concept of health

Introduction to Introduction to Public HealthPublic HealthLecture # 1Lecture # 1

Dr. Mohammad Hayatun Dr. Mohammad Hayatun NabiNabi

MPH(Aus), MHSM(Aus), MBBSMPH(Aus), MHSM(Aus), MBBS

Dept. of Public HealthDept. of Public Health

2Dr.Mohammad Hayatun Nabi

Concept of HealthConcept of Health

“ “ Health is a state of complete Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely an absence wellbeing and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”of disease or infirmity”

The ability to lead a socially and The ability to lead a socially and economically economically

Productive life.Productive life.


Philosophy of HealthPhilosophy of Health

Health is a fundamental human rightHealth is a fundamental human right Health is intersectoralHealth is intersectoral Health is an integral part of Health is an integral part of

developmentdevelopment Health and its maintenance is a major Health and its maintenance is a major

social investmentsocial investment Health involves individual Health involves individual

responsibility, national responsibility responsibility, national responsibility and international responsibility.and international responsibility.


Dimensions of HealthDimensions of Health

Health is multidimensional, e.g.Health is multidimensional, e.g. Physical DimensionPhysical Dimension Mental dimensionMental dimension Social DimensionSocial Dimension Spiritual DimensionSpiritual Dimension Emotional DimensionEmotional Dimension



Major Dimensions of Major Dimensions of HealthHealth

Physical dimensionPhysical dimension Mental DimensionMental Dimension Social DimensionSocial Dimension

Minor Dimensions of Minor Dimensions of HealthHealth

Spiritual Spiritual DimensionDimension

Emotional Emotional DimensionDimension



Physical Dimension:Physical Dimension: perfect functioning of the perfect functioning of the bodybody

Signs of physical health: Signs of physical health: Good complexion Good complexion Clear skinClear skin Bright eyesBright eyes Good appetiteGood appetite Sound sleep Sound sleep Regular activity of bowels and bladderRegular activity of bowels and bladder Smooth, easy and coordinated movement Smooth, easy and coordinated movement All the special senses are intact All the special senses are intact


Mental Dimension:Mental Dimension: a state of balance between a state of balance between the individual and the surrounding world.the individual and the surrounding world.

Criteria of a mentally healthy person:Criteria of a mentally healthy person: Is free from internal conflictIs free from internal conflict Is well adjustedIs well adjusted Has a strong sense of self-esteemHas a strong sense of self-esteem Knows himself/herself, his/her needs, Knows himself/herself, his/her needs,

problems and goalsproblems and goals Knows his/her strength and weaknessKnows his/her strength and weakness Has good self-controlHas good self-control Faces problems and tries to solve them Faces problems and tries to solve them

intelligentlyintelligently




Social Dimension: harmony with other Social Dimension: harmony with other members of societymembers of society

Emotional Dimension: it relates to Emotional Dimension: it relates to feeling feeling


Determinants of HealthDeterminants of Health

The factors which influence health The factors which influence health lie both within the individual and lie both within the individual and externally in the society in which externally in the society in which he/she lives are collectively known he/she lives are collectively known as determinants of health.as determinants of health.


Determinants of HealthDeterminants of Health

Health is multi-factorial. The more Health is multi-factorial. The more important determinants are as follows: important determinants are as follows:

Biological, Behavioral, Environmental, Biological, Behavioral, Environmental, Socio-economic, Socio-cultural, Health Socio-economic, Socio-cultural, Health system, Aging of the population, system, Aging of the population, Sciences and technology, Information Sciences and technology, Information and communication, Gender, Equity and communication, Gender, Equity and Social Justice and Human rights.and Social Justice and Human rights.


