. I. Miley GonzalezUnder Secretary for the Research, Education, and

Economics Mission AreaDepartment of Agriculture

D r. Juris HartmanisAssistant Director, Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and EngineeringNational Science Foundation

Thomas A. KalilSenior Director to the National Economic CouncilNational Economic Council

D r. Henry C. KellyAssistant Director for TechnologyOffice of Science and Technology Policy

D r. Ruth L. KirchsteinDeputy DirectorNational Institutes of Health

Eric L. MacrisPolicy AnalystOffice of Management and B udget

Stan PonceDirector for Research, Bureau of ReclamationDepartment of the Interior

D an W. ReicherAssistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable

EnergyDepartment of Energy

D r. Linda G. RobertsDirector, Educational Technology OfficeDepartment of Education

D r. Linda RosenstockDirector, National Institute for Occupational Safety and

HealthDepartment of Health and Human Services

Samuel L. VenneriChief TechnologistNational Aeronautics and Space Administration

James W. VollmanAdministrator for One-Stop Career Centers/Labor Market

InformationDepartment of Labor

vi


NCO

ChairKay Howell

D ARPA

RepresentativeDavid Tennenhouse

AlternateRonald L. Larsen

NSF

RepresentativeMelvyn Ciment

AlternateGary W. Strong

NASA

RepresentativeLee B . Holcomb

AlternatesWilliam FeiereisenPhilip L. Milstead

D OE

RepresentativeDaniel A. Hitchcock

AlternatesNorm KreismanPaul H. Smith

NIH

RepresentativeRobert L. Martino

AlternatesMichael J. AckermanJudith L. Vaitukaitis

NSA

RepresentativeGeorge R. Cotter

AlternateNorman S. Glick

NIST

RepresentativeR. J. (Jerry) Linn

AlternateFrederick C. Johnson

VA

RepresentativeDaniel L. Maloney

ED

RepresentativeLinda G. Roberts

AlternateAlexis T. Poliakoff

NOAA

RepresentativeThomas N. Pyke, Jr.

AlternatesWilliam T. TurnbullErnest J. Daddio

EPA

RepresentativeJoan H. Novak

AlternateRobin L. Dennis

AHCPR

RepresentativeJ. Michael Fitzmaurice

AlternateLuis Kun

OMB

Eric L. Macris

OSTP

Henry A. KellyLori A. Perine

High End Computing andComputation Working Group

Co-Chairs

Lee B . Holcomb, NASAPaul H. Smith, DOE

Large Scale Networking (LSN)Working Group

Co-Chairs

George O. Strawn, NSFDavid B . Nelson, NASA

NGI Applications Team

Chair

William T. Turnbull, NOAA

Joint Engineering Team

Co-Chairs

Phil Dykstra, DoDJavad B oroumand, NSF

Networking Research Team

Co-Chairs

Tatsuya Suda, NSFMari Maeda, DARPA

High Confidence SystemsWorking Group

Co-Chairs

Teresa Lunt, DARPAAndrew Arenth, NSA

Human Centered SystemsWorking Group

Chair

Michael Lesk, NSF

Education, Training, and HumanResources Working Group

Chair

John Cherniavsky, NSF

Federal Information ServicesApplications Council

Co-Chairs

Melvyn Ciment, NSFMarty Wagner, GSA

Table of Contents

Committee on Technology ....................................................................................................................................v

Subcommittee on Computing, Information, and Communications R&D ........................................................vi

Table of Contents..................................................................................................................................................vii

Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................1Overview..............................................................................................................................................................1Computing, Information, and Communications (CIC) Program Component Areas (PCAs) ......................1High End Computing and Computation (HECC) ..........................................................................................2Large Scale Networking (LSN) ..........................................................................................................................3

Next Generation Internet (NGI) ..................................................................................................................3Netamorphosis demonstrations ....................................................................................................................4

High Confidence Systems (HCS) ......................................................................................................................5Human Centered Systems (HuCS) ....................................................................................................................5Education, Training, and Human Resources (ETHR) ......................................................................................6CIC R&D programs ............................................................................................................................................7Federal Information Services and Applications Council (FISAC) ..................................................................7Presidential Advisory Committee on High Performance Computing and Communications, Information

Technology, and the Next Generation Internet..............................................................................................7National Coordination Office for Computing, Information, and Communications (NCO) ........................7

High End Computing and Computation ................................................................................9Overview..............................................................................................................................................................9

Thrust 1: System software technology ........................................................................................................10Thrust 2: Leading-edge research for future generations of computing........................................................11Thrust 3: Incorporating technology into applications ................................................................................12Thrust 4: Infrastructure for research in HECC ..........................................................................................12

Thrust 1: System software technology — FY 1998 accomplishments and FY 1999 Plans ............................12Distributed computing................................................................................................................................12Proof carrying code ....................................................................................................................................13Scalable software and ease of use ................................................................................................................13Operating system extensions ......................................................................................................................14High performance software tools ................................................................................................................14Earth and Space Sciences (ESS)..................................................................................................................15MARQUISE................................................................................................................................................15Microelectronics in high speed computing ..................................................................................................15UPC ............................................................................................................................................................16Quantum computing ..................................................................................................................................16Performance measurement and testing technologies ..................................................................................16Parallelizing environmental modeling software..........................................................................................16HPC modernization ..................................................................................................................................17Common High Performance Computing Software Support Initiative (CHSSI) ........................................17

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Thrust 2: Leading edge research for future generations computing — FY 1998 accomplishmentsand FY 1999 Plans ........................................................................................................................................17

Computational models ..............................................................................................................................17Intelligent systems technology ....................................................................................................................17Scalable computing ....................................................................................................................................18Ultrascale computing ..................................................................................................................................18Global scale system software ......................................................................................................................18Information survivability ..........................................................................................................................18Multi-threaded architecture (MTA) ..........................................................................................................19Non-binary optical storage systems ............................................................................................................19Multi-user detection in CDMA communication systems ..........................................................................19Knowledge Networking ..............................................................................................................................19HTMT ........................................................................................................................................................19High speed circuits ......................................................................................................................................20RES, JACKAL, and LOTS ..........................................................................................................................20

Thrust 3: Incorporation of HECC technologies into real applications — FY 1998 accomplishmentsand FY 1999 Plans ........................................................................................................................................20

High performance simulation of multiphysics problems ............................................................................20Multi-model multi-domain computational methods ................................................................................21Smart antennas ..........................................................................................................................................21Geometric shape analysis applied to molecular biology..............................................................................22NASA advanced supercomputing applications ..........................................................................................22Computational Aerosciences (CAS)............................................................................................................23DOE Grand Challenge applications ..........................................................................................................24Molecular structure prediction and simulations ........................................................................................24Reconstruction of 3-D positron emission tomography images ....................................................................25Image management and communications systems ....................................................................................26Radiology Consultation Workstation (RCWS) ..........................................................................................26Environmental protection ..........................................................................................................................27EPA’s scalable software libraries ..................................................................................................................27Environmental modeling ............................................................................................................................28Aquifer modeling ........................................................................................................................................29Large scale environmental flow and transport............................................................................................29Online reference data for computational science ........................................................................................29High performance linear algebra software..................................................................................................30Algorithm development at NOAA ..............................................................................................................30Advancing the science of weather forecasting..............................................................................................30Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) ....................................................................................30

Thrust 4: Infrastructure for research in HECC — FY 1998 accomplishments and FY 1999 Plans ..............31Partnerships for Advanced Computational Infrastructure (PACI) ............................................................31DOE High Performance Computing Resource Providers (HPCRPs) ........................................................31DOE Advanced Computational Testing and Simulation Research (ACTS) Toolkit ..................................32DOE’s Academic Strategic Alliances Program (ASAP) ..............................................................................32

Computing, Information, and Communications Research Facilities ..............................................................33

Partnerships for Advanced Computational Infrastructure (PACI) ..................................................................35

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Table of Contents

Large Scale Networking..........................................................................................................41Goals and focus areas ........................................................................................................................................41Global Grid Communications and Global Mobile Information Systems ......................................................41Advanced Networking Infrastructure and Research (ANIR)..........................................................................42National Scalable Cluster Project (NSCP) ......................................................................................................42Chesapeake B ay Virtual Environment (CB VE) ..............................................................................................42Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) ........................................................43NSF satellite communications..........................................................................................................................43Energy Sciences Network (ESnet) ....................................................................................................................43Information technology, metrology, testing, and applications ......................................................................44Public Key Infrastructure..................................................................................................................................45Internetworking security ..................................................................................................................................45FedCIRC ............................................................................................................................................................45NLM’s Medical Connections program ............................................................................................................45NLM’s National Center for B iotechnology Information (NCB I) ..................................................................46NLM’s Integrated Academic Information Management Systems (IAIMS) ..................................................46Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) ................................................................................47Joint Engineering Team (JET) ..........................................................................................................................47Networking Research Team (NRT) ..................................................................................................................47NGI ................................................................................................................................................................48NGI Goals ..........................................................................................................................................................48NGI Goal 1: Experimental research for advanced network technologies ......................................................50NGI Goal 2: NGI Testbeds ................................................................................................................................52

Goal 2.1: High performance connectivity ..................................................................................................52Goal 2.2: NGI technologies and ultrahigh performance connectivity ........................................................54

NGI Goal 3: Revolutionary applications..........................................................................................................56Selection process ..........................................................................................................................................57Coordination ..............................................................................................................................................58Applications ................................................................................................................................................58

NGI and I2: Complementary and interdependent..........................................................................................58DOE FY 1999 NGI Plans ..................................................................................................................................58

DOE FY 1999 research focus ......................................................................................................................59

Netamorphosis......................................................................................................................................................61

Telehealth ............................................................................................................................................................69

High Confidence Systems ......................................................................................................71Overview............................................................................................................................................................71Information survivability ................................................................................................................................71Information Security ........................................................................................................................................72Assurance technologies ....................................................................................................................................73Protecting privacy for medical records ............................................................................................................75Secure Internet programming ..........................................................................................................................75National Information Assurance Partnership (NIAP) program and Role-B ased Access Control (RB AC)..75FAA high confidence systems activities............................................................................................................75Future HCS R&D ..............................................................................................................................................76

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Table of Contents

Human Centered Systems ......................................................................................................77HuCS technologies............................................................................................................................................77Digital Libraries Phase 2 ..................................................................................................................................77Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE)........................................................................78Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence (KDI) and Knowledge Networking (KN) ....................................78Finding and tracking information ..................................................................................................................78Active visualization ..........................................................................................................................................79Speech technologies ..........................................................................................................................................79Healthcare data..................................................................................................................................................80NCRR activities in collaboratories and virtual reality ....................................................................................81The Visible Human Project ..............................................................................................................................81Systems Integration for Manufacturing Applications (SIMA) ......................................................................81National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR)........................................................83Regional Technology in Education Consortia (RTEC) ..................................................................................83Regional educational laboratories ....................................................................................................................83Virtual reality ....................................................................................................................................................84Electronic Notebook project ............................................................................................................................84

STIMULATE..........................................................................................................................................................85

Collaboratories ....................................................................................................................................................88

Education, Training, and Human Resources ........................................................................91Overview............................................................................................................................................................91Centers for Learning Technologies ..................................................................................................................92Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence (KDI) initiative ..............................................................................92Integrative Graduate Education and Research Training (IGERT)..................................................................93NLM HPCC training grants ............................................................................................................................93National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) training ............................................................................93NASA learning technologies project ................................................................................................................93Presidential Technology Initiative and Training Research for Automated Instruction ................................94

CIC R&D Programs..............................................................................................................................................95Committee on Technology ..............................................................................................................................95Subcommittee on Computing, Information, and Communications R&D....................................................96National Coordination Office (NCO) for CIC................................................................................................96Federal Information Services and Applications Council (FISAC) ................................................................96B uy American Report........................................................................................................................................97Outreach ............................................................................................................................................................97

The Presidential Advisory Committee on High Performance Computing and Communications,Information Technology, and the Next Generation Internet ................................................................98

CIC R&D Summary............................................................................................................................................100

Agency CIC R&D Budgets by Program Component Area ..............................................................................102

Glossary ..........................................................................................................................................................103

Contacts ..........................................................................................................................................................113

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Table of Contents

Overview

Computing, Information, andCommunications (CIC) Program Component Areas(PCAs)

1

Executive Summary

U.S.research and development (R&D) in computing,communications, and information technologieshas enabled unprecedented scientific and

engineering advances, transforming workplace products andprocesses, and benefiting society and individuals. Today’s benefits arethe result of investments made decades ago; the seeds of the Internet,for example, were planted in the 1960s. Continued investments willresult in further dramatic advances, some of which may be asunpredictable and compelling as the World Wide Web. Theseinvestments include the development of increasingly powerful highperformance computing systems, global-scale networkingtechnologies with advanced capabilities, advances in softwaredevelopment technologies and applications software, improvedreliability and safety, advances in managing and accessing vastdistributed knowledge repositories, and human interface technologiesthat let people work — and work together — more effectively.

Federally-funded R&D in these technologies is coordinated within theComputing, Information, and Communications (CIC) R&D programs,which are successors to the highly successful, Congressionally-chartered HighPerformance Computing and Communications (HPCC) Program. Theapplication of computing, communications, and information technologiesbeyond their decades-long concentration on science, engineering, andeducation has placed additional demands on the CIC programs. Over thepast two years, these programs have redefined themselves and are in theprocess of reorganizing their coordinated activities into five ProgramComponent Areas (PCAs):

HECC High End Computing and ComputationLSN Large Scale Networking, including the Next Generation

Internet initiativeHCS High Confidence SystemsHuCS Human Centered SystemsETHR Education, Training, and Human Resources

plus the Federal Information Services and Applications Council (FISAC).

The first step of the reorganization is reflected in this FY 1999 Supplement tothe President’s B udget. The Federal investments in LSN R&D continue to beconducted, essentially, by organizations that participate in the coordinatedCIC programs, and this is true, though to a lesser degree, for HECC R&D.

High End Computing andComputation (HECC)

2

Accordingly, the President’s proposed FY 1999 budget includes the crosscutsfor the HECC and LSN PCAs. However, this President’s B udget does notinclude HCS, HuCS, or ETHR crosscuts, in recognition of the possibly multi-year process of reorganizing their R&D to include work being conductedboth by CIC organizations — but outside their historical CIC budgetcrosscuts — and by other Federal organizations.

This document describes the HECC and LSN FY 1998 anticipatedaccomplishments and FY 1999 plans in substantial detail. It also includesdescriptions of some representative HCS, HuCS, and ETHR activities andplans, primarily focusing on work by organizations that have been in the CICprograms.

The CIC R&D reporting structure changed in FY 1998. In December 1997,the White House National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) wasreorganized and streamlined. Three NSTC Committees — the Committee onComputing, Information, and Communications (CCIC), the Committee onTechnological Innovation (CTI), and the Committee on Transportation R&D(CTRD) were replaced by the new Committee on Technology (CT). TheSubcommittee on CIC R&D of the CCIC now reports to the CT. The fivePCA Working Groups continue to report to the Subcommittee on CIC R&D,as does the FISAC, which had reported to the CCIC.

HECC R&D investments provide the foundation for U.S. leadership in highend computing and promote the use of high end computing andcomputation for government, academia, industry, and broad societalapplications. HECC research explores algorithms for physical, chemical, andbiological modeling and simulation in complex systems; information-intensive science and engineering applications; and the advanced concepts inquantum, biological, and optical computing that will keep the U.S. in theforefront of computing breakthroughs for years to come.

Short-term HECC development — with anticipated payoffs in three to fiveyears — addresses needs for systems software for teraflops (1012 floatingpoint operations per second) by means of investments in operating systems,languages and compilers, programming environments and libraries,debugging and performance tools, scientific visualization, data management,and developments leading to a common framework and infrastructure. FY1998 and FY 1999 R&D areas include ease of use, performance measurement,provability, and resource reservation and guarantees.

Long-term HECC R&D — to be useful in 10 to 15 years — has helpedestablish scalable parallel processing as a standard for high performancecomputing, and has enabled the technology base for the $2 billion per yearmid-range computing market. The next major long-term HECC milestone isa reliable, robust implementation of petaflops — 1015 flops levelperformance, and exabyte — 1018 bytes — storage capability. Applicationsrequiring this level of computational power include simulating complexsystems in biology, business, the Earth and the environment, materialsscience and manufacturing, and the physical sciences. FY 1998 and FY 1999research topics include embedded systems, intelligent systems, opticalstorage, optoelectronics, quantum computing, scalability, and survivability.

Large Scale Networking (LSN)

Next Generation Internet (NGI)

HECC R&D includes incorporating HECC technologies in agency missionapplications. In FY 1998 and FY 1999 these applications include acoustics,aerodynamics, air and water quality modeling, biology (cellular, molecular,and biochemistry), Earth and space systems modeling, numerical analysissoftware, pharmaceuticals, physics, reconstructing three-dimensionalinformation from two-dimensional biomedical images, regional-scaleweather modeling, and simulating hurricane structure.

HECC investments include the infrastructure for HECC R&D, whichincludes the Department of Energy’s (DOE) national laboratories, theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) centers, andfacilities at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the NationalInstitutes of Health (NIH), the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA), and the National Security Agency (NSA). In FY1998, the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Partnership for AdvancedComputational Infrastructure (PACI) became a part of this infrastructure,succeeding the NSF supercomputing centers. PACI’s goal is to prototype anational-scale computational grid for use in research and education.Currently, there are more than 101 academic and industrial PACI partners in30 states.

FY 1999 LSN R&D, including the Next Generation Internet (NGI) initiative,will help assure U.S. technological leadership in high performance networkcommunications through research that advances the leading edge ofnetworking technologies, services, and performance. Early Federalinvestments in networking R&D helped build the technological foundationof today’s global Internet. Development by Federal research laboratories,academia, and industry helped deploy prototype networking capabilities on anational scale and produced popular applications — like email and WorldWide Web browsers — that transformed the way people use computernetworks, paving the way for our Nation’s leadership in the multi-billiondollar information technology industry. Key research areas today includeadvanced network components and technologies for engineering andmanagement of large scale networks of the future.

LSN activities include coordinating the operation and select peering ofadvanced Federal networks, including the multiagency Washington, D.C. areaAdvanced Technology Demonstration network (ATDnet), the Department ofDefense’s (DoD) Defense Research and Engineering Network (DREN),DOE’s Energy Sciences network (ESnet), the NASA Research and EducationNetwork (NREN), and NSF’s very high performance B ackbone NetworkService (vB NS). Areas of research and support in FY 1998 and FY 1999include global-scale communications, networking security, satellitetechnologies, special purpose connectivity programs, and network-basedapplications.

The primary focus of LSN activities in FY 1998 has been the Presidential NGIinitiative. The investments made by this initiative and associated academicand industrial investments are creating the foundation for the networks ofthe 21st century — networks that will be much more powerful and versatilethan today’s Internet. The NGI, in partnership with these other investmentsectors, will keep the U.S. at the cutting edge of communications and

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Netamorphosis demonstrations

information technologies. The NGI will also stimulate the introduction ofnew multimedia applications in our homes, schools, and businesses as thetechnologies designed and developed as part of the NGI are incorporatedinto products and services that are subsequently made available to thegeneral public. The NGI initiative is essential to sustain U.S. technologicalleadership in computing and communications and to enhance U.S. economiccompetitiveness and commercial eminence. NGI activities are leveraged offof and tightly coupled with the base LSN network research and infrastructuresupport.

The NGI goals are:

❐ To conduct R&D in advanced end-to-end networking technologies,including differentiated services (including multicast andaudio/video), network management (including allocation and sharingof bandwidth), reliability, robustness, and security.

❐ To prototype high performance network testbeds for systems scaletesting of advanced technologies and services and for developing andtesting advanced applications. One testbed will connect at least 100sites with end-to-end performance at least 100 times faster thantoday’s Internet; it will be built on the Federal networks incooperation with academic campus and regional networks. The othertestbed will connect more than 10 sites with end-to-end performanceat least 1,000 times faster than today’s Internet. This network willbuild on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s (DARPA)advanced networks.

❐ To develop revolutionary applications. These include enablingapplications technologies such as collaboration technologies, digitallibraries, distributed computing, privacy and security, and remoteoperation and simulation, as well as disciplinary applications in basicscience, crisis management, education, the environment, Federalinformation services, health care, and manufacturing.

For FY 1998, the NGI agencies are DARPA, NSF, NASA, National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST), and NIH (National Library of Medicine[NLM], and National Center for Research Resources [NCRR]). The proposedFY 1999 NGI agencies will additionally include DOE.

Seventeen NGI applications, developed by Federal LSN programs includingthe NGI initiative, were demonstrated at Netamorphosis, held March 11-13,1998, at Highway1 near the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. These included:

Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS):Precision storm forecasting

Automating the construction site: A leap in capabilities

Cave5D: A tool for collaborative immersive visualization ofenvironmental data

Collaboratory for structure-based drug design

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High Confidence Systems (HCS)

Human Centered Systems(HuCS)

Earth data from satellite to desktop

Echocardiography over the NGI

Exploring the Earth system on the “Second Web”

Informedia News-on-Demand

Interactive video dialogues

Magic: Viewing large geographic areas in 3-D

Materials Microcharacterization Collaboratory (MMC):Studying state-of-the-art materials

Nanotechnology research: Controlling atoms from a distance

Octahedral hexapod: An Information Age machine tool

Real-time functional MRI: Watching the brain in action

Security technology for the Next Generation Internet

SF Express: Advanced battle simulation

Visible Human Project

HCS R&D focuses on the critical technologies necessary to achieve highlevels of availability, reliability, restorability, protection, and security ofinformation services. Systems that employ these technologies will be resistantto component failure and malicious manipulation and will respond todamage or perceived threat by adaptation or reconfiguration. Applicationsinclude banking, law enforcement, life- and safety-critical systems, medicineand health care, national security, power generation and distribution,telecommunications, and transportation.

FY 1998 and FY 1999 HCS R&D includes work in assurance technologies,information security, information survivability, protecting the privacy ofmedical records, and secure programming languages for Internet-basedapplications.

In August 1997 and March 1998, as part of the process of developing newCIC R&D agendas that extend beyond high levels of performance, the HCSWorking Group held workshops with CIC and other agencies to identifyagency needs requiring HCS research and to develop a proposed HCS R&Dagenda. These agencies included DARPA, DOE, the Department of theTreasury’s Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Federal Aviation Administration(FAA), Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), Federal TransportationAdministration (FTA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), NASA, NIST,NSA, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).

HuCS R&D leads to increased accessibility and usability of computingsystems and communications networks. Scientists, engineers, educators,

5

Education, Training, and Human Resources (ETHR)

students, the workforce, and the general public are all potential beneficiariesof HuCS technologies and applications.

A new Digital Libraries Phase II initiative will begin in FY 1998. This is ajoint effort of NSF, DARPA, NASA, NIH/NLM, and several non-CIC agencies— the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanitiesin partnership with the National Archives and Records Administration andthe Smithsonian Institution. The new initiative will emphasize human andsocietal dimensions, including digital interoperability; electronic informationlife cycles; integration of information, computing, and communicationstechnologies with human needs; and new types of content and collections.

HuCS collaboratories will allow researchers to conduct large-scale modelingand simulation, access appropriate information, share access and operationof remote facilities, and work within virtual environments to visualizescientific data and configure and control experiments, regardless ofgeographic and temporal separation among individual members. OtherHuCS R&D includes active visualization, disability and rehabilitationresearch, educational technologies, finding and tracking information,knowledge networks, manufacturing applications, virtual reality, and theVisible Human project.

The February 12, 1998, issue of Business Week magazine highlighted leading-edge R&D in speech technologies funded by DARPA, NIST, and NSF,including automatic speech recognition, speech synthesis, speakeridentification and authentication, and natural language understanding.Additional NSF activities include STIMULATE (the Speech, Text, Image, andMULtimedia Advanced Technology Effort), which supports fundamentalresearch in understanding multimodal human communication and itsapplication to computer technology.

ETHR R&D supports computer and communications-related research toadvance education and training technologies at all levels including K-12,community college, technical school, trade school, university undergraduateand graduate, and lifelong learning. The complex and technically challengingapplications flowing from leading edge R&D in HECC and LSN make itincreasingly important for today’s students and professionals to update theireducation and training on an ongoing basis in order to exploit the latesttechnological advances. ETHR technologies improve the quality of today’sscience and engineering education and lead to more knowledgeable andproductive citizens and Federal employees.

FY 1998 and FY 1999 activities include new NSF centers for developinginnovative learning technologies, NIH/NLM and NIH/NCRR traininggrants, and NASA’s Web-based classroom training. B eginning in FY 1999,NSF’s Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence (KDI) initiative aims toachieve the next generation of human capability to generate, gather, model,and represent complex and cross-disciplinary scientific data and transformthis information into knowledge by combining, classifying, and analyzing itin new ways. DoD and its Air Force Office of Scientific Research participatein ETHR through learner-centered education and automated trainingactivities, although neither agency is part of the ETHR budget crosscut. NSF,

6

CIC R&D programs

Federal Information Servicesand Applications Council(FISAC)

Presidential AdvisoryCommittee on HighPerformance Computing andCommunications, InformationTechnology, and the NextGeneration Internet

National Coordination Officefor Computing, Information,and Communications (NCO)

the Department of Education (ED), and Department of Labor (not currentlya CIC agency) are addressing the need for training the workforce ininformation technology.

The five Program Component Areas of the CIC R&D programs are a drivingforce in information technologies, computing, and communications and area key component of America’s investment in its future, helping to maintainand widen the competitive lead that will keep our citizens productive wellinto the next century. The estimated FY 1998 HECC and LSN budgets for theparticipating Federal organizations was $717.4 million. For FY 1999, thePresident requested $860.9 million for these organizations.

FISAC, which reports to the Subcommittee on CIC R&D, succeeds theApplications Council of the CCIC. FISAC fosters the migration oftechnology from the information technologies R&D community togovernment application missions and information services communities andidentifies challenges from applications to the information technologies R&Dcommunity. Multiagency teams focused on Crisis Management, FederalStatistics, Next Generation Internet, Universal Access, and InformationSecurity report to the FISAC.

The Presidential Advisory Committee on High Performance Computing andCommunications, Information Technology, and the Next GenerationInternet (PAC) and its Subcommittees have met eight different timesbetween February 1997, when the Advisory Committee was established, andMay 1998. The PAC held a Town Hall meeting at SC97 in San Jose inNovember 1997. It plans to report its findings in a report to the President,through the Director of OSTP.

The NCO facilitates multiagency CIC R&D activities, such as thedevelopment of inter-agency CIC programs and the preparation of planning,budget, and assessment documents, and supports the activities of thePresidential Advisory Committee on High Performance Computing andCommunications, Information Technology, and the Next GenerationInternet. The NCO Director, who reports to the Director of the Office ofScience and Technology Policy (OSTP), Executive Office of the President,serves as the chair of the Subcommittee on CIC R&D.

This report highlights many of the vital, ongoing efforts of the CIC R&Dprograms, focusing on representative FY 1998 accomplishments, key FY 1999research and development areas, and the budget crosscut.

This report, all other CIC R&D publications, and links to related Web sitescan be found at http://www.ccic.gov/ and http://www.ngi.gov/.

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Overview HECC research and development (R&D) investmentsprovide the foundation for U.S. leadership in high

end computing and promote the use of high end computing andcomputation in government, academia, industry, and in broad societalapplications. HECC research explores algorithms for physical,chemical, and biological modeling and simulation in complexsystems; information-intensive science and engineering applications;and the advanced concepts in quantum, biological, and opticalcomputing that will keep the U.S. in the forefront of computingbreakthroughs for years to come.

HECC R&D supports critical Federal government mission needs, including:

❐ National security

❐ Environment/climate/weather

❐ Aeronautics and space exploration

❐ Energy research (solar, combustion, fusion)

HECC efforts also promote broad societal applications, including:

❐ Healthcare

❐ Crisis management/natural disaster warnings

❐ Long-term environment and energy management

❐ Education and lifelong learning

Major accomplishments of the Federal investment in high end computinginclude:

❐ Establishing scalable parallel processing as the commercial standardfor high performance computing

❐ Creating massively parallel systems as effective high end computingdevices

❐ Creating the scientific base for high end computing, including trainedscientists and engineers, new architectural approaches and next-generation technologies

9

High End Computing andComputation

Thrust 1: System softwaretechnology

❐ Enabling the technology base for the $2 billion middle range highperformance market that expanded access to high performancecomputing while reducing costs to the Government

❐ Enabling the near-term computing technology for the Department ofEnergy’s (DOE) Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI)

The next major advance is anticipated to be a sustained rate of one petaflops(pflops — 1015 floating-point operations per second). With appropriatefunding, emphasis, and technological attention this milestone may beachieved by 2007, assuming that certain key technologies continue toprogress at current rates.

Federal investments in four HECC areas, or thrusts, will enable developmentof distributed, computation-intensive applications to support future U.S.science and engineering research, national security priorities, and economiccompetitiveness.

The aim of this thrust is to improve the usability and effectiveness ofteraflops-scale systems across a wide range of government, industry, andacademic applications, concentrating on medium term technologydevelopment (three to five years). Thrust 1 activities address high endarchitectures, including symmetric multiprocessor systems (SMPs), clustersof SMPs, and a computational grid of distributed homogeneous andheterogeneous clustered systems. Longer-term activities will focus on thesystem software technology requirements of future generations of high endsystem architectures.

