concept of information system & networking
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concept of information system and networkingTRANSCRIPT
CONCEPT OF INFORMATION SYSTEM & NETWORKING;
COMPONENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEM;
INFORMATION RESOURCES SHARING & NETWORKING; TYPES OF NETWORK-PAN ,
WAN, LAN, INTERNET, AGRINET, AKIS, INDIAN
NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL DATABASE.
Concept of Information System
Information: A collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves.
System : It refers to a Combination of components working together. For example, a computer system includes both software and hardware.
A Windows system is a personal computer running the Windows operating system.
A desktop publishing system is a computer
running desktop publishing software.
System Elements : Inputs Processing mechanisms OutputsInformation System (IS) :
A set of interrelated elements or components that collect (input), manipulate (process), and disseminate (output) data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.
Schematic model of an information system
Feedback
Input Processing Output
Input , Processing , Output Input
The activity of gathering and capturing data
Whatever goes into the computer Processing
Converting or transforming data into useful outputs
OutputUseful information, usually in the form
of documents and/or reportsAnything that comes out of a computer
Components of Information Systems
INPUT : Whatever goes into the computer. Input can take a variety of forms, from commands you enter on a keyboard to data from another computer or device. A device that feeds data into a computer, such as a keyboard or mouse, is called an input device.
OUTPUT : Anything that comes out of a computer. Output can be meaningful information or gibberish, and it can appear in a variety of forms -- as binary numbers, as characters, as pictures, and as printed pages. Output devices include display screens, loudspeakers, and printers.
FEEDBACK: Output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities.
Components of Computer-based Information Systems :
A CBIS is composed of…Five partsHardwareSoftwareDatabaseTelecommunicationsNetworks
Together they are…Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and
process data into information.
Hardware :
-- Computer equipment used to perform input, processing, and output activities.
The objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips.
Software :Computer programs that govern/determine/control
the operation of the computer.Computer instructions or data.
Database : An organized collection of facts and information.
A collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data.
Telecommunications :The electronic transmission of signals for
communications; enables organizations to link computer systems into effective networks
Refers to all types of data transmission, from voice to video.
Networks : Used to connect computers and computer
equipment in a building, around the country, across the world, to enable electronic communications.
A group of two or more computer systems linked together.
Concept of NetworkingThere are many types of computer networks, including:
local-area networks (LANs) : The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same
building). Contains printers, servers and computers. Organizations often have several LANS
wide-area networks (WANs) : The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves.
Typically use public or leased linesPhone linesSatellite
The Internet is a WAN
Personal Area Network (PAN) : Very small scale network Range is less than 2 meters Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players.
Network Classification By Structure / Functional Relationship
Client / ServerPeer to Peer (P2PN)
Client/Server network : Nodes and servers share data roles Nodes are called clients Servers are used to control access Database software
Access to data controlled by server Server is the most important computer
Peer to peer networks (P2PN) : All nodes are equal Nodes access resources on other nodes Each node controls its own resources Most modern OS allow P2PN
Network ClassificationBy Topology / Physical Connectivity
BUSSTARRINGMESHTREE
BUS Also called linear bus
One wire connects all nodes
Terminator ends the wires
AdvantagesEasy to setupSmall amount of wire
DisadvantagesSlowEasy to crash
STAR All nodes connect to a hub
Packets sent to hubHub sends packet to destination
AdvantagesEasy to setupOne cable can not crash network
DisadvantagesOne hub crashing downs entire networkUses lots of cable
Most common topology
RING Nodes connected in a circle
Tokens used to transmit dataNodes must wait for token to send
AdvantagesTime to send data is knownNo data collisions
DisadvantagesSlowLots of cable
MESH All computers connected together
Internet is a mesh network
Advantage Data will always be delivered
Disadvantages Lots of cable Hard to setup
TREE Hierarchal Model
AdvantagesScaleableEasy ImplementationEasy Troubleshooting
VPN A secure network that uses the Internet as its
backbone but relies on firewalls, encryption and other security.
VPN allows employees to securely access their companies intranet while travelling outside the office.
Similarly VPN securely and cost-effectively connects geographically separate offices of an organization, creating one cohesive virtual network.
Peer to Peer Network Networks that connect from one PC to another PC. Common use is the downloading and trading of files.