Concept of Public Concept of Public Health:Health:

Definition: “Public health is the science and Definition: “Public health is the science and art of promoting health, preventing disease, art of promoting health, preventing disease, prolonging life and improving quality of life prolonging life and improving quality of life through the organized efforts of society. As through the organized efforts of society. As such, public health combines sciences, skills such, public health combines sciences, skills and beliefs directed to the maintenance and and beliefs directed to the maintenance and improvement of health of all people through improvement of health of all people through collective action. The programs, services collective action. The programs, services and institutions involved tend to emphasize and institutions involved tend to emphasize two things: the prevention of disease and two things: the prevention of disease and the health needs of the population as a the health needs of the population as a whole”whole”


Concept of Public Concept of Public Health:Health:

The term public health is primarily being used to The term public health is primarily being used to refer to the set of government funded services refer to the set of government funded services whose intent is to improve and protect the health of whose intent is to improve and protect the health of the public.the public.

There is a core set of programs and services that There is a core set of programs and services that tend to be common from one jurisdiction to another:tend to be common from one jurisdiction to another:

1.1. Prevention and control of chronic diseases and Prevention and control of chronic diseases and injuriesinjuries

2.2. Prevention and control of communicable diseasesPrevention and control of communicable diseases

3.3. Environmental healthEnvironmental health

4.4. Healthy development throughout the lifestyleHealthy development throughout the lifestyle


Concept of Public Concept of Public Health Health

There are 2 distinguish features There are 2 distinguish features of public health:of public health:

1. It deals with prevention of a 1. It deals with prevention of a health problem rather than health problem rather than treating a health problem.treating a health problem.

2. It deals with population-level, 2. It deals with population-level, rather than individual-level rather than individual-level health issues.health issues.


Public HealthPublic Health Objectives:Objectives:

1.1. Prevention of diseases and Prevention of diseases and prolongation of lifeprolongation of life

2.2. Promotion of health and efficiencyPromotion of health and efficiency

3.3. Elevation of the standard of living, Elevation of the standard of living, adequate for health maintenanceadequate for health maintenance

4.4. Provision of the right to health and Provision of the right to health and longevitylongevity


Public HealthPublic Health

Historical DevelopmentHistorical Development

Phase I: Rise of Public HealthPhase I: Rise of Public Health: : Originated from England’s industrial Originated from England’s industrial revolution, generated by mass migration of revolution, generated by mass migration of rural workersrural workers

Edwin Chadwick, lawmaker-turned-Edwin Chadwick, lawmaker-turned-reformer… wrote report of sanitation in reformer… wrote report of sanitation in 1842, organized community on sanitation 1842, organized community on sanitation issuesissues

British doctors: John Snow in 1854, and British doctors: John Snow in 1854, and William Budd in 1873: epidemiologic William Budd in 1873: epidemiologic studies on cholera and typhoid, studies on cholera and typhoid, respectively.respectively.

Eventually: Public health movement rose in Eventually: Public health movement rose in England and spread in Europe and AmericaEngland and spread in Europe and America



Historical Development Historical Development (contd.)(contd.)

Phase II: Retreat of Public Health: Phase II: Retreat of Public Health: Towards end of nineteenth century,Towards end of nineteenth century,

Robert Koch from Germany and Louis Robert Koch from Germany and Louis Pasteur from France introduced Pasteur from France introduced BACTERIOLOGICAL ERABACTERIOLOGICAL ERA

Reinforced the Germ theory---- Reinforced the Germ theory---- introduced vaccines….. Public health introduced vaccines….. Public health movement went to the backyardmovement went to the backyard



Historical Development Historical Development (contd.)(contd.)

Phase III: Return of Public Health: Phase III: Return of Public Health: After a few years, the germ-theory After a few years, the germ-theory dogma reduced and multi-factor dogma reduced and multi-factor phenomenon came into place.phenomenon came into place.


