concept of jinn (ghost) and jadu (black magic) in muslim psychiatric patients dr aziz ahmed quadri...
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Concept of Jinn (Ghost) and Jadu (Black magic) in Muslim psychiatric patients
Dr Aziz Ahmed QuadriProfessor of Psychiatry Director ofMental Health CenterPadegaon, Aurangabad, M.S. IndiaE-mail: [email protected]
MENTAL HEALTH CENTERAurangabad, Maharashtra, INDIA.
Introduction
The past decade has seen a growing demand for health professionals to
take better account of patient’s religious beliefs and establish links with
faith based organizations as partners in health and welfare science. (Mental
Health Foundation National Institute for mental health England,2003).
However although psychiatry and religion share similar concerns their
relationship has seldom been harmonious with, perhaps just cause for
suspicion on both side.
There is need for dialogue and mutual understanding.
In the U.S.A. analysis of the national co-morbidity surveys conducted in the
1990 revealed continuing use of the clergy alone and alongside professional
and alternative practitioner for mental health problem (Wang et.al.2003).
It is clear that faith based organizations and their clergy
are contacted by people with mental health problems often in
preference to consulting psychiatric professionals. Broadly speaking
healing has been observed as a central function of most religions
and some people look to religion as a means of understanding
suffering and as a beneficial way of coping with it.
Studies in the U.K. indicate that culturally mediated
religious beliefs influence differential access to and engagement and
satisfaction with services (Mc cube and priebe.2004).
The clergy are popularly conceived of as knowledgeable and
trusted healers at local and personal level with respect to mental
illness. Clergy in closed, less secularized community may play a pivotal
part when people first present with psychological difficulties, there by
strengthening or challenging religious health beliefs and in effect
advocating spiritual or secular intervention (Little wood and Dien 1995).
Many clergy provide pastoral care for emotionally distressed
people they may be reluctant to move further away from spiritual
guidance towards a more secular enterprise.
Aim
1. Study the concept of Jinn (Ghost) and Jadu
(Black Magic) in Muslim psychiatric patients.
2. To Compare different diagnostic categories of
faith healers and ICD-10.
3. To study the different methods used by faith
healers to treat psychiatric disorders.
4. To know whether these methods were approved
and valid by Islam.
Setting Mental Health Center Padegaon
Aurangabad (M.S)
In our study we interviewed total 100 patients
as follows.
TOTAL NUMBER OF MALE PATIENTS : 54
TOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE PATIENTS : 46
TOTAL : 100
Material & Method
To compare with psychiatry
diagnosis we also took the history
as per our routine history taking
method.
Data Collection
1. Structured interview containing.
a. Demographic data.
b. Religious knowledge.
c. Basic knowledge of Islam.
d. Whether follow rituals and prayers on regular basis.
e. No. of Traditional Healers visited.
f. Advices and diagnosis given by T.H
g. Method of treatment by T.H.
Admissions during April 2006 to March 2007 at MHC Aurangabad.
No. Patients Muslim Hindu % Percentage
99 32 67
87 29 58
98 57 41
107 48 59
105 41 64
97 42 55
96 35 61
104 54 50
98 48 50
90 41 49
100 42 58
90 52 38
Total - 1171 Total - 521 Total - 650
Disorder
Total No. of
pt.
Age11 – 20
Age21 – 30
Age31 – 40
Age41 – 50
Age51 – 60
Age61 - 70
Dissociative Disorder
(02)01 01
Acute & Transient Psychotic Disorder
(09)04 04 01
Manic Depressive Disorder
04 04
Schizophrenia
4212 17 10 01 02
Depressive Disorder
25
08 08 04 01 02 02
Addiction
0702 02 01 02
Mental Retardation 02 02
Epilepsy 01
01
Hypo Mania 06
03 01 01 01
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
0202
Age wise distribution of patients with different Disorders
a. At our center about 40%patients are Muslims.
b. I have essential knowledge about Islam.
c. Psychiatrist are expected to have adequate knowledge
of major religions. (.CTP.p.no.602 to 622).
