concept on upanaha sweda- a review article

www.wjpps.com Vol 8, Issue 10, 2019.

381

Shwetha et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

CONCEPT ON UPANAHA SWEDA- A REVIEW ARTICLE

1*

Dr. Shwetha M. S. and 2Dr. Veena G. Rao

1PG Scholar, Department of Panchakarma, JSS Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital,

Mysore, Karnataka.

2Professor, Department of Panchakarma, JSS Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital,

Mysore, Karnataka.

ABSTRACT

Sweda means sweat & therapy in which the perspiration produced is

known as Swedana. It can be done as Poorvakarma, Pradhana Karma

and Paschat Karma. Acharya Charaka included Swedana Karma under

Shadvidopakrama. It is an independent therapeutic measures for the

management of many diseases particularly those of Vata and Kapha

Dosha origin. Upanaha is one among the types of Swedana Karma as

explained by many Acharyas.

Upanaha is a mode of fomentation given by applying warm herbal

paste over the affected part of the body followed by bandaging. It is an

ideal topical treatment and well known ayurvedic topical application to

get evolved and adapt with changing time and easy practice, without changing its efficacy.

Pradeha, Sankara/Pinda sweda, Bandhana are three varieties of Upanaha. It helps in reducing

Vatadosha, Sheetha(coldness), Shoola (pain), Sthambha (stiffness), Gowravata (heaviness). It

induces sweating and brings Doshavilayana. Sweda helps in Gatravinamana (increase the

flexibility). Hence the present article is an attempt to review the concept of Upanaha sweda

which are mentioned in our classics.

KEYWORDS: Upanaha, Topical application, Bandaging.

INDRODUCTION

Therapy in which the perspiration (sweda) is produced is known as Swedana. Swedana can

be a Poorvakarma, Pradhana Karma and Paschat Karma. Acharya Charaka included Swedana

Karma under Shadvidopakrama. It is an independent therapeutic measures for the

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.632

Volume 8, Issue 10, 381-394 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

Article Received on

25 July 2019,

Revised on 15 August 2019,

Accepted on 05 Sept. 2019,

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps201910-14769

*Corresponding Author

Dr. Shwetha M. S.

PG Scholar, Department of

Panchakarma, JSS Ayurveda

Medical College and

Hospital, Mysore,

Karnataka.


382


management of many diseases particularly those of Vata and Kapha Doshas.[1]

Upanaha is

one among the types of Swedana Karma as explained by many Acharyas. It is a local

treatment where in combination of Churnas are made into paste using Sneha dravya (Ghrita,

Taila), Kinva (fermented liquid), made warm and applied over affected site.[2]

This is to

reduce the local inflammation at the site and also acts as topical analgesic by the action of

drugs absorbed through dermis. Topical agents in the form of creams, ointments, gels,

lotions, solutions, pastes and sprays are widely used in practice since ages due to their instant

action.

ETYMOLOGY[3]

To tie, to cover or to wrap.

उप – is a prefix to noun/verb and denotes near by/ together.

नह – is a verb and denotes to bind/ to tie.

Upanaha means - To tie or to cover or to wrap.

The word ‘Upanaha’ is split as upa+nah, in which upa is upasarga (prefix) which means near,

nah bandhane means to tie or bind.[4]

DEFINITION [5]

The application of paste in the form of Kalka is Upanaha, is also called as Pralepa.

Upanaha is a mode of fomentation in the form of application of medicinal drugs.

Upanaha is a mode of fomentation in the form of application of medicinal drugs made

using Vachadi dravyas, Vatahara dravyas etc.

TYPES OF UPANAHA

Based on Agni;

1. Saagni.

2. Niragni.

Based on Guna of Dravya;

1. Snigdha.

2. Rooksha.


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Based on the site of fomentation is of two types;

1. Ekanga

2. Sarvanga

Three perspectives of Upanaha is perceived by Sushruta in different contexts, viz[6]

1. Saptopakrama - for the purpose of converting Amashopha into Pakvashopha.

2. Shashtiupakrama - Amashopha gets regressed with Upanaha and Kinchit Pakva Shopha

will become Pakva depending on the condition.

