POWER GENERATION FROM SOLAR ENERGY

1

Concentrating Power

Technologies

SolarPresentation By Swapnil GoreMS StudentStony Brook University, NYswapnil.energy9@gmail.com5/16/20111Overview Principle: Sunlight Heat Electricity Sunlight is concentrated, using mirrors or directly, on to receivers heating the circulating fluid which further generates steam &/or electricity. Solar Radiation Components:Direct, Diffuse & Global CSP uses- Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) Measuring Instrument: Pyrheliometer

5/16/20112swapnil.energy9@gmail.com2Solar Power Potential

Globally: 5/16/20113swapnil.energy9@gmail.com

US: NREL analysis- If only best suited sites are selected, CSP can generate about 26,400,000 GWh/year (It is many times more than total US consumption of 3,741,000 GWh)5/16/20114swapnil.energy9@gmail.com5/16/20115swapnil.energy9@gmail.comTemp~400CLine FocusingLinear Receiver tubeWater consumingConc.: Parabolic MirrorsHeat Storage feasibleMost CommercializedGood for Hybrid optionRequires flat landGood receiver but low turbine

5/16/20116swapnil.energy9@gmail.comTemp~600-800CPoint FocusingFlat Conc. MirrorsCommercially provenCentral ReceiverWater consumingHeat Storage capabilityFeasible on Non Flat sitesGood performance for large capacity & temperaturesLow receiver but good turbine

5/16/20117swapnil.energy9@gmail.comTemp~700-800CPoint FocusingUses Dish concentratorStirling EngineGenerally 25 kW unitsHigh Efficiency ~ 30%Dry coolingNo water requirementHeat storage difficultCommercially under developmentDual Axis Tracking

5/16/20118swapnil.energy9@gmail.comTemp~400CLine Focusing typeLinear receiverFixed absorber row shared among mirrorsFlat or curved conc. mirrorsCommercially under developmentLess Structures5 MW operational in CA

5/16/20119swapnil.energy9@gmail.comCSP Power - Brief Good DNI range 5-6 kWh/sq.m/day Capital Cost: $ 4-8 Million / MW (Increases with Heat Storage) Land Required: ~ 6-10 acres / MW Generation Potential: 25-35 MW / sq.km Units Generated: 1.81 Million Units / year (Increases with Heat Storage) Capacity Factor: 20 25% (Can be increased to 40% using Heat storage) COGN: $ 0.10 - 0.20 / kWh Lifespan: ~ 40 years, PPAs are generally for 20-25 years Pay back Period: 5-12 years (Depends on the Tariff, subsidies, incentives) Installation Period: ~ 2-3 years (Capacity dependent) Working Cycle: Rankine Cycle, Brayton cycle, Stirling cycle

5/16/201110swapnil.energy9@gmail.com10Existing and In-pipeline capacity

5/16/201111swapnil.energy9@gmail.comSource: Estela 2010 (Figures subject to 2009-10 scenario)Current Status: Operational- ~1.2 GW; Spain 732.4 MW, US 507.5 MW, Iran 17.3 MW, etc. Under Construction- ~2.2 GW; Spain 1.4 GW, US 650 MW, India 28.5 MW, etc.

Commercialized Project AnalysisAndasol 1, 2 & 3Andasol 1- First Project in EuropeCapacity: 50 MWLat- 3713 N, Long.- 34 W, 1100m above sea levelLocation: Granada Province, Southern Spain

Andasol 3Under Const. - Mid-2011Andasol 1Nov. 2008Andasol 2June 20095/16/201112swapnil.energy9@gmail.com12Andasol 1- Specifications Annual DNI: 2,136 kWh / sq.m. A Technology Used: Parabolic Trough Skal-ET 150 Land Utilization: ~ 195 Hectares (9.6 Acres/MW) Construction Period: July 2006 October 2008 Estimated Lifespan: 40 years Entire Efficiency: ~28% peak, ~ 15% annual avg. Capacity Factor: 20% Units Generated: upto 180 GWh / Year Uses Heat storage and Wet Cooling systems Developers:ACS Group (75%) Solar Millennium (25%)

5/16/201113swapnil.energy9@gmail.comMajor Component- SpecificationsSolar Field: Area: 510,120 m2 209,664 mirrors 580, 500 sq.m. ~ 90 km receiver pipes (Schott Solar & Solel Solar) Field = ~ 70% peak, 50% annual avg. Sustains wind speed of 13.6 m/s

Heat Storage: Nitrate Molten Salt type (60% NaNO3 + 40% kNO3)Two Tank Indirect: Cold- 292C, Hot- 386CStorage: 28,000t Back up: 7.5 Hours