1. Study the concept of jinn (ghost) and Jadu (black magic) in Muslim psychiatric patients.
2.Comparison between traditional healers diagnosis and ICD-10
Sr.No
ICD-10 Faithhealers Diagno Black Magic Jinn No Diagnosis by Faith Healer
1 F : 44.5 Dissociative Conversion
Effect of Jinn, Black Magic
01 01 00
2 F : 23 Acute Psychotic Episode
Effect of Jinn, Black Magic, In 3 patients made no diagnosis
01 04 04
3 F : 31 Manic Depressive Disorder
Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic
02 02 00
4 F : 20 Schizophrenia
Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic
12 24 06
5 F : 32 Depressive Disorder
Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic in 7 Patients Made No Diagnosis
07 13 07
6 F : 10 Addiction
Effect of Jin & Black Magic,
03 01 03
7 F : 70 Mental Retardation
Effect of Jin & Black Magic,
01 01 00
8 F : 44 Epilepsy
Effect of Jinn, 00 01 00
9 F : 30 Hypomania
Effect of Jinn, Effect of Black Magic
02 03 01
10 F : 42 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Effect of Jinn 00 02 00
Sr.No ICD-10 Traditional healers diagnosis Sex
1F : 44.5 Dissociative Conversion
Effect of Jinn, Black Magic F : M:01 01
2 F : 23Acute Psychotic Episode
Effect of Jinn, Black Magic, In 3 patients made no diagnosis
F : M:05 04
3 F : 31Manic Depressive Disorder
Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic F : M:03 01
4 F : 20Schizophrenia
Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic F : M:18 24
5 F : 32Depressive Disorder
Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic in 7 Patients Made No Diagnosis
F : M:12 13
6 F : 10Addiction
Effect of Jin & Black Magic, F : M:00 07
7 F : 70Mental Retardation
Effect of Jin & Black Magic, F : M:01 01
8 F : 44Dissociative Disorder
Effect of Jinn, F : M:01 00
9 F : 30Hypomania
Effect of Jinn, Effect of Black Magic F : M:05 01
10 F : 42Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Effect of Jinn F : M:00 02
Sr. No ICD-10Diagnosis
As per ICD-10
Number of Pts
Diagnosis by Traditional healer
Black Magic Jinn No Diagnosis
1 F : 44.5 Dissociative Conversion
02 01 01 00
2 F : 23Acute Psychotic Episode
09 01 04 04
3 F : 31Manic Depressive Disorder
04 02 02 00
4 F : 20Schizophrenia
42 12 24 06
5 F : 32Depressive Disorder
25 07 13 05
6 F : 10Addiction
07 03 01 03
7 F : 70Mental Retardation
02 01 01 00
8 F : 44Epilepsy
01 00 01 00
9 F : 30Hypomania
08 02 05 01
10 OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)
02 00 02 00
Total 100 29 52 19
Comparison of ICD – 10 Diagnosis with
Diagnosis given by Traditional Healer
Explanation by traditional healers.
Jinn effect Black Magic effect No diagnosis
56% 17% 27%
To study the different methods used by traditional healers to treat psychiatric disorders.
1. In our study we found that traditional healers used some
common methods for treatment of different
psychological disorders.
Material given by Traditional Healers to Patients for protection from Jinn (Ghost) & Effect of Jadu (Black
Magic)Sr. No
Contains
1 Taweez
2 Water of prayer
3 Lemons
4 Eye drops of Lemon juice
5 Rose water
6 Sarsoon Oil
7 Eggs
8 Abdominal organs of dead girl
9 Black cloth
10 Sugar
11 Camphor
12 Taweez made up of silver plate
To study the different methods used by traditional healers to treat psychiatric disorders
a. Commonly traditional healers (T.H) give taweez to wear in neck
or tie around waist or to burn and take smoke of it or drink
water in which Taweez is dissolved.
b. Lemon juice to use as eye drops,to throw in a particular area,
cut selected numbers of lemon over the head, to keep in
rooms, under pillows,
c. Using white cock, black crow, abdominal organs like liver,
kidney, to treat these patients.
d. Water on which they read something.
e. A material called ‘anjan’ as eye ointment.
Sr.