3. A type of Swedana – which is sub-classified into two - Saagni Upanaha Niragni Upanaha.

Upanaha Sweda can be performed in 3 ways

1. Bandhana.

2. Pinda.

3. Pradeha.

Bandhana[7]

In this variety Vatahara drugs along with Amla Dravya (Kanji), Saindava Lavana, Sneha

Dravyas should be made hot, applied over the affected part and tied.

Acharya Charaka mentioned the use of Charma Patta for tying which is of Ushna Virya.

In absence of the above Kausheya (silk) or Avika Sataka(woolen blanket) and Vatahara

Patras are mentioned for purpose of tying.

Sushruta, Vaghbatta, Kashyapa, Bhavaprakasha have mentioned about Bandhana method

of Upanaha Sveda.

Pinda[8]

Drugs are made into bolus form or Krushara, Payasa, Utkarika, Veshavara are prepared

and made into a bolus form.

This is made into a Pinda and sudation is performed.

It can be used as Sarvanga or Ekanga Sweda. Sankara variety of Sweda mentioned by

Charaka will also come under this category.

Dalhana says that Sankara Sweda is also Upanaha Sweda.

Pradeha[9]

Vatahara drugs mixed with Amla Dravya, Lavana and Sneha Dravya should be made hot

and applied in the form of a thick paste (Pradeha) over the body without Bandhana.


384


In case of drugs possessing Ushna Virya, Upanaha is performed without heating.

Bhavaprakasha also mentioned to apply in the form of Pradeha and Pralepa.

Indu also opines that Upanaha Sweda should be done by repeated application of Pradeha/

Pralepa to the body. Swedana has to be performed repeatedly. That means the drugs

applied for Upanaha when gets cooled should be removed and again fresh Lepa should be

applied.

ACTION OF UPANAHA SWEDA ON DOSHAS

Acharya Dosha Drugs

Charaka [10]

Kevala Vata

Pittanugata Vata

Kapahanugata

Vata

Godhuma, Yava with Sneha and Kinva

Sugandhi Dravya like Chandana, Agaru, Patra etc. added

with Surakitta, Shatapushpa and Jeevanthi

Kushta, Taila, Atasi

Sushruta [11]

Kevala Vata

Pittanugata Vata

Kaphanugata

Vata

Vatahara Dravyas made paste with Kanji and Lavana,

Krishara Payasa, Utkarika, Veshavara and Salvana

Upanaha. Kakolyadi, Eladi and Surasadi Gana Dravyas

Tila, Atasi, Sarshapa Kalka

Laghu

Vagbhata [12]

Kevala Vata

Pittanugata Vata

Kaphanugata

Vata

Vacha, Kinva, Shatahva, Devadaru, Dhanyas, Gandha

Dravyas, Mamsa, Sneha Dravya, Lavana, Takra, Ksheera.

Padmakadi Gana Dravya Surasadi Gana Dravya

Drugs used for Upanaha

KAKOLYADI GANA[13]

ELADI GANA [14]

SURASADI GANA[15]

Kakoli,Kshirakoli, Jivaka,

Rishabaka, Mudgaparni,

Mashaparni, Medha,

Mahamedha, Chinnaruha,

Karkatashrungi,

Tunghakshrini, Padmaka,

Prapoundarika, Rudhi,

Vrudhi, Mrudvika,

Jivanti, Madhuka

Ela, Tagara, Kusta, Mamsi,

Dhyamaka, Twak, Patra,

Nagapushpa, Priyangu,

Harenuka,Vyaghranakha, Sukthi,

Chandana, Sthouneyaka,

Shrivestaka, Cocha, Choraka,

Valuka, Guggulu, Sarjarasa,

Turushka, Kundaruka, Agaru,

Sprukka, Ushira, Bhadradaru,

Kumkuma,Punnagakesara

Surasa, Sweta surasa,

Phaninjaka, Ajraka,

Bhutruna, Sugandahaka,

Sumukha, Kalamalika,

Kuteruka, Kasamarda,

Kshvaka, Khara pushpa,

Vidanga, Katphala,

Surasi, Nirgundi,

Mundika, Undurukarnika,

Bharangi, Kakamachi,

Vishamusti

JIVANIYA GANA [16]

VIRATARVADI GANA [17]

Jivaka, Rushbhaka,

Medha, Mahameda,

Kakoli, Kshirakakoli,

Shweta bala, Peeta bala,

Jeevanti. Madhuyasti

Virataru, Nila Sahachara, Rakta

Sahachara, Dharbha, Vrukshadani,

Gunda, Nala, Kusha, Kasha, Ashma

BHedha, Agnimantha, Morata, Vasuka,

Apamarga, Shyonaka, Kurantika,

Indivara, Kapothavanka, Gokshura


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INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATION[18 19]

Vata Vyadhi like Janusandhigata Vata, Pakshagata, Twak, Mamsa, Asruk, Sira, Sandhi

and Asthigatavata.

