concentrating solar technologies
TRANSCRIPT
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System efficiency is the product of
Module efficiency
Inverter efficiency
MPP-tracking efficiency
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Figure 2.34b Central receiver schematic
Source: Greenpeace (2005, Wind Force 12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the Worlds
Electr icity from Wind Power by 2020, Global Wind Energy Council, www.gwec.org)
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Figure 2.34c Parabolic dish schematic
Source: Greenpeace (2005, Wind Force 12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the Worlds
Electr icity from Wind Power by 2020, Global Wind Energy Council, www.gwec.org)
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Figure 2.35a Parabolic Trough Thermal Electricity,
Kramer Junction, California
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Figure 2.35b Parabolic Trough Thermal Electricity,
Kramer Junction, California
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Figure 2.35c Close-up of parabolic trough
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The latest parabolic trough
systems either
Directly heat the water that will be used in the
steam turbine, or Directly heat water that in turn is circulated
through a hot tank of molten salt, with the molten
salt storing heat and in turn heating the steam
that is used in a steam turbine, as illustrated in
the following diagram
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Figure 2.36 AndaSol-1 Schematic
Source : Translated from Aringhoff (2002, Proyectos Andasol, Plantas Termosolares de 50 MW,
Presentation at the IEA Solar Paces 62nd Exco Meetings Host Country Day)
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With thermal storage,
Electricity can be generated 24 hours per day
The capacity factor (average output over peak
output) can reach 85%
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Figure 2.37 Parabolic trough capacity factor
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
AnnualCaqpacityFactor
Thermal Energy Storage (Hours)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
Solar Field Size(Solar Multiple)
Source : Price et al (2007, Proceedings of Energy Sus tainabil i ty 2007, 27-30 June, Long Beach, California)
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Table 2.14 Characteristics of existing and possible future parabolic-
trough systems
Source: EC (2007, Concentrat ing Solar Power, from Research to Implementat ion,
www.solarpaces.org) and Solcar
http://www.solarpaces.org/http://www.solarpaces.org/ -
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Figure 2.38 Integrated Solar Combined-Cycle
(ISCC) powerplant
Source: Greenpeace (2005, Wind Force 12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the Worlds
Electr icity from Wind Power by 2020, Global Wind Energy Council, www.gwec.org)
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Figure 2.39 Parabolic dish/Stirling engine
for generation of electricity
Source: US CSP (2002) Status of Major Project Oppo rtunit ies, presentation at the 2002 Berlin Solar Paces CSP Conference
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Figure 2.40 Stirling Receiver
Source: Mancini et al (2003, Jou rnal of Solar Energy Engineering125, 135151)
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Figure 2.41 Energy flow in 4 different parabolic
dish/Stirling engine systems
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Figure 2.42 Central tower solar thermal
powerplant in California
Source: US CSP (2002) Status of Major Project Opportunit ies, presentation at the 2002 Berlin Solar Paces CSP Conference
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Figure 2.43 Solar Thermal Seasonal variation in the production of
solar-thermal electricity in Egypt, Spain, and Germany
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MonthlyElectricityYield(%)
El Kharga
Madrid
Freiburg
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Source: GAC (2006, Trans-Mediterranean Interconnectio n for Concentrat ing Solar Power, Final Report,
www.dlr.de/tt/trans-csp)
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Table 2.15 Comparison of current performance and current and projected
cost of different solar thermal technologies for generating electricity
Technology
Attribute Parabolic
Trough
Parabolic
Dish
Central
Tower
Powerplant characteristics
Peak efficiency 21% 29% 23%
Net annual efficiency 13% 15% 13%Capacity factor without storage 24% 25% 24%
Capacity factor with 6-hours
storage
42-48% Up to 60%
Current investment cost (/kW) 3500-6000 10000-12000 3500-4500
Future investment cost ($/kW) 2000-3000 2000-3000 2000-3000
Current electricity cost (/kWh) 0.13-0.23 0.27-0.32 0.17-0.22
Future electricity cost ($/kWh) 0.05-0.08 0.05-0.08 0.05-0.08Storage system characteristics
Medium Synthetic oil Battery Molten salt
Cost ($/kW heat) 200 30 500-800
Lifetime (years) 30 5-10 30Round trip efficiency 95 76 99
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Figure 2.44 Projected cost of heliostats (accounting at present for half the
cost of central-tower systems) vs production rate (starting from present
costs and production)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
100 1000 10000 100000
Price(USD/m2)
Production Rate (units/yr)
Source: IEA (2003, Renewables for Power Generation, Status and Prosp ects, International Energy Agency, Paris)
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Other active uses of solar energy
Solar air conditioning
Medium-temperature (60-260o
C) industrial heat High-temperature (1000-2500oC) industrial heat
Solar fixation of nitrogen
Crop drying Cooking