No. ICD–10Faith healers
Diagnosis
Different Method used by faith healers to treat
Psychiatric Disorders
No.of
PtsSexM - F
AgeAverage
QualificationAverage
1 F : 44.5Dissociative Disorders
Effect of Jinn,Black Magic
Advised Taveez for wearing,Advised Taveez for wearing,
2 1 - 1 25 years Literate Illiterate
2 F : 23Acute and transient psychotic disorder
Effect of Jinn in 4 pts, Black Magic in 1 PtsMade no diagnosis in 4 Patients
Advised Taveez for wearing, Given Glass of water on which faith healer red something, puts lemon juice in eyes, asked take bath from water of different wells, mixing rose water
9 4 – 5 20 years Tenth
3 F : 31Manic Depressive Disorder
Effect of Jinn in 2 pts, Effect of black magic in 2 pts
Advised Taveez for wearing, to keep Taveez below pillow, cutting lemon all over the patients body, used oil of sersoon
4 3 – 1 22 years Ninth
4 F : 20Schizophrenia
24 pts effect of Jinn, 12 pts Effect of Black Magic,6 pts made no diagnosis
Advised Taveez for wearing, given water for drinking, advised to take smoke of Taveez, cutting lemon all over the patients body, given boiled eggUsed Taveez to drink in milk, advised to bring Kidney of dead girl, owl, black sindoor
42 24 – 18 25 years Tenth
5 F : 32Depressive Disorder
13 pts effect of Jinn, 5 pts effects of Black Magic, 7 pts made no diagnosis
Advised Taveez for wearing to tie on waistTo take smoke of Taveez, to drink a glass of water on which he read something, lemon to eat, eggs, black cloth, sugar for eating, bath 4 Fridays regularly
25 13 – 12 30 years Tenth
6 F : 10Addiction
3 pts effect of black magic, 3 pts made no diagnosis, 1 pts effect of Jinn
Taveez to wear, to burn, to take smoke, water for drinking, using cloths, candles
7 7 – 0 25 years Tenth
7 F : 70Mental Retardation
1 pts effect of Jinn, 1 pts effect of Black Magic
Taveez for wear, Taveez made of silver plate, written Arabic words, advised to bring goat, cock, eggs,
2 1 – 1 20 years Literate
8 F : 44Epilepsy
Effect of Jinn Taveez for wear, 1 0 – 1 35 years Seventh
9 F : 30 Hypo Mania
3 pts effect of Jinn, 2 pts effect of Black Magic, 1 pts made no diagnosis
Taveez for wear,Taveez used in drinking water, cutting lemon all over the body, rubs ash on body, tie Taveez on waist,
6 1 – 5 25 years Eighth
10 F : 42Obsessive compulsive disorder
Effect of JinnIn both cases
Burn Taveez, to take smoke of Taveez during night, using candle
2 2 – 0 15 years Tenth
Taweez
Taweez
Taweez
Taweez
Taweez
Taweez
Taweez
Taweez
Metal ring and threads
Metal ring
Taweez
Types of Magic described by Amilin (T.H)
• Sahar.. Tafriq• Sahar.. Mohabat• Sahar.. Takhayul• Sahar.. Junun• Sahar.. Khamul• Sahar.. Havathif• Sahar.. Amraz• Sahar.. Istahaza
Taweez
Taweez
Taweez
Taweez
Metal plates with written Arabic words
Contents of Taweez
• Most of the Taweez
contain numbers,
Arabic words, names
of angels, soil, grass,
plain scented papers.
Result :Among psychiatric patients 100% patients and there relatives have
faith on Jinn (Ghost) and Jadu (Black magic) as a cause of mental
illness. All patients had faith on Allah, prayers and healing power
of prayers. A vast majority of patients did prayers and rituals on
regular basis. In our study all patients(100%) went to traditional
healers.
• Among these 100 patients who are
suffering from different psychiatric
disorders as per ICD-10,traditional healers
diagnosed 52 patients as Jinn effect, 29
patients under the influence of black magic
and for 19 patients no diagnosis was made.
• These results shows that there is deep rooted faith
and belief in Ghost and Black magic as a cause of
mental illness in Muslim patients, it is because in holy
Quran there are number of verses about existence of
Jinn, but after reviewing (Quran) it is not proved that a
Jinn can cause symptoms describe by faith healers in
their diagnosis, and one can get control over Jinn or
use Jinn for his desired work.
