concepts and definitions survey questions and flow charts … · 2014-06-09 · rfl t reflects th d...
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Concepts and definitionsSurvey questions and flow charts
Implementation issuesDerived variables and indicators
Department of StatisticsInternational Labour Office
Unemployment statistics are insufficient to explain the labour market
Lack of unemployment relief programmesPersons in self-employment jobsT diti l k tTraditional work arrangementsStructural adjustmentsR d ti i d d f l bReduction in demand for labour
Need for sub-classification of employed personspersons
Persons in partial lack of workPersons in inadequate forms of workPersons in inadequate forms of work
2Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
Employment policy Convention (n. 122) and recommendations (n.122, 169):
ti f “f ll d ti d f l promotion of “full, productive and freely chosen employment”
W k f ll h il bl f d ki Work for all who are available for and seeking workWork which is as productive as possibleWork which is as productive as possibleWork freely chosen by workers in accordance with skills and endowments for a job which is jwell suitedNeed for statistics on employment, unemployment and underemployment
3Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
R fl t th d tili ti f th d ti Reflects the underutilisation of the productive capacity of persons in employment
Is part of and consistent with the labour force Is part of and consistent with the labour force framework
Uses “labour supply” approach: based on actual i i i fcapacities and desires of workers, as expressed
by workersNot based on theoretical models about the potential capacities and desires of workers
Can take several formsTi l t dTime-relatedSkill-relatedIncome-relatedIncome related
4Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
Together with employment and unemployment
th6th ICLS (1947)8th ICLS (1954)13th ICLS (1982)13th ICLS (1982)19th ICLS (2013) *
A bj t f it As a subject of its own9th ICLS (1957)11th ICLS (1966)11th ICLS (1966)16th ICLS (1998)18th ICLS (2008) l b d tili ti 18th ICLS (2008) – labour underutilization
5Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
General definitionsUnderemploymentTime-related underemploymentInadequate employment (skills, income, etc.)
Operational definition of time-related underemployment
Analytical groups IndicatorsCross-classifications
6Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
Underemployment reflects ... Underutilisation of the productive capacity of th l d l tithe employed populationIn relation to an alternative employment situationsituationIn which persons are willing and able to engageg g
7Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
Time-related underemployment existsWhen the hours of work of an employed
i ffi i tperson are insufficientin relation to an alternative employmentsituationsituationin which the person is willing and available to engageg g
8