Thrust 1 efforts recognize that Government investments are required, sincethe market size for high end computing is not large enough for systemvendors and independent software vendors (ISVs) to make significantinvestments in the Federal mission-critical system software technologyrequired for computationally intensive applications. It is appropriate that asGovernment-developed system software and tools mature they become theproperty of non-government entities and shared resources throughoutappropriate segments of the research community and industry.

Thrust 1 investment focus areas are:

❐ Operating systems and input/output (I/O)

❐ Languages and compilers

❐ Programming interfaces and libraries

❐ Debugging and performance tools

❐ Scientific visualization

❐ Data management

❐ Common framework and infrastructure

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Driven by Federal, academic, and commercial applications, Thrust 2 focuseson long range research and technology development to achieve a sustainedpflops (1015 floating-point operations per second) computational rate andexabyte (1018 byte) storage.

Thrust 2 activities will support U.S. global leadership in high end computing(HEC), ensuring that scientists and engineers, especially those working onFederal missions, will continue to have access to the most powerfulcomputers, and assuring that the research and technology necessary for HECsystems will be available to U.S. industry. Activities requiring petaflops speedand exabyte storage include:

B iology:

❐ Simulations of complex biological systems (membranes, synthesismachinery, and DNA) and “post genome” connection of genomeinformation to biological function

B usiness:

❐ Modeling of complex transportation, communication, and economicsystems

The Earth and the environment:

❐ Modeling of integrated Earth systems (ocean, atmosphere, bio-geosphere)

❐ Comprehensive modeling of ground water and oil reservoirs forcontamination and management

❐ Design of new chemical compounds and synthesis pathways forenvironmental safety and cost improvements

❐ Data assimilation and data fusion capabilities applied to remotesensing and environmental models for 4-D/6-D integration ofinformation

Materials science and manufacturing:

❐ Materials simulations that bridge the gap between microscale andmacroscale (bulk materials)

❐ Coupled electro-mechanical simulations of nano-scale structures(dynamics and mechanics of micro-machines)

❐ Full plant optimization for complex processes (chemical,manufacturing, and assembly problems)

❐ Complete engine simulation combining high-resolution reacting flowproblems (combustion, chemical mixing, and multiphase flow) withmechanical and material properties

Thrust 2: Leading-edge researchfor future generations ofcomputing

11

HECC

Thrust 3: Incorporatingtechnology into applications

Thrust 4: Infrastructure forresearch in HECC

Thrust 1

Distributed computing

Physics:

❐ Multidisciplinary optimization problems in combining structures,fluids, and geometry

❐ Simulation of plasma fusion devices and basic physics for controlledfusion (to optimize the design of future reactors) combining alllength and time scales from electrons to macroscopic turbulence

❐ Total design of new experimental facilities in high-energy physics —from beams to magnets to detectors to tunnels

❐ Modeling and simulation of complex physical processes related toDOE’s ASCI program, to include areas such as the simulation of gasturbine engines, shock waves, astrophysical thermonuclear flashes,accidental fires and explosions, and solid propellant rockets

Many HECC agencies support mission-driven scientific applicationsrequiring large scale computation-intensive and/or data-intensive operationsspanning the full space-time spectrum of scientific problems. Thrust 3 R&Dwill incorporate the first use of HECC methods into agency applications, andencourage the use of computational science algorithms to solve problemsrequiring high performance computational facilities, ensuring that keyapplications execute at full potential.

Advances are needed in fast, efficient algorithms for computational sciencetechniques that address problems in very large, sparse matrices, searching,sorting, and pattern matching. Research on algorithms with large amounts ofconcurrency, fault tolerance, and latency-hiding is crucial for high endcomputational systems of the future.

The Thrust 4 objective is to ensure a balanced R&D infrastructure withmaximum computational strength and bandwidth. Interdependent with LSNactivities, this thrust supports the research facilities built on large scale testsystems and on large scale, high performance computational grids andnetworks.

Prudent agency investments in coordinated R&D areas will enabledevelopment of the distributed, computation-intensive, and data-intensiveapplications needed to assure future scientific, engineering, and economiccompetitiveness, and fulfill national security requirements. Select agencyR&D efforts, organized by thrust area, include the following:

System software technology — FY 1998 accomplishments and FY 1999plans

National Science Foundation (NSF) -supported work in distributedmultimedia systems has as objectives the development of:

❐ Methods for providing provable Quality of Service (QoS)

❐ QoS guarantees for multimedia applications over heterogeneousnetworks

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❐ Algorithms and protocols optimized for transmitting live and storedaudio and video streams

❐ Routing and resource reservation algorithms

❐ Techniques for integrating traffic management

Time-variant QoS management combines research from real-time systemsmodeling, computer networks, and distributed systems. B rokerageprocedures to negotiate and renegotiate required timing constraints, anddistributed control mechanisms to satisfy time-variant QoS provision andadaptation during the transmission are being developed. This NSF-supported work is being performed at the University of Maryland, theUniversity of Texas at Austin, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

NSF-funded researchers at Carnegie-Mellon University have developedmethods and implementations that allow highly secure execution of codedownloaded from untrusted sources. The problem of intrusion via importedprograms has become significant in the Java/Web-based environment ofmuch of today’s computing. The new technique is based on downloadingwith the code a proof that the code satisfies desirable safety characteristics.Theorem-proving software on the receiving site checks the given proofagainst the code, assuring that the code indeed conforms. If either the codeor the proof has been tampered with or otherwise corrupted, the proof willfail, making this method highly resistant to attack. This work capitalizes onresearch in programming language semantics, theorem proving, compilertechniques, and formal methods. Early products of this research are relativelyefficient proof-checking mechanisms and a “certifying” compiler for asignificant subset of C++, a compiler that annotates the compiled code withpredicates that it guarantees are satisfied by the object.

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) -supported projectsdevelop scalable software geared toward easing the use of systems byapplication programmers. In FY 1998, DARPA will:

❐ Release HPC++ languages and runtime services supporting both taskand data parallelism

❐ Develop languages and runtime services supporting parallelapplications such as advanced distributed simulation

❐ Demonstrate experimental versions of new iterative solvers for radarcross-section modeling

In FY 1999, DARPA plans to:

❐ Release a prototype subsystem supporting adaptive resourceallocation and consumption in response to changing workload andresource availability

❐ Demonstrate an experimental scalable image processing applicationusing embedded systems

13

HECC

Proof carrying code

Scalable softwareand ease of use

Operating system extensions

High performance software tools

In FY 1999, DARPA plans to design instruction set extensions and storagecomponents to allow Defense applications to specify whether operations areexecuted in the central processor or in logic circuits embedded in thememory hierarchy.

DOE computer science and software tools work focuses on software tofacilitate the use of high performance systems for solving scientific problems.Efforts range from efficient operating systems and I/O for massively parallelprocessing (MPP), to frameworks for isolating application codes from theunderlying hardware details, to tools for monitoring the performance ofscientific applications, and to efforts to improve the management,visualization, and understanding of the results of high end computations.

DOE projects include software tools for program development environmentsand performance monitoring for Advanced Computational Testing andSimulation (ACTS). The goal is to develop an integrated set of algorithms,software tools, and infrastructure that will enable computer simulation to beused in place of experiments when real experiments are too dangerous,expensive, inaccessible, or not politically feasible.

In FY 1998, DOE will:

❐ Develop scripting interface languages for object-oriented numerics

❐ Complete a parallel program analysis framework for the ACTSToolkit

❐ Develop a high performance software component architecture for theScientific Template Library (SciTL)

❐ Extend SciTL with a shared-memory access programming model

In FY 1999, DOE will extend SciTL for wide area execution to support com-putational grid applications.

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The SOLITAIRE board contains a complete SGI/CRAY J90System Element, which includes four vector processors,network crossbar, I/O, and 1/2 Gbyte of dynamic randomaccess memory (DRAM). There are nine diamond based diecast multichip modules (MCMs) mounted on one side ofthe board and eight die cast MCMs mounted on the reverseside. SOLITAIRE represents a new achievement in doublesided board column grid attachment, featuring over 25,000connections between the modules and the board. Thisrepackaging implementation of the System Element is 80percent smaller and 75 percent lighter than the commercialproduct, and concentrates 500 Watts onto a 10 inch squareboard.

Earth and Space Sciences (ESS)

MARQUISE

Microelectronics in high speedcomputing

The FY 1998 goal of NASA’s ESS scalable testbed is 50 gigaflops sustained.For this effort, NASA will develop pre-competitive prototype systemssoftware that provides high availability and portability demonstrated in alarge scale production environment with the objective of eventualcommercial availability. In FY 1998, the goal of NASA’s 100-250 gigaflopssustained scalable testbed is 100 gigaflops sustained.

In FY 1999, NSA will flight test SOLITAIRE, the embedded high performancecomputer prototype developed under the MARQUISE program, on an AirForce aircraft. The agency will continue research on miniaturized, spraycooled, and embedded diamond power supplies. In FY 1999, NSA expects todemonstrate a 48-Volt to 2.8-Volt @ 200 Amps high-efficiency powerconverter with a power density of 2 Kwatts/inch^3.

NSA continues to conduct research in embedded scalable nodes (the follow-on architecture to MARQUISE) for mission scenarios, and has selected threepotential repackaging implementations that could make a 100 percentsoftware-compatible, miniaturized high performance computer available sixmonths after the introduction of the commercial computer.

Related NSA research areas include synthetic diamond packaging technology,all-optical switching, and optoelectronic integrated circuit packagingtechnology. Other activities include:

❐ Point-of-use power conversion for power reduction

❐ Area array I/O design studies for low power implementations of highperformance MCM

❐ Very high level programmable accelerator plug-ins for standardarchitectures

15

HECC

Pictured to the right is a 128x128superconductive crossbar switch.The switch matrix is mounted onthe 4"-diameter MCM andmaintained at 4 degrees Kelvintemperature. It is connected to itsroom-temperature environment byan eight multichannel electricalcable.

UPC

Quantum computing

Performance measurement andtesting technologies

Parallelizing environmentalmodeling software

NSA’s Center for Computing Sciences (CCS), in partnership with theUniversity of California at B erkeley and Lawrence Livermore NationalLaboratory, is developing UPC, a language that combines features of theCCS-developed AC with features of Split-C and PCP, two other parallel Clanguages. UPC represents an attempt to develop a base language that couldbecome a standard for explicitly-parallel C. UPC extends AC in three ways:

❐ It adds keywords that enable programmers to control memoryconsistency to balance safety and performance.

❐ It enables blocking of arrays across processors to improve theperformance and ease of programming for select applications.

❐ It introduces a “forall” concept to handle load balancing in loops thatcan be executed in parallel.

In FY 1998 and 1999, NSA will continue fundamental exploratory studies inquantum computation theory and experimentation, including algorithmsand complexity theory, quantum error correction techniques, quantumdecoherence processes, and small scale laboratory implementations.

NIST continues developing application-level measurement techniques forlocal area network (LAN) -clustered workstations, including physicalperformance monitors and software tools. These include the acquisition ofperformance information from the operating system, communicationlibraries, and their associated daemons, all of which have an impact onconcurrent applications, but today provide little, if any, feedback to the user.Since the kernel and daemons operate in parallel with the application, dataacquisition and resolution are more difficult. NIST will investigate the Linuxkernel and message passing libraries such as MPI to provide performanceinformation and develop techniques that allow users to acquire informationselectively. Other work includes investigations into optical tape subsystemdesigns and testing methods for digital video disk (DVD) media.

A framework for parallelizing a broad range of environmental modelingcodes has been developed by EPA-supported researchers at Iowa StateUniversity. The key feature is class-specific automatic parallelization wherehigh-level knowledge about the specific class is used to arrive at efficientparallel codes. This approach combines expert system and compilertechnologies to automate tedious and time-consuming aspects of hand

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A spray cooled dc/dc converter can supply an impressive 200 W/in3. Thismagnitude of miniaturization allows tight integration of the power converterand electronics in a shared environment. Point of load conversion eliminatesheavy bus bars and rigid cables by distributing power at high voltage and lowcurrent. Spray cooling results in relaxed device specifications and improvedreliability due to reduced operating junction temperatures and thermalgradient. A 28 vdc/4 vdc spray cooled converter is pictured to the right.

HPC modernization

Common High PerformanceComputing Software SupportInitiative (CHSSI)

Thrust 2

Computational models

Intelligent systems technology

coding. The current system (PA-1) can parallelize 3-D time matching explicitfinite difference codes. One person used PA-1 to parallelize the MesoscaleMeteorology model (MM5) in two weeks, as compared to three years formanual parallelization. A scalable 2-D Regional Acid Deposition Model wasparallelized in three weeks versus 10 months for manual parallelization of asimpler one-dimensional model.

Although not formally part of the CIC R&D crosscut, the Department ofDefense (DoD) HPC Modernization Program, which is represented on theHECC Working Group, will provide advanced hardware, computing tools,and training to DoD researchers using the latest technology to support thewarfighter. Incorporating high performance computing into the systemdesign process will allow the U.S. to maintain its technological supremacy inweapons systems design into the foreseeable future, and the use of highperformance computing in the early stages of system acquisition willdecrease the total life-cycle costs of new warfighting support systems.

Also part of the DoD HPC Modernization Program, CHSSI is an applicationsoftware development program designed to provide DoD computationalscientists and engineers with software for scalable computing systems. Theseproducts will improve DoD science and technology and developmental testand evaluation computation. Core applications focus on improved 21stcentury military capability.

Leading edge research for future generations computing — FY 1998accomplishments and FY 1999 plans

In computational models, DARPA will conduct R&D in new classes ofcomputing technologies that may offer performance/cost/size/weight/powerimprovements beyond the limits of today’s semiconductor-based computing.

The focus of DARPA’s intelligent systems technology effort is on advancedtechniques for knowledge representation, reasoning, and machine learning,which enable computer understanding of spoken and written language andimages. Intelligent systems technology research includes:

❐ Human computer interaction technology focusing on designmethods and enabling technology for more natural interactionbetween people and computers

❐ Prototype robust spoken and text language technologies withemphasis on affordable dialog grammars and understanding(FY 1998)

❐ Human-computer dialogue interaction for crisis planning andautomatic transcription of conversational speech over battlefieldradio (FY 1999)

❐ Microelectronic science focusing on circuitry and software that willenable highly configurable computational and storage elements

❐ Advanced methods for planning, scheduling, and resource allocation

17

HECC

Scalable computing

Ultrascale computing

Global scale system software

Information survivability

This R&D focuses on hardware and software technologies leading to a securescalable computing and communications technology base for systemsconfigured over a wide performance range, from mobile handheld devices, todesktop workstations, to large scale distributed systems. In FY 1998, DARPAwill demonstrate highly efficient, parallel nodes; auto-parallelization of fileI/O for scalable systems; first node-level performance of ultra-low-powersystems; performance of novel backplane networks supporting security; andhardware-accelerated, distributed, shared-memory performance onworkstation clusters.

In FY 1998, DARPA will:

❐ Design, model, and assess both the quantum-to-Si hardware andsoftware interface and language for expressing amorphousalgorithmic computations

❐ Demonstrate a 256-component addressed array of molecularcomputational mechanisms and evaluate surface patterningmechanisms for culturing neural components on silicon

❐ Investigate computational models suitable for implementation usingultra scale computing techniques

In FY 1999 DARPA will:

❐ Demonstrate and validate ultra scale computing models, withemphasis on DNA-based logic operations, cell-based computation,and novel communication pathways, and the scalability of thesetechniques in Defense applications

❐ Conduct a system-level design and simulation study of a computationmodel based on large amorphous arrays, demonstrate a prototypearray with more than 1,000 elements, and establish the role of nuclearmagnetic resonance technologies in developing a quantumcomputing research medium

In FY 1998, DARPA will:

❐ Develop quality-of-service negotiation protocols and adaptiveresource discovery protocols

❐ Demonstrate coarse- and fine-grained performance-driven resourceallocation mechanisms, achieving performance between 30 and 50percent of optimal

In FY 1999, DARPA plans to focus on integrating a multi-attribute quality ofservice specification language architecture and demonstrating path-basedpropagation of quality of service constraints across layer and networkboundaries.

DARPA research in information survivability will focus on:

❐ Developing an architecture for low-power configurablecomputational elements

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Multi-threaded architecture(MTA)

Non-binary optical storagesystems

Multi-user detection in CDMAcommunication systems

Knowledge Networking

HTMT

❐ Demonstrating real-time adaptive control and resource management

❐ Releasing Defense-critical software based on scalable librarytechnologies

In FY 1999, DARPA plans to:

❐ Investigate novel control mechanisms for self-organizing andautonomous systems

❐ Validate low-power configurable architecture, develop supportingsoftware, and demonstrate automated mapping of 500,000 elements

In FY 1998, as part of its work in evaluating prototype computing systems,DOE will evaluate the performance of a suite of algorithms and DOE-criticalapplications on the first Tera Computer system, which is used in evaluatingthe MTA that is critical to all proposed petaflops architectures. In FY 1999,DOE will evaluate software requirements for petaflops systems and newarchitectural developments.

Today’s optical disks represent data in a binary format — zeroes and ones.NSF-funded researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology aredeveloping optical systems to store data in “M-ary” format, where M can belarger than two. Working with Optex Communication Corporation,researchers helped design the signal processing components of an opticalmemory in which each stored symbol can take on one of M=6 differentvalues, resulting in greater information density per square inch in opticalrecording. This research is funded by a Presidential Early Career Award forScience and Engineering (PECASE).

Code division multiple access (CDMA) permits multiple users to be assignedthe same frequency in a digital cellular communication system: each user getsa unique signature sequence that can be recognized even when there isinterference from other users. In this NSF-funded work, multi-user detectionis a new approach to implementing CDMA that exploits the fact that the basestation knows the signature sequences for all users and can use thatknowledge to better combat interference.

Optimal multi-user detection is prohibitively complex to implement today.However, NSF-funded researchers at the New Jersey Institute of Technology,North Carolina State University, Ohio State University, Rice University, andthe University of Colorado are developing low-complexity algorithms andassociated hardware. The benefit will be the ability to handle more users percell at higher data rates.

NSF will continue to support a broad academic research program incomputing systems, including “Knowledge Networking,” an initiative focusedon the next generation of interconnected networks and associated databaseand collaborative technologies.

NSA’s Hybrid Technology Multithreaded (HTMT) architecture effort is acollaborative project among a dozen research groups (Caltech/JPL,University of Delaware, SUNY Stony B rook, University of Notre Dame,

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HECC

High speed circuits

RES, JACKAL, and LOTS

Thrust 3

High performance simulation ofmultiphysics problems

Princeton University plus an association of other government and industrylabs). The objective is to define a very high performance computer systemthat can reach a petaflop level of performance in significantly less time than aconventional approach. HTMT will be based on a unique multithreadedexecution model and will use a combination of leading-edge technologies,including superconducting technology, high-speed VLSI semiconductortechnology, optical interconnect, and storage technology. The system isexpected to be used in several critical high performance applications ofnational strategic importance over the next decade.

An initial study of the original HTMT concept was funded by NSF andNASA in 1996-1997. A comprehensive design study of HTMT is nowsponsored by DARPA, NSA, and NASA, and is managed through Caltech andJPL. The research being performed at University of Delaware is focused onthe program execution and architecture model of HTMT.

NSA is conducting research to determine whether electronics can handle the100 Gb/s serial data rates of fiber optic links. Uses include Tb/sec datatransfer.

RES, a system developed in 1991-1992 with NSA HPCC funds, was designedto harness “idle” workstations. It is seeing increasingly widespread use and isthe subject of continuing enhancement.

JACKAL is a cliche-based software reverse-engineering research system(where a “cliche” is an “interesting” piece of code). Input to JACKAL is ahigh-level abstract language translation of source code (when available) ordecompiled code. JACKAL uses tree-matching and string-matchingalgorithms to identify cliches.

Archival store for I/O is a major element in all computing systems. NSA isdeveloping LOTS, an optical tape system with ten times the storage per tapeand at least ten times the input data rate compared with conventional largestores.

Incorporation of HECC technologies into real applications — FY 1998accomplishments and FY 1999 plans

NSF will support the simulation of physically realizable systems, givingphysical scientists the ability to predict properties and function fromfundamental structure. R&D in this area could lead, for example, to newlightweight, high strength biomimetic materials, or could enable the designof chemicals to immobilize viruses.

This NSF-funded collaborative effort involves computer science andcomputational mathematics researchers at the University of Colorado-B oulder and the University of Colorado-Denver. The engineering activitiesare driven by the simulation of problems encountered in aerospace, civil, andmechanical engineering. The problem areas selected include at least twomechanical fields; a common basis in modeling, problem decomposition,and parallel simulation methods; a need for extensive scientific visualization;and the requirement for a common overarching software/hardware

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Multi-model multi-domaincomputational methods

Smart antennas

infrastructure. The research in computational mathematics will focus on thetheoretical foundation of multiphysics simulation and the design of newalgorithms in interface conditions, fast nonlinear solvers, and staggeredmulti-field timestepping. The computer science research will focus on thedevelopment of a Problem Solving Environment (PSE) for applicationsproblems that is suitable for the parallel implementation of large scalemultiphysics simulations. The primary goal is to provide transparent,portable, and scalable access to all of the resources needed for executing largeparallel applications on heterogeneous and/or distributed systems, includinginterprocessor communication, visualization, debugging, and performancemonitoring.

A collaboration among Old Dominion University, University of Colorado-B oulder, Notre Dame University, New York University (NYU)-CourantInstitute, B oeing Company, and Argonne National Laboratory, this NSF-funded project will develop a software laboratory for aerodynamics andacoustics problems through domain decomposition methods of task-parallel(involving multiple models, such as a viscous boundary layer and an inviscidfree stream) and data-parallel (involving multiple subdomains, for additionalconcurrency) types. The project unifies several pairwise collaborationsamong numerical analysts, parallel algorithmicists, engineers, and computerscientists into a vertically integrated demonstration of a Grand Challengecomputational philosophy; namely, that the solution to Grand Challengeproblems is most feasible and cost-effective when software permits users toconveniently adapt the fidelity of the computational model and the strengthof the local solver from region to region within an overall implicitalgorithmic framework.

The explosion of the cellular communications industry between 1995 and1997 prompted communications companies to explore the use of antennaarrays at cellular base stations as a means to improve both the channelcapacity and quality of wireless communications — cellular telephony,personal communications services (PCS), and wireless local area networks —by exploiting the enhanced interference rejection capability they provide. It ispredicted that by the year 2005, all cellular and PCS base stations will employsome form of smart antenna technology, and many companies willdemonstrate working systems. An example is ArrayComm’s IntelliCell B aseStation Array, which demonstrated uplink and downlink capacityimprovements. NSF funded the development of this array and ultimately thecreation of this company. ArrayComm provides hundreds of such arrays forJapan’s personal communication systems.

The world market for base station antennas for digital wireless applications isprojected to grow at an unprecedented rate. Cellular carriers in the U.S. mayneed 15,000 new cell sites over the next decade to upgrade their services andmeet anticipated demand. PCS services may require an additional 100,000sites.

NSF continues to fund work in this area at B righam Young University, theUniversity of Texas, and Purdue University. Researchers have built smartantenna systems to test uplink/downlink scenarios in real environments.Further experiments include channel measurements in troublesome

21

HECC

Geometric shape analysisapplied to molecular biology

NASA advancedsupercomputing applications

environments, such as highly reverberant areas, in order to determine whenand where fades occur, and to determine the means to combat themelectronically. The goal is to uncover performance gaps between existingcommercial systems and theoretical optimal performance and improvecompression algorithms.

The “alpha-shape” approach is used to describe geometric surfaces andvolumes. In an NSF-funded multi-year computational geometry project atthe University of Illinois, a molecular biology research group has applied thealpha-shape approach to study building blocks of light harvesting proteins.The approach is proving uniquely able to identify and simplify proteinshapes without losing the topological characteristics of surfaces involved inaggregation.

NASA supports R&D in advanced supercomputing applications. Researchareas include the following:

❐ Three-dimensional spherical simulations of the Earth’s core andmantle dynamics, with Johns Hopkins University. This effort willsimulate the chaotic processes that drive the evolution of the planet’sinterior, and in turn shape its surface, over timescales ranging fromhundreds to millions of years.

❐ Advanced computing technology applications to Synthetic ApertureRadar (SAR) interferometry and imaging science, with Jet PropulsionLaboratory (JPL). Using multiple supercomputers to process andvisualize satellite-collected SAR data will allow close monitoring ofregional changes in alpine glaciers, plate tectonics, and rain forests.

❐ Four dimensional data assimilation — investigation of highperformance computing and current algorithms, conducted atNASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center and the University of Maryland.The focus is on melding observations and climate model predictioninto a robust data analysis scheme for NASA’s Earth ObservingSystem to provide accurate pictures of the atmosphere through spaceand time.

❐ Development of an Earth system model — atmosphere/oceandynamics and tracer chemistry, with the University of California, LosAngeles. Aimed at realistic portrayal of the Earth’s climate, this effortwill develop and couple four highly complex models with high spatialresolutions: atmospheric general circulation, oceanic generalcirculation, atmospheric chemistry, and oceanic chemistry.

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In these snapshots of simulated neutron star mergers, thelighter color signifies higher matter density and the darkercolor, lower density. Embodying some gravitational effects,simulations show that gravitational radiation lossesinfluence instabilities during the merger. Only fullrelativistic calculations, now underway through NASA-supported R&D, can predict the gravitational wave signaland probe the possibility of resulting black holes.

Computational Aerosciences(CAS)

❐ Scalable parallel finite-element computations of Rayleigh-B enard-Marangoni problems in a microgravity environment, with theUniversity of Texas, Austin. Modeling of fluid flows in low gravityenvironments will test the effectiveness of manufacturing higherquality thin films and coating processes in space and the functioningof the space station’s life support and safety systems.

❐ Turbulent convection and dynamos in stars, with the University ofChicago. This research will probe fundamental and little-understoodturbulent processes in the interior of stars like the sun.

❐ Understanding solar activity and heliospheric dynamics, with theNaval Research Laboratory. Using NASA observations, the tangledthree-dimensional structures that develop in the magnetic field of theSun’s corona, or outermost layer, will be modeled.

❐ Parallel adaptive methods for multiscale modeling of the heliosphere,a multipurpose three-dimensional code for relativistic astrophysicsand gravitational wave astronomy, with the University of Michigan.From the corona to the free-streaming interstellar medium,computational studies will be used to understand the interaction ofthe solar wind with galactic gases and plasmas, as well as withmagnetized and unmagnetized bodies in the solar system.

❐ A multipurpose three-dimensional code for relativistic astrophysicsand gravitational wave astronomy — application to coalescing, ormerging, neutron stars, with the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. This project will combine fluid dynamics and generalrelativity to develop computational methods to study the merger oftwo neutron stars, a process that encompasses many aspects ofrelativistic astrophysics and thus provides a basis for studying similarphenomena such as black holes and supernovae.

CAS supports NASA aeronautics programs and is driven by the needs of theaeronautics industry. Its goal is to accelerate the development and availabilityof high performance computing technology to the U.S. aerospacecommunity, to facilitate the adoption and use of this technology by the U.S.aerospace industry, and to hasten the emergence of commercial hardwareand software markets.

The CAS project is developing computational techniques and applications tosolve Grand Challenge problems, which include multidisciplinarysimulations of complete aircraft throughout their flight envelopes. Theseefforts will be structured with near-term, intermediate, and long-term

23

HECC

NASA is involved in ongoing research on high speed civil transport and highperformance aircraft. Images generated by high performance computingtechnology, such as the one pictured to the right, illustrate the wake systemsassociated with each blade of an aircraft engine. Such illustrations helpresearchers to better understand blade-vortex interaction.

DOE Grand Challengeapplications

Molecular structure predictionand simulations

milestones that, at each stage, provide end-user benefits. These milestoneswill be pursued in close cooperation with academia and the aerospaceindustry.

CAS works with the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation (NAS) programand the NASA Research and Education Network (NREN) to ensure that theaerospace community has access to the NREN and the CAS testbeds. TheCAS project is also encouraging joint development of new metrics thataddress affordability and cycle time. Research on high speed civil transport(airframe and engine) and high performance aircraft (airframe and simpleengine) is ongoing.

In support of its Grand Challenge applications, DOE R&D covers topics thatinclude raw computational efficiency in quantum chromodynamics software,massive data requirements of relativistic heavy ion collider experiments,Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) applications, andvisualization for global change modeling. DOE also conducts R&D incollaborative tools and information surety techniques. In FY 1998, DOE willcoordinate its DOE 2000, Grand Challenge, ASCI, and ACTS R&D.

In FY 1998, NIH organizations National Library of Medicine (NLM),National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), Division of ComputerResearch and Technology (DCRT), National Cancer Institute (NCI), andNational Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) will refine newmethods for ab initio structure prediction for use in the pharmaceuticalindustry. The Institutes will improve computational technologies for largersimulations of protein, DNA, and membrane complexes in water

24

The image on the left consists of transverse sections of a 3-D positron emission tomography (PET) image reconstructedusing a maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm. In this NIH study, a rat was injected with the fluorine-18 analogue ofglucose (18F-2-deoxy-D-glucose) and subjected to visual stimuli. High-resolution cortical and subcortical activations arevisible. The images on the right are transverse, coronal, and sagittal cross sections of a 3-D PET image reconstructed usingan ML algorithm.

Reconstruction of 3-D positronemission tomography images

environments. (Note: As of February, 1998, DCRT’s activities became part ofNIH’s Center for Information Technology— [CIT].)