• Along with this there is a lot of literature available in Urdu
which talks about Jinn (Ghost) and Jadu (Black magic),
even in the dramas of Shakespeare there is a character of
inhuman power, most of the stories of children contain Jinn
character this is fixed in minds since childhood and
become a firm belief about Jinn and black magic.
Considering this fact I have written book in Urdu, titled
“Jinn Jadu, Ya Nafsyati Amraz” ?
“Jinn Jadu ya Nafsyati Amraz” ?
1st Edition 2nd Edition
Written by Dr. A.A.Quadri
• Black magic was done in the period of Solomon
(PBUH) and Moses (PBUH) but no definite
methodology has been described and mentioned in
holy book the Quran.
In Quran and Hadith (sayings of prophet Mohammed PBUH)
there is no method to diagnose the effect of Jinn (Ghost) and
Jadu (Black magic). Only different prayers have been
recommended by prophet if someone feels that he or his relative
is under influence of black magic. There is no place for the
methods used by traditional healers which we saw in our study to
treat black magic or to remove Jinn effect.
In my view it is very important to consider the socio-cultural
background and religious concepts of the patients for the
treatment by means of psychological methods.
Religion and Spirituality
• In 1995, instruction in religious and spiritual issue was
made mandatory for accredited psychiatric residency
programs in the United States.
Religion
1. The three great monotheistic religions Judaism, Christianity and Islam
believe in a single omnipotent God and in a book, Torah, the Bible or
the Qur’an, that reveals God’s plan for believers.
2. Buddhism, a religion prevalent in China, Japan, Korea, Sri Lanka and
South Asia has differing traditions.
3. Theravada Buddhism emphasizes a spiritual quest for wisdom, where
as Mahayana Buddhism stresses compassion, the divine power of the
savior Buddhism and spiritual rituals.
4. Hinduism prevalent on the Indian subcontinent, emphasizes the many
manifestations of God, reincarnation a divine power that sustains life a
dazzling array of religious symbols, yoga and meditation.
Al-Qur’an
• Al-Qur’an is a compilation of poetical verses divided into 114
chapters, it is the sacred text of Islam. Muslims believe that in
610 AD the angel Gabriel (A.S.) confronted Mohammed
(P.B.U.H.) in a cave top mountain near Mecca, proclaimed
him the messenger of the one true God, Allah, and ordered
him to read the verses from written Scriptures that existed in
heaven.
Al Jinn
1. Adam and Ibliss2. Curse on Ibliss3. Shaitan’s Biography4. Animosity of Shaitan to Man5. Creation of Shaitan6. Activities of Shaitan 7. Promises of Shaitan8. Companion of Shaitan9. Tribe of Ibliss 10. Party of Shaitan11. Army of Shaitan12. Stealing of Information13. Worshipping of Shaitan14. Forgetting Allah15. Orders of Shaitan16. Jinns and Magic
Urdu Literature on Jinn & Jadu available in market
Protection from Shaitan (Satan)
• Fear, Loneliness and Insomnia
• Seeing a Nightmare
• Anger and Wrath
• Hearing Donkey’s Voice
• Hearing Barking of Dogs
• Matrimonial Relationship
• Entering Washroom
• Entering the House
• Going out of the house
• Traveling
• More protection from Shaitan
Exorcism
• Demanding Jinn to get out
• Cursing Jinn to get out
• Beating the Possessed
Person
• At Time of anger
• Writing of Taweez
Mesopotamian religion
• Assyrians • Babylonians Labartu - Mountains, Marshland Sedu - ambivalent evil &
guardianSuccubus (Lilitu) - Beautiful nude femaleEtimmu - Ghosts, who died by
MischanceLamassu - Ambivalent Lilitu * Source (S.G.F. Brandom, gen. ed. A Dictionary of
comparative religion, London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2nd ed., 1971) p.232)
Indian
• Non human spirits
- Asuras
- Danavas
- Daityas
- Rakshas
• Human spirits – Ghost
- Bhuta
Source (Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, (Edition burgh: T, and T.
clark, 4th ed, 1959))
Activities of Shaitan (Satan)
1) He gives order to people, and the later to listen , and follow
as close as possible.
2) he gives false promises, and people should take these
promises seriously.