Akshi Rogas like Alaji, Pooyalasa, Abhishyanda and Arbuda.

Guda Rogas like Arshas, Bhagandara.

Other conditions like Vrana, Vidradi, Granti, Vataja Mutrakruchra, Shleepada,

Kukshishoola, Visarpa (Granti Visarpa), Visha.

Sushruta opinies that Upanaha Sweda is specially indicated in case of Sankuchayamana

(Contractures), Rujarta, Stabda Gatrata.[20]

Indu mentioned Agni Samskara Rahita Upanaha i.e Upanaha prepared without heating to

be done in case of vata associated with Pitta.

CONTRAINDICATION: Pittavarana condition

PREPARATION OF UPANAHA SWEDA[21]

Drugs

Vata Shamaka Dravyas, Kapha Shamaka Dravyas, Gandha Dravya, Amla Dravya,

Saindava Lavana, Sneha Dravya, Godhuma Choorna, Yava Choorna, Masha Choorna,

Karisha of cow, donkey etc. are selected according to the disease and condition of the

patient.

A fine paste is prepared by grinding or crushing the fresh leaves all together into a Kalka

form by mixing little amount of hot water, Veshavara, Sneha, etc., as the case may be.

After cleaning the affected part apply the warm kalka, either heated or otherwise, a

Vatahara Patra viz, Eranda or Arka is placed over the paste and bandaging is done with a

cotton cloth and secured firmly.

The bandage should neither be loose nor very tight. Classical texts mention the use of

Charma of animals which are of Ushna Veerya for bandhana.

If it is applied in the morning, kept undisturbed till the evening. If it is applied in the

evening should leave overnight. Later bandage should be removed and area washed.

Classification of Upanaha Sweda Dravya

Over all assessment of drugs recommended for Upanaha Sweda by Acharyas, gives a hint to

classify them broadly into 3 groups:

Food materials – like Godhuma, Yava, Masha and their preparations like Payasa,

Krushara and also Ksheera, Dadhi, Amla Pishta, Veshavara are all included in the group


386


of food materials. Mostly these are Snigdha in action and therefore used in Sagni

Upanaha. Heat retention is comparatively for more duration.

Plant source – various herbs and different parts of the plant are also used and selection of

plants depends on the disease and Dosha involved, Vatahara Patras are used.

Excreta – dungs of donkey, horse, cow are told to be used. These organic substances are

good heat retainers, therefore their utility in Swedana is more.

METHODOLOGY OF LEPA APPLICATION

Sushruta and Sharangadhara are of opinion that Lepa should be applied in opposite

direction of hair follicles. Lepa applied in this direction facilitates easy absorption of the

drug through the Romakupa and stays for long duration. By this method the Veerya of

Lepa easily enters the Romakupa and gets absorbed through dermis to exhibit derived

action.[22]

While bandaging specific bandhana like Sthanika bandhana to hand, Swasthika bandha to

knee, elbow, Wrist, ankle should be followed.

Continuous heat and oleation

Continuous heating with mild heat of the affected part as in arthritis is the need of therapy

that is achieved by Upanaha, which makes continuous drainage of inflammatory

mediators.

If theory of absorption of Sneha through skin in deeper tissues is accepted then Snigdha

Upanaha is the best mode to provide continuous oleation which is enhanced by dilation of

channels by heat.

Veerya of the Upanaha drugs still facilitates the absorption of drugs and Sneha through

the skin.

Thickness of lepa

Sharangadhara[23]

Sushruta[24]

Chakrapani[25]

Doshagna Lepa-1/4 Angula

Vishagna Lepa-1/3 Angula

Varnya Lepa -1/2 Angula

Pradeha-thickest form of

Lepa Alepa- Medium

thickness Pralepa- Thinnest

form of Lepa

Pradeha- equal to the thickness of

Ardra Mahisha Charma Alepa-

thinner than that of Buffalo’s

skin

Sushruta also opines that the thickness of Lepa application on the skin should be equal to the

thickness of a buffalo's skin (Ardra Mahisha Charma).