Advantages:○ Easy installation○ Low maintenance cost
INTERNET A World-wide network of computers allow
people to know information electronically.
Like a BIG book with many web pages on different topics.
Can be accessed anywhere with an internet connection.
Uses of Internet To apply for jobs or schools. To fill government forms. To check bank accounts. To communicate with family, friends and co-
workers. To do research. To learn new skills. To read news. To watch Videos etc…
What is an INTERNET Service Provider A Company that provides Internet access for
customers
[examples: Comcast, Qwest, AoL]
Your computer ISP Internet
How to connect to the Internet
Three main ways to connect to the Internet
○ Dial-Up○ High Speed/DSL○ Wireless Connection (Wi-Fi)
Dial-Up Internet Connection
Dial-Up○ connection through a phone using your
landline○ by far the slowest, and not used very often○ Not the most efficient way to connect to the
Internet
Wireless Internet Connection (Wi-Fi)
Your computer must be a “Wireless enabled” device
Your computer can pick up signals from different wireless networks
Some networks require passwords or a subscription, others are free
This is what the wireless symbol would look like if your computer was connected
Web Browser
A web-based program that displays the Internet
Common Web Browsers Safari: for Apples/Macintosh
Internet Explorer: for Windows only
Other Web Browsers
Google Chrome: created by Google
Mozilla Firefox: works on Mac & PC
AKISAKIS- Agriculture Knowledge Information
system.
Elliott [1987] has proposed a model of the agricultural technnology Management system.
Within AKIS, farmers are in the central position.
Integrated AKIS System Building an integrated system of research,
extension, education and farmers community is considered to be one of the key ingredients for promoting agricultural development.
Within AKIS, farmers not only are the central element, but also contributed to the improvement of research and extension work, and to the policy formulation process.
Elements of AKIS Agricultural research that develops methods
and new practices, as well as their modification in compliance with local conditions.
Agricultural education that trains the extension specialist and directly assist the short-term training of the farmers.
Organization of extension services of the central, regional and local levels, all separated from the regulatory function of the ministry of agriculture.
The rural farming community. Mass media, through which information is
spread, may be considered as a sub-element of this system.
Extension contributors in the AKIS
Nagel [1980] designed six functions that the system must perform in order to ensure the initiation and the continuation of the information flow process:
1. Identification of problems/knowledge needs at the producers level.
2. Generation of innovations.
3. Validation under farmer’s conditions/ Operationalisation for utilization.
4. Dissemination.
5. Utilization.
6. Evaluation of experiences
New opportunities exist for raising AKIS/RD effectiveness
Advances in the Agricultural sciences are crucial but other advances are also needed
1) Communication and Information Technologies are advancing rapidly
2) New concepts are emerging for participation in learning and problem solving
AGRISNET (Agricultural Resources Information System and Networking), a project funded by the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
Under this scheme most of the State Governments are established information rich agricultural websites.
For example, Sikkim AGRISNET-(
http://www.sikkimagrisnet.org), Andhra Pradesh agri-portal
http://www.apagrisnet.gov.in, Uttar Pradesh (UP) Agrisnet Knowledge
Portal (http://agriculture.up.nic.in),
AGRISNET – Himachal Pradesh- (http://203.193.179.168/default.aspx)
- Expert Advisory Services (http://www.hp.gov.in/expertadvisory/SignUp.aspx).
AGRISNET projects, pilots for 17 states, have been approved to provide following services;
market prices, soil information, crop diseases and management, good practices for horticulture, sericulture, etc.
Twenty three priority services and processes for reengineering have been identified.
Several initiatives have been taken by central government and states such as ASHA in Assam, KISSAN and e-Krishi in Kerala, Krishi Maratha Vahini in Karnataka, etc.,
Aimed at meeting challenges facing the agriculture sector in the country and have met with varying degree of success.
Agriculture has been included as a Mission Mode Projects (MMP) in National e- Governance Plan (NeGP) and is to be operationalised by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DoA&C).
The typical services envisaged in Agriculture as an MMP include: information to farmers on seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, government schemes, soil recommendations, crop management, weather and marketing of agriculture produce.
The DoA&C has adopted twin strategy to spearhead implementation of MMP in Agriculture through AGRISNET & two portals AGMARKNET & DACNET.
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