3) He scares people if they don’t follow him. As long as they
dont obey Allah, it is easy for shaitan to scare them.
4) He invites people to follow him and to commit all types of
activities. he knows no Halal or Haram. Everything is
Halal.
5) He incites animosity among people. He enjoys seeing them
enemies to one another.
6) He incites hatred so that people start fighting one another.
He enjoys seeing them unhappy with one another.
7) He makes people to forget Allah by keeping them busy in
the affairs of this world. The more they are preoccupied
with this world, the more they forget Allah.
Activities of Shaitan (Satan)
8) He pretends to be a good friend to people; otherwise, they will not
listen to him. He also pretends that he is the best advisor to them.
9) He whispers regularly to them in a sneaking way. he has no courage to
come to them face to face.
10) He makes sure that he does not revel his identity, otherwise people
may shy away from him or even run away. His name scares many
people. Hence it is better not to identify himself as Shaitan, jinn, ghost,
spirit, etc.
11) He acts as a sneaker. He waits for the moment when people forget
Allah, to jump forward, and sneaking acts as an Advisor.
12) He remains neck-to-neck around people otherwise he loses his job, or
he will be denounced by his supervisors.
13) He leads people astray from Allah, so that they will go with him to
hell, instead of him being alone.
14) He is revengeful and vindictive; when he strikes he hurts and may
abuse other physically.
15) He lets people down, because he has nothing under his property to
offer except false hopes and illusions.
16) He makes sure that the people should follow by using every possible
and logical approach to convince them.
17) He makes sure that people are to worship him. following Shaitan,
means that the person has already submitted himself to his order and
come became a slave to him.
18) He tries to control the density of people. Their future hopes and
aspirations are re-laid on his instructions, orders and false hopes.
19) He makes sure that he does not revel his name as a ghost, but as a hidden
friend wishing them the best.
20) He is a source of distraction for them from worshipping God, and
obeying Him. Even during Salat he makes sure to distract them.
21) He creates commotion otherwise his life is miserable. He enjoys seeing
people fighting one another.
22) He teaches magic. People have to pledge allegiance to him before
teaching any type of magic. The knowledge of magic is to do harm to
other people, and especially to husbands and wives.
23) He tries to steal information from outside the orbit. While trying to do
so, Allah sends meteorites to burn him and to get rid of him.
24) He pushes people to commit all typea of Haram, immorality and
Vulgarity.
Hexing: The Evil Eye• Sleepiness or fitful sleep
• Exhaustion
• Depression
• Hypochondriacs
• Spirit possession
• Impotence
• Failure to thrive
• Anorexia
• Listlessness
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Disrupted social relationship
• Sudden death
Hexing: The Evil Eye
• Jews in Germany were forbidden to look at crops for fear that their
glance (Judenblick) would be damaging. Persons who are thought
most likely to possess the evil eye are those with a physical
deformity (especially a hunchback), stranger, jealous kin or
neighbors, marginal members of society, barren women, the poor
and hungry, person dissatisfied with their lot in life, children who
return to their mother’s breast after weaning (seen among Slovak
Americans)
Hexing: The Evil Eye
• Evil eye can strike anyone, but most susceptible
are wealthy, handsome and weak persons,
children and women especially when pregnant.
Activities of Shaitan (Satan)
25) He makes sure that people should not be shy, timid, or having any type of
Hayaa. They should be bold and strong to do all types of vices without feeling
ashamed of themselves. It is on the contrary; those who commit immorality,
should accuse and blame those who don’t get involved in vices. The letter
activities are to be publicized as noble acts of life it self. They would have
enough supporters from within the human being side. Any person who is shy
and timid should go to a psychiatrist to be examined and to be treated.
The main rule of Shaitan is to create dissension between husband and wives.
In so doing, he will make sure that they hate one another.
Accordingly ,they end up into divorce. Hence, the fight will start for the
custody of the children. Therefore, a problem is created in the family.
When parents choose their love and their family ties. the cornerstone
for the foundation of the society is destroyed.
When separation or divorce takes place, children will not be raised
properly with one single parent. They will be unstable in their
personality. Shaitan finds it easier to enter the hearts and minds of the
children. He will lead them to wrong places. Hence, he makes them
criminals in the society.
Thank You