387


Duration

Charaka & Vagbhata Kashyapa Indu

Lepa applied in the night

should be removed next

day morning and that

applied in day should be

removed at night.

Applied lepa to be removed

when it becomes cool and

should be applied again. Sweda

will occur after many such

applications.

Lepa should be changed twice a

day or it should be applied

repeatedly with due

consideration regarding Desha,

Kala and Dosha.

METHOD

It comes in the Bhedas of Sweda, also comes under Bhedas of Lepas. Application of thick or

thin generally Vatakapha Shamana with Vatashamaka property. Bandhana is mentioned in

specified duration (dharana kala) 12 hours, but can be changed according to the condition of

the disease, patient and season. Saagni and Niragni types of Upanaha mentioned. Powder

form of drugs are made into a paste by adding warm water, applied over affected part and

covered or bandaged with Charmapatta or Vatahara patra.

Precautions

The once used Lepa should not be used again.

Similarly an unused, prepared Lepa kept for long time should be discarded.

Fresh paste should be applied after removing previous medicinal paste.

If these instructions are not followed then it may cause burning sensation in area of

application or disease may progress further because of inaction of Lepa due to decrease in

potency.

The bandage should not be too tight or too low.

The Upanaha dravya must be a suitable consistency, so that it should not fall off from its

position.

It should not be applied to wounds.

Check the sensitivity of the skin before the procedure.

Classically mentioned choornas which are commonly used has Upanaha Sweda in

clinical practice

Kolakulattadi churna upanaha.

Jatamayadi churna upanaha.

Nagaradi churna upanaha.

Grihadhoomadi churna upanaha.

Kottamchukadi churna upanaha.


388


Marmagulika lepa upanaha.

Rasnadi churna upanaha.

Doshagna upanaha.

Dashanga lepa upanaha.

Arka patra upanaha.

Dattura patra upanaha.

Salvana upanaha.

Nirgundi patra upanaha.

GRIHADHOOMADI CHOORNA UPANAHA[26]

(Ast.hr chi 22/35)

INGREDIENTS INDICATIONS METHOD OF

APPLICATION

Grihadhooma

Vacha

Kusta

Shatavha

Haridra

Daru haridra

Vata rakta

Choora along

with water

applied to

affected part and

covered with

khora cloth.

DASANGA LEPA [27]

INGREDIENTS INDICATION METHOD OF

APPLICATION

Shirisha Yashtimadhu Nata

Chandana Ela Jatamamsi

Haridra Daruharidra Kusta

Hrivera

Jwara, Shotha,

Visarpa, Kusta

Dashanga lepa mixed

with Ghrita and applied

over 15-20 mins.

SALVANA UPANAHA SWEDA[28]

(su.chi 4/14,15)

Sushrutacharya mentioned the drugs used to make paste according to Dosha predominance-

In Pittanubandha Vata – Kakolyadi Gana Dravya, Vatahara Dravya, Amla Dravya,

Ghrita, Mamsa, Lavana.

In Kapanubandha Vata- Surasadigana Dravyas, Vatahara Dravyas, Amla Dravyas,

Chaturvida Sneha, Mamsa, Lavana.

In Kevala Vata- Vesavara, Vatahara Dravya,Amla Dravya, Chaturvidha Snha, Mamsa,

Lavana.

Indications: Atyanta Ruja, Gatra Sankocha, Stabda Gatrata.


389


Procedure: A paste is made by mixing choornas of drugs like Kakolyadi gana dravya,

Vathara dravya, Amla dravya, Anupa Audaka mamsa, Sneha and Excess of lavana. The paste

is made warm by heating and pasted over silk cloth ans is then bandaged to the affected parts.

NIRGUNDI PATRA UPANAHA

Take Nirgundi Patras and crushed or grind and make a bolus form and applied over the

affected part, bandaged with a piece of cloth.

Indications- Janusandhigata vata.

Some of the Upanahas which have been studied are

Jatamayadi Upanaha sweda in Janusandhigata Vata[29]

Ingredients: Jatamamasi, Chandana, Tagara, Kusta, Kunduruksha,Sarala, Ashwagandha.

Rasna- 20 gms each.

Godhuma - 40gms.

Murchita tila taila - 20ml.

