conception to birth prenatal development. prenatal development prenatal defined as “before...
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Conception to BirthPrenatal Development
Prenatal Development
• Prenatal defined as “before birth”
• Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with the birth of the child.
Zygote• A newly
fertilized egg
• The first two weeks are a period of rapid cell division.
Embryo
• 14 days until the end of the eight week
• Most of the major organs are formed during this time.
• Heartbeat, Red Blood Cells
Embryo – 45 Days
Prenatal Development
• Prenatal Development Overview:–Zygote – Conception to 2 weeks
–Embryo – 2 weeks through 8 weeks
–Fetus – 9 weeks to birth
Fetal Period
• The period between the beginning of the ninth week until birth
• Now referred to as a Fetus
Prenatal Development – 2 months
11 Weeks
Placenta
• A cushion of cells in the mother by which the fetus receives oxygen and nutrition
• Acts as a filter to screen out substances that could harm the fetus
Teratogens• Substances that pass through the
placenta’s screen and prevent the fetus from developing normally
•Includes: radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses, drugs,
alcohol, nicotine, etc.
Smoking and Birth Weight
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
• A series of physical and cognitive abnormalities in children due to their mother drinking large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy
• Swallowing and Kicking
• Make it’s first movements
28 Weeks
2-D
3-D and 4-D
National Geographic Channel In The Womb
The Beginnings
of Life: The
Newborn
Newborn
• Within the 1st 30 minutes, newborns will turn their heads to watch a human face even it is a picture or a drawing
• Human Voices
• Taste preferences – no spoiled milk please!
Reflexes – Automatic and Unlearned Responses
Rooting Reflex• Infants’ tendency, when touched on the cheek, to
move their face in the direction of the touch and open their mouth
• Child is looking for nourishment.
Sucking & Swallowing Reflexes• Allows for food to be received at birth
left leg extends when infant gazes to the left, while right arm and leg flex
inward, and vice versa.
infant closes its hand and "grips" your finger
takes brisk steps when
both feet placed on a surface, with body supported.
The infant raises up (upper torso, shoulders, and head) with arms when lying face
down (on his tummy).
Newborns are great
at grasping…
…but not at letting
go!
• Newborns are able to see, but are nearsighted.
• -prefer faces over other stimuli in the environment.
• Prefer the sounds of their parent’s voices over others
Temperament
• A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Temperament• A baby’s temperament is apparent after
just a few hours of birth
–“easy” babies – eat and sleep regularly
–“difficult” – unpredictable, intense, & irritable
–Relatively stable personality aspect
Physical Development in Infancy and
Childhood
Infant, Toddler, Child
• Infant:Infant: First year•Toddler: From about 1
year to 3 years of age
•Child:Child: Span between toddler and teen
Maturation!Maturation!• An orderly sequence of biological growth
• genetically programmed (nature)
• But, can be adjusted by experience (abuse/deprivation) (nurture)
Maturation!
Maturation and Motor Development
• Includes all physical skills and muscular coordination
• When did you first roll over, sit up, walk, ride a bike???
Cognitive Development in
Infancy and Childhood: Piaget’s
Cognitive Stages
Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development
Cognition
• All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering
• Children think differently than adults
Jean Piaget (pee-ah-ZHAY)
• Developmental psychologist who introduced a stage theory of cognitive development
SchemaSchema• As we develop, we struggle to construct
understanding by building SCHEMA(s)–A concept or framework that organizes A concept or framework that organizes
or interprets understandingor interprets understanding–What are your schemas for:
• Dogs
• Love
• Chairs
• Etc…
When a child encounters When a child encounters something new, he must adjust something new, he must adjust
his schemahis schema
• ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION:
• Incorporate the item into an existing schema –
All 4 legged animals are called dogs
• ACCOMODATIONACCOMODATION:
• Change your existing schema or create a new schema to fit the new information
Create a new schema for cats and refining the dog schema
Stage 1- Sensorimotor Stage
• From birth to 2 years
• Child gathers information about the world through senses & motor functions
• Child learns object permanence
Object Permanence
• The awareness that things continue to exist even when they cannot be sensed
• “Out of sight, out of mind”
Object Permanence
Clip the baby to see object
permanence in action!
Even when they get older, kids figure out objects don’t go away, but the “A” not “B” Effect gets ‘em
every time!
Check out this clip!
toast permanence?
Stage 2- Preoperational Stage
• From about 2 to 6 or 7 yrs
• Children can understand language but not logic
• Fantasy Play
Egocentrism
• The child’s inability to take another person’s point of view
• Includes a child’s inability to understand that symbols can represent other objects
Theory of Mind
• Children develop a “theory of mind” around the age of 4 or 5
• The ability to infer others’ mental states and realize that they may hold false beliefs
• …just because I think something doesn’t mean other people do too!
Conservation• Certain properties remain
constant despite changes in their form
• The properties can include mass, volume, and numbers.
Conservation
Conservation
Conservation
Types of Conservation Tasks
Stage 3- Concrete Operational Stage
• From about 7 to 11yrs
• Child learns to think logically
• understands the concept of conservation
Stage 4- Formal Operational Stage• Child can think logically and in the
abstract
• About age 12 on up
• Can solve hypothetical problems (What if…. problems)
Check out this clip the 1st kid is in stage 3 – logic; the last person is stage 4, she thinks hypothetically
Assessing Piaget’s Theory
• Piaget underestimated the child’s ability at various ages.
• Piaget’s theory doesn’t take into account culture and social differences.