NCRR will provide parallel computing applications in biochemistry,molecular biology, and cellular biology with access to supercomputingsystems, large databases, and other resources through Web-based browsers.Thus, complex simulations related to receptor sites and other drug designR&D can be conducted over the Internet. NCRR will integrate 3-D graphicssoftware, software tools for magnetic resonance spectroscopy data analysisand molecular structure determination, and other software tools to providenew capabilities for structure-based drug design. CIT will improve methodsfor predicting protein-drug binding energies, and will develop highperformance computing methods for biomedical applications.

NCI provides state of the art capabilities in a fully integrated highperformance computing center, applies high performance parallel computingand communication methods to biomedical applications, and evaluates newscalable parallel architectures for biomedical applications.

In positron emission tomography (PET), images are reconstructed from a setof projected measurements in what is classically known as the inverseproblem. While advances in detector technology have enabled researchers touse these techniques to study small animals, the data exhibit poor countingstatistics. The quality of the reconstructed image can be improved byincorporating a statistical model of the scanning process into thereconstruction algorithm. In particular, reconstruction based on themaximum likelihood (ML) criterion show both reduced noise and improvedresolution.

These methods are being used to study the phenotypical consequences ofgenomic manipulation in mice and rats. The Nuclear Medicine Departmentat NIH is developing a high resolution small animal PET imaging systemusing new scintillation crystal technology. Image sensitivity is beingimproved both through acquiring 3-D data and using ML-basedreconstruction. CIT has developed 3-D algorithms for these scanners. Thesealgorithms exploit the inherent sparsity and symmetries in the matrix that

25

HECC

Coupling high performance computing systems with visualization tools permitstheoretical investigations of complex biomedical systems. The figure shows a

lipoprotein complex model with the lipids (green) in the center surroundedby the proteins (blue and red). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) circulates

in the bloodstream, extracting cholesterol from body tissues andtransporting it to the liver for excretion or recycling. Increased levels

of HDL have been correlated with a decreased risk of arteriosclerosis, aprimary cause of cardiovascular disease. NIH-supported researcherscombined experimental evidence about the structure of HDL particleswith protein structure predictions to produce a preliminary model ofHDL. Predicting 3-D protein structure from one-dimensional sequence

data uses high performance parallel computing techniques. Understandingcomplex biological functions requires determining the structure and properties of large

molecular complexes.

Image management andcommunications systems

Radiology ConsultationWorkstation (RCWS)

models the scanner. The reconstruction software also decomposes theproblem in parallel and takes advantage of high bandwidth I/O in CIT’s IB MSP2 parallel computing system. Early visual stimulus studies revealedunprecedented cortical and subcortical activity in mouse and rat brains.

CIT plans to complete this work in FY 1998. The Nuclear MedicineDepartment will attempt to achieve the once unattainable goal of 0.5-mmresolution with less than 10 percent coefficient of variation for this new-generation small animal scanning system.

In FY 1999, CIT will continue developing methods and algorithms forbiomedical applications that can benefit from computational speedup, suchas image processing of electron micrographs, radiation treatment planning,medical imaging, and protein and nucleic acid sequence analysis.

CIT, NCI, and the NIH Clinical Center are implementing a prototype high-speed telemedicine network to support multimedia communication formedical research and education. The prototype will include twoAsynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switches, with 16 ports each, to supportmultimedia communication at 155 Mb/s. Washington University in St. Louishas developed an ATM-based multimedia consultation environment thatincludes prototype medical workstations. This network environment willinitially support high performance radiation therapy planning.

RCWS is a specialized imaging workstation for real-time telemedicineconsultation and for medical education. Designed to provide high-resolutiondisplay of medical images, the RCWS allows remote consultations betweenradiologists and other medical specialists over the ATM network describedabove. A shared cursor permits collaborators to use outlining to identifyorgans and lesions. The identified regions of interest are transmitted in realtime to all other RCWS sites participating in the consultation to plan aradiotherapy treatment. The CIT IB M SP2 parallel computing system will beused for the computationally intensive radiation therapy planningcalculations.

26

Pictured at the right is a conformation of prion protein asdetermined through magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Prions area novel class of “infectious” pathogens distinct from viruses withrespect to both their structure and the neurodegenerativediseases that they cause. Prion diseases are manifested assporadic, inherited, and infectious disorders including scrapieand bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) ofanimals as well as kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), andfatal familial insomnia of humans.

Prion protein (PrP) is the major, if not the only, component ofprions. PrP exists in two isoforms: the normal cellular form(PrPC) shown here and the abnormal disease (scrapie)-relatedform (PrPSc).

Environmental protection

EPA’s scalable software libraries

RCWS goals include connecting the NIH prototype ATM telemedicinenetwork to Washington, DC-area military medical centers and toWashington University in St. Louis. To this end, NIH is connected to theAdvanced Technology Development Network (ATDNet) — begun byDARPA and now funded by several Federal agencies — that circles theWashington, DC metropolitan area. NIH will use NASA’s AdvancedCommunication Technology Satellite (ACTS), which connects to ATDNet atthe NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), and provides connectivityto Kansas City, MO.

In FY 1998, additional RCWS nodes will be installed at Walter Reed ArmyMedical Center and the National Naval Medical Center, to allow multimediatelemedicine consultations between those institutions and NCI. Imagecommunication software will be developed to allow the interchange ofcomputerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance images (MRI)between the RCWS and select commercial radiotherapy treatment planningsystems. In FY 1998, cardiology applications will be the second medicalspecialty for which the RCWS is adapted.

The goal of EPA’s program is to accelerate the evolution of HECCtechnologies to meet environmental protection mission objectives. EPA R&Din problem solving environments for multi-discipline environmentalmodeling builds on earlier achievements in technology development andintegration for an air quality modeling framework.

EPA HECC R&D develops scalable computational algorithms and integratesHECC technologies developed by other agencies to explore the feasibility ofnew paradigms for community problem solving environments and for multi-discipline, multi-pollutant, multi-scale environmental exposure assessment.EPA fosters interagency collaboration on development and testing of HECCtechnologies to provide a foundation upon which the scientific and HPCcommunities can build, component by component, complex highperformance environmental management tools. A collaborative approachcan leverage scientific and technology advancements of other Federalagencies, academia, and research institutions to more rapidly evolve aunified, comprehensive approach to multi-discipline environmentalmodeling.

EPA-supported projects develop scalable software libraries, cross-platformdistributed data management and computing methods, multivariatevisualization techniques including high performance geospatial analysis, andmodular software for an integrated problem solving framework to simplifycommunity development and use of complex multidiscipline ecosystem andhuman exposure models. The framework technology facilitatesinterdisciplinary coordination, data and code sharing, and rapid infusion ofnew technology and science into integrated environmental problem solvingtools.

In FY 1998, EPA will:

❐ Modularize 3-D hydrodynamics and water quality models for parallelsolvers and reusable environmental process modules

27

HECC

Environmental modeling

❐ Explore component-based model construction of tree/forest growthand succession suitable for parallel processing

❐ Develop parallel algorithms for clustering raster-based data andperforming arithmetic operations on the clusters

❐ Demonstrate a parallelization agent to support legacy environmentalmodeling codes

EPA’s Models-3 is a flexible software system for developing and usingenvironmental assessment and decision support tools. The CommunityMultiscale Air Quality model has been integrated into Models-3 for urban toregional scale air quality simulation of ground level ozone, acid deposition,visibility, and fine particulates. Components of Models-3 assist in design andpreparation of source emission inventories compatible with a variety of airquality modeling capabilities. Models-3 is a community framework forcontinual advancement and use of environmental assessment tools.

The Models-3 framework provides an interface between the user andoperational models, between the scientist and developing models, andbetween the hardware and software, thus enhancing the user’s ability toperform a wide range of environmental management tasks, from regulatoryand policy analysis to understanding the interactions of atmosphericchemistry and physics. The framework uses specialized object libraries and alayered design that isolates critical system components, thus minimizing theimpact of hardware and software upgrades. A client-server architecture inconjunction with a standardized data interface and object-oriented databasecontaining metadata enables transparent use of scalable computingplatforms and access to data across the network. The object data base alsocontains application-specific globally shared data, such as model domain,map projections, grid resolution, and chemical species, that enable theinterchange of science codes while maintaining user control of modelspecifics. A library-based graphical user interface facilitates easy modelexecutions and access to a variety of visualization and analysis packages.

In FY 1999, EPA will:

❐ Develop a framework supervisor to synchronize the exchange ofinstructions and data among parallel tasks with different spatial andtemporal resolutions

28

New developments in EPA-supported analytical modeling are extendingregional scale representations of porous media aquifers. The model to the rightillustrates axisymmetric flow to a partially penetrating well in a stratifiedaquifer.

Aquifer modeling

Large scale environmental flowand transport

Online reference data forcomputational science

❐ Develop techniques for visually comparing multispectral andmultisource satellite data with model prediction data

❐ Develop a prototype temporal geographic information system formultidimensional, multiscale representation of space/timeenvironmental data

❐ Demonstrate the use of ad hoc parallel algorithms for processingintersections associated with adaptive grid techniques

❐ Demonstrate a parallel high performance spatial analysis kernel

❐ Develop parallel data assimilation linking meteorology and hydrologymodels

In FY 1998, new developments in analytical modeling are extending regionalscale representations of porous media aquifers. This EPA-funded work isbased on the superposition of many closed form analytic solutionsrepresenting hydrologic features, such as point sinks for wells, line-sinks forrivers, and areal elements for variable recharge. The solutions contain degreesof freedom that allow them to be chosen and combined so that boundaryconditions are met along certain internal boundaries. Cooperative researchwith Indiana University exploring the implementation of 3-D well elementsin parallel processing computers has resulted in public domain analyticelement research code (ModAEM) available for use on scalable parallelcomputers and personal computers. The University of Minnesota isimplementing variable density flow into analytic element representations ofcoastal aquifers. A case study is simulating the fresh water to salt watertransition in the Upper Chesapeake aquifer.

EPA-funded University of Kentucky researchers have simulated turbulentflows by combining the least-squares finite element method (LSFEM) withlarge eddy simulation (LES). This has been demonstrated in 3-D shear flowproblems and natural convection problems, and has reduced the single-processor computational burden by 75 percent for large shear flow problemscontaining up to one million finite elements with over 7 million unknowns.This robust method enables more efficient solution of larger fluid flow andtransport problems in turbulence prediction and control, meteorology,climatic changes, air pollution, water pollution, and soil contamination.

In FY 1998, NIST will evolve mathematical software repositories intoproblem-solving environments, complete object-oriented libraries for basiclinear algebra and related capabilities, and demonstrate capabilities ondistributed systems.

NIST continues to develop network-based resources that will bring more ofthe process of doing science online. For example, the Matrix Market(http://math.nist.gov/MatrixMarket/) provides researchers and softwaredevelopers with a collection of large sparse matrices from industrialapplications that can be used in comparative studies of linear algebraalgorithms and software. Such problems form the core of many large scaleapplications. NIST is revising and updating the classic NB S (National B ureauof Standards, NIST’s predecessor) Handbook of Mathematical Functions to

29

HECC

High performance linearalgebra software

Algorithm development atNOAA

Advancing the science ofweather forecasting

Geophysical Fluid DynamicsLaboratory (GFDL)

be the basis for an interactive online library of mathematical reference data.It will include extensive formulas, graphics, and tables suitable fordownloading into computer algebra systems and word processors.

NIST continues work in software design strategies that promote usability andmaintainability, as well as high performance, for core numerical linearalgebra operations. For example, NIST is working with the B asic LinearAlgebra Subprograms (B LAS) Technical Forum, an industrial/government/academic consortium, to specify a standard interface to sparse matrixkernels. Such standards permit manufacturers and software developers todevelop specially tuned high performance kernels with a portable interface.NIST is also demonstrating the use of object-oriented software designstrategies in developing numerical toolkits in C++ and Java.

In FY 1998 NOAA plans to continue algorithm development on a scalablesystem to achieve five- to ten-kilometer resolution in mesoscale atmosphericmodels. The agency will explore the design of next-generation environmentalobserving systems to test data assimilation needs for optimizing futureforecast systems and will develop software tools to facilitate conversion fromtraditional shared-memory machines to scalable systems. NOAA willenhance scientific experiments running on high performance computingsystems at its Princeton, NJ, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory(GFDL), and will evaluate the performance of the ETA model at various gridresolutions and assess its potential for operational forecasting.

The Nation’s meteorological observations are a billion-dollar resource.B ecause it has not been possible to design the observing system from awhole-system view, the availability of new technology has driven observingsystems development. The goal of NOAA’s North American AtmosphericObserving System (NAOS) Program is to exploit existing observationalresources more fully and guide the development of future observing systemsmore purposefully. The tests and evaluations of meteorological observingsystems that NAOS advocates require high performance computing hardwareand techniques because both incorporating observations into predictionmodels and running the prediction models themselves are computationallydemanding.

In order to enable more rapid development of the models used in the NAOSprogram, NOAA’s Forecast Systems Laboratory (FSL) in B oulder, CO, hasdeveloped the Scalable Modeling System (SMS) software toolset. B uilt on theindustry-standard Message Passing Interface (MPI), SMS is designed to easethe transfer of existing numerical weather prediction models to highlyparallel computing systems. A key feature is that models parallelized usingSMS are portable to a wide variety of high performance computing systems.In FY 1999, FSL plans to acquire a high performance computing system,continue enhancing its national weather prediction (NWP) models to takeadvantage of the new hardware, and use the new hardware and higherresolution models to conduct NAOS experiments.

The strongest hurricanes experienced on Earth may be upstaged by evenmore intense hurricanes over the next century as the Earth’s climate iswarmed by increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Most

30

Thrust 4

Partnerships for AdvancedComputational Infrastructure(PACI)

DOE High PerformanceComputing Resource Providers(HPCRPs)

hurricanes do not reach their maximum potential intensity before weakeningover land or cooler ocean regions. However, those storms that do approachtheir upper-limit intensity are expected to be stronger in the warmer climatedue to the higher sea surface temperatures. According to a new simulation byGFDL scientists, a 5 to 12 percent increase in wind speeds for the strongesthurricanes is projected if tropical sea surfaces warm by a little over 2˚C.

Although such an increase in the upper-limit intensity of hurricanes due toglobal warming was suggested on theoretical grounds a decade ago, thisinvestigation is the first to examine the question using a hurricane predictionmodel that is being used operationally to simulate realistic hurricanestructures. GFDL simulated samples of hurricanes from both the present-dayclimate and from a greenhouse-gas warmed climate by linking informationfrom its global climate model into its high-resolution hurricane predictionmodel. The latter has been successfully used by NOAA’s National Centers forEnvironmental Prediction to predict tropical storm tracks for the last severalhurricane seasons. The climate model is a leading model used by climateresearchers to project possible effects of greenhouse gases on future climate.

These accomplishments illustrate how research in two distinct areas thatrequire high performance computing — climate change and hurricaneprediction — can be combined to provide new information about thepotential impact of global climate change upon future weather systems.

Infrastructure for research in HECC — FY 1998 accomplishments and FY1999 plans

In FY 1998, NSF initiated the Partnerships for Advanced ComputationalInfrastructure (PACI) to provide access to high performance computing forthe academic research community at a performance level two orders ofmagnitude greater than that available at a typical major research university.(Special PACI section begins on page 35.)

The National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC)supports the computational needs of DOE’s energy science investigators.DOE supports High Performance Computing Resource Providers (HPCRPs)at Argonne, Los Alamos, and Oak Ridge National Laboratories. Systems atthese sites include Intel Paragon, IB M SP2, Cray T3E and C90, and SGI

31

HECC

NOAA simulated samples of hurricanes from both the present-dayclimate and from a greenhouse-gas warmed climate.

DOE Advanced ComputationalTesting and Simulation Research(ACTS) Toolkit

DOE’s Academic StrategicAlliances Program (ASAP)

Origin 2000. DOE’s Energy Sciences Network (ESnet) is part of the initialnational computational grid. In FY 1998, DOE will evaluate the success ofthe HPCRPs, including productivity and usability.

FY 1998 ACTS research includes Sandia National Laboratory’s computationalbiology work that focuses on developing and implementing algorithms forgenome sequencing and protein folding. FY 1999 plans include prototypedeployment of software tools designed around ACTS interface definitions.

DOE’s Academic Strategic Alliances Program (ASAP), part of DOE’s ASCIprogram, works with the CIC R&D program sin areas of common interest.Currently, ASAP works with U.S. universities to advance its highperformance simulation capabilities:

❐ Stanford University — the Center for Integrated TurbulenceSimulations (CITS) will develop simulation technology for designinggas turbine engines. The 1999 goal of this project is single-stageunsteady simulations of rotor-stator flow.

❐ California Institute of Technology — the Computational Facility forSimulating the Dynamic Response of Materials will investigate theeffect of shock waves induced by high explosives on materials indifferent phases (i.e., gas, liquid, solid). Its 1999 goal is developingempirical reaction rates based on gas-phase detonation.

❐ University of Chicago — Center for Astrophysical ThermonuclearFlashes will study astrophysical thermonuclear flashes throughsimulation and analysis. Its 1999 goal is to develop adaptive gridmethods for solving the FLASH problems on massively parallelmachines.

❐ University of Utah/Salt Lake — the Center for Simulation ofAccidental Fires and Explosions will provide state-of-the-art science-based tools for numerical simulation of accidental fires andexplosions, especially in handling and storing highly flammablematerials. Its 1999 goal is to conduct firespread scenario simulations.

❐ University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign — The Center forSimulation of Advanced Rockets will focus on detailed whole-systemsimulation of solid propellant rockets under normal and abnormaloperating conditions. Its 1999 goal is the preliminary investigation ofabnormal scenarios.

In their initial five-year relationships, each university will interact withDOE’s Los Alamos, Lawrence Livermore, and Sandia National Laboratories,and will use some of their high end computing systems.

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33

CIC R&D Highlights

Computing, Information, andCommunications Research Facilities

NSF

Supercomputing Centers (FY 1985 through FY 1998)

Cornell Theory Center (CTC), Ithaca, NY

National Center for Supercomputing Applications(NCSA), Urbana-Champaign, IL

Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC),Pittsburgh, PA

San Diego Supercomputing Center (SDSC), SanDiego, CA

Computing research facilities at the National Centerfor Atmospheric Research (NCAR), B oulder, CO

PACI Centers

Begun in FY 1998, PACI succeeds the NSFSupercomputing Centers and takes advantage of newlyemerging opportunities in high performance computingand communications.

National Computational Science Alliance (NCSA),Urbana-Champaign, IL

National Partnership for Advanced ComputationalInfrastructure (NPACI), San Diego, CA

Science & Technology Centers

Center for Cognitive Science, University ofPennsylvania

Center for Computer Graphics and ScientificVisualization, University of Utah

Center for Research in Parallel Computation (CRPC),Rice University

To foster technical research and demonstrate future directions of CIC R&D, Federal agencies operatenumerous CIC research facilities across the country. These facilities provide capabilities to (1) evaluate early prototype systems and provide feedback to developers, (2) integrate visualization

and virtual reality systems into existing high performance systems, (3) run full-scale applications on systemsnot otherwise available, and (4) develop parallel software using scaled-down systems. These facilities provideaccess to innovations in network connectivity that allow large-scale applications to run over remoteconnections.

The success of these research centers is attributed to many enabling technologies (such as high speed networks,supercomputing systems, parallel architectures, massive data stores, and virtual reality display devices), and to thededication of researchers, facility staff, hardware and software vendors, and industrial affiliates. All facilities provideextensive K-12 and undergraduate educational opportunities as well as training for researchers, graduate students,and faculty, and are optimal benchmarking sites for both systems and applications.

Funding for these facilities, primarily provided by CIC R&D agencies, is leveraged heavily through equipment andpersonnel from hardware and software vendors, discipline-specific agency funds, state and local funds, andindustrial affiliate contributions. These facilities provide a low risk, collaborative environment for exploring andultimately exploiting CIC technologies. B elow is a list of CIC R&D research facilities categorized by the primaryfunding agency.

34

NASA

Testbeds

Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA

Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA

Langley Research Center, Langley, VA

Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH

D OE

Laboratories

Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, IL

Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM

National Energy Research Supercomputer Center atLawrence B erkeley National Laboratory, B erkeley, CA

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

NIH

Systems

Frederick B iomedical Supercomputing Center at theNational Cancer Institute

Supercomputing resources at the Division ofComputer Research and Technology (now part of theCIT)

National Center for Research Resources’ HighPerformance Computing Resource Centers

B iomedical Computation Resource, University ofCalifornia, San Diego

Parallel Computing Resource for Structural B iology,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Parallel Processing Resource for B iomedicalScientists, Cornell Theory Center, Cornell University

Resource for Concurrent B iological Computing,B eckman Institute, University of Illinois

Supercomputing for B iomedical Research, PittsburghSupercomputing Center

Theoretical Simulation of B iological Systems,Columbia University

National Center for Research Resources’ ScientificVisualization Resource Centers

Interactive Graphics for Molecular Studies, Universityof North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Special Research Resource for B iomolecular Graphics,University of California, San Francisco

NOAA

Laboratories

Forecast Systems Laboratory, B oulder, CO

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton,NJ

National Centers for Environmental Prediction,Camp Springs, MD

EPA

Systems

National Environmental Supercomputing Center,B ay City, MI

Overview

National ComputationalScience Alliance (NCSA)

NSF’s PACI program, led by NCSA — headquartered at theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign — and

NPACI — located at the University of California, San Diego — willenable the U.S. to maintain its lead in computational science, furtheringthe use of computing systems in all disciplines of research andproviding new educational opportunities for students ranging from K-12 through advanced degree programs.

NCSA envisions a distributed environment whose goal is to prototype anational information infrastructure that enables the best computationalresearch in the country. The Alliance is organized into four major groups:Application Technologies Teams that drive technology development;Enabling Technologies Teams that convert computer science research intousable tools and infrastructure; Regional Partners with advanced and mid-level computing resources that help distribute the technology to sitesthroughout the U.S.; and Education, Outreach, and Training Teams that willeducate the population and promote the use of the technology to varioussectors of society. The leading-edge site at the University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign will support a variety of high end machines andarchitectures that will enable high end computation for scientists andengineers across the country.

NPACI includes a national-scale metacomputing environment with diversehardware and high end sites. In addition to supporting the computationalneeds of high end scientists and engineers across the country via a variety ofleading-edge machines and architectures at the University of California-SanDiego, NPACI will foster the transfer of technologies and tools developed byapplications and computer scientists for use by these high end users. Majorfocus areas are data-intensive computing, digital libraries, and large data setmanipulation across multiple disciplines, including engineering and thesocial sciences, supported by partners across the country.

NCSA is a partnership among computational scientists, computer scientists,and professionals in education, outreach, and training at more than 50 U.S.universities and research institutions. NCSA’s national technology grid — aprototype of the computational and information infrastructure of the 21stcentury — will consist of a broad range of high end parallel computingsystems located at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and otherleading-edge facilities within the Alliance.

35

CIC R&D Highlights

Partnerships for AdvancedComputational Infrastructure (PACI)

Alliance partners

Research partners

Most NCSA partners are university and Government laboratories.Researchers at these institutions will build the technology for the grid anddisseminate it to user communities across the Nation. Federal and industrialpartners and strategic vendors test new technologies and provide feedbackon industrial and commercial potential.

Alabama Supercomputer AuthorityAmerican Indian Higher Education ConsortiumArgonne National LaboratoryArizona State UniversityB B N Systems and TechnologiesB oston UniversityCalifornia State University - San DiegoCalifornia Institute of TechnologyCenter for Advanced Research in B iotechnology (CARB )Committee on Institutional CooperationComputing Research AssociationEPSCoR FoundationGeorgia Institute of TechnologyIndiana UniversityJet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)Kitt Peak National ObservatoryKrell InstituteLawrence B erkeley National Laboratory (LB NL)/National Energy Research

Supercomputer CenterLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)Maryland Virtual High School of Science and MathMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyMontana State UniversityNational Radio Astronomy ObservatoryNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth Carolina Supercomputing CenterNorth Central Regional Education LaboratoryNorthwestern UniversityOhio State UniversityOhio Supercomputer CenterOld Dominion UniversityOregon State UniversityPacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNL)/Environmental Molecular Sciences

LaboratoryPrinceton UniversityPurdue UniversityRice UniversityRutgers UniversitySalk InstituteShodor Education FoundationSouth Dakota State UniversitySoutheastern Universities Research AssociationStanford UniversityState University of New York - AlbanySyracuse UniversityThe Scripps Research InstituteUniversity of Alabama - HuntsvilleUniversity of ArizonaUniversity of California - B erkeleyUniversity of California - DavisUniversity of California - Irvine

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Industrial partners

University of California - Los AngelesUniversity of California - Santa B arbaraUniversity of California - Santa CruzUniversity of California - San DiegoUniversity of California - San FranciscoUniversity of HoustonUniversity of Illinois - ChicagoUniversity of Illinois - Urbana-ChampaignUniversity of IowaUniversity of KansasUniversity of KentuckyUniversity of MarylandUniversity of MassachusettsUniversity of MichiganUniversity of MinnesotaUniversity of New Mexico/Sevilleta Long-Term Ecological Research Program/

Maui High Performance Computing CenterUniversity of North Carolina - Chapel HillUniversity of OregonUniversity of PennsylvaniaUniversity of PittsburghUniversity of Southern CaliforniaUniversity of TennesseeUniversity of Texas - AustinUniversity of UtahUniversity of VirginiaUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of Wisconsin - MadisonVirginia Technical UniversityWashington University in St. Louis

Fifteen Fortune 500 corporations are partnering with NCSA to previewemerging technologies:

Corporation Fortune 500 Industrial Sector

Allstate Insurance Company* InsuranceB oeing Company* AerospaceCaterpillar Inc.* Industrial and farm equipmentEastman Kodak Company* Scientific and photographic equipment Eli Lilly and Company* PharmaceuticalsFMC Corporation Agricultural chemicals/diversifiedFord Motor Company AutomobilesJ.P. Morgan* B anking/financeMotorola, Inc.* ElectronicsPhillips Petroleum Co. Petroleum and support SAB RE Group, Inc. TransportationSchlumberger Ltd.* Petroleum and support Sears, Roebuck and Co.* General merchandiseShell Oil Company* Petroleum and supportTribune Company* Information/entertainment

*Have signed letters of intent to join the Alliance industrial partnership

37

PACI

Strategic vendors

Federal partners

The National Partnership forAdvanced ComputationalInfrastructure (NPACI)

Resource partners

Commercial vendors include major computing, communications, andsoftware companies that work closely with Alliance partners to develop andevaluate early prototypes of hardware, software, and services. Thepartnerships are between individual institutions rather than with theAlliance.

AmeritechComputer AssociatesHewlett-Packard Company/Convex Technology CenterIB M CorporationMicrosoft CorporationPlatform Computing CorporationThe Portland Group, Inc.Pyramid Systems, Inc.Silicon Graphics, Inc./Cray ResearchSun Microsystems

NCSA and Federal agencies are developing and applying advancedtechnologies in Government. Federal partners include:

Department of Defense High Performance Computing Modernization ProgramWorld Wide Web Federal ConsortiumDepartment of Energy Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative

NPACI is creating a ubiquitous, continuous, and pervasive computationalinfrastructure to support interdisciplinary research by the nationalcommunity that will help maintain U.S. world leadership in scientificadvancement and economic progress. NPACI’s aim is to make thisinfrastructure — consisting of disparate platforms linked into progressivelyhigher performance systems — transparent, easy to use, and availableeverywhere.

Led by the University of California - San Diego (UCSD) and building on thefoundation of the San Diego Supercomputing Center (SDSC), NPACIincludes 37 of the Nation’s academic and research institutions, located in 18states. Driven by applications needs, NPACI is developing a softwareinfrastructure to link high performance computers, data servers, and archivalstorage systems to aggregate computing power. Development work is focusedin HECC thrust areas that leverage separately funded research projects toensure rapid deployment and robustness of the resulting infrastructure. Thiswork is complemented by education, outreach, and training programs andcollaborations with industry.

NPACI consists of resource and research and education partners as well asassociate and industrial partners:

UCSD/SDSCCalifornia Institute of TechnologyUniversity of California - B erkeleyUniversity of California - DavisUniversity of California - Los AngelesUniversity of California - Santa B arbaraUniversity of Houston/Keck Observatory (with B aylor and Rice Universities)University of Maryland

38

Research and educationpartners

Associate partners

NPACI industrial partners

University of MichiganUniversity of TexasWashington University in St. Louis

California State UniversityCenter for Research on Parallel ComputationLTER/University of New MexicoOregon State UniversityRutgers UniversitySalk InstituteStanford UniversityThe Scripps Research InstituteUniversity of California - Santa CruzUniversity of Kansas University of Southern CaliforniaUniversity of TennesseeUniversity of VirginiaUniversity of Wisconsin

NPACI associate partners provide additional linkages or share infrastructurerequirements:

CARBEPSCoR FoundationJPL Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO)LANL LB NL/NERSCLLNL Montana State University PNL/Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL)University of California - Irvine University of California - San FranciscoUniversity of Massachusetts University of Pennsylvania

NPACI industrial partners help determine the research agenda of NPACI andprovide substantial cost sharing. Their involvement builds on the followingcollaborations:

❐ SGI/Cray and UCSD are integrating Cray’s GigaRing technology intoa heterogeneous computing environment.

❐ Hewlett-Packard/Convex and Caltech are enhancing Convex’s systemsoftware to support large cache-coherent domains.

❐ IB M and UCSD are continuing their collaboration to integrateobject-relational database systems with mass storage systems anddevelop a Massive Data Analysis Testbed.

❐ Sun Microsystems is continuing its collaborations with UC B erkeleyon Network of Workstations (NOW) technology and with UCSD onsecurity. It has initiated a new collaboration with UCSD todemonstrate the effectiveness of Sun technology for data serving.

39

PACI

❐ DEC and UCSD continue to explore using the NT operating systemas an alternative to Unix in a scientific setting.

❐ Seagate, other leading disk manufacturers, and UCSD will study diskreliability using UCSD’s multi-TB yte storage resources as a testbed.

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41

Large Scale Networking

Goals and focus areas

Global Grid Communicationsand Global Mobile InformationSystems

LSN R&D will help assure U.S. technological leadership inhigh performance network communications through

research that advances the leading edge of networking technologies,services, and performance. Early Federal networking R&Dinvestments helped build the technological foundation of today’sglobal Internet. Development by Federal research laboratories,academia, and industry helped deploy prototype networkingcapabilities on a national scale and produced popular applications —such as email and World Wide Web browsers — that transformed theway people use computer networks, paving the way for our Nation’sleadership in the multi-billion dollar information technologyindustry.

Key research areas today include advanced network components andtechnologies for engineering and managing large scale networks of thefuture. LSN activities will:

❐ Foster Federal research to address requirements in LSNtechnologies

❐ Facilitate interagency collaborations in LSN R&D

❐ Provide mechanisms for cooperation in LSN R&D amongFederal agencies, Government laboratories, academia, andindustry.

B eginning in FY 1998 and building on base LSN research, the NextGeneration Internet (NGI) initiative is the dominant focus of LSN R&D.This section describes FY 1998 accomplishments and FY 1999 plans in LSNR&D and in the NGI initiative.

DARPA’s Global Grid Communications effort develops and demonstratesadvanced communications technologies needed for Defense and intelligenceoperations for the 21st century. This program will show that advancedoptical components developed in the program can be integrated withcommercial communications resources and technologies as well as DoDtactical and satellite technologies developed elsewhere. In FY 1998, DARPAwill demonstrate multi-wavelength network management and control in

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Advanced NetworkingInfrastructure and Research(ANIR)

National Scalable ClusterProject (NSCP)

Chesapeake Bay VirtualEnvironment (CBVE)

local area testbeds, 40 billion bit per second cross-connect switching, and a32 channel transceiver chip.

DARPA’s Global Mobile Information Systems effort will enable mobile usersto access and use the full range of services available in the DefenseInformation Infrastructure (DII) by developing nomadic technologies andtechniques at the applications, networking, and wireless link/node levels. InFY 1999, DARPA plans to develop a mobile wireless network incorporatingsoftware radio technology and demonstrate application support fordistributed computing in mobile environments, continuous multi-tiernetworking across wireless domains, and integrated high data-rateuntethered nodes.

NSF’s ANIR efforts support the enhancement of networks connecting U.S.researchers and educators to information resources, computationalresources, and special facilities. ANIR’s centerpiece is the very highperformance B ackbone Network Service (vB NS), which is targeted to providevery high performance connections to approximately 100 leading universitiesand provide interconnections to other Federal research networks.Responding to the goals of the NGI initiative (page 48), these connectionsand advanced facilities serve as a testbed for advanced communications andnetworking technologies that might eventually be deployed in support of thegreater Internet, and for developing revolutionary applications andinformation services. Related components of the ANIR program provide fornetwork growth engineering, development support for network-basedapplications, and campus engineering design.

ANIR supports basic research and experimental projects that focus onnetworking and communications systems. Research topics include wirelessaccess and networks, collaboration technology — especially where enabledby active networks — and the convergence of computing, communications,and information. The projects typically are conducted by small groups ofresearchers in networking or communications and, as appropriate, fromother areas of computer science and engineering, such as operating systems,data bases, software environments, and architecture; or from the socialsciences, such as economics, psychology, or sociology.

ANIR and NSF’s Cross-Disciplinary Program will support the acquisition ofequipment for the NSCP. This project combines supercomputing systems,high-speed networking protocols, and custom-designed software to extendthe boundaries of applications in data mining, data archiving, parallelprocessing, and other research projects that require large scale computationalengines to support knowledge discovery.

NSF’s Chesapeake B ay Virtual Environment fuses 3-D visualizations ofnumerically-generated data into a large scale interactive virtual world. Thisframework will incorporate runtime computational steering, interactivevisualization, data ensonification, and wide-area information dissemination.CB VE will support technology transfer and serve as a medium forinformation exchange by taking advantage of Internet-based media andcomplete World Wide Web functionality. The use of a virtual world as a newparadigm of information exchange coupled with a Web-based information

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Experimental Program toStimulate Competitive Research(EPSCoR)

NSF satellite communications

Energy Sciences Network(ESnet)

architecture will allow multidisciplinary, multi-institutional groups ofscientists, educators, students, and administrators to apply emerging highperformance computing and communications technologies to studying thecountry’s largest estuarine ecosystem. CB VE will initially couple a working3-D circulation model of the Chesapeake B ay and adjoining shelf withworking biological models for larvae of two commercially important speciesin Chesapeake B ay, the Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tryannuas) and theblue Crab (Callinectes sapidus). Visualization of the entire model output inan immersive, interactive environment is the goal.

EPSCoR’s goal is to help states identify, develop, and use their academicscience and technology resources to support a more productive and fulfillingway of life for their citizens. EPSCoR increases the R&D competitiveness of astate by developing and using the science and technology (S&T) resourcesresiding in its major research universities. EPSCoR achieves its objective by:

❐ Stimulating sustainable S&T infrastructure improvements at the stateand institutional levels that significantly increase the ability ofEPSCoR researchers to compete for Federal and private sector R&Dfunding

❐ Accelerating the movement of EPSCoR researchers and institutionsinto the mainstream of Federal and private sector R&D support

EPSCoR currently operates in 18 states: Alabama, Arkansas, Idaho, Kansas,Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, NorthDakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia,and Wyoming, as well as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

In FY 1998, NSF will support NOAA’s GOES-3 satellite for Internetcommunications to South Pole Station, with continued development of thelink to support remote operation of the instruments in its astronomy andastrophysics programs. NSF will also collaborate with NASA on itsexperimental satellite communications link to the South Pole for higherspeed Internet connectivity and high speed file transfer.

DOE conducts network research, advanced network deployment, andadvanced application support for over 20,000 users of dozens of DOEexperimental facilities and high performance computing resources. DOE’sLSN program includes its core network and security research program inaddition to the ESnet, its advanced production network. ESnet has played a

The Energy Sciences Network (ESNet) is the DOE Office ofEnergy Research nationwide network that supports openscientific research.

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Information technologymetrology, testing, and applications

major role in the development of the worldwide Internet and will continueto contribute to its evolution through participation in the LSN programs.

ESnet is a service-oriented production network chartered to supportmission-oriented DOE science. It provides advanced Internet Protocol (IP)and ATM services to 30 DOE sites, including national laboratories,universities, and international partners. ESnet will adopt and integrateleading-edge technologies to support DOE’s mission applications, and willcontinue to implement and enhance advanced interconnection and peeringarrangements with other Federal research networks as well as universitynetworks and aggregation points (e.g., gigapops) to support DOE/universitycollaborations on DOE mission programs.

NIST produces tools to evaluate the software needed for next generationnetworks and to evaluate the quality of service that those networks deliver. InFY 1998, NIST built a laboratory testbed including many vendorimplementations of the resource reservation protocol and the real timetransport protocol. NIST also developed the Integrated Services PerformanceInstrument (ISPI) to evaluate the quality of service these protocols deliver,and the NIST Network Emulation Tool (NIST NET) that allows anapplication developer to artificially impair network performance to evaluatehow much quality of service the application needs.

Simulating protocols can save time and money by uncovering problemsbefore systems are developed. In FY 1998 NIST completed simulations of theHybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) Media Access Control (MAC) protocols and of theperformance of IP over ATM in an HFC environment. These protocols arebeing evaluated for high-speed residential access over the Next GenerationInternet.

Software developers select interoperability test scriptsthrough NIST's Web-based Interoperability Tester(WIT) Web interface.

Public Key Infrastructure

Internetworking security

FedCIRC

NLM’s Medical Connectionsprogram

NIST is developing methods to speed the interoperability testing cycle. In FY1998 a reference system for the IP Security (IPSEC) protocol was developedand is now available for Unix PCs. B ecause every vendor can test against thesame reference, the number of incompatibilities between systems can bereduced. As an extension of this idea, NIST has developed a Web-basedInteroperability Tester (WIT) for IPSEC. This allows developers to testagainst the NIST reference system using the Web, eliminating the need todownload and install the reference system itself. WIT will be extended toother test systems in FY 1999.

In cooperation with a dozen industry partners, NIST has developed andissued a Minimum Interoperability Specification for Public KeyInfrastructure Components. This specification helps ensure that PKIcomponents, such as certificate authorities, from multiple vendors willinteroperate across entire networks and the Internet.

NIST contributes to the development of advanced security technologiesneeded to ensure high levels of confidentiality, integrity, and availability ofnetwork systems and data. This is a critical need for the full realization of thepotential of electronic commerce. With the support of the LSN and theGovernment Information Technology Services (GITS) Innovation Fund,NIST conducted Collaborations in Internet Security (CIS), a projectinvolving multiagency collaborative research in the use of advanced networksecurity mechanisms such as Kerberos, security smart cards, securemessaging, and PKI components.

NIST has begun identifying, evaluating, and establishing the advancedencryption standard, intended to replace the existing Data EncryptionStandard (DES) as the standard algorithm for symmetric key encryption andto provide high-quality encryption capability that will be useful well into the21st century.

As Federal agencies expand their use of the Internet both to provide citizenaccess to government services and to support agency needs, there is anincreasing threat of outsider attacks. Thus, there is a need for a 24-hournetwork threat monitoring and security incident response capability. NISThas collaborated with the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT),DOE’s Computer Incident Advisory Capability (CIAC), and otherorganizations to develop methods for monitoring and responding to thesethreats. To ensure that all agencies have access to such resources, NIST hasestablished the Federal Computer Incident Response Capability (FedCIRC)to conduct the dual roles of threat monitoring and vulnerability analysis andincident notification and response support.

At NIH, the NLM’s Medical Connections program provides “jump start”funding to academic medical centers, community hospitals, and otherhealthcare organizations to connect to the Internet. The overall goal is toprovide Internet connectivity to the top 3,000 healthcare institutions in theU.S. More than 250 U.S. medical schools and healthcare facilities have beenconnected during the past five years.

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NLM’s National Center forBiotechnology Information(NCBI)

NLM’s Integrated AcademicInformation ManagementSystems (IAIMS)

Approximately 50 grants are being awarded in FY 1998. Special emphasis isgiven to linking medical libraries with healthcare delivery organizations anddata base servers to support timely, accurate clinical decision making. Theprogram also supports the creation of regional consortia of healthcareinstitutions for sharing medical information and distributing Internetcapability within an institution.

NCB I creates automated systems for storing and analyzing a vast andgrowing volume of molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics data — afield known as bioinformatics. Through its use of analytical and predictivemethods to identify key molecular patterns associated with health anddisease, bioinformatics is an essential component of genome research,protein engineering, and drug design. Within a distributed databasearchitecture, NCB I collects sequence data from researchers worldwide andincorporates them into GenB ank, the NIH DNA sequence databank, a keydata resource of the Human Genome Project. NCB I has produced anintegrated database system consisting of GenB ank, the genetic scientificliterature in Medline, taxonomy, and 3-D molecular structures. This databaseis accessed daily through the Internet by more than 35,000 sites. B asicresearch on efficient data analysis techniques and large scale genome analysisis conducted within NCB I’s Computational B iology B ranch and has been akey factor in gene discovery.

Combined high throughput sequencing efforts by NIH-funded centers andby commercial organizations has led to doubling of the size of the databaseeach year. User demands have steadily increased largely due to availability ofthe World Wide Web and the diffusion of sequencing technology acrossmultiple biological disciplines. The human gene sequence and mapping dataare represented in the Web database of the Human Gene Map, a continuingcollaborative project with Science magazine and 15 leading internationallaboratories.

Academic medical centers are the backbone of the American biomedicalresearch enterprise. These 120-plus institutions include health professionschools and their associated teaching and research hospitals, clinics, andlaboratories. Information about patient care, research, education, andadministration is the life blood of these complex centers. This information— databases of bibliographic and factual information, molecular databases,patient records, laboratory and clinical data — is in electronic form, but theelectronic information sources are typically disconnected and isolated fromone another. Communications among the various computerized systems inacademic medical centers is often primitive or non-existent.

The focus of the IAIMS program, initiated in 1984, is first to develop thetechnical and organizational infrastructure to link and retrieve conceptuallyrelated information from disparate sources within the medical center, andthen to link the medical centers. The administrative, clinical, educational,and research databases should be able to communicate and to appear as onedatabase to the user. The goal of the program is to develop, implement, andtest generalizable systems of information flow management within universityhealth science centers and major teaching hospitals. The expected outcomesare greater research productivity, improved access to patient data for

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Agency for Health Care Policyand Research (AHCPR)

Joint Engineering Team (JET)

Networking Research Team(NRT)

technology assessment and health outcomes research, and more efficientpatient care leading to increased efficiency in the use of healthcare resources.The work is expected to benefit all health delivery organizations, includingcommunity hospitals and outpatient services.

In FY 1999, AHCPR will begin to evaluate quality, cost, and medicaleffectiveness of home care in rural, urban, and suburban areas for the elderlywho are afflicted with chronic disease.

The JET helps coordinate large scale Federal networking activities to supportresearch and engineering. The JET is the successor to the Engineering andOperations Working Group of the Federal Networking Council (FNC),which was incorporated into the LSN Working Group in FY 1997. The JET istasked with coordinating NGI Goals 2.1 and 2.2 (pages 52-55) as well asother LSN network research operational issues. Participants in JET meetingsinclude Federal agency representatives; representatives from the university-based Internet2 (I2) community; and representatives from commercialnetwork vendors for whose services the Federal networks contract.

The JET coordinates networking activities and operations among multipleFederal agency networks including:

❐ DoD’s DREN

❐ DOE’s ESnet

❐ NASA’s NREN

❐ NSF’s vB NS

❐ DARPA’s SuperNet

In addition, the JET coordinates with Internet2 (I2) and the AbileneNetwork. Coordinated projects include network access points (NAPs; I2gigapops; STAR TAP; interagency network peering points such as ESnet-vB NS; etc.), international connections, traffic monitoring, performancemeasurement, multicast distribution, and new technology deployment.(STAR TAP is the Science, Technology And Research Transit Access Point, aninternational networking meeting point in Chicago.) In FY 1998, the JETsupported the FY 1998 NGI demonstrations at Highway 1 in WashingtonDC, and is coordinating DREN’s and NREN’s links to Alaska. In FY 1999 theJET plans to coordinate Federal networking for NGI demonstrations at SC98in Orlando, FL.

The NRT coordinates the networking research of the LSN agencies, includingactivities associated with Goal 1 of the NGI initiative. The NRT's goals are toenhance overall Government R&D in networking research and to ensure LSNagencies jointly implement a comprehensive program in critical researchareas such as differentiation of service, multicasting, network managementand operations, and privacy and security. These goals will be accomplishedthrough keeping NRT members informed about each participating agency'sactivities and research results, using Federal/academic/industry workshopsand other forums to identify research needs, and planning and implementinga balanced program of individual agency and multiagency activities.

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NGI Goals

The Federal NGI initiative, together with the country’s other investmentsectors, will create the foundation for the networks of the 21st century,setting the stage for networks that are much more powerful and versatilethan the current Internet. The NGI will foster partnerships among academia,industry, and governments that will keep the U.S. at the cutting-edge ofinformation and communications technologies. The NGI will also stimulatethe introduction of new multimedia applications in our homes, schools, andbusinesses as the technologies designed and developed as part of the NGI areincorporated into products and services that are subsequently made availableto the general public. The NGI initiative is essential to sustain U.S.technological leadership in computing and communications and enhanceU.S. economic competitiveness and commercial eminence.

The NGI initiative is a key component of the ongoing multiagency R&D ofthe LSN Working Group. NGI activities will be leveraged off of and tightlycoupled with the basic network research and infrastructure support that arefunded under the LSN budget.

The NGI initiative has three goals:

1. To advance research, development, and experimentation in the nextgeneration of networking technologies to add functionality and improveperformance in:

❐ Reliability

❐ Security

❐ Robustness

❐ Differentiated services including multicast and audio/video — alsoknown as Quality of Service (QoS) and Class of Service (CoS)

❐ Network management including allocation and sharing of bandwidth

2. To develop NGI testbeds for system-scale testing of advanced technologiesand services to:

❐ Connect at least 100 NGI sites with end-to-end performance at least100 times faster than today’s Internet

❐ Connect about 10 sites with end-to-end performance at least 1,000times faster than today’s Internet

❐ Develop and test advanced applications

3. To develop and demonstrate revolutionary applications in enablingapplications technologies such as:

❐ Collaboration technologies

❐ Digital libraries

❐ Distributed computing

❐ Privacy and security

❐ Remote operation and simulation

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and disciplinary applications in:

❐ B asic science

❐ Crisis management

❐ Education

❐ The environment

❐ Federal information services

❐ Healthcare

❐ Manufacturing

The Federal agencies participating in the NGI in FY 1998 are DARPA, NSF,NASA, NIST, and NIH (NLM and NCRR). The NGI initiative is managed bythe participating agencies and coordinated by the LSN Working Group.Experts from academia, industry, and Federal laboratories will be asked toprovide input. While DOE is not a participant in the NGI in FY 1998, theAdministration proposes to add the agency beginning in FY 1999. Thisproposed participation in the NGI is described on pages 58-60.

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Next GenerationInternet Architecture

NCARBoulder, CO

PSCPittsburgh, gh,

PANCSAChampaign, ILChampaign, IL

CornellIthaca, Ithaca, NY

New York, NY

NGIX-EastWashington, D.C.

GSFCGreenbelt, MD

NGIX-WestARC

Moffett Field, CA PSCPittsburgh,

PANCSAChampaign, IL

CornellIthaca, NY

SDSCSan Diego, CASan Diego, CASDSCSan Diego, CA

LERC LERC Cleveland Cleveland

OH

LERC Cleveland,

OH

LARCLangley, VA

NGIX-MidAmericaChicago, ILChicago, IL

NGIX-MidAmericaChicago, IL

Fairbanks, AK

DREN

NREN

vBNS

SuperNet

- Defense Research & Engineering Network

- NASA Research & Education Network

- Very High Performance Backbone Network Service (NSF)

NOTE: vBNS will support initial Internet 2 community

- Terabit Research Network (DARPA)

- NREN Application Partners

- vBNS Partners

L E G E N D

JPLPasadena, CAPasadena, CAJPLPasadena, CA

NREN

vBNS

DREN

SuperNet

NGI GOAL 1: Experimentalresearch for advanced networktechnologies

Goal 1 activities focus on research, development, and testbed deploymentand demonstration of the technologies necessary to permit the effective,robust, and secure management, provisioning, and end-to-end delivery ofdifferentiated classes of service. These activities cluster into three major tasks:(1) network growth engineering, (2) end-to-end QoS, and (3) security. Thesetechnologies along with increased bandwidth will help meet the needs foradvanced functionality and for the real time demands of emerging and nextgeneration applications technologies such as collaboration, distributedcomputing, and teleoperation and telecontrol.

This is a multiagency effort with DARPA as the lead; participation by NSF,NASA, and NIST; and contributions by non-NGI-funded agencies. Notice offunding opportunities is through normal agency mechanisms such assolicitations and broad area announcements. Cross-agency participation inreview panels and coordination by program managers help ensure thatefforts are not unnecessarily duplicated and lead to an integrated solution —a robust, scalable, shared infrastructure supporting lead agency users, othergovernment agencies, the research community, and a large number ofcommercial users.

DARPA, in partnership with industry, will develop network management andQoS technologies. Portions of DARPA’s existing Quorum program in globaldistributed system technologies will form the basis for end-to-end QoS.Other agency programs will complement and leverage the Quorum programin developing advanced network services, QoS, and security technologies.

NSF’s FY 1998 NGI plans include providing integrated IP and ATMmonitoring and analysis tools at its Goal 2.1 sites (page 52), andimplementing caching and native multicast at appropriate sites. AnticipatedFY 1999 activities include the implementation of security at appropriate sites.

NASA’s NGI Goal 1 plan is to sponsor R&D in new networking technologiesand services to support high performance applications. NASA’s NREN is thebasis of this plan. NASA will continue to be an early adopter of emergingnetworking technologies.

NASA-sponsored research will focus on network performance measurement,network interoperability scaling, management, QoS, and network security.NASA will fund and manage research in advanced network technologies thatare richer in features, higher in performance, and deliverable at a reasonablecost. For example, NASA will enable real-time networking, group

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The NGI will foster partnerships among academia, industry, andgovernments that will keep the U.S. at the cutting edge of informationand communications technologies.

NGINGIInitiativeInitiative

Agency R&DPrograms

Commercial & Industrial Business Academic Infrastructures

Academicand

IndustrialR&D

NGINGI

InternetInternet

Agency IT Programs

collaborations, and a seamless interface for space-to-groundcommunications.

NASA will deploy a suite of advanced networking services to enable highperformance applications. B y partnering with industry and academia onR&D in internetworking technologies to achieve an interoperable highperformance network testbed, NASA will help deliver advanced networkingtechnologies to the aerospace community and ultimately to the public.

In FY 1998, NASA’s activities include developing standard simulation modelsto “grow” internetworks/intranetworks; developing baseline simulationstatistics; and demonstrating the interconnection of NASA’s NGIinfrastructure with other agency NGI networks. FY 1999 activities willinclude NGI requirement analysis and configuration management and thedeployment of ATM debugging, monitoring, and analysis tools.

NIST is refocusing part of its on-going research program in advancednetworking technologies, computer security, and conformance testing tosupport NGI goals. Through its traditional focus on measurement,standards, and test methods, NIST will help ensure that research in theseareas results in standardized, interoperable commercial technologies.

NIST will support the U.S. information technology industry by fostering therapid commercialization and deployment of enabling and infrastructuralnetworking technologies developed through the NGI. The complexities of,and interdependencies among, future network control systems and services(for example, multilayer QoS signaling, routing, flow control, and security)and their global scaling will require more than simple analysis.

NIST is conducting R&D in techniques and tools to test and evaluate newnetworking technologies at all stages of development and deployment.Advances in measurement and testing technology will enable the rapidevaluation of research designs and prototypes and will facilitate the transferof new technology to the NGI Goal 2 testbeds and the communicationsindustry. The goal is for test and instrumentation technologies to become

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LSN

NREN implemented a consistent, widebandwidth data pipeline between the JetPropulsion Laboratory (JPL) and theNASA Ames Intelligent Mechanisms Groupthat provided the Mars Pathfinder missionwith MarsMap — a photo-realistic virtualreality model of the Mars environment thatassisted with rover data archiving andoperational planning. Raw image datafrom JPL was relayed via NREN to theNASA Ames Intelligent Mechanisms Groupfor processing, and 3-D images werereturned from Ames to JPL for display.Here, the rover is seen exploring the Marsrock dubbed “Yogi.”

NGI GOAL 2: NGI testbeds

GOAL 2.1: High performanceconnectivity

part of the protocol design and specification process, and be integrated into,and evolve with, the implementation and deployment of the network itself.

The networking testbeds developed under the NGI initiative will connect atleast 100 sites — universities, Federal research institutions, and otherresearch partners — at speeds 100 times faster end-to-end than those oftoday’s Internet, and will connect on the order of 10 sites at speeds 1,000times faster end-to-end than the current Internet. This end-to-endconnectivity (such as between two workstations) will be at speeds from 100+million bits per second (Mbps) to 1+ billion bits per second (Gigabits persecond or Gbps). Some networks have already achieved OC-12 (OpticalCarrier) speeds (622 Mbps) on their backbone links, and some experimentallinks are running at 1+ Gbps, but end-to-end usable connectivity is typicallylimited to less than 10 Mbps because of bottlenecks or incompatibilities inswitches, routers, local area networks, and workstations. Goal 2 addressesthese shortcomings through development and demonstration involving twosubgoals, described below. Goal 2 testbed networks will aggressivelyincorporate Goal 1 technologies.

The high performance connectivity testbed is a distributed laboratorydelivering, at a minimum, 100 times faster speeds than current Internetperformance on an end-to-end basis to at least 100 interconnected NGIparticipating universities, national laboratories, and Federal research sitesconducting networking and applications research. This testbed will be largeenough to provide full system proof-of-concept for hardware, software,protocols, security, and network management that will be required in thefuture commercial Internet. It will include easily accessible sites, remote sites,and sites in EPSCoR (Experimental Program to Stimulate CompetitiveResearch) states. Experiments to help researchers go beyond the currentInternet infrastructure are planned. Goal 2.1 is a multiagency effort led byNSF, NASA, and DOE (beginning in FY 1999). Participants include DoD andother agencies.

NSF has a two-phase strategy to build its Goal 2.1 testbed. The first task is tosignificantly expand and enhance NSF’s existing program for highperformance connections to its vB NS network to serve over 100 leadinguniversities and to link them to their research partners by improving theinterconnections among the vB NS and other Federal research networks. Thiswork builds on existing high performance connections to the NSFsupercomputing centers and their partners (PACI); the NSF-sponsoredNational Laboratory for Applied Networking Research (NLANR); dozens offunded individual investigators in university and industry laboratories; andongoing funded research with investigators in DARPA, NASA, and otheragencies.

In particular, the NLANR applications team will help users maximizeperformance of their applications, solve network problems, maintaininformation and links about applications, and provide training to networkand applications engineers. Additionally, NSF’s partnership with Internet2will focus the collective efforts of more than 100 leading universities on nextgeneration networking technologies and associated issues of deployment,management, and testing for NGI Goal 1.

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NSF’s second task is to test and deploy Goal 1 technologies and Goal 3applications. At the same time, NSF will begin forming a nationalorganization of universities to plan and coordinate their ongoing role in theNGI and associated efforts. In FY 1999, NSF will work with other agencies todesign and implement a more unified Federal research network that canbetter serve their entire research community.

DARPA’s FY 1998 network research objectives include establishing a PeerNetwork-to-Network Interface (P-NNI) hierarchy across ATM domains,network performance measurement, congestion management, IP and ATMaddress resolution mechanisms, and ATM signaling behavior across multipleproviders. Another way to add new ACTS ATM International (AAI) nodes isto establish gateway agreements with other providers, such as through NSFfor select vB NS-attached collaborator organizations. (ACTS is NASA’sAdvanced Communications Technology Satellite program.)

NASA will leverage NREN in meeting its NGI goals. NASA will provide botha high performance network application testbed and a network researchtestbed for the NASA community and its partners. These testbeds exist at thevarious NASA centers now and can be interconnected via NREN, thus

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Via the NREN, remote, interactive simulationswere conducted between the NASA AmesVertical Motion Simulator in California(pictured at the right) and engineers located inHouston, Texas.

GOAL 2.2: NGI technologiesand ultrahigh performance connectivity

providing virtual testbeds and harnessing the expertise distributedthroughout NASA. NASA will focus on delivering a leading-edge applicationenvironment. Therefore, in FY 1998 and FY 1999, NASA will enable nextgeneration application demonstrations across the network; internetworkwith other Federal agencies and academic and industry partners at both theIP and ATM service level; and deploy advanced networking services such asIPv6, multicast, QoS, security, and network management tools.

Goal 2.2 addresses the development of ultrahigh speed switching andtransmission technologies, and the demonstration of end-to-end networkconnectivity at 1+ Gbps. DARPA’s SuperNet is the Goal 2.2 testbed. B ecauseof its high risk and pioneering nature, this testbed will initially involve about10 NGI sites and a limited number of applications. There will be someoverlap of Goal 2.1 and Goal 2.2 nodes.

Attaining this goal, together with the technologies developed in Goal 1, willbe the pathway to terabit-per-second (Tbps) networks, operated with theappropriate network management and control and guaranteed end-to-endQoS. Working in partnership with industry is the key to a sharedinfrastructure that can be profitably used to support high end scientific usersand large numbers of commercial users. This is a multiagency effort withDARPA as the lead, with participation by NASA, NSF, DOE (beginning in FY1999), and other Federal agencies.

Wide Area Broadband Core

DARPA’s B roadband Information Technology (B IT) program has developedbasic wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission capabilities andwill demonstrate a metropolitan network of five nodes, with linktransmission capacities of 20 Gbps. DARPA will extend these technologiesand deploy them in more complex, mesh-like topologies that involve long-distance links.

The metropolitan testbed will be expanded into a wide area network usingWDM with about 10 nodes. This wide area backbone will have sufficientaggregate transmission and switching resources to support hundreds of usersat Gbps rates. This network will use existing network fibers (usually atdifferent wavelengths) that also provide general Internet services.

Terabit-per-second technologies

DARPA will develop the generation-after-next multiplexing, switching, androuting technologies that will bridge the gap among packet-based Gbpstributaries and the WDM-based optical core. This task will also lay thegroundwork for the direct optical support of packet-based communication.A major component of this task will be to investigate statistically soundtechniques for performing “space-division”-like spreading of the resultanttime division multiplexing (TDM) traffic across a set of wavelengths. Asecond component will be the design and demonstration of a highly paralleland distributed switching fabric.

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Taken together, these efforts will enable the development of a highlydistributed approach to Tbps switching, based on a combination of opticaland electronic technologies, with many-to-many multicast capability.

Broadband local trunking

The need to provide select sites with orders-of-magnitude-above-averageaccess to the network core has been a recurring source of delay incommissioning advanced research facilities. This task will explore new andcost-effective approaches to delivering broadband access to select sites withina geographically restricted area. DARPA will examine the terrestrial extensionof its SuperNet-rate facilities to the building and explore the effectiveness ofhigh capacity (>150 Mbps) radio frequency (RF)-based trunking. Inaddition, DARPA will address wireless broadband local access.

DARPA demonstrations and field trials

Most of the technologies to be developed by the previous tasks are associatedwith the physical, link, and networking layers. DARPA plans to demonstratethe newly developed capabilities through collaboration with some of itsapplication-oriented activities, such as the Human Computer Interaction,Information Management, and Intelligent Collaboration and Visualizationprograms.

Multiagency partnerships

NASA will partner with DARPA’s ultrahigh speed testbeds through theparticipation of at least two NASA sites. NASA will investigate the feasibilityand performance of engineering application demonstrations across thesetestbeds. The goal is to achieve an end-to-end high speed hybrid networkcapable of supporting both wireless and bounded-media applications.

NSF’s activities include select connections to Goal 2.2 networks and thefunding of competitive academic research proposals. NSF will participatewith DARPA and other agencies in ultrahigh speed networking links andtechnologies through NSF’s PACI partners. The focus will be on technologiesand protocols for advanced distributed computing.

End-to-end technologies

NSF will:

❐ Select and tune PACI applications for high speed research

❐ Study and tune ultrahigh speed performance using future-generationtools

❐ Connect to applications at select PACI partner universities

❐ Adapt Goal 1 results to Goal 2.2 networks

❐ Coordinate these activities through NLANR and PACI, as well asthrough awards to individual investigators

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NGI GOAL 3: Revolutionaryapplications

Applications are the ultimate metric for NGI success. Faster and moreadvanced networks will enable a new generation of applications that includecrisis response, distance education, environmental monitoring, healthcare,national security, and scientific research.

To achieve this goal, agencies will leverage NGI investments with other majorapplication investments. Agencies will demonstrate new applications, as wellas enhance and enable current mission applications that address nationalgoals. Each demonstration will partner the advanced networkingtechnologies developed in Goals 1 and 2 with modern applicationstechnologies.

Each community will bring its knowledge, skills, and methods to thepartnership. The applications partner will provide the bulk of the resourcesand support needed to implement its applications, working within theframework of the NGI initiative to develop and demonstrate its applicationsover the high performance networking infrastructure by using advancednetwork technologies provided by other parts of the NGI. The applicationsdemonstrations will primarily be proof-of-concept demonstrations intendedto suggest new ways for the application partners to meet their mission needs.As part of an ongoing research effort, these applications will initially be builton less-than-fully-robust technologies and be operating in less-than-optimalnetworking environments.

Many agencies have critical signature applications that will benefit fromadvanced networking services and capabilities. B oth the Federalgovernment’s information technology services and the Federally supportedR&D community have networking requirements that cannot be met withtoday’s technologies. Higher speed networks with more advanced servicesand functionality will enable a new generation of applications that supportfundamental governmental interests. For example, NLM is working to defineNGI capabilities needed for routine use of NGI technologies in healthcare,public health and health education, and biomedical, clinical, and healthservices research. NLM will fund testbed projects demonstrating the use ofthese technologies by the healthcare community. These demonstrations willbe designed to improve understanding of the impact of NGI capabilities onthe nation’s healthcare, health education, and health research systems in suchareas as cost, efficacy, quality, security, and usability.

As the NGI initiative develops new capabilities such as adaptive networking,collaboration technologies, medical data privacy, network managementtechnologies, nomadicity, QoS, and security, advanced demonstrationapplications will take advantage of the new services that these capabilitiesenable. It is expected that agencies not in the NGI budget crosscut willparticipate in these applications. For example, EPA and NOAA haveidentified key applications requiring NGI speed and services. The educationcommunity is also putting significant effort into connecting K-12 schools tothe current generation Internet. Advanced education applications such asdistance learning are expected to be key components as the NGI matures.NGI applications prototypes will test these new capabilities to ensure that theprotocols developed in Goals 1 and 2 are complete, robust, and useful in real

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Selection process

applications and to provide a road map useful in future governmental andcommercial services.

The participating Federal agencies have established a coordinated selectionprocess to identify NGI applications. These applications require the advancednetworking capabilities of Goals 1 and 2. Agencies will be asked to adapttheir applications as these capabilities are developed.

The selection process will be used to ensure that applications tested anddemonstrated on the NGI testbeds provide robust, realistic, complete tests oftechnologies that are extensible and adaptable to other applications. Selectionwill be an iterative process with Federal, academic, and industryparticipation. Applications will be derived from the Federally-focusedapplications in appropriate technology classes such as digital libraries,remote operation of instruments, environmental monitoring, crisismanagement, manufacturing, basic sciences, and Federal informationservices.

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LSN

Block diagram of the Prototype Radiation Treatment Consultation Network beingimplemented on the NIH campus. Four RCWS nodes are shown above, as well as theconference server and CIT’s IBM SP2 supercomputer, and connections within the NCIRadiation Oncology Branch to their PowerTPS treatment planning system node and a sheetfilm digitizer node. This is the type of leading edge health services delivery networkapplication that will benefit greatly from advances made through the NGI initiative.

Prototype Radiation Treatment Consultation Network

Coordination

Applications

NGI and I2: Complementaryand interdependent

DOE FY 1999 NGI plans

This multiagency effort will be coordinated by the participating agenciesthrough the LSN Working Group. Since most of the funding for applicationswill come from the applications themselves, leadership will be provided bydomain-specific affinity groups. Participation will be encouraged from abroad range of agencies with demanding networking applications.Applications will also be solicited from other interested research entitieswithin academia and industry.

Seventeen NGI applications were demonstrated at Netamorphosis and aredescribed beginning on page 61.

Specific ways in which the Federal NGI initiative and the university-ledInternet2 work together include:

❐ NSF has approved 92 institutions for High Performance Connectionsto its vB NS. Connections are based on merit. Seventy seven of theinstitutions are Internet2 universities. vB NS connectivity is a key partof NSF’s NGI program.

❐ Internet2 universities are establishing gigapops (gigabit per secondpoints of presence) that provide regional connectivity amonguniversities and other organizations. Through the gigapops,universities may connect to NGI testbeds and other advanced Federalnetworks, including the vB NS, NREN, DREN, and the ESnet. TheNGI and Internet2 will help ensure that advanced networkingservices are available on interoperable backbone, regional, and localnetworks that are competitively provided by multiple vendors.

❐ Researchers at Internet2 universities are developing a wide range ofapplications that require advanced networking. Many of theseapplications are funded by Federal initiatives including the NGI.

In FY1999, DOE proposes to join in the NGI initiative. DOE will leverage itscurrent core programs in network and application research, as well as itssystem integration expertise, to enhance the Department’s ability to satisfymission requirements through the development and prototyping ofadvanced technologies and to further the NGI goals.

DOE’s proposed FY 1999 NGI program has three major components:

❐ Core network research focuses on developing new technologies andcapabilities to be integrated into the network infrastructure tosupport DOE application requirements.

❐ Enhanced DOE application control of network technologies focuseson intelligent middleware — the software between an application andthe network transport or operating system. The aim is to provideeasy-to-use interfaces and software to DOE’s applications, as well asany supporting network transport layer capabilities, so that users canascertain the status of the network and intelligently and dynamicallymake the best use of that infrastructure to support their application.

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DOE FY 1999 research focus

❐ A new DOE-university partnership program that enhances thecollaborative application environment through joint technologydevelopment and deployment. This partnership will focus on jointlydeveloping NGI technologies, accelerating end-to-end lab-to-campusnetwork and testbed infrastructures, and adapting DOE applicationcodes at both labs and universities to support DOE missions.

These components contribute to all three NGI goals.

In order to enhance DOE and university collaboration on DOE missioncritical applications and NGI research, DOE will support joint DOE-university network research to develop the capabilities and tools required bythe applications and infrastructure administrators at DOE labs and selectuniversities, as well as deploy DOE2000 tools and capabilities to supportcritical DOE mission applications. DOE will support the researchers at boththe labs and the universities, to enable them to adapt their DOE applicationcodes to make use of these new technologies as they are being developed, andto work with the network researchers to ensure that the new technologies areresponsive to their application requirements.

DOE will also support enhancements of certain critical path infrastructureelements such as ESnet, aggregation and interconnection points (forexample, gigapops), and local networks and services, to implement andsupport these new technologies to provide the appropriate level of end-to-end services to the application. Network management and analysis tools thatfunction across networks and administrative boundaries at interconnectionpoints and support these new capabilities will be developed.

In FY 1999 DOE will experiment with and integrate network andapplications research technologies on LSN and NGI testbeds, which includeDOE laboratories, universities, and other Federal research centers.

DOE’s goal 1 activities will focus on providing easy to use middleware that isnetwork aware and able to interact with the network infrastructure,including system software, tools, and libraries to support DOE applications.The objective is to enable applications to exercise more efficient and smartercontrol and use of network resources and to support greater end-to-endcapabilities required by DOE’s applications.

In support of Goal 2, DOE will coordinate interconnection and peeringarrangements and mechanisms with NGI networks to satisfy agencyapplications needs and provide programmatically-justified access to DOE’son-line facilities. This will include interconnecting with the other Federalagency and university networks at various speeds, locations, and media types(that is, IP, ATM, and WDM). It will also include developing and supportingadvanced tools and infrastructure to address the technical and business issuesassociated with managing and supporting cross-domain internetworkinterconnections and peerings.

DOE Goal 3 applications that require NGI-type technologies andinfrastructure are largely part of the DOE2000 initiative. Pilot projectsinclude the Materials MicroCharacterization Collaboratory and the Diesel

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LSN

Combustion Collaboratory. The latter focuses on accelerating the iterativeprocess between research and deployment by creating an environment thatprovides tools for archiving, sharing, discussing, and protecting scientific andproprietary information for participants in diesel combustion research,which includes major U.S. diesel engine manufacturers. One of the first steps— currently in progress — is establishing a public key infrastructure forprotecting proprietary information centralized in an image library that willbe accessed remotely by all partners.

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Advanced Regional PredictionSystem (ARPS)

On March 11-13, 1998, Congressional representatives,administration officials, and the general public had an

opportunity to view the future of the Internet firsthand at“Netamorphosis,” a demonstration of technologies and applicationsbeing developed by the Federal NGI R&D initiative. In cooperationwith Highway 1 and the High Performance Computing andCommunications Consortium, representatives from the White House,seven Federal agencies, academia, and industry showed members ofCongress how further development of Internet technologies will leadto advancements in healthcare, the environment, manufacturing,defense, and education. The demonstrations were mounted by theagency members of the LSN Working Group — DARPA, DOE, NASA,NIH, NIST, NOAA, NSA, NSF, and VA. Support and technicalcontributions were also provided by B ell Atlantic, Cisco, Highway1,IB M, Internet2/University Corporation for Advanced InternetDevelopment (UCAID), and MCI.

Netamorphosis demonstrations were made possible by a state-of-the-artnetworking systems including NSF’s vB NS and DARPA’s ATDnet. However,all demonstrated applications require further advancements in networkingtechnologies to make them fully functional, widely available, and affordable.Demonstrations included:

Researchers at the University of Oklahoma, with Federal funding from NSF,NOAA, and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), demonstrated aprototype numerical weather prediction system developed to forecast intensesmall-scale spring and winter storms up to several hours in advance. In somecases, the system can pinpoint their locations within one or two counties.

“This new technology has the potential to save lives and millions of dollars inweather-related revenues lost each year in commercial aviation, agriculture,surface transportation, power and communications utilities, and recreation,”said Kelvin Droegemeier, Director of the University of Oklahoma Center forAnalysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS), and one of the demonstration’sparticipants. “In forecasting, speed is the name of the game. Unfortunately,current limited network capacities prevent CAPS from providing all availabledata to forecasters and other end-users in a timely manner. We need about a

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CIC R&D Highlights

Netamorphosis

Automating the constructionsite — a leap in capabilities

Cave5D: A tool forcollaborative immersivevisualization of environmentaldata

factor of 100 more bandwidth, and it is just not available right now. This iswhere the NGI Initiative will provide a valuable service,” said Droegemeier.

Other Netamorphosis demonstrations included:

TETRA, a versatile robotic crane, is one of several experimental technologiesbeing investigated at NIST’s new National Construction Automation Testbed(NCAT). These technologies will be used in developing standards for wirelesstracking, positioning, and control of machines at construction sites and forsupporting interactive construction management systems. At NCAT,researchers are developing an infrastructure for modeling, simulating, andautomating dangerous or error-prone construction tasks; remote site-management; and up-to-the-moment access to all site-related information,from architectural designs, to subcontractor schedules, to the status ofmachinery. Anticipated benefits include improvements in safety,productivity, and quality.

❐ NGI research needs include the transmission and processing of hugevolumes of position data and other information originating fromglobal positioning satellites, hard-hat-mounted displays, andinnovative surveying systems for wireless tracking of machines andother construction-site components.

Cave5D uses atmospheric and oceanographic data to create interactivevirtual reality simulations of wide area environments such as the ChesapeakeB ay. Simulations are viewed in 3-D on the ImmersaDesk. Researchers studythe effects of physical phenomena such as wind, rain, and chemicalpollutants on ecosystem behavior. For example, simulations can helpscientists and environmental and fisheries managers forecast the likely pathof an oil spill and analyze how winds and tides affect distributions of larvalfish.

❐ NGI research needs include an advanced networking infrastructurelinking ImmersaDesk sites to allow scientists in many locations tocollaborate on environmental research.

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Demonstration of virtual realitysimulation of wide area environmentssuch as the Chesapeake Bay environmentusing the Cave5D ImmersaDesk .

Collaboratory for structure-based drug design

Earth data from satellite todesktop

A prototype collaborative environment for carrying out interactive 3-Dstudies of molecular structure among scientists at distant locations. Thecollaboratory is used for drug design, protein engineering, biomaterialsdesign and fabrication, and bioremediation.

❐ NGI research needs include advancements in high performancenetwork access, collaborative molecular modeling software, anddesktop videoconferencing.

With the Distributed Image SpreadSheet (DISS), scientists working at theirown desks visualize, manipulate, and analyze massive amounts of datacollected by Earth Observing System satellites and stored at specializedarchive centers around the country. The current version of the DISS,available to researchers for evaluation, enables the analysis of large amountsof data produced by next generation satellite systems.

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Netamporphosis

High performance connections between data repositories and the scientists’ desktops are critical to remote visualization.NREN and the Distributed Image SpreadSheet allowed scientists to visualize, analyze, and manipulate years of EarthObserving Satellite data at their desktops. Pictured is an image of Hurricane Linda.

Echocardiography over the NGI

Exploring the Earth system onthe “Second Web”

❐ Currently using OC-3 bandwidth, a significant improvement overT-3, the DISS requires very low delay times and steady picture quality.NGI research needs include advancements toward OC-12 or higherbandwidths on distributed file systems and optimization ofinput/output performance.

Interactive echocardiography generates full-motion video of cardiacstructure and cardiovascular blood flow and delivers these images in real-time to physicians in remote locations. It is being used at Cleveland ClinicFoundation, satellite facilities in Ohio and Florida, and the clinic’s outpatientlabs. Echocardiographs are transmitted from the cardiac operating room tolocations where cardiologists provide guidance even when they are notphysically present in the operating room. Echocardiography images are alsorelayed from satellite facilities to the main facility for diagnosis. Remoteechocardiography will be critical for the future international space station, inbattlefield conditions, and in medically underserved areas around the world.

❐ NGI research needs include increased guaranteed bandwidth andend-to-end differentiation of service to distribute 30megabytes/second of full-screen, full-motion image data over wide-area networks.

This environment for exploring the Earth system uses new 3-D Webtechnologies to teleport viewers into high-resolution, stereo/3-D explorationsof tropical storms, forest fires, clear air turbulence, cyclones, and El Niño.Researchers and educators create and share Earth system data to studypatterns and behaviors behind naturally-occurring and sometimesdangerous phenomena.

❐ NGI research needs include high-bandwidth, wide-area networkswith end-to-end differentiation of service, allowing multiple remoteusers to explore science together in virtual 3-D worlds.

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Senator Bob Kerrey (D-Nebraska) discussesthe Netamorphosis demonstrations withPresidential Advisory Committee Co-ChairsBill Joy (Sun Microsystems) and KenKennedy (Rice University).

Informedia News-on-Demand

Interactive video dialogues

MAGIC: Viewing largegeographic areas in 3-D

Informedia News-on-Demand provides “full content” search and retrievalfrom broadcast TV and radio news. Present applications include digital videolibrary access for K-12 education and evaluation prototypes at DARPA andNSA.

❐ NGI research needs include networking advancements in end-to-enddifferentiation of service, dynamic bandwidth adaptation, and secureand shared data annotation capabilities.

These multimedia voice-controlled scenarios engage users and videocharacters in face-to-face dialogues concerning realistic, dramatic situationsusing the IDI (Interactive Drama Inc.) Defense Language Institute’sConversim interface software. Interactive video dialogues have a wide rangeof training and education uses, from combat casualty triage training, toinformation kiosks, to language training. For example, military linguistslocated anywhere in the world can sustain language proficiency by routinelytalking in virtual dialogue with native speakers.

❐ NGI research needs include enhanced network capacity toaccommodate large quantities of full-motion broadcast-quality videoin an interactive format.

The MAGIC information system allows interactive viewing of largegeographic areas in 3-D by retrieving and merging massive volumes ofremotely located data, including aerial and satellite imagery, and datadescribing topography, weather, buildings, and other objects. MAGIC isapplicable to military personnel planning a mission or assessing battledamage, emergency teams fighting a forest fire or organizing hurricane reliefefforts, and environmental workers evaluating flood conditions.

❐ NGI research needs include widespread access to high-speednetworks, distributed processing, and techniques for controllingaccess to computing and data resources. Combined with MAGIC’sapplication- and network-based storage system, these capabilities willenable people in disparate locations to respond quickly andcollaboratively to time-sensitive events.

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Netamporphosis

Explanatory posters (left)were displayed for each demo,highlighting the application,its NGI technologyrequirements, and sponsoringinstitutions or agencies. TheMAGIC information system(right) demonstratedinteractive viewing of largegeographic areas in 3-D byretrieving and mergingmassive volumes of remotelylocated data.

Materials MicrocharacterizationCollaboratory (MMC): Studyingstate-of-the-art materials

Nanotechnology research:Controlling atoms from adistance

Octahedral hexapod: AnInformation Age machine tool

The MMC, linking five national research facilities, allows scientists andresearchers to use state-of-the-art instruments to study the structure andcomposition of metals, ceramics, and alloys, and to conduct basic andapplied research in materials science — especially strength and fracturetoughness, corrosion and wear resistance, critical fields and transport currentin superconductors, electronic and magnetic properties of metallic alloys,ceramics, semiconductors, artificially layered superlattices, and the propertiesof catalysts and engineered materials.

❐ NGI research needs include security, privacy, reliable connectivity,real-time sustained high-speed data delivery, video/audioconferencing capabilities, and end-to-end differentiation of serviceassurances that unite the five research facilities into a single onlineinteractive Internet-accessible laboratory.

The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) can measure and manipulateatomic structures (measured in nanometers, or billionths of a meter), whoseimages have been magnified to a workable human scale. The Field IonMicroscope is used to shape the STM’s probe, or tip, so it can accuratelymeasure these structures. Manufacturing researchers use the STM and itsclose relative, the Atomic Force Microscope, as quality control tools fordeveloping standard measurements of small-scale products and theircomponent parts, such as computer chips and their circuitry.

❐ NGI research needs include a high-speed, secure, reliable network andsimultaneous voice, video, and data transmission to make thesemicroscopes, located at NIST’S Gaithersburg, MD, campus, accessibleby remote control to companies and universities nationwide.

The hexapod is an innovative experimental metal-cutting machine tool withthe potential to deliver an unprecedented combination of versatility, speed,accuracy, and portability. Industry and university researchers are workingwith NIST to investigate the hexapod’s potential performance advantages,from lower production costs to faster methods for making parts, molds, anddies.

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Setting up the camera for the MMC collaboratorydemonstration. The MMC allows scientists andresearchers to use state-of-the-art instruments tostudy the structure and composition of materials.

Real-time functional MRI:Watching the brain in action

Security technology for theNext Generation Internet

❐ NGI research needs include real-time, full-motion video plus 15Mbps bandwidth in a dedicated, secure environment — technologynot widely available and currently prohibitively expensive for mostorganizations that contribute to and benefit from network-enabledmanufacturing research collaborations.

The “brain in action” allows remote viewing of brain activity while a patientis performing cognitive or sensory-motor tasks. Neurosurgeons, neurologists,psychiatrists, and brain scientists investigate brain function to diagnose andtreat brain diseases. This application will enable neurosurgeons to developsurgical plans for removing a tumor based on an understanding of thecognitive and sensory-motor abilities located near the tumor site.

❐ NGI research needs include improvements in available capacity,interactive real-time capability, security, privacy, and integration withadvanced computing to ensure high performance, widespreadavailability, online visualization, and patient confidentiality.

A NIST prototype of Internet security protocol technology created a securevirtual private network, over the commercial Internet, for the teleroboticcontrol data being transmitted between the Highway 1 demonstration siteand the NIST campus. More than 60 commercial vendors of Internettechnology, Internet service providers, universities, and Federal laboratories

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Netamporphosis

Michael Ackerman of NIH/NLM outlineshow biomedical research applications andhealthcare will benefit from developing NGItechnologies.

NIST exhibitors demonstrated real-time control andinteraction of the octahedral hexapod.

SF Express: Advanced battlesimulation

Visible Human Project

use this technology as a basis for further research into Internet security andas a reference from which to build and test commercial products.

❐ NGI research needs include further work in security technology toaddress issues such as scalability, support for multicast, andautomated management of cryptographic keys.

SF Express is a military training tool that integrates data on weather; terrain;land, sea, and air assets; and other strategic factors to create simulated battleenvironments. DoD personnel will create realistic distributed syntheticenvironments for training and mission rehearsal.

❐ NGI research needs include high bandwidth, wide-area networksaccommodating multiple users and real-time interactivityrequirements.

The project has produced a digital image library of normal male and femalehuman anatomy, combining CT, MR, and digital anatomical images thatallow the creation of 3-D renderings of any part of the human body. Thislibrary serves as a common reference point for studying human anatomy, as asource for common public domain data for testing medical imagingalgorithms, and as a testbed and model for constructing other network-accessible image libraries. Physicians, educators, artists, mathematicians,engineers, physicists, and industry researchers incorporate Visible Humandata into applications ranging from virtual reality surgical simulations andcrash simulation models to kindergarten curricula and multimedia artwork.

❐ NGI research needs include high bandwidth on demand, end-to-enddifferentiation of service, and security for patient data.

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The Visible Human Project has produced a highly-detailed digital image library of normal male andfemale anatomy. Images can be accessed for testingmedical imaging algorithms, and as an atlas of thehuman body by healthcare researchers and users. Suchuses require the high bandwidth and data security andintegrity that are a major focus of NGI R&D efforts.

Research in telehealth

Computer-based patient records(CPR)

Clinical decision supportsystems (CDSS)

A major goal of Federal CIC R&D investments in telehealth, orremotely-provided healthcare, is to close the gaps in healthcare

expertise that exist between major urban medical centers and remoterural healthcare facilities. NLM, VA, and AHCPR support numeroustelehealth projects. Cardiology, dermatology, ophthalmology,pathology, psychology, radiology, and surgery(endoscopic/laparoscopic) are some of the application areas wheretelehealth has been tested and evaluation has begun.

The primary function of the CPR is to support the delivery of medical careto patients by facilitating communication among healthcare providers anddocumenting the reasoning behind clinical decisions. CPRs can also be usedto build information repositories about effective medical treatments thatcould improve population-based care.

CPR data can be entered from keyboards, by dictation and transcription,voice recognition and interpretation, light pens, touch screen terminals, andpersonal digital assistants. Data can also be input automatically via electronicpatient monitors and bedside terminals, nursing stations, EKG systems,laboratory autoanalyzers, and clinical imaging digital systems.

Patient care data collected by a CPR system can be stored centrally ordistributed, and can be retrieved by authorized users, who can then view thedata as text, tables, graphs, sound, images, or full-motion video.

As a component of clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) — softwaredesigned to aid clinical decision making — CPRs can provide physicianswith medical knowledge pertinent to patient care, such as diagnosticsuggestions, testing prompts, therapeutic protocols, practice guidelines, alertsof potential drug-drug and drug-food reactions, and treatment suggestions.The link between the CPR and CDSS is the “knowledge server” that acquiresthe necessary information for the decision maker.

Knowledge sources range from the medical literature, which can be searchedfor review articles and specific subjects using NLM’s Internet-based GratefulMed program to explore the Medline literature data base; to evidence-basedpractice reports sponsored by AHCPR; the Physicians Data Query programat NCI; other consensus panel guidelines sponsored by the NIH; guidelines

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CIC R&D Highlights

Telehealth

Research databases

CPR in telehealth

developed by medical and specialty societies; and internal development andapproval by a hospital’s staff.

Software can provide rule-based alerts, reminders, and suggestions for thecare provider when and where health service is delivered. This software canbe developed as independent, portable modules. NLM’s Unified MedicalLanguage System (UMLS) provides a uniform medical nomenclatureconsistent with scientific literature, which is needed for widespread use ofCDSSs.

CPRs are useful in developing research data bases, medical knowledge, andquality assurance information. Outcomes research supported by AHCPR,such as evidence-based studies, can provide consumers, providers,administrators, and insurers with cost and medical effectiveness information.National repositories make systematic reviews such as statistical analysespossible. High performance computing and communications systems areneeded to perform these population studies, retrieve data, produceinformation and knowledge, and send them to authorized users promptlyand safely.

Using CPR in telehealth permits the exchange of information between clinicsand healthcare providers’ offices in cities and rural areas, filling in the gapswhere specialized expertise may not be available, thus allowing remotepatients to receive proficient medical care. For example, digital images, suchas MRI, should appear no different whether viewed at a patient’s site of careor by a radiologist hundreds of miles away from the patient — assumingcompression and decompression algorithms that reduce transmission timeand cost do not cause discernible loss of quality. Digital X-rays, on the otherhand, are produced by scanning conventional film, making it necessary forradiologists to have training and specialized experience. In both examples,digital information can be assembled, shared, and discussed with appropriatespecialists via telehealth communications links.

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Overview

Information survivability

HCSR&D focuses on the critical technologies necessary toachieve high levels of availability, reliability, security,

protection, and restorability of information services. Systems thatemploy these technologies will be resistant to component failure andmalicious manipulation and will respond to damage or perceivedthreat by adaptation or reconfiguration. HCS R&D supportsinteragency collaborations for Federal high confidence systems.

Applications requiring HCS technologies include national security,law enforcement, life- and safety-critical systems, personal privacy,and the protection of critical elements of the National InformationInfrastructure. Systems for power generation and distribution,banking, telecommunications, medical implants, automated surgicalassistants, and transportation also need reliable computing andtelecommunication technologies. This section highlights some recentaccomplishments in HCS R&D.

DARPA’s Information Survivability program is developing technologies thatcan be used to create survivable systems. These technologies will createstrong barriers to attack, will detect malicious and suspicious activity, willisolate and repel such activity, and can be used to guarantee minimumessential continued operation of critical system functions in the face ofconcerted information warfare attacks. The program aims to createaffordable, verifiable, scalable technologies for a robust and secure Defenseinfrastructure — technologies that will enable the construction of secureenclaves and allow distributed computing to span such enclaves.

This program is creating advanced technologies that can be used to protectDoD’s mission-critical capabilities as well as critical national infrastructuresagainst electronic attack upon or through their supporting computinginfrastructure. The technologies developed by the program will provide thestrength needed for DoD while retaining the cost savings resulting from theuse of commercial technologies. Following are a few highlights:

❐ Under DARPA funding, the B oeing Corporation has developed andsuccessfully demonstrated the Intruder Detection and IsolationProtocol. This involves a cooperative exchange of information aboutintrusion attacks by network components in order to isolate and cut

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High Confidence Systems

Information security

off an attack. In a successful demonstration, ten attacks on thedemonstration environment were detected and isolated.

❐ DARPA has funded Reliable Software Technologies, Inc. to develop atool for whitebox analysis of security vulnerabilities in source code.This tool has been used to identify potential security flaws in one ofthe most common servers in use on the Internet. Analysis revealedhow a dozen simple perturbations and three buffer overflow flawscould compromise the security of the FTP server’s system, allowingunauthorized retrievals of sensitive files. The results demonstrate thatautomated tools can be used to detect potential areas of weakness,enabling developers to take preventive actions to fortify theirproducts against malicious attacks.

❐ DARPA has funded Secure Computing Corporation (SCC) to developan approach for protecting users browsing the Web from maliciousattacks on their systems. The approach allows users to run theirfavorite browser in a confined manner so that any actions initiated bythe browser or its children are restricted to only those files that theuser has specifically permitted. In particular, rogue Java applets,JavaScripts, Netscape plug-ins, and Microsoft ActiveX componentscannot access portions of the system that the user has declared off-limits to them. The code used to implement the protection is called akernel hypervisor. To illustrate the approach, SCC has prototyped aNetscape Navigator kernel hypervisor. The prototype was developedfor a Linux system, but the approach is applicable to many othermodern operating systems, including Sun’s Solaris and Windows NT.The kernel hypervisor is not bypassable, since it runs in the kernel.Also, since it is a loadable module, it does not require the kernel to bemodified or even rebooted when it is loaded. SCC is currentlyinvestigating other potential applications.