Saindhava lavana - 20gms.

Above said ingredients were mixed with suffient quantity of Kanji, paste was prepared.

Procedure: Warm paste applied over affected joints, then coveredwith Eranda patra and it

firmly bandage with cloth.

Godhumadi Upanaha Sweda in Niramaja Katigraha[30]

Ingredients- Godhuma churna - 50-75gms.

Tila kalka – 30 - 45gms.

Erandamoola churna – 100 - 125gms.

Saindhava lavana - 30 - 45gms.

Goksheera - 200 - 300ml.

Tila taila – 40 - 60ml.

Preparation: Take Godhuma powder add 100ml of Goksheera to it and mix it well, then add

Erandamula churna to it again add 100ml of Goksheera to it and mix it well, then add Tila

kalka, Saindhava lavana and Tila taila.

Procedure: Prepared paste is applied over the affected part that is low back uniformly of

about 5mm thickness, cover it with Eranda patra and tied with cotton cloth.


390


Salvana Upanha in Pakshagata[31]

Ingredients: Arjuna, Guduchi, Bilwa,Krishna, Kullatta, Pashanabheda, Atasi, Kantakari,

Gokshura, Jeeraka,Ashwagandha, Shatapushpa,Eranda, Masha, Devadadru, Rasna, Bala,

Sarshapa- taken in equal quantity, powdered and added with water, Saindhava lavana, Tila

taila and Ghrita boil the entire mass till it becomes a thick paste.

Apply the paste to the whole body and covered with cotton cloth.

DISCUSSION

Upanaha is the mode of treatment used to suppurate/regress an inflammatory swelling.

Madhura, amla, lavana, snigdha, ushna upanahas are beneficial in kevala vata vyadhis[32]

like Khalli, Ruksha, ushna, gomutrayukta upanaha are useful in Vata kaphaja vyadhis and

ama conditions like Amavata. Salvana upanaha in Pakshagata[33]

, Ashwagandha with

Katu taila lepa in Manyasthambha. Agaradhuma with lavana taila upanaha in

Suptivata.[34]

The action of the Upanaha depends on the materials used for the application, temperature

of the paste, duration of retaining on the skin surface and thickness of the paste applied.

Skin being the largest organ in human body, offers advantages compared to other routes

of administration.

Is the action of Upanaha similar to that of a topical agent or can it prove to be a

transdermal drug delivery system is a matter that needs to be studied further.

The sour or fermented materials used in the Upanaha application help to permeate the

active principles from one layer to another.

Upanaha is advantageous in conditions with chronic pain like trauma, arthritis etc.

The drugs by virtue of their Guna and Prabhava act on patients of different Prakruti,

Vikruti, Desha, Kala, Vaya etc.

Godhuma, Masha, Yava like food articles are used for Upanaha Sweda. These may be

used as single ingredient or different food preparations made out of this. Eg Krushara,

Payasa, Utkarika etc.

Apart from these, Ksheera, Dadhi, Takra, Sauvera are also used, These have either

Vatahara or Kaphahara property.The solid materials are used as base drugs apart from

their nature of Vatahara property.

The sour nature of liquids enable the permeation of the active principles for absorption

through the skin.


391


Godhuma, Yava, Masha, Ksheera, Takra, Sauveeera are all madhura/amla in nature.

Madhura and amla rasa are known Vatahara.

Oil act as heat barrier. Simultaneously it acts as a good facilitator for absorption of drugs.

Indu mentioned that the drugs can be used individually or in combination depending upon

condition of disease.

Some of the practically used Upanahas by using different choornas are Jatmayadi

choorna, Nagaradi choorna, Marmagulika etc.

CONCLUSION

Upanaha is of Mrudu to Madhyama variety of Shamana Sweda.

It can be done Saagni, Niraagni and with or without bandaging.

It acts as add on treatment for Pradhana chikitsa in relieving the symptoms as it is easy to

adopt with optimum benefits.

It can be mainly done as Shamaneya sweda chikitsa.

It can be given to Bala, vruddha, Ksheena person who needs swedana but cannot

withstand the Mahan Sweda.

Snigdha ushna upanahas are indicated in Nirupashambha vata vyadhis.

Ruksha ushna upanahas are indicated in Kapha samsrusta, Kaphavrita and Saama vata

vyadhis.

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concept on upanaha sweda- a review article

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