Water Cooling Systems: 870,000 cu.m./year1.2 gal/kWh

5/16/201114swapnil.energy9@gmail.comWorking

5/16/201115swapnil.energy9@gmail.comKey Points Capital Cost: $ 380 Million Financing: Equity- 20%, Debt- 80%Carbon Emission reduction: 150,000 tonnes/year Electricity Supply Contract: EndesaFeed In Tariff: EUR 0.27 / kWh ($ 0.38 /kWh) PPA: Date- Sept. 15 / 2008, Tenure- 25 years Electricity to 200,000 peopleAnnual O & M jobs: 40

5/16/201116swapnil.energy9@gmail.comGeneralized Cost Breakup (Source: NREL Report) Considerations: 103 MW Parabolic trough plant with 6.3 hrs. of thermal storage with wet cooling ParticularTotal Cost (Including Material & labor cost)~ PercentSite Improvements$ 32,171,0003%Solar Field (Includes Mirrors, Support structures, etc.)$ 456,202,00045%HTF system $ 103,454,00010%Thermal Energy storage$ 197,236,000 20%Power Block (Turbine, alternator, etc.)$ 121,006,00012%EPCM Costs (Includes professional services)$ 29,001,0003%Contingency$ 74,591,0007%Total Estimate$ 1,015,661,000Cost per kW$ 9,8615/16/201117swapnil.energy9@gmail.comChallenges & Alternatives Heat StorageOptions developedMolten Salt- Most Accepted; research going for single tank storage with two sectionsPhase Change Materials- Research stageSteam Accumulator- Less Duration; large areaConcrete Materials- Research stage Receiver Heat losses-Linear Receivers- Developed with 90%+ Central Tower receivers- Currently used- Receivers with multiple metallic tubes, Metallic Wire Mesh type, with a coating technology (Pyromark High Temperature paint) which has a solar absorptance in excess of 0.95 but a thermal emittance greater than 0.8. Research going on in thermal spray & chemical vapor deposition

Working Fluids- For High Temperature circulation (Higher operating temperatures result in high turbine efficiency)Synthetic aromatic fluid (SAF)- Currently used; Organic benzene based (400C) Molten Salt- Developing (550C); Eliminates HE for storage; In use for solar tower

5/16/201118swapnil.energy9@gmail.comChallenges & AlternativesWater Consumption- Cooling Towers, Steam cycle make-up & Mirror cleaningWet cooling: ~ 865gal/MWh; Currently used; Water consumption Dry cooling: ~78gal/MWh; Developing stage, Costlier, low thermal Hybrid cooling: ~338gal/MWh; Developing stage

NREL Findings for southwest US: Switching from 100% wet to 100% dry cooling will result in levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) increase of approximately 3% to 8% for parabolic trough plants, but reduces water consumption by 90 %

Receiver Materials- For Sustaining High Temp and pressure; Research going on for developing high nickel alloy materials High Capital Costs Low Capacity Factors

5/16/201119swapnil.energy9@gmail.com Heat Storage option Electricity Supply after Sunset Process Heat Generation Hybrid Option Good for High temperature regions Predictable and reliable power (less variable) Water desalination along with electricity generation (Adv. In Middle east & N. Africa)

Advantages over Competitive Technologies (Eg. PV & Wind)Other Benefits: Carbon Emission Reduction- CDM benefits Each square meter of CSP can avoid annual emissions of 200 to 300 kilograms (kg) of carbon dioxide, depending on its configuration. No Fuel or its transportation cost - Substitutes Fossil Fuel use Energy SecurityHigh share of local contents Employment Generation

5/16/201120swapnil.energy9@gmail.comElectricity GenerationStand aloneGrid projectsHybrid projectsIndustrial Process HeatBoilingMeltingSterilizingCooling systemsWater Desalination

Hot Water collectorsSolar HVACSolar steam CookingSolar Ovens/cookersSolar Food dryers

SOPOGYMicro-CSP: SopoFlare

5/16/201121swapnil.energy9@gmail.comDevelopment Measures Attractive FiT, SREC and Policy Mechanisms; Eg: SREC Mechanism in NJ, CA Tax credits /Rebates; Like: ITC of 30% in US Grid Interconnection with HVDC; Eg: DESERTEC project Low Interest Loans, RPS and long tenure PPAs On-site Resource Assessment Stations- Reliable resource Database Setting up Demonstration Projects on Emerging Technologies Combining CSP with existing conventional projects R & D in major challenge areas; Eg: R&D in NREL, Sandia National Laboratories Promote Domestic manufacturing - Cheaper equipment costs for developers Government Land allotments; Forming SEZs, Solar farms for large scale installations5/16/201122swapnil.energy9@gmail.comThank You

Earth receives around 174 Petawatts of energy from sun and only a small part of it is sufficient to meet the annual world electricity consumption of 20 Trillion kWhWe Just need to tap this potential Thank You5/16/2011Presentation By Swapnil GoreMS StudentStony Brook University, NYswapnil.energy9@gmail.com