NSA’s Information Security (INFOSEC) Research Program continues todeliver a broad range of security technology solutions. Fundamentalmathematical work in cryptography, including elliptic curve technology, hasproduced more secure and efficient algorithms for privacy protection andauthentication, while analytic work in electronic cash technology hasprovided valuable guidance to the financial and legal communities. NSA hasprovided demonstrations and standards developments to ease the integrationof security services into commercial products and services. Engineeringbreakthroughs in high speed/low power electronics and in optical encryptiontechnology will provide the foundation for emerging high performancecommunication systems. Improved biometric authentication techniques arefinding widespread acceptance for improving government and commercialaccess control systems. Security enhancements for next generation operatingsystems and for object technology have been developed and transferred tothe R&D community. New visualization and risk assessment tools have beendeveloped and applied to assessing system security. Finally, NSA hasestablished cooperation across the INFOSEC research community to addressnetwork security.

NSA has developed a technology forecast and set of challenge problems thatfocus on the development of a high assurance computing platform,

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Assurance technologies

technology for secure internetworking, and technologies needed for a highassurance security management infrastructure. The technology needs andgaps of these challenge problems will direct the bulk of NSA’s INFOSECresearch resources. Problem areas that need to be addressed include thedevelopment of system security engineering methods to specify and designsecurity characteristics into a system; the management of network securityand the development of an infrastructure to support that management; toolsand techniques to detect and respond to local and national level attacks oncritical information systems and infrastructure components; thedevelopment of strong mechanisms to allow the controlled sharing ofinformation among disparate communities; and improved assurancetechnology for increasing the level of trust in the secure operation of systemhardware, software, and procedures. Following are some highlights:

❐ NSA is conducting research on technologies for high-speedencryption. In 1997, NSA engineers, in collaboration with DOE’sSandia National Laboratory, completed the design for an ATMencryptor that operates at 10 Gbps. In 1998 they evaluate thevulnerability of the chip, which will be a follow-on to the FASTLANEATM encryptor. This design is capable of context (key, algorithm,mode) agility rather than simply key agility.

❐ NSA scientists have invented a process for fabricating etched mirrorson semiconductor laser surfaces, a process necessary to cascadeoptical logic gates on a single chip, and an advancement needed forthe development of an all-optical encryptor.

❐ NSA has authored the Internet Security Association and KeyManagement Protocol (ISAKMP), an Internet draft standard. NSAresearchers are modeling ISAKMP and analyzing it for completenessand security. The model contains more than 100 different data flowdiagrams, state transition diagrams, and mini-specifications. Includedwithin the more than 50 state transition diagrams are 250 states andover 600 state transitions. Future modeling will include interaction ofISAKMP with other protocols.

❐ NSA contracted with Virtual Motion Inc. to deliver a driver with aprotocol structure that enables a laptop user to encrypt network dataindependent of the particular vendor’s wired or wireless PC card. Thisimproves the original idea of modifying each vendor’s device driver tooperate with a Fortezza encryption card. A wireless local-areanetwork was also developed that uses the Fortezza card for security.

NASA is developing several technologies to help achieve high confidence insystem safety. Following are some highlights:

❐ NASA has funded Odyssey Research Associates (ORA) and HoneywellAir Transport Systems Division to study the incorporation of formalmethods into the company’s software development processes. Inparticular, ORA developed TableWise, a prototype tool to analyze thecharacteristics of decision tables. A decision table is a tabular formatfor defining the rules that choose a particular action to perform basedon the values of certain parameters. TableWise generalizes binarydecision diagrams to determine if a particular table is exclusive (for

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HCS

every combination of parameter values, at most one action can bechosen) and exhaustive (for every combination of parameter values,at least one action can be chosen). The tool can automaticallygenerate documentation and Ada code from a decision table.Honeywell is evaluating TableWise in developing their commercialautopilots, where the bulk of the creative effort is in developing andvalidating the mode selection logic.

❐ NASA has initiated a joint project with Rockwell Collins to investigatethe use of formal methods to reduce mode confusion in the cockpit.The project focuses on a composite flight guidance systemappropriate for business jets. Using a formal model to drive ananimation of the user interface while at the same time displaying thesystem’s behavior is intended to help users and designers develop anarchitecture that matches the mental model of the flight crew. Theinvestigation will look to formal methods to model the behavior ofthe system, visualize the internal states of the model, drive ananimation of the user interface directly from the formal model, andanalyze the models for desired properties such as consistency,completeness, and safety.

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��yy�y�y

2. Intrusion detector alertson possible attack.

1. Sensors performsecurity monitoring.

5. Human-assistedincident responserestores service andsecure state.

4. Fishbowl created todivert the attackerand observe theattack.

3. Essential systems increasetheir degree of protection androbustness.

High Confidence

Networking

technologies provide

barriers to attack

and react to

tolerate attacks on

the infrastructure.

Wrappers can

retrofit protection

on legacy

components.

High Confidence

Computing systems

provide barriers to attack

and reconfigure as

needed to thwart an

attack or recover from

damage.

Critical System

IntrusionDetector

Decoy/Sensor

Cleanup Fishbowl

EmergencyMode

Activator

WrappedSystem

Sensor Sensor

Sensor

DARPA information survivability research focuses on technology that will guarantee that critical information systemscontinue to function adequately in the face of attack, even when the precise type of attack has not been anticipated.

In FY 1998 and FY 1999, NLM and AHCPR will continue to support researchin technologies for storing and transmitting patients’ medical records whileprotecting the accuracy and privacy of those records. Projects will promotethe application of HCS technologies to healthcare, telemedicine evaluation,and the testing of methods for protecting the authenticity, integrity,confidentiality, and privacy of electronic health data.

NSF is supporting a secure Internet programming project at PrincetonUniversity that focuses on the security of mobile code systems such as Java,JavaScript, and ActiveX. Software-based protection can allow for moreextensible security models that improve performance over hardware-basedsolutions. Extensible security mechanisms can protect subsystems andimplement policies created after the original system has been shipped. Thisproject has identified and analyzed different software-based security schemesand has popularized the extended stack inspection model.

Systems and networks are trusted to perform their intended functions with ahigh degree of confidence. Systems and networks performing mission-criticalfunctions or managing high-value assets or embedded systems requireunprecedented levels of reliability and quality. Two NIST programs focusdirectly on these needs.

Under the NIAP program, NIST has partnered with NSA to establish a centerto foster the development of formal laboratories to test and certify securityproducts against published formal specifications. This program will helpensure that both vendors and users can cite third-party assurance of thefunctionality and quality of security products and systems.

In the complex information technology environment, the careful and correctspecification of rules to control access to online documents, capabilities, orsystems has become critical — and increasingly difficult. While traditionalaccess control methods focus on individual users, files, or other systemobjects, management of access in the real world is more often based on therole that a user assumes. NIST has pioneered the new RB AC model thatbetter meets the needs of user organizations and is implementing it inenvironments, including a Web-based application.

B eginning in FY 1997, the FAA has participated in the coordinated CIC R&Dprocess, particularly through the HCS Working Group. The FAA is interestedin high confidence systems from two viewpoints:

❐ Achieving a higher degree of system dependability

❐ Assuring the integrity and security of aviation information systems.

The FAA has established “Streamlining Software Aspects of Certification,” aprogram to obtain faster certification at reduced cost while maintaining highconfidence and reliability. Other FAA-funded research is investigating how torigorously define architecture constraints for protecting safety-criticalprocesses (performed by SRI International), and approaches for structuraltest coverage analysis (performed by NASA and B oeing).

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HCS

Protecting privacy for medicalrecords

Secure Internet programming

National Information AssurancePartnership (NIAP) programand Role-Based Access Control(RBAC)

FAA high confidence systemsactivities

The high confidence community is in the process of defining a futuremultiagency research program that would address the following researchneeds:

❐ Architectural approaches to isolate safety-critical system componentsfrom non-safety-critical components

❐ Approaches to achieving survivability for collections of autonomousentities

❐ Approaches and techniques for testing and verifying integrity. Forexample, automated testing could lower the cost while increasing thelevel of assurance of high confidence systems.

❐ Measuring confidence in integrity, availability, and overall security ofhighly complex systems. Metrics are needed to identify whetherconfidence has been increased or decreased over time.

❐ Evaluation methods that would shorten the security productevaluation cycle. Such methods should allow evaluation to becompleted within a fraction of the half-life of the product.

❐ Strategies for securing a system of systems, including intrusiondetection and monitoring techniques. Examples include the use ofintelligent agents for security administration and monitoring; one-time sign-on for large systems of systems; verified securecommunication protocols; key management and key distribution forvery large systems; and techniques to identify and contain denial ofservice attacks in high-speed networks.

❐ Non-intrusive access control technology to protect individual privacy

❐ Technology for performing information warfare situation assessment,in order to discern whether an attack against the Nation’s criticalinfrastructure may be in progress.

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Future HCS R&D

77

HuCS technologies

Digital Libraries Phase 2

Human Centered Systems

HuCS R&D leads to increased accessibility and usability ofcomputing systems and communications networks.

Scientists, engineers, educators, students, the workforce, and thegeneral public are all potential beneficiaries of HuCS technologies,which include:

❐ Collaboratories

❐ Information agents for collecting and analyzing data

❐ Interdisciplinary research in human and distributed cognitionapplied to environments

❐ Knowledge repositories for information access, management,and applications

❐ Missions and applications

❐ Multilingual technology for document translation andunderstanding

❐ Multimodal interactions between humans and computersystems

❐ Universal access

❐ Virtual reality environments

❐ Visualization systems and tools/multimodal presentation

HuCS FY 1998 and FY 1999 R&D will address the following areas:

B uilding on the successful interagency Digital Libraries initiative, the newDigital Libraries Phase II initiative will begin in FY 1998. It is a joint effort ofNSF, DARPA, NASA, NLM, the Library of Congress (LoC), and the NationalEndowment for the Humanities (NEH) in partnership with the NationalArchives and Records Administration and the Smithsonian Institution. Thenew initiative will place a greater emphasis on the human and societaldimensions of digital libraries, including research in electronic informationlife cycles; digital interoperability; integration of information, computing,and communication technologies with human needs; and new types ofcontent and collections.

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Computer and InformationScience and Engineering (CISE)

Knowledge and DistributedIntelligence (KDI) andKnowledge Networking (KN)

Finding and trackinginformation

Since digital libraries can serve as intellectual infrastructure, this initiativewill stimulate the partnerships necessary for creating next generationoperational systems in such areas as education, engineering and design, Earthand space sciences, biosciences, geography, economics, and the arts andhumanities. It will address the entire digital libraries life cycle frominformation creation, access, and use, to archiving and preservation.

The goal of the initiative is to provide leadership in fundamental research, toadvance the usability of globally distributed, networked informationresources, and encourage a focus on innovative applications. Digital LibrariesPhase II plans to:

❐ Selectively build on and extend research and testbed activities inpromising digital libraries areas

❐ Accelerate development, management, and accessibility of digitalcontent and collections

❐ Create new capabilities and opportunities for digital libraries to serveexisting and new user communities, including all levels of education

❐ Encourage the study of interactions between humans and digitallibraries in various social and organizational contexts

HuCS R&D programs in NSF’s Computer and Information Science andEngineering (CISE) Directorate focus on improving the fundamentalunderstanding of computing and information processing by enhancing thetraining of scientists and engineers. Special attention is given to thecomputing and communications technologies — including software —employed to manage these processes and to select application areas. CISE FY 1998 HuCS R&D focuses on human centered systems and knowledgenetworks.

As a result of technological advances in computing power and connectivity,there are now unprecedented opportunities for providing rapid and efficientaccess to enormous amounts of knowledge and information; for studyingvastly more complex systems than was hitherto possible; and for advancingin fundamental ways our understanding of learning and intelligence in livingand engineered systems. NSF's Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence(KDI) theme is an NSF-wide effort to realize these opportunities. KDI’sKnowledge Networking (KN) research will help facilitate the evolution fromtoday’s distributed information access environment to new technical andhuman capabilities for interactive knowledge creation and use. Through thisevolution, interdisciplinary communities can be joined in sharing data andbuilding knowledge to address complex problems that have been exploredstrictly within traditional disciplinary boundaries.

NSF-supported research at Columbia University focuses on developingtechnologies to help people find and track the information they need to keepcurrent in their jobs and lives. The Columbia Digital News System providesup-to-the-minute briefings on news of interest, linking users into anintegrated collection of related multimedia documents. Depending on theuser’s profile or query, events can be tracked over time, and a summary of the

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HuCS

Active visualization

Speech technologies

most recent, breaking developments, including a representative set of imagesor videos, can be generated automatically. A user can follow up withmultimedia queries to obtain more details and further information.

NSF-supported active visualization R&D is being undertaken at New YorkUniversity. Human vision is an active process involving four principal eyemovements: saccades — rapid shifts in the fovea, a small depression at theback of the retina that forms the point of sharpest vision; pursuitmovements; vestibular (entrance) systems; and vergence (borders). B iologicalvision uses “foveated images” in which the resolution is higher at the foveathan at the periphery. To compensate for the loss of peripheral vision inimages, active visualization technology allows the user interactive control ofseveral parameters of vision, including rapid saccades and adjustableresolution. Active visualization techniques attempt to present images thatmatch some of these eye motions.

Active visualization is particularly suitable for thin-wire communication ofimages. Since foveated images require a much smaller bandwidth fortransmission, they are ideal for distributed computing, collaborativecomputing, and client-server applications over the Internet.

Business Week magazine (February 12, 1998) highlighted the increasingimportance of leading-edge speech technologies in computing. ContinuingDARPA- and NIST-supported research has made significant contributions tothis field, which is a HuCS R&D focus area. For example, the DARPA-supported Jupiter effort, cited in the Business Week article, is an experimentalsystem that allows individuals to dial an 800 number to obtain weatherinformation on 500 cities around the world. Jupiter will respond to spokenrequests for weather information and answer these queries in its own voice inreal time.

DARPA’s Speech Recognition Technology Integration effort will provide aninformation navigation and exploration toolkit that can provide militarydecision makers with rapid access to multisource, multimedia information.In FY 1998, DARPA-led researchers will design, develop, integrate, anddemonstrate key Human Computer Interaction (HCI), speech recognition,“News on Demand” (demonstrated at Netamorphosis), and videoparagraphing technologies with various applications. Additionally, they willcreate a full command vocabulary for U.S. Atlantic Command operationsand deliver a speech-enabled version of the Joint Readiness AutomatedManagement System for use in the command center.

The Space and Naval Warfare Center is supporting research in the CommandCenter of the Future (CCOF). In FY 1998, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS)and DARPA speech engines capable of running in server mode will beinstalled onto either the Command Center’s systems or other reachablesystems. The core speech technologies comprising the speech kernel includeautomatic speech recognition, text-to-speech, speaker identification andauthentication, and natural language understanding.

Collaboration among contributing DARPA researchers via integration andtesting in the CCOF’s speech environment will provide a feedback loop,

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Healthcare data

preparing systems for installation aboard the USS Coronado, part of the sea-based B attle Lab Initiative. (The USS Coronado is an information warfarecommand ship, where an entire war can be planned, monitored, anddirected.) One of the goals of this R&D is a consistent, integrated, andstandardized speech applications programming interface (API) that can bemade available to developers to encourage software reuse and to leverageboth COTS and DARPA technologies.

NLM’s computer-based Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System(MEDLARS) was established to achieve rapid access to the Library’s vaststore of biomedical and health-related information. Through worldwidecommunications networks, MEDLARS search services are available online toindividuals and institutions, and the system is accessed more than 18,000times a day.

To make searching easier and to provide a user-friendly way to useMEDLARS, NLM developed Internet Grateful Med and PubMed, freeservices accessed via standard Web browsers. The availability of InternetGrateful Med has resulted in an upsurge of usage by health professionals aswell as the general public. In FY 1998 NLM will continue developing anddeploying new capabilities for automatic source selection and for retrievingand sorting information from multiple databases.

With the large and rapidly growing number of computerized databaseresources and services offering bibliographic, full text, and factual data via

An investigator, with a head-mounted display and a force-feedback manipulator controlling the tip of a scanningtunneling microscope (STM) probe, explores the surface of asample of material using NANOSCAPE, a virtual-realityinterface for controlling an atomic force microscope and forobserving its output as a three-dimensional image in realtime. The image projected on the wall shows what theinvestigator sees and changes as his head position andorientation change. The region of the surface shown is 25Angstroms on a side. The investigator can change theviewpoint, “feel” the contours of the surface, and control themicroscope as it modifies the surface.

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HuCS

the Internet, the user must deal with structured retrieval languages that differfrom one database service to the next. NLM’s Unified Medical LanguageSystem (UMLS) compensates for the dissimilarity in the ways relatedinformation is classified in different automated systems. Intelligent-agent-mediated gateways provide users with a single point of access to informationand free the user from having to know the peculiarities of the variousinformation sources. Under continuing development and refinement in FY1998 and FY 1999, the UMLS is functioning as an electronic Rosetta Stone,making the thicket of medical classifications invisible to the user andenabling retrieval of related biomedical information from many sources.

NCRR-supported research resource centers can provide remote control ofcomplex scientific instruments such as a 400 kilovolt (kv) electronmicroscope and a sophisticated nuclear magnetic resonance imaging system.In FY 1998, NCRR will grant up to four awards to establish, demonstrate,and evaluate collaboratory testbeds to interact with these resources. The goalis to demonstrate the efficiency and efficacy of conducting research byinteractively linking people, instruments, databases, and sophisticatedsoftware.

In FY 1998, NCRR is supporting two resource centers that apply virtualreality/environments to enhance the capabilities of instruments such as theNanomanipulator (described in the 1998 Supplement to the President’sB udget) to enable visual and tactile interaction with large biomedicalmolecules such as proteins (Protein Interactive Theater) and to createcontrollable virtual environments for brain cognition research. Plans includeestablishing a resource center that will employ virtual and augmented realityfor additional brain research and guided surgery.

In FY 1998 and FY 1999, NLM is continuing to develop and evaluate a 55gigabyte digital image library of male and female anatomy. Full use andunderstanding of the anatomical structures depicted in such a libraryrequires the integration of high performance computing andcommunications technologies with technologies used in medical imagingsystems, including CT and MR imaging. (Illustrated on page 82.) Combiningthis library with efficient rendering algorithms will provide new educationaltools for researchers, healthcare providers, students, and the general public.NLM is working with academia and industry to encourage the developmentof interoperable methods for representing and communicating suchelectronic images.

More than 900 non-financial license agreements to access these data sets havebeen signed by governmental, commercial, and academic organizations.Applications using the data sets include multimedia materials for all levels ofeducation; virtual reality programs including surgical simulators; andmodeling applications such as surgical and radiation treatment planning,radiation absorption, ergometrics, and crash testing.

Scientists and engineers using advanced software to develop and producemanufactured goods face obstacles that prevent seamless communicationand interpretation of information among manufacturing applications as wellas between people and the applications themselves. HuCS R&D at NIST

NCRR activities incollaboratories and virtualreality

The Visible Human Project

Systems Integration forManufacturing Applications(SIMA)

focuses on developing and testing information interfaces for manufacturingapplications and on the application of HuCS technologies in support of theseefforts.

In projects such as the Process Specification Language, NIST researcherswork with collaborators from around the world to develop a unified processrepresentation scheme. This will enable improved communication ofmanufacturing process information among different systems. As part of thiseffort, NIST is using Internet collaboration technologies that enable remoteresearchers to participate in virtual discussions and round table events.

NIST’s Virtual Environments and Visualization for Manufacturing project isleveraging existing standards developments, such as VRML (Virtual RealityModeling Language), to enable the integration of VRML environments frommultiple application sources. A number of VRML exporters have beendeveloped, one of which has recently been incorporated into a commercialproduct.

Other NIST efforts are making scientific and engineering data available viathe Internet in support of engineering and manufacturing applications. TheNIST Chemistry WebB ook brings evaluated data directly to a scientist’sdesktop, simplifying the job of finding reliable property data for thousands ofchemicals. The Engineering Statistics Handbook, being undertaken jointly byNIST and SEMATECH, will provide an Internet-accessible means forengineers to classify statistical problems, identify statistical solution methods,

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Section through Visible HumanMale — head; includingcerebellum, cerebral cortex,brain stem, nasal passages(from head data subset)

Section through Visible Human Male — thorax,including heart (with muscular left ventricle),lungs, spinal column, major vessels, musculature(from thorax data subset)

Section through Visible Human Male — abdomen,including large and small intestines, spinal column,musculature, subcutaneous fat (from abdomendata subset)

National Institute on Disabilityand Rehabilitation Research(NIDRR)

Regional Technology inEducation Consortia (RTEC)

Regional educationallaboratories

and be linked to software that can be used to execute those methods andanalyze the results.

In FY 1998, the Department of Education’s (ED) NIDRR will support fourRehabilitation Engineering Research Centers for Information TechnologyAccess, Communication Enhancement, Universal TelecommunicationsAccess, and Telerehabilitation. NIDRR also supports jointly with NSF aWorld Wide Web accessibility initiative at MIT. The major focus of all theseactivities is to learn how individuals with various disabilities might useadvanced computational and communications tools. In such cases, theinterface between the user and the system is critical, because not all sensoryor motor modalities may be usable by persons with disabilities. For example,if an individual cannot see, a graphical user interface is not useful, and analternative must be available.

NIDRR also supports AB LEDATA, a database on assistive technology devicesfor individuals with disabilities, and the National Rehabilitation InformationCenter that maintains REHAB DATA, a rehabilitation bibliography database.

The ED RTECs provide state and local education agencies with technicalassistance in developing comprehensive educational technology plans,drawing upon existing resources and anticipating future technological needsand innovations. In FY 1998, the RTECs will continue to provide assistancein integrating technology with teaching and learning, including theacquisition, maintenance, and effective use of new technologies. The RTECswill also focus on making the most valuable resources on technology moreaccessible to educators through a variety of sources including the Internetand telecommunications technologies. A new focus will be assisting schoolsin making the best use of Internet technologies.

ED’s regional laboratories assist educators and policy makers inimplementing effective school reform strategies. A major focus of the

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HuCS

NIST-supported research developed this visual glossary oflandmarks of the head. The 3-D face is overlaid with markersidentifying anthropometric landmarks. By moving the cursorover the markers, the name of the landmark appears.

Virtual reality

Electronic Notebook project

laboratories is to improve access to the research and resources of the labs.The labs will work with the Educational Resources Information Center(ERIC) and the RTECs to develop a strategy for providing access todecentralized full-text online materials, using a search engine that wouldinclude resources from all labs and other Department-funded institutions.Specific labs will continue to provide telecommunications services foroutlying areas without modern technology; a vast network for teachers toshare ideas and lessons and increase technological literacy; and tools to trainteachers in effective uses of technology, and to model exemplary teaching andlearning through video and CD-ROM.

The ability to record and play back collaborative experiences will be criticalto the future development of teleimmersion environments. The Voyagermedia server developed at Argonne National Lab enables researchers toexperiment with scalable, multistream, multimedia recording and playback.Future extensions will enable the capture and playback of virtual reality-based teleimmersive experiences.

ManyWorlds, also developed at Argonne, is a scalable prototype system forconstructing shared virtual reality environments. It provides thecommunications and sharing services needed to build large-scaleteleimmersion systems that can be shared among multiple users andlocations, and is being used as an experimental vehicle for exploring humanperformance issues in teleimmersion. ManyWorlds provides an environmentthat allows users to collaborate on data exploration, interactive steering ofcomputational simulations, cooperative model construction, and access toremote instruments.

Electronic notebooks are beginning to be used by scientists in collaboratoriesto share ideas, data, experiments, and research programs. The goal of DOE’sElectronic Notebook Project is to design a modular, extensible architecturefor a notebook that is easy to use, secure, cross platform, and interoperable.DOE’s electronic notebook is required to be a legally binding record that canbe maintained in archives for as long as 25 years. This notebook will sharecomponents for input and display of sketches, text, equations, images,graphs, and other data types as well as provide tools for authentication,notarization, and other services.

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Overview

Synergistic modalities forhuman/machinecommunication

Information retrieval

T he Speech, Text, Image, and MULtimedia Advanced TechnologyEffort (STIMULATE) supports fundamental research devoted to

understanding multimodal human communication and itsapplication to computer technology. STIMULATE is a multiagencycollaboration that includes researchers at NSF, NSA, and DARPA. Theaim is to accelerate the progress of information technology bysupporting new directions in R&D for understanding humancommunications in multiple languages and modalities, such as text,images, video, gestures, facial expressions, handwriting, and othermeans by which humans communicate. STIMULATE projectsinclude:

Natural communication with machines is a crucial factor in bringing thebenefits of networked computers to mass markets, and the sensorydimensions of sight, sound, and touch are, at present, comfortable andconvenient modalities for the human user to interact with these computers.However, new technologies are now emerging that can supporthuman/machine communication with features that emulate face-to-faceinteraction. B ecause speech is a preferred means for human informationexchange, conversational interaction with machines will play a central role incollaborative knowledge work performed with networked computers. Usingspeech in combination with simultaneous visual gestures and physicalsignaling requires software agents that can fuse error-susceptible sensoryinformation into reliable interpretations that are responsive to andanticipatory of human user intentions. A Rutgers University project seeks todesign methods and evaluation metrics for providing human users thebenefits of natural communication with computers.

The Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval (CIIR) at the University ofMassachusetts is investigating how to retrieve information from generalimage databases. Retrieval is based on image content and any associated text.Given an image database, images similar to an example image are retrieved.Similarity is evaluated on the basis of appearance (that is, the shape of thegray-level intensity surface), color, and texture. The CIIR’s approach is notlimited to specific image types, nor does it depend upon learning.

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CIC R&D Highlights

STIMULATE

86

This figure is an example of a retrieval.performed at the CIIR at the University ofMassachusetts. The queried database is a set of 2048 trademark images from the U.S.Patent and Trademark Office. The figure shows the retrieved images ranked as mostsimilar to the first image (the query).

The figure above depicts the results of a sample query made to the Columbia Digital News System. Afterexamining the retrieved images, the user can link to articles, captions, and other information associated withthem.

Search over live multimediainformation

First annual STIMULATEworkshop

Research at Columbia University focuses on developing technologies to helppeople find and track the information they need to keep current in their jobs.The Columbia Digital News System provides up-to-the-minute newsbriefings on topics of interest, linking the user into an integrated collection ofrelated multimedia documents. Depending on the user’s profile or query,events will be tracked over time and an automatically generated summary ofthe most recent developments provided. A representative set of images orvideos can be incorporated into the summary, and the user can follow upwith multimedia queries for more details and further information. In orderto allow searches over images, a major component of this research iscategorizing images through coordinated use of image features andassociated text.

The first annual STIMULATE workshop was held at NSF on March 5-6,1998. Numerous Government agency representatives attended this workshop,which featured fifteen project presentations focusing on topics such as“Video Scene Segmentation and Classification Using Motion and AudioInformation” and “Human-Computer Communication and Collaboration.”

87

STIMULATE

88

Collaboratories andcollaborative technologies In the future, science and education will operate in a highly

distributed but fully connected environment where every elementis aware of and can interact with all other elements. Research teamswill be able to work together effectively regardless of geographic andtemporal separation among the individual members. Thiscollaboratory approach will allow researchers to conduct large scalemodeling and simulation, quickly access appropriate information,share access to and remotely operate scarce and expensive facilitiesand instruments, and work within virtual environments to bettervisualize scientific data and configure and control experiments.

CIC R&D Highlights

Collaboratories

As shown here in a distance learningapplication, MASH enables collaborationamong groups in multimedia rooms withlarge screen displays and individuals atremote sites, connected via various wiredand wireless bandwidths, who access thecollaboration using desktop, notebook, orhandheld devices.

89

Collaboratories

Multimedia Architecture thatScales across Heterogeneousenvironments (MASH)

Materials MicrocharacterizationCollaboratory

Achieving tomorrow’s vision requires research efforts today, including R&Din advanced technologies for collaborative environments. In programs suchas DARPA’s Intelligent Collaboration and Visualization program and theDepartment of Energy’s DOE 2000 initiative for national collaboratories,Federal agencies are cooperating to develop new collaborative technologiesand prototype tools and to apply and evaluate those prototypes. In FY 1998,tools developed by integrating research from networking, softwareengineering, and distributed systems will become available to Governmentand commercial entities and will be deployed in several scientificcollaboratories operated by DOE.

MASH is an object-oriented framework for scalable, multimediacollaboration being developed at the University of California, B erkeley.MASH will enable developers of collaborative applications to manage datatype heterogeneity, coordinate distributed resources in collaborative sessions,archive and retrieve the contents of multimedia collaborative sessions, andcompose new collaborative applications from a toolkit of components. It isbeing validated in a collaboratory testbed focused on distance learning acrossthe Internet.

MASH will provide next-generation Internet multimedia conferencing tools,replacing the MB ONE (multicast backbone) videoconferencing toolsdeveloped at the Lawrence B erkeley National Laboratory. MASH integratesthe real-time image and video “transcoding proxies” developed for DARPA’sglobal mobile information systems program. These proxies adapt imagerepresentations and video streams across bandwidth-constrained wirelesscommunications links. In MASH, the transcoding proxies, coupled with aconsensus-based resource allocation protocol, enable fixed-sessionbandwidth to be allocated automatically among collaborators by monitoringthe level of interest the group has in data streams flowing during a session.

Scientific research teams, working in pilot collaboratories, are providingvalidation and feedback that will guide the design of these and other toolsintended to provide shared collaborative access to unique computational andexperimental resources. The teams and pilot collaboratories will alsodemonstrate how advanced collaboration technology can affect the conductof science. The Materials MicroCharacterization Collaboratory (MMC —demonstrated at the Netamorphosis NGI exhibit) brings together five

From a live MMC multisitesession between collaboratorymembers operating a state-of-the-art field emissionscanning electron microscopeat Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory.

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CORE 2000

NIST’s manufacturingcollaboratory

facilities in an interactive electronic laboratory. Participants include Argonne,Lawrence B erkeley, and Oak Ridge National Laboratories, NIST, and theUniversity of Illinois. These facilities bring together virtually everycharacterization technique that employs electrons, ions, photons, x-rays,neutrons, mechanical and/or electromagnetic radiation to elucidate themicrostructure of any material. Through the MMC, distributed teams canuse and share these complementary facilities. One early problem uncoveredby the MMC was that latency, introduced by remote access across networks,leads to difficulty in controlling delicate instruments. To deal with thisproblem, the concept of visual servoing was developed. It hides networklatency and simplifies the use of scientific imaging instruments.

Problems in scheduling and managing distributed resources during real-timecollaborative sessions are being addressed through CORE2000, a real-timecollaboration engine being developed at DOE’s Environmental MolecularSciences Laboratory (EMSL) to handle membership, authentication, eventdistribution, and invocation. The CORE2000 interface specification allowsincompatible collaboration tools to be integrated. The CORE2000 sessionmanager provides users with integrated access to tools such as Habanero, aframework developed by NCSA for sharing Java objects. CORE2000 willoperate on a variety of platforms and will provide an applicationprogramming interface (API) for on-line instruments and collaborativeapplications such as DOE’s WindTunnel and NLM’s Visible Human project.

A manufacturing collaboratory is being deployed by NIST, the University ofMichigan, and industrial participants. This effort will provide a technologyenvironment to implement and assess the effects of distributed integratedmanufacturing.

CORE2000, illustrated in this composite,will provide an application programminginterface for on-line instruments andcollaborative applications.

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Education, Training, andHuman Resources

Overview ETHR R&D supports computer- and communications-related research to advance education and training

technologies at all levels including K-12, community college, technicalschool, trade school, university undergraduate and graduate, andlifelong learning. The complex and technically challengingapplications flowing from leading-edge R&D in HECC and LSN makeit increasingly important for today’s students and professionals toupdate their education and training on an ongoing basis in order toadopt the latest technological advances. ETHR technologies improvethe quality of today’s science and engineering education and lead tomore knowledgeable and productive citizens. ETHR R&D will:

❐ Encourage collaborations in research, development, andevaluation of education, training, and human resources amongFederal agencies, academia, and industry

❐ Advance technologies for high-quality, affordable softwarelearning tools

❐ Encourage development of information-based models ofeducational systems and learning productivity

❐ Support research on information technology applied tolearning and cognitive processes

❐ Demonstrate innovative technologies and networkingapplications.

The training of the next generation of citizens skilled in developingand using information technologies is critical to the ongoing effort ofmaintaining U.S. competitiveness in today’s highly aggressiveinternational market environment. FY 1998 and anticipated FY 1999ETHR R&D investments will continue to support this effort.

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Centers for LearningTechnologies

Knowledge and DistributedIntelligence (KDI) initiative

NSF has recently funded three national centers for learning to develop a newgeneration of researchers and computer tools focused on learningtechnologies:

❐ The Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Constructive LearningEnvironments, a partnership of the University of Pittsburgh andCarnegie-Mellon University, aims to develop a new generation ofcomputer tutoring systems that adds advanced planning and naturallanguage components to existing intelligent tutoring systems. TheCenter will test the new tutors in collaborating schools and will serveas a technology transfer center enabling developers, researchers, andeducators to integrate these advances into existing educationalpractices and upgrade tutors already in use by thousands of students.

❐ The Center for Learning Technology in Urban Schools, a partnershipof the Chicago and Detroit public schools with researchers atNorthwestern University and the University of Michigan, will assistteams of teachers and researchers in learning how to make newtechnologies work in urban and non-urban communities across theNation. The Center will encourage new technologies and improvedschool organizations that are better structured to adopt newtechnologies and rigorous new science curricula.

❐ The Center for Innovative Learning Technologies, a partnership ofSRI International, University of California-B erkeley, VanderbiltUniversity, and the Concord Consortium, will investigate virtuallearning communities, visualization and modeling, uses of low-costubiquitous computing, and learning assessment. The Center willprovide the infrastructure for synthesizing learning technology R&Dand implementing lessons across projects, stimulating rapidinnovation, multidisciplinary collaboration, and support formathematics and science learning. The Center will train postdoctoralscholars from multiple disciplines to provide future leadership inlearning technologies.

In FY 1999, NSF will continueinvesting in both CollaborativeResearch in Learning Technologies andLearning and Intelligent Systems (LIS)through its KDI initiative.

NSF’s LIS program will studycognition, neuroscience, informationtechnologies, and related disciplines.Supported work focuses on “learningabout learning” by emphasizing theintegration of theory with experimentsthat ground, test, and advance basicunderstanding of learning andintelligent behavior. Learningtechnology projects funded under LIS include research on learning applied toreading proficiency, learning applied to navigation problems, learning usingintelligent agents, and the development of multiple-user environments for

NLM provides educational grants tocultivate cross-trained biomedical/computer/ telecommunicationsprofessionals.

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ETHR

Integrative Graduate Educationand Research Training (IGERT)

NLM HPCC training grants

National Center for ResearchResources (NCRR) training

NASA learning technologiesprojects

teacher training. As part of this investment, NSF plans to fund an educationaldigital library under a new Digital Library solicitation and will continue tosupport work in educational object environments and advanced distributedlearning.

Meeting the challenge of educating scientists, mathematicians, and engineersfor the 21st century will require a new paradigm in graduate training. Toaddress this need, NSF is establishing the IGERT program in FY 1998. AFoundation-wide, multidisciplinary, graduate training effort, IGERT willdevelop innovative, research-based, graduate education and trainingactivities that will produce a diverse group of new scientists and engineerswell-prepared for a broad spectrum of career opportunities in both academicand industrial environments. Supported projects must be based upon amultidisciplinary research theme and organized around a diverse group ofinvestigators from U.S. Ph.D.-granting institutions with appropriate researchand teaching interests and expertise.

Two additional programs are eligible for IGERT support:

❐ KDI — to understand how educational and scientific communitiescan educate new generations of learners

❐ Graduate education — to integrate education and research

There is a shortage of biomedical professionals trained in the use of moderncomputer and telecommunications systems. Current U.S. needs include bothbiomedical professionals cross-trained in informatics, and professionals fromcomputer and information sciences and engineering who have had doctoralor post doctoral training in the application of these technologies to healthproblems. To help address these needs, NLM is expanding its successfulpredoctoral and postdoctoral grants program for career training in medicalinformatics. Grants will be made in research and application, and in HPCC-in-medicine fellowship training support.

NCRR supports high performance computing training at six highperformance computer resource centers and at two graphics/visualizationresource centers. These centers provide training for students (undergraduate,graduate, and postdoctoral) attending the host institutions, and for scientistsand students (including postdoctoral) outside these institutions. Currentparticipants include biologists and scientists in related disciplines who needto learn about high performance computing, and computer scientists whoneed to better understand the capabilities and needs of high performancecomputing as applied to biomedical research.

Through the Internet, NASA is reaching into America’s classrooms to make adifference in the quality and content of mathematics, science, and technologyeducation. Using the Web as a primary medium, NASA hosts virtualelectronic field trips, collaborative science projects, and distance learningactivities, and allows students to interact with scientists in real time.

NASA’s cooperative agreement, “Public Use of Earth and Space Science Dataover the Internet,” demonstrated mature K-12 education products andinnovative digital library technologies. Current activities available through

94

Presidential TechnologyInitiative and Training Researchfor Automated Instruction

NASA Regional Outreach Centers and education cooperative agreements willcontinue to make an impact on education and information delivery over theInternet.

NASA’s Learning Technologies Project (LTP) is now developing a digitalaudio network testbed that will initially support 5,000 schools nationwide.This audio-based Internet infrastructure will be used to communicate NASAscience and make distance learning technologies more widely available.Interaction and training will be provided through NASA’s LearningTechnologies Channel.

Two Federal agencies — DoD and its Air Force Office of Scientific Research(AFOSR) — that are not part of the CIC budget crosscuts, participate inETHR activities. Among them, the Department of Defense EducationalProgram (DoDEA) is a learner-centered educational organization providingits students with the knowledge and skills required for high levels ofachievement.

DoDEA’s Presidential Technology Initiative encourages software developersto use their institution’s Web sites for sharing and interacting with theDoDEA teachers who will be their partners in finishing software projects andrapidly making them available to DoDEA students.

The AFOSR-supported Training Research for Automated Instruction(TRAIN) project is a large scale, long-term effort designed to investigateinstructional approaches for automated education and training. Theseinclude a human performance taxonomy, benchmarks, and experiments.This work is being made available to extramural researchers. A computerlaboratory has been built at Lackland (CA) Air Force B ase to support TRAINgoals.

LTP is NASA communicating science —letting students and teachers know thatwhile imagination starts at the groundfloor, the sky is not the limit.

95

Committee on Technology In FY 1998, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)realigned its structure into five new NSTC Committees, including

the Committee on Technology (CT). The CT oversees the activities ofseven technology R&D Subcommittees, including the Subcommitteeon Computing, Information, and Communications (CIC) R&D.

The purpose of the CT is to advise and assist the NSTC to increase the overalleffectiveness and productivity of Federal technology R&D efforts. The CT —which encompasses the activities of the former Committee on Computing,Information, and Communications; the Committee on TechnologicalInnovation; and the Committee on Transportation R&D — will addressnational policy matters that cut across agency boundaries and provide aformal mechanism for interagency policy coordination and development ofbalanced and comprehensive technology R&D programs. The Committee

CIC R&D Programs

96

Subcommittee on Computing,Information, andCommunications R&D

National Coordination Officefor Computing, Information,and Communications(NCO/CIC)

Federal Information Servicesand Applications Council(FISAC)

will advise the Directors of OSTP and OMB on technology R&D budgetcrosscuts and priorities.

The Subcommittee on CIC R&D consists of representatives from each of thetwelve agencies that participate in the Federal CIC R&D programs. TheSubcommittee and its Executive Committee work with the agencies to plan,budget, implement, and review the multiagency CIC programs, helping toshape the Nation’s 21st century information infrastructure.

The Subcommittee has five Working Groups that meet regularly tocoordinate activities, propose new initiatives, and address specificprogrammatic objectives. These Working Groups are associated with the fiveProgram Component Areas (PCAs) of the CIC R&D programs: High EndComputing and Computation; Large Scale Networking; Human CenteredSystems; High Confidence Systems; and Education, Training, and HumanResources. The FY 1998 accomplishments and FY 1999 plans for these PCAWorking Groups are highlighted in this book.

The NCO facilitates multiagency CIC R&D activities, such as the preparationof planning, budget, and assessment documents and the development ofinteragency CIC programs, and supports the activities of the PresidentialAdvisory Committee on High Performance Computing andCommunications, Information Technology, and the Next GenerationInternet. The NCO Director, who reports to the Director of the Office ofScience and Technology Policy (OSTP), Executive Office of the President,serves as the chair of the Subcommittee on CIC R&D.

The NCO and the Subcommittee on CIC R&D meet frequently withrepresentatives from Congress; Federal, state and local organizations;academia; industry; professional societies; foreign organizations; and othersto exchange technical and programmatic information about CIC needs,issues, and trends. For example, during FY 1998, the NCO and theSubcommittee’s LSN Working Group sponsored “Netamorphosis,” a three-day demonstration to help educate members of Congress and the publicabout Federal CIC R&D programs such as the Next Generation Internetinitiative. Also, in FY 1997, a delegation from the U.S., including the NCODirector and representatives from CIC agencies, visited St. Petersburg,Russia, and briefed Russian officials on CIC R&D.

The FISAC was created to 1) stimulate and foster the migration oftechnologies from the information technologies R&D community toGovernment application missions and information services communities,and 2) identify challenges from applications to the information technologiesR&D community. FISAC activities are conducted through interagencyworking groups in the areas of Crisis Management, Federal Statistics, NextGeneration Internet, Universal Access, and Information Security. Withmembership across the Federal agencies and in collaboration with theGovernment Information Technology Services (GITS) B oard, the FISACinitiates multiagency studies and workshops, encourages pilot projects, andprovides an information exchange among members.

97

CIC R&D Programs

Buy American Report

Outreach

Congress requires annual reporting of non-U.S. high performancecomputing and communications funding activities.

In FY 1998, DARPA was the only CIC R&D agency that entered into grants,contracts, cooperative agreements, or cooperative research and developmentagreements for CIC R&D with either (1) a company other than a companythat is either incorporated or located in the U.S. and that has majorityownership by individuals who are citizens of the U.S., or (2) an educationalinstitution or nonprofit institution located outside the U.S. DARPA fundedan award related to HECC and LSN to the University of Warwick (UnitedKingdom) in the amount of $165,796.

In FY 1998, no CIC R&D procurement exceeds $1 million forunmanufactured articles, materials, or supplies mined or produced outsidethe U.S., or for manufactured articles, materials, or supplies other than thosemanufactured in the U.S. substantially all from articles, materials, or suppliesmined, produced, or manufactured in the U.S.

The NCO responds to thousands of information requests fromCongressional offices, industry, academia, and the public each year. To fulfillthese requests, the NCO provides print and video materials and maintainsWeb servers that include all NCO publications since 1994; information onthe Subcommittee on CIC R&D and the organizations that report to it; thePresidential Advisory Committee; the Next Generation Internet initiative;Congressional testimony; links to the servers of participating agencies; andother related information.

In FY 1998, the NCO produced a publicly-available video entitled “AdvancedNetworking: Connecting to the Future” in cooperation with the UniversityCorporation for Advanced Internet Development. The video highlightsrecent and potential advancements in large scale networking through Federaland non-Federal projects such as the Next Generation Internet initiative andInternet2.

Several CIC R&D agencies and the NCO also participated in SC97, a nationalconference focusing on networking, distributed computing, data-intensiveapplications, supercomputing, scalable computing, and other emergingtechnologies that push the frontiers of computing, communications, andcomputational science. The NCO sponsored a research exhibit to helpeducate the public about Federal investments in CIC R&D, participated inpanel discussions, and helped coordinate a Town Hall meeting of thePresidential Advisory Committee on High Performance Computing andCommunications, Information Technology, and the Next GenerationInternet. At SC98, the CIC R&D agencies and the NCO plan to demonstrateNext Generation Internet applications in the conference’s research exhibitarea and participate in panel discussions of Federal CIC R&D activities.

For the most up-to-date information on CIC programs, the reader is invitedto visit http://www.ccic.gov/.

98

The Presidential Advisory Committee onHigh Performance Computing and Communications,

Information Technology,and the Next Generation Internet

Established by President Clinton on February 11, 1997, the Advisory Committee on HighPerformance Computing and Communications, Information Technology, and the Next GenerationInternet will provide the President, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and the Federal

agencies involved in CIC R&D with guidance and advice on all areas of high performance computing,communications, and information technologies. Representing the research, education, and librarycommunities and including network providers and representatives from critical industries, the Committeemembers will help guide the Administration’s efforts to accelerate development and adoption ofinformation technologies vital for American prosperity in the 21st century.

On October 31, 1997, President Clinton appointed four new members to the Committee, bringing the totalnumber of members to twenty-five. The new members are David Dorman, John Miller, Joe Thompson, andIrving Wladawsky-B erger. Their affiliations are given on the next page.

As part of the Executive Order creating the Committee, President Clinton asked for an independent assessment ofthe Federal government’s role in high performance computing and communications, including:

❐ Progress made in implementing the High Performance Computing and Communications Program

❐ Progress in designing and implementing the NGI initiative

❐ The need to revise the HPCC Program

❐ B alance among components of the HPCC Program

❐ Whether the research and development undertaken pursuant to the HPCC Program is helping to maintainU.S. leadership in advanced computing and communications technologies and their applications

❐ Other issues as specified by the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy

During FY 1998, the Committee held public meetings December 9-10, 1997; March 11, 1998; and May 19, 1998.At the December meeting, the CIC R&D Program Component Area chairs presented budget briefings andsummaries of the CIC R&D agenda. The Committee was also briefed on critical infrastructure protection; societalissues; and the regulation, deregulation, and growth of the Internet. In March, 1998, the Committee’s Highendand B roadbased Subcommittees presented reports on their activities and findings, and the Committee announcedits intention to produce a report by the end of 1998. The Committee also received an update from the FCC, anupdate on the NGI initiative, and a report on “Connecting All Americans.”

At SC97 in San Jose, CA, in November, 1997, several Advisory Committee members participated in a Town Hallmeeting. They briefed conference participants on the Committee’s activities and answered questions about thefuture of U.S. information technology.

In March, 1998, the Committee also attended “Netamorphosis,” a demonstration of NGI technologies andapplications, held at Highway 1 in Washington, DC. At the Netamorphosis kick-off reception, Committee co-chairs Ken Kennedy and B ill Joy spoke about the success of the Federal NGI initiative and the need for furtherFederal networking R&D.

99

Presidential Advisory Committee

Committee Co-Chairs

Ken Kennedy is Director of the Center for Research onParallel Computation and is Ann and John DoerrProfessor of Computer Science at Rice University.

Bill Joy is co-founder and Vice President of Research atSun Microsystems.

Committee Members

Eric A. Benhamou is President, Chairman, and CEO of3Com Corporation.

Vinton Cerf is Senior Vice President of InternetArchitecture and Engineering at MCI Communications.

Ching-chih Chen is a Professor in the Graduate Schoolof Library and Information Science at SimmonsCollege.

D avid Cooper is Associate Director of Computation atthe Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Steven D . D orfman is Vice Chairman of HughesElectronics Corporation, Chairman of HughesTelecommunications and Space Company, and amember of Hughes Electronics Office of the Chairman.

D avid W. D orman is President and CEO of PointCast.

Robert Ewald is Executive Vice President for ComputerSystems at Silicon Graphics, Inc.

D avid J. Farber is Alfred Fitler Moore Professor ofTelecommunications at the University of Pennsylvania.

Sherrilynne S. Fuller is Director of the Health SciencesLibraries and Information Center; Acting Director,Informatics, School of Medicine; and Director of theNational Network of Libraries of Medicine, PacificNorthwest Region at the University of Washington.

Hector Garcia-Molina is Leonard B osack and SandraLerner Professor in the Departments of ComputerScience and Electrical Engineering at StanfordUniversity.

Susan Graham is Chancellor’s Professor of ComputerScience in the Department of Electrical Engineering andComputer Science at the University of California,B erkeley.

James N. Gray is a senior researcher in Microsoft’sScalable Servers Research Group and manager ofMicrosoft’s B ay Area Research Center.

W. D aniel Hillis is a Vice President and Disney Fellowat Walt Disney Imagineering, Research andDevelopment, Inc.

John P. Miller is Director of the Center forComputational B iology at Montana State University,B ozeman.

D avid C. Nagel is President of AT&T Labs.

Raj Reddy is Dean of the School of Computer Scienceand Herbert A. Simon University Professor ofComputer Science and Robotics at Carnegie MellonUniversity.

Edward H. Shortliffe is Associate Dean for InformationResources and Technology, Professor of Medicine, andProfessor of Computer Science at Stanford UniversitySchool of Medicine.

Larry Smarr is Director of the National ComputationalScience Alliance and Professor of Physics andAstrophysics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Joe F. Thompson is the William L. Giles DistinguishedProfessor of Aerospace Engineering in the Departmentof Aerospace Engineering at Mississippi StateUniversity.

Leslie Vadasz is Senior Vice President and Director ofCorporate B usiness Development at Intel Corporation.

Andrew J. Viterbi is a co-founder of QUALCOMMIncorporated and Vice Chairman of its B oard ofDirectors.

Steven J. Wallach is Advisor to CenterPoint Ventures.

Irving Wladawsky-Berger is General Manager, IB MInternet Division at IB M Corporation.

Committee Members

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CIC R&D Summary

CIC R&D Goals

Assure continued U.S. leadership in computing, information, and communications

technologies to meet Federal goals and to support U.S. 21st century academic, defense, and

industrial interests

Accelerate deployment of advanced and experimental information technologies to maintain

world leadership in science, engineering, and mathematics; improve the quality of life;

promote long term economic growth; increase lifelong learning; protect the environment;

harness information technology; and enhance national security

Advance U.S. productivity and industrial competitiveness through long-term scientific and

engineering research in computing, information, and communications technologies

CIC R&D Agencies

AHCPR Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Department of Health and

Human Services

DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense

DOE Department of Energy

ED Department of Education

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NIH National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology, Department of Commerce

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,

Department of Commerce

NSA National Security Agency, Department of Defense

NSF National Science Foundation

VA Department of Veterans Affairs

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Evaluation Criteria for CIC R&D Programs

Relevance/Contribution

The research must significantly contribute to the overall goals of the Federal Computing, Information, and

Communications (CIC) R&D programs, which include the goals of the five Program Component Areas – High End

Computing and Computation (HECC), Large Scale Networking (LSN), High Confidence Systems (HCS), Human

Centered Systems (HuCS), and Education, Training, and Human Resources (ETHR) – to enable solution of Grand

Challenge- and National Challenge-class applications problems.

Technical/Scientific Merit

The proposed agency program must be technically/scientifically sound and of high quality and must be the product of a

documented technical/scientific planning and review process.

Readiness

A clear agency planning process must be evident, and the organization must have demonstrated capability to carry out

the program.

Timeliness

The proposed work must be technically/scientifically timely for one or more of the CIC R&D Program Component

Areas.

Linkages

The responsible organization must have established policies, programs, and activities promoting effective technical and

scientific connections among government, industry, and academic sectors.

Costs

The identified resources must be adequate, represent an appropriate share of the total available CIC R&D resources

(e.g., a balance among Program Component Areas), promote prospects for joint funding, and address long-term

resource implications.

Agency Approval

The proposed program or activity must have policy-level approval by the submitting agency.

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Agency CIC R&D Budgetsby Program Component Area

FY 1998 Budget (D ollars in Millions)

Agency HECC LSN HCS HuCS ETHR TOTAL

D ARPA 84.80 89.23 9.40 137.87 321.30NSF 132.90 69.20 0.90 60.17 20.96 284.13D OE 90.53 25.79 9.94 3.00 129.26NASA 90.10 25.00 2.80 2.20 8.30 128.40NIH 23.74 28.19 4.13 29.28 6.38 91.72NSA 26.42 2.18 7.20 35.80NIST 3.99 5.46 3.40 13.66 26.51VA 7.45 5.35 9.20 22.00ED 12.00 12.00NOAA 4.30 2.70 0.50 7.50EPA 5.38 5.38AHCPR 5.50 5.50TOTAL 462.16 255.20 33.18 280.32 38.64 1069.50

FY 1999 Budget Request (D ollars in Millions)

Agency HECC LSN TOTAL

D ARPA 57.50 102.70 160.20NSF 235.70 74.20 309.90D OE 88.00 40.20 128.20NASA 71.60 19.80 91.40NIH 42.33 67.67 110.00NSA 24.00 3.00 27.00NIST 3.50 5.20 8.70VA 1.90 1.90 EDNOAA 10.30 2.70 13.00EPA 5.00 5.00AHCPR 3.50 2.10 5.60TOTAL 541.43 319.47* 860.90*

NGI totals are included under LSN.

HCS, HuCS, and ETHR crosscuts are not included in the President’s FY 1999 budget.

* These totals vary from the President’s FY 1999 B udget in that the Department of Veterans Administration (VA) LSN funding was not included in that B udget.

103

AAIACTS ATM International.

ACA parallel C language.

ACTSNASA’s Advanced Communication TechnologySatellite.

ACTSAdvanced Computational Testing and Simulation.

AFOSRAir Force Office of Scientific Research.

AHCPRAgency for Health Care Policy and Research, partof the Public Health Service of the Department of

Health and Human Services.

AlgorithmA procedure designed to solve a problem.Scientific computing programs implement

algorithms.

ANIRNSF’s Advanced Networking Infrastructure and

Research.

APIApplications programming interface.

ARPSAdvanced Regional Prediction System.

ASAPDOE’s Academic Strategic Alliances Program.

ASCIDOE’s Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative.

ATD NetAdvanced Technology Demonstration Network.

ATMAsynchronous Transfer Mode, atelecommunications technology, also known as

cell switching, which is based on 53-byte cells.

Backbone NetworkA high capacity electronic trunk — for examplethe NSF vB NS backbone — connecting lower

capacity networks.

BandwidthA measure of the capacity of a communicationschannel to transmit information; for example,

millions of bits per second or Mb/s.

BenchmarkA point of reference (artifact) to compare anaspect of systems performance (for example, awell known set of programs). Also, to conduct andassess the computation (or transmission)capabilities of a system using a well known

artifact.

BITDARPA’s B roadband Information Technology

program.

BitAn acronym for binary digit.

BLASB asic Linear Algebra Subprograms.

Glossary

104

Bps, or B/sAn acronym for bytes per second.

bps, or b/sAn acronym for bits per second.

ByteA group of adjacent binary digits operated upon

as a unit (usually connotes a group of eight bits).

CC programming language.

C++C++ programming language, an object-oriented

descendant of the C language.

CaltechCalifornia Institute of Technology.

CAPSCenter for the Analysis and Prediction of Storms.

CASNASA’s Computational Aerosciences Project.

CAVECave Automatic Virtual Environment. A surroundscreen, surround sound, projection-based virtual

reality (VR) system.

CBVEChesapeake B ay Virtual Environment.

CCICFormer Committee on Computing, Information,and Communications of the NSTC; now merged

into the Committee on Technology.

CD MACode division multiple access.

CERTComputer Emergency Response Team.

CIACComputer Incident Advisory Capability.

CICComputing, Information, and Communications.

CIC R&D , Subcommittee onSubcommittee on Computing, Information, andCommunications R&D, which reports to the

Committee on Technology.

CISCollaborations in Internet Security.

CISENSF’s Directorate for Computer and InformationScience and Engineering.

CITNIH’s Center for Information Technology.

CORE2000A real-time collaboration engine being developedat DOE’s Environmental Molecular SciencesLaboratory (EMSL) to handle membership,

authentication, event distribution, and invocation.

CoSClass of Service.

COTSCommercial off-the-shelf. Describes hardware and

software that are readily available commercially.

CPRComputer-based patient records.

CRPCCenter for Research in Parallel Computation.

CTCommittee on Technology of the NSTC.

D ARPADefense Advanced Research Projects Agency, part

of DoD. Formerly ARPA.

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Glossary

D CRTNIH’s Division of Computer Research andTechnology. In February 1998, the Center forInformation Technology (CIT) combined thefunctions of DCRT, the Office of InformationResources Management (OIRM), and theTelecommunications B ranch (TCB ) of the Officeof Research Services. (See CIT.)

D ESData Encryption Standard.

D IIDefense Information Infrastructure.

D ISSDistributed Image Spread Sheet.

D NADeoxyribonucleic Acid, a biomolecule from which

genes are composed.

D oDDepartment of Defense.

D oD EADepartment of Defense Education Program, thepublic school system for dependents of US

personnel worldwide.

D oD HPC Modernization ProgramDepartment of Defense High Performance

Computing Modernization Program.

D OEDepartment of Energy.

D OE 2000Department of Energy program focusing on

solving DOE’s complex scientific problems.

D RAMDynamic Random Access Memory.

D RENDoD’s Defense Research and Engineering

Network.

EDDepartment of Education.

EMSLDOE’s Environmental Molecular Sciences

Laboratory.

EPAEnvironmental Protection Agency.

EPSCoRExperimental Program to Stimulate Competitive

Research.

ERICED’s Educational Resources Information Center.

ESNetDOE’s Energy Sciences Network.

ESSNASA’s Earth and Space Sciences.

ETAA model currently being tested at the NationalCenters for Environmental PredictionEnvironmental Modeling Center (EMC)Mesoscale Modeling B ranch.

ETHREducation, Training, and Human Resources. One

of the five CIC R&D Program Component Areas.

Exa-A prefix denoting 1018, or a million trillion. (For

example, exabytes).

FAAFederal Aviation Administration.

FD AFood and Drug Administration.

FedCIRCFederal Computer Incident Response Capability.

FISACFederal Information Services and ApplicationsCouncil, formerly the Applications Council, which

reports to the Subcommittee on CIC R&D.

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FlopsAcronym for floating point operations per second.The term “floating point” refers to that format ofnumbers that is most commonly used forscientific calculation. Flops is used as a measure ofa computing system’s speed of performing basicarithmetic operations such as adding, subtracting,

multiplying, or dividing two numbers.

FRAFederal Railroad Administration.

FSLNOAA’s Forecast Systems Laboratory in B oulder,

CO.

FTAFederal Transit Administration.

FTPFile transfer protocol.

FYFiscal Year.

G, or Giga-A prefix denoting 109, or a billion. (For example,

Gflops or gigaflops; gigabytes, gigabits).

GatewayA system that interconnects networks (orapplications) that communicate using differentprotocols, and bridges their differences bytransforming one protocol into another.

GBAn acronym for Gigabyte.

GbAn acronym for Gigabit.

Gb/s or GbpsGigabits per second.

GFD LNOAA’s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.

GflopsGigaflops, billions of floating point operations per

second.

GigapopsGigabit per second points of presence.

GITSGovernment Information Technology Services.

GOESGeostationary Operational Environmental

Satellite.

Grand ChallengeA fundamental problem in science andengineering, with broad economic and scientificimpact, whose solution can be advanced byapplying high performance computing and/or

communications techniques and resources.

GSAGeneral Services Administration.

GSFCNASA Goddard Space Flight Center.

HCSHigh Confidence Systems. One of the five CIC

R&D Program Component Areas.

HECCHigh End Computing and Computation. One of

the five CIC R&D Program Component Areas.

Heterogeneous systemA distributed system that contains more than one

kind of computer.

HFCHybrid fiber coax.

HPCHigh performance computing.

HPCCHigh Performance Computing andCommunications, a Federal R&D Program that is

the predecessor to the CIC R&D programs.

HPCRPHigh Performance Computing Resource Provider.

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Glossary

HuCSHuman Centered Systems. One of the five CIC

R&D Program Component Areas.

HTMTHybrid technology multithreaded architecture.

IAIMSNIH’s Academic Medical Centers.

IGERTNSF’s Integrative Graduate Education and

Research Training.

INFOSECInformation Systems Security.

InternetThe global collection of interconnected,multiprotocol computer networks includingFederal, private, and international networks.

I2Internet2.

I/OInput/Output.

IPInternet Protocol.

IPSECIP Security Protocol.

IRSInternal Revenue Service, part of the Department

of Treasury.

ISVIndependent Software Vendor.

JETJoint Engineering Team, which reports to the LSN

Working Group.

JPLJet Propulsion Laboratory.

JTOJoint Technology Office.

K, or Kilo- A prefix denoting 103, or a thousand. (For

example, kilobits/second).

Kb/sKilobits per second or thousands of bits persecond.

KD INSF’s Knowledge and Distributed IntelligenceProgram.

kvKilovolt.

LANLocal area network.

LANLDOE’s Los Alamos National Laboratory.

LBNLDOE’s Lawrence B erkeley National Laboratory.

LISNSF’s Learning and Intelligent Systems Program.

LLNLDOE’s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

LoCLibrary of Congress.

LOTSAn optical tape system with ten times the storageper tape and at least ten times the input data rate

compared with conventional large stores.

LSNLarge Scale Networking. One of the five CIC R&D

Program Component Areas.

M, or Mega-A prefix denoting 106, or a million. (For example,

Mbps, or megabits per second; Mflops).

108

MAGICAn information system that allows interactiveviewing of large geographic areas in 3-D byretrieving and merging massive volumes ofremotely located data.

MASHMulti-media architecture that scales acrossheterogeneous environments.

MBAn acronym for Megabyte.

MbAn acronym for Megabit.

MBONEMulticast backbone.

Mb/s or MbpsMegabits per second or millions of bits persecond.

MCMMultichip module.

MED LARSMedical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System.Provides rapid access to NLM’s biomedical andhealth information.

MflopsMegaflops, millions of floating point operationsper second.

MipsMillions of instructions per second.

MITMassachusetts Institute of Technology.

MLMaximum likelihood.

MM5Mesoscale Meteorological model.

MMCMaterials Microcharacterization Collaboratory.

MPIMessage Passing Interface.

MPPMassively parallel processing.

MRIMagnetic Resonance Imaging.

NAPsNetwork access points.

NASNumerical Aerodynamic Simulation.

NASNational Academy of Sciences.

NASANational Aeronautics and Space Administration.

National ChallengeA fundamental application that has broad anddirect impact on the Nation’s competitiveness andthe well-being of its citizens and that can benefitfrom the application of CIC technology and

resources.

NBSNational B ureau of Standards, NIST’s predecessor.

NCARNational Center for Atmospheric Research.

NCBINLM’s National Center for B iotechnology

Information.

NCINational Cancer Institute, part of NIH.

NCONational Coordination Office for Computing,

Information, and Communications.

NCRRNational Center for Research Resources, part of

NIH.

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Glossary

NCSANational Computational Science Alliance,Urbana-Champaign, IL, successor to the National

Center for Supercomputing Applications.

NEHNational Endowment for the Humanities.

NERSCDOE’s National Energy Research Supercomputer

Center.

NetworkComputer communications technologies that linkmultiple computers for sharing information andresources across geographically dispersed

locations.

NGINext Generation Internet, a Presidential CIC R&D

initiative.

NID RRED’s National Institute on Disability and

Rehabilitation Research.

NIGMSNational Institute of General Medical Sciences,

part of NIH.

NIHNational Institutes of Health, part of HHS.

NISTNational Institute of Standards and Technology,

part of the Department of Commerce.

NLANRNational Laboratory for Applied Networking

Research, sponsored by NSF.

NLMNational Library of Medicine, part of NIH.

NOAANational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, part of the Department of

Commerce.

NOWNetwork of workstations.

NPACINational Partnership for Advanced

Computational Infrastructure.

NRCNuclear Regulatory Commission.

NRENNASA’s Research and Education Network.

NRTNetworking Research Team, which reports to the

LSN Working Group.

NSANational Security Agency, part of DoD.

NSFNational Science Foundation.

NSFNETNational Science Foundation computer network

program.

NSTCNational Science and Technology Council.

OC-nnOptical carrier. “nn” is a number, with a higher

number indicating a faster data transmission rate.

OMBWhite House Office of Management and B udget.

ORNLDOE’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

OSOperating system.

OSTPWhite House Office of Science and Technology

Policy.

110

PACIPartnership for Advanced Computational

Infrastructure.

Parallel processingSimultaneous processing by more than one

processing unit on a single application.

PCAProgram Component Area. Structure of theComputing, Information, and CommunicationsR&D programs. Each PCA spans an area in whichmultiple agencies have activities. The five PCAsare High End Computing and Computation(HECC); Large Scale Networking (LSN); HighConfidence Systems (HCS); Human CenteredSystems (HuCS); and Education, Training, and

Human Resources (ETHR).

PCPA Parallel C language.

PCSPersonal communication services.

PECASEPresidential Early Career Award for Science and

Engineering.

PETPositron emission tomography.

Peta-A prefix denoting 1015, or a thousand trillion. (For

example, petabits).

pflop/sPetaflops, 1015 flops.

PKIPublic key infrastructure.

PrionsPrions are a novel class of “infectious” pathogensdistinct from viruses with respect to both theirstructure and the neurodegenerative diseases, suchas Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, that they cause.

PrPPrion protein. It is the major, if not the only,component of prions, the protein implicated in

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.

PrPCThe normal cellular form of PrP (see above).

PrPScThe abnormal, disease (scrapie)-related form of

PrP (see above).

PSCPittsburgh Supercomputer Center.

PSEProblem Solving Environment.

QoSQuality of Service.

R&DResearch and development.

RCWSRadiology Consultation Workstation.

RESA system developed to harness “idle” workstations.

RTECRegional Technology in Education Consortium.

SARSynthetic aperture radar.

ScalableA system is scalable if it can be made to have more(or less) computational power by configuring itwith a larger (or smaller) number of processors,amount of memory, interconnection bandwidth,input/output bandwidth, and amount of mass

storage.

SciTLScientific Template Library. The initial projectsundertaken under the Advanced Computational

Testing and Simulation portion of DOE2000.

SD SCSan Diego Supercomputer Center.

SEMATECHA national consortium dedicated to conductingsemiconductor research.

SGISilicon Graphics, Inc.

SIMANIST’s Systems Integration for Manufacturing

Applications.

SMPsSymmetric multiprocessor systems.

SONETSynchronous Optical Network.

Split-CA parallel C language.

S&TScience and technology.

STAR TAPScience, Technology And Research Transit AccessPoint, an international transit networking meetingpoint in Chicago.

STIMULATESpeech, Text, Image, and Multimedia AdvancedTechnology Effort.

STMScanning Tunneling Microscope.

T, or Tera-A prefix denoting 1012 or a trillion. (For example,terabits, teraflops).

TbpsTerabit-per-second.

TCP/IPTransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.

TD MTime division multiplexing.

TETRAA versatile robotic crane, one of severalexperimental technologies being investigated atNIST’s National Construction AutomationTestbed.

THzTrillions of cycles per second

TTSText-to-Speech, a core speech technologycomprising the speech kernel in DARPA’s naturallanguage understanding technology.

UCAIDUniversity Corporation for Advanced InternetDevelopment.

UC-BerkeleyUniversity of California at B erkeley.

UCLAUniversity of California-Los Angeles.

UCSDUniversity of California-San Diego.

UIUCUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

UMLSUnified Medical Language System.

UPCA programming language that combines featuresof AC with features of Split-C and PCP, two otherparallel C languages.

USCUniversity of Southern California.

VADepartment of Veterans Affairs.

vBNSNSF’s very high performance B ackbone NetworkServices.

111

Glossary

Vis5DSystem for visualizing the output of atmosphericand ocean models with composite images fromthe Geostationary Operational EnvironmentalSatellite (GOES).

VLSIVery Large Scale Integration. A type of computerchip.

VRMLVirtual Reality Modeling Language.

WANWide area network.

WD MWavelength division multiplexing.

WebA reference to the World Wide Web.

Wireless technologiesCommunications technologies that use radio,microwave, or satellite communications channelsversus wire, coaxial, or optical fiber.

WITWeb-based Interoperability Tester.

WWWWorld Wide Web.

112

113

NCO

Kay HowellDirector

Sally E. Howe, Ph.D.Associate Director

Yolanda Comedy, Ph.D.Technical Staff (Presidential Advisory Committee Liaison)

Ward FentonSystems Administrator

Kelly GoinsAdministrative Officer

Vicki L. HarrisAdministrative Assistant

Kristin JangerDirector's Assistant

Catherine W. McDonaldTechnical Staff

B etty McDonoughAssistant System Administrator

Grant Miller, Ph.D.Technical Staff (LSN Liaison)

Krish Namboodiri, Ph.D.Technical Staff (Implementation Plan Liaison)

Terrence L. Ponick, Ph.D.Technical Writer

Denis RoarkTechnical Staff (FISAC Liaison)

Robert I. Winner, Ph.D.Technical Staff (Presidential Advisory Committee Liaison)

AHCPR

J. Michael Fitzmaurice, Ph.D.Director, Center for Information TechnologyAgency for Health Care Policy and Research2101 East Jefferson Street, Suite 602Rockville, MD 20852(301) 594-1483FAX: (301) 594-2333

Luis G. Kun, Ph.D.Senior Advisor, Center for Information TechnologyAgency for Health Care Policy and Research2101 East Jefferson Street, Suite 602Rockville, MD 20852(301) 594-1483FAX: (301) 594-2333

National Coordination Office for Computing, Information, and Communications (NCO/CIC)

Suite 6904201 Wilson B oulevardArlington, VA 22230(703) 306-4722FAX: (703) [email protected]

Internet/World Wide Web Servers:

http://www.ccic.gov/http://www.ngi.gov/

Contacts

114

D ARPA

David L. Tennenhouse, Ph.D.Director, Information Technology OfficeDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency3701 North Fairfax DriveArlington, VA 22203-1714(703) 696-2228FAX: (703) 696-2202

Ronald L. Larsen, Ph.D.Assistant Director, Information Technology OfficeDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency3701 North Fairfax DriveArlington, VA 22203-1714(703) 696-2227FAX: (703) 696-6416

B ertram Hui, Ph.D.Program Manager, Information Technology OfficeDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency3701 North Fairfax DriveArlington, VA 22203-1714(703) 696-2239FAX: (703) 696-2202

Teresa F. LuntProgram Manager, Information Survivability ProgramDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency3701 North Fairfax DriveArlington, VA 22203-1714(703) 696-4469FAX: (703) 696-2202

Mari W. Maeda, Ph.D.Program Manager, Information Technology OfficeDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency3701 North Fairfax DriveArlington, VA 22203-1714(703) 696-2255FAX: (703) 696-2202

Hilarie OrmanProgram Manager, Information Technology OfficeDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency3701 North Fairfax DriveArlington, VA 22203-1714(703) 696-2234FAX: (703) 696-2202

Jay Allen Sears, Ph.D.Program Manager, Information Technology OfficeDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency3701 North Fairfax DriveArlington, VA 22203-1714Phone: please use emailFAX: (703) 696-2202

Stephen L. SquiresSpecial Assistant for Information TechnologyDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency3701 North Fairfax DriveArlington, VA 22203-1714(703) 696-2226FAX: (703) 696-2209

D OE

Gilbert G. Weigand, Ph.D.Deputy Assistant Secretary,

Strategic Computing and SimulationDepartment of Energy1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20585 (202) 586-0568FAX: (202) 586-7754

Daniel A. Hitchcock, Ph.D.Acting Director, Mathematical, Information, and

Computational Sciences (MICS) Division, Office ofComputational and Technology Research (OCTR)

Department of EnergyOCTR/MICS, ER-3119901 Germantown RoadGermantown, MD 20874-1290(301) 903-5800FAX: (301) 903-7774

Paul H. Smith, Ph.D.Special Assistant, Advanced Computing Technology,

Defense Programs OfficeDepartment of EnergyDP-501000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20585(202) 586-0992FAX: (202) 586-7754

115

Contacts

Edgar W. LewisOffice of Strategic Computing and Simulation,

Defense Programs OfficeDepartment of EnergyDP-50Mail Stop 4A-028/FORR, Room 1F-020/FORR1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20585-1290(202) 586-5092FAX: (202) 586-2168

Thomas A. Kitchens, Ph.D.Program Director, Mathematical, Information, and



Norman H. KreismanAdvisor, International TechnologyDepartment of Energy, ER5Mailstop 3H049-FORS1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20585(202) 586-9746FAX: (202) 586-7152

Mary Anne Scott, Ph.D.Program Manager, Mathematical, Information, and



George R. Seweryniak Program Manager, Mathematical, Information, and



ED

Linda G. Roberts, Ed.D.Director of Educational Technology,

Office of the Deputy SecretaryDepartment of EducationRoom 5164600 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20202(202) 401-1444FAX: (202) 401-3941

Alexis T. PoliakoffNetwork Planning StaffDepartment of EducationOHRA/IRG600 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20202(202) 708-5210FAX: (202) 260-5669

EPA

Joan H. NovakHPCC Program Manager, MD-80Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle Park, NC 27711(919) 541-4545FAX: (919) 541-1379

Robin L. Dennis, Ph.D.Senior Science Program Manager, MD-80Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle Park, NC 27711(919) 541-2870FAX: (919) 541-1379

EPA FedEx address:

79 T.W. Alexander DriveB uilding 4201Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

116

NASA

Lee B . HolcombChief Information OfficerNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationCode AO300 E Street, S.W.Washington, DC 20546(202) 358-1824FAX: (202) 358-2810

David B . Nelson, Ph.D.Acting Deputy Chief Information OfficerNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationCode AO300 E Street, S.W.Washington, DC 20546(202) 358-1817FAX: (202) 358-3063

William J. Feiereisen, Ph.D.Program Manager, High Performance Computing and

Communications ProgramNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationMailstop 269-3Ames Research CenterMoffett Field, CA 94035-1000(650) 604-4225FAX: (650) 604-7324

B etsy EdwardsChief Information Officer, Office of Aeronautics and Space

Transportation TechnologyNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationCode RT300 E Street, S.W.Washington, DC 20546(202) 358-4639FAX: (202) 358-3550

Phillip L. MilsteadInformation Technology Research Coordinator, Office of

Aeronautics and Space Transportation TechnologyNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationCode RC300 E Street, S.W.Washington, DC 20546(202) 358-4619FAX: (202) 358-3550

Kul B . B hasinActing Branch Chief,

Satellite Networks and Architectures BranchNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA Lewis Research Center21000 B rookpark RoadMail Stop 54-2Cleveland, OH 44135(216) 433-3676FAX: (216) 433-8705

Malcom V. Phelps, Ph.D.Assistant Director, Programs, Education Division,

Office of Human Resources and EducationNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationCode FE300 E Street, S.W.Washington, DC 20546(202) 358-1536FAX: (202) 358-3550

Wayne H. B ryantAssistant Chief, Flight Electronics Technology Division,

NASA Langley Research CenterNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationMail Stop 150Hampton, VA 23681(757) 864-1690FAX: (757) 864-8821

Christine M. FalsettiProject Manager, NASA HPCC NREN/NGI,

NASA Ames Research CenterNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationMail Stop 233-10Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000(650) 604-6935FAX: (650) 604-6999

James R. FischerProject Manager, NASA HPCC/ESS Project,

NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationCode 930Greenbelt, MD 20771(301) 286-3465FAX: (301) 286-1634

117

Contacts

Kenneth M. Ford, Ph.D.Associate Director for Information Technology,

NASA Ames Research CenterNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationMail Stop 200-3Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000(650) 604-1847FAX: (650) 604-3786

Mark LeonProject Manager, Learning Technology,

NASA Ames Research CenterNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationMail Stop N269-3Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000(650) 604-6498FAX: (650) 604-4036

Stephen Scott SantiagoChief Information Officer, NASA Ames Research CenterNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationMoffett Field, CA 94035-1000(650) 604-5015FAX: (650) 604-6999

William J. CampbellHead, Applied Information Sciences Branch,

NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationCode 935 - NASA/GSFCGreenbelt, MD 20771(301) 286-8785FAX: (301) 286-1776

Milt Halem, Ph.D.Chief, Earth and Space Data Computing Division,

NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterNational Aeronautics and Space Administration8800 Greenbelt RoadCode 930/B uilding 28, Room W230Greenbelt, MD 20771(301) 286-8834FAX: (301) 286-1777

NIH

NIH HPCC Coordinator and CIT contact:

Robert L. Martino, Ph.D.Associate Director, Office of Computational BioscienceChief, Computational Bioscience and Engineering

Laboratory, Center for Information Technology (CIT)National Institutes of Health12 South Drive, MSC 5624B uilding 12A, Room 2033B ethesda, MD 20892-5624(301) 496-1112FAX: (301) 402-2867

NCI program:

Jacob V. Maizel, Ph.D.Biomedical Supercomputer Center,

National Cancer Institute,Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center

National Institutes of HealthP.O. B ox B , B uilding 469, Room 151Frederick, MD 21702-1201(301) 846-5532FAX: (301) 846-5598

Cherie NicholsChief, Planning, Evaluation, and Analysis Branch,

Office of Science Policy, Office of the Director,National Cancer Institute

National Institutes of HealthFederal B uilding, MSC 90107550 Wisconsin Avenue, Room 312B ethesda, MD 20892(301) 496-5515FAX: (301) 435-3876

NCRR program:

Judith L. Vaitukaitis, M.D.Director, National Center for Research ResourcesNational Institutes of Health31B Center DriveB uilding 31, Room 3B 11B ethesda, MD 20892-2128(301) 496-5793FAX: (301) 402-0006

118

Richard M. DuB ois, Ph.D.Head, Computer Technology Section, BTNational Center for Research Resources National Institutes of HealthOne Rockledge Center6705 Rockledge Drive, Room 6148B ethesda, MD 20892-7965(301) 435-0758FAX: (301) 480-3659

Martin B . B lumsackExtramural Science AdministratorResearch Infrastructure, National Center for Research

ResourcesNational Institutes of HealthOne Rockledge Center, Room 61446705 Rockledge Drive, MSC 7965B ethesda, MD 20892-7965(301) 435-0769FAX: (301) 480-3770

NLM program:

Donald A.B . Lindberg, M.D.Director, National Library of MedicineNational Institutes of HealthB uilding 38, Room 2E17B8600 Rockville PikeB ethesda, MD 20894(301) 496-6221FAX: (301) 496-4450

Michael J. Ackerman, Ph.D.Assistant Director for High Performance Computing and

Communications,National Library of Medicine

National Institutes of HealthB uilding 38A, Room B 1N308600 Rockville PikeB ethesda, MD 20894(301) 402-4100FAX: (301) 402-4080

NIGMS program:

James C. CassattDirector, Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics,

National Institute of General Medical SciencesNational Institutes of Health4500 Center Drive, MSC 4500B ethesda, MD 20892(301) 594-0828FAX: (301) 480-2004

NIST

R. J. (Jerry) LinnAssociate Director for Program Implementation,

Information Technology LaboratoryNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyB uilding 820, Room 601Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001(301) 975-3624FAX: (301) 216-2075

Frederick C. Johnson, Ph.D.Associate Director for Computing,


Ronald F. B oisvert, Ph.D.Leader, Mathematical Software Group,


James FowlerSIMA Program ManagerNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyB uilding 304, Room 04Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001(301) 975-3180FAX: (301) 926-3842

Craig W. HuntActing Chief, Advanced Network Technologies DivisionNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyB uilding 820, Room 445Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001(301) 975-3600FAX: (301) 590-0932

Steven R. RayChief, Manufacturing Systems Integration DivisionNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyB uilding 220, Room A127Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001(301) 975-3524FAX: (301) 258-9749

119

Contacts

Shukri A. Wakid, Ph.D.Director, Information Technology LaboratoryNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyTechnology B uilding 225, Room B 260Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001(301) 975-2904FAX: (301) 840-1357

NOAA

Thomas N. Pyke, Jr.Director for HPCCNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationRoom 153001315 East-West HighwaySilver Spring, MD 20910(301) 713-3573FAX: (301) 713-4040

William T. TurnbullDeputy Director for HPCCNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationRoom 153001315 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910(301) 713-3573FAX: (301) 713-4040

Ernest DaddioProgram OfficerNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationRoom 154001315 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910(301) 713-1262FAX: (301) 713-1249

Jerry Mahlman, Ph.D.Director, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationForrestal Campus, U.S. Route 1P.O. B ox 308Princeton, NJ 08542(609) 452-6502FAX: (609) 987-5070

Ronald D. McPherson, Ph.D.Director, National Centers for Environmental PredictionNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration5200 Auth Road, Room 101Camp Springs, MD 20746(301) 763-8016FAX: (301) 763-8434

Alexander E. MacDonald, Ph.D.Director, Forecast Systems LaboratoryNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration325 B roadwayB oulder, CO 80303(303) 497-6378FAX: (303) 497-6821

Carl StatonManager, NOAA Network Information CenterNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration4700 Silver Hill RoadMS 9909Washington, DC 20233-9909(301) 457-5165FAX: (301) 457-5199

NSA

George R. CotterChief ScientistNational Security Agency9800 Savage Road, Suite 6217Fort Meade, MD 20755-6217(301) 688-6434FAX: (301) 688-4980

Norman S. GlickSenior Computer ScientistNational Security Agency9800 Savage Road, Suite 6217Fort Meade, MD 20755-6217(301) 688-8448FAX: (301) 688-4980

Andrew J. ArenthChief,

INFOSEC Research and Technology Office(R2)National Security AgencyFort Meade, MD 20755(301) 688-0840FAX: (301) 688-0255

120

B ruce B . B ottomleyTechnical Director, Information Technology GroupNational Security Agency9800 Savage Road, Suite 6643Fort Meade, MD 20755-6643(301) 688-9935FAX: (301) 688-9169

Robert V. MeushawTechnical Director,

Office of INFOSEC Research and TechnologyNational Security Agency9800 Savage Road, Suite 6529Fort Meade, MD 20755-6529(301) 688-0840FAX: (301) 688-0255

Richard L. B loomSpecial Assistant to the Director of the National Computer

Security CenterNational Security Agency9800 Savage Road, Suite 6765Fort Meade, MD 20755-6765(410) 859-4372FAX: (410) 859-4375

NSF

Juris Hartmanis, Ph.D.Assistant Director, Directorate for Computer and Information

Science and EngineeringNational Science Foundation4201 Wilson B oulevard, Suite 1105Arlington, VA 22230(703) 306-1900FAX: (703) 306-0577

Melvyn Ciment, Ph.D.Deputy Assistant Director, Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and EngineeringNational Science Foundation4201 Wilson B oulevard, Suite 1105Arlington, VA 22230(703) 306-1900FAX: (703) 306-0577

Robert B orchers, Ph.D.Division Director, Division of Advanced Scientific ComputingNational Science Foundation4201 Wilson B oulevard, Suite 1122Arlington, VA 22230(703) 306-1970FAX: (703) 306-0632

John Cherniavsky, Ph.D.Head, Office of Cross-Disciplinary ActivitiesNational Science Foundation4201 Wilson B oulevard, Suite 1160Arlington, VA 22230(703) 306-1980FAX: (703) 306-0589

Michael Lesk, Ph.D.Division Director, Information and Intelligent SystemsNational Science Foundation4201 Wilson B oulevard, Suite 1115Arlington, VA 22230(703) 306-1930FAX: (703) 306-0599

George O. Strawn, Ph.D.Division Director, Networking and Communications

Research and InfrastructureNational Science Foundation4201 Wilson B oulevard, Suite 1175Arlington, VA 22230(703) 306-1950FAX: (703) 306-0621

Gary W. Strong, Ph.D.Program Director, Human Computer Interaction

Information and Intelligent SystemsNational Science Foundation4201 Wilson B oulevard, Suite 1115Arlington, VA 22230(703) 306-1928FAX: (703) 306-0599

Javad B oroumandAssociate Program Director, Advanced Network

Infrastructure ProgramNational Science Foundation4201 Wilson B lvd., Suite 1175Arlington, VA 22230(703) 306-1949FAX: (703) 306-0621

121

Contacts

Tatsuya Suda, Ph.D.Program Director, Networking Research Program, Division of

AdvancedNetworking Infrastructure and ResearchNational Science Foundation4201 Wilson B lvd.Arlington, VA 22230(703) 306-1950FAX: (703) 306-0621

VA

Daniel L. MaloneyDirector, Veterans Health Administration, Emerging

TechnologyDepartment of Veterans Affairs8403 Colesville Road, Suite 200Silver Spring, MD 20910(301) 427-3700FAX: (301) 427-3711

OMB

Eric L. MacrisProgram Examiner

Office of Management and BudgetExecutive Office of the PresidentNew Executive Office B uilding, Room 8002725 17th Street, N.W.Washington, DC 20503(202) 395-4706FAX: (202) 395-4817

OSTP

Duncan T. Moore, Ph.D.Associate Director for Technology,

Office of Science and Technology PolicyExecutive Office of the PresidentOld Executive Office B uilding, Room 42317th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.Washington, DC 20502(202) 456-6046FAX: (202) 456-6023

Henry C. Kelly, Ph.D.Assistant Director for Technology,

Office of Science and Technology PolicyExecutive Office of the PresidentOld Executive Office B uilding, Room 42317th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.Washington, DC 20502(202) 456-6033FAX: (202) 456-6023

Lori A. PerineSenior Policy Advisor, Computing, Information, and

Communications, Office of Science and Technology PolicyExecutive Office of the PresidentOld Executive Office B uilding, Room 42317th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.Washington, DC 20502(202) 456-6039FAX: (202) 456-6023

122

FY 1999 Editorial Group

Executive EditorSally E. HoweNational Coordination Office

EditorTerrence L. PonickNational Coordination Office

Editorial AssistantKristin JangerNational Coordination Office

Writing Group

Michael J. Ackerman, NIHMartin B lumsack, NIHRonald F. B oisvert, NISTRichard Dubois, NIHChristine M. Falsetti, NASANorman S. Glick, NSADaniel A. Hitchcock, DOELuis G. Kun, AHCPRRobert Jaeger, EDMark Leon, NASATeresa F. Lunt, NSARobert L. Martino, NIHPhillip L. Milstead, NASAJoan H. Novak, EPAMary Anne Scott, DOEGary W. Strong, NSFWilliam T. Turnbull, NOAA

Acknowledgments

Many people contributed to this book, and we thank themfor their efforts. This especially includes the researcherswho provided descriptions of their work. We thank the staffof the National Coordination Office for their hard workand assistance.

Abstract

The Federal Computing, Information, and Communications (CIC)programs are investing in long-term research and development (R&D)to advance computing, information, and communications in the UnitedStates, and to help Federal departments and agencies fulfill their evolv-ing missions in the 21st century. This report summarizes the goals andobjectives of the CIC R&D programs by Program Component Area(PCA) and presents a condensed view of some of the programs’ FY 1998accomplishments and FY 1999 plans.

The CIC PCAs are:

HECC High-End Computing and Computation

LSN Large Scale Networking, including the Next GenerationInternet initiative

HCS High Confidence Systems

HuCS Human-Centered Systems

ETHR Education, Training, and Human Resources.

Special sections are included on the Partnership for AdvancedComputational Infrastructure (PACI) and Netamorphosis — thedemonstration of leading-edge Next Generation Internet applicationsheld in Washington in March, 1998. The document includes a compre-hensive list of Government personnel who are involved in the CIC pro-grams.

For additional copies or further information please contact:

National Coordination Office for Computing, Information, and Communications

4201 Wilson B oulevard, Suite 690Arlington, VA 22230Voice: (703) 306-4722Fax: (703) 306-4727

NCO:Web: http://www.ccic.gov/E-mail: [email protected]

NGI:Web: http://www.ngi.gov/E-mail: [email protected]

Also available on the NSTC Home Page via a link from the OSTPHome Page at:

http:/www.whitehouse.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/OSTP_Home.html



Suite 6904201 Wilson Blvd.

Arlington, VA 22230(703) 306-4722

[email protected]

http://www.ccic.govhttp://www.ngi.gov

NATIO

NALSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COU

NCI

L

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