SCOPE OF PUBLIC SCOPE OF PUBLIC HEALTHHEALTH

Environment controlEnvironment control Communicable diseases control Communicable diseases control Non-communicable diseases Non-communicable diseases

controlcontrol Personal health services to the Personal health services to the

vulnerable groups or segments of vulnerable groups or segments of the populationthe population


The Public Health The Public Health WorkforceWorkforce AnthropologistsAnthropologists

BiostatisticiansBiostatisticians Communication officersCommunication officers Community development workersCommunity development workers Community health representatives in Aboriginal Community health representatives in Aboriginal

communitycommunity Community lay health visitorsCommunity lay health visitors Dental assistantsDental assistants Dental hygienistsDental hygienists DentistsDentists DieticiansDieticians EngineersEngineers EpidemiologistsEpidemiologists GeographersGeographers Health educatorsHealth educators Health promotion specialistsHealth promotion specialists


The Public Health The Public Health WorkforceWorkforce

Infection control practitionersInfection control practitioners Infection disease specialistsInfection disease specialists Laboratory personnel/ techniciansLaboratory personnel/ technicians LawyersLawyers Licensed practical nursesLicensed practical nurses Medical microbiologistsMedical microbiologists Medical officers of healthMedical officers of health NursesNurses NutritionistsNutritionists Occupational therapistsOccupational therapists PharmacistsPharmacists PhysiciansPhysicians PhysiotherapistsPhysiotherapists Public health inspectorsPublic health inspectors SociologistsSociologists Veterinarians Veterinarians


How do Public Health How do Public Health Professionals Work?Professionals Work?

Public health professionals try to prevent Public health professionals try to prevent health problems from happening or re-health problems from happening or re-occurring through occurring through

implementing educational programs, implementing educational programs,

developing policies, developing policies,

administering services and administering services and

conducting researchconducting research, in contrast to , in contrast to clinical professionals, such as doctors and clinical professionals, such as doctors and nurses, who focus primarily on treating nurses, who focus primarily on treating individuals after they become sick or individuals after they become sick or injured.injured.


PREVENTIVE MEDICINEPREVENTIVE MEDICINE Definition: Preventive medicine may Definition: Preventive medicine may

be defined as “the science and art of be defined as “the science and art of preventing diseases. prolonging life preventing diseases. prolonging life and promoting health and efficiency of and promoting health and efficiency of groups of individuals, and individuals groups of individuals, and individuals within these groups, through within these groups, through interception of the diseases process”.interception of the diseases process”.

Preventive medicine identifies weak Preventive medicine identifies weak links in the chain of natural history of links in the chain of natural history of disease and attacks those links to disease and attacks those links to arrest diseases process before the arrest diseases process before the involvement.involvement.


FeaturesFeatures Public HealthPublic Health Preventive MedicinePreventive Medicine

Objective Objective To prevent diseases, prolong life To prevent diseases, prolong life and promote health & efficiency and promote health & efficiency through an organized community through an organized community efforteffort

To prevent diseases, prolong To prevent diseases, prolong life and promote health & life and promote health & efficiency through interception efficiency through interception of diseases processof diseases process

CoverageCoverage Services offered to entire Services offered to entire population of a countrypopulation of a country

Services offered to groups of Services offered to groups of individuals and individuals individuals and individuals within these groupswithin these groups

EmphasisEmphasis Stress laid on both personal and Stress laid on both personal and interpersonal measures of direct interpersonal measures of direct and indirect nature and indirect nature

Greater stress laid on personal Greater stress laid on personal level measures of direct naturelevel measures of direct nature

FunctionariFunctionarieses

Well-organized health teams lead Well-organized health teams lead by Public health expertsby Public health experts

Health professionals working Health professionals working individuals or in groupsindividuals or in groups

OverlapOverlap When practiced in group level, it When practiced in group level, it approaches preventive medicineapproaches preventive medicine

When practiced of mass scale, When practiced of mass scale, it becomes public healthit becomes public health

OperationOperation Deals with control, elimination Deals with control, elimination and eradication of national health and eradication of national health problems at national levelproblems at national level

Deals with risk-intervention Deals with risk-intervention procedures in a variety of procedures in a variety of special clinics special clinics

Public health and Preventive Medicine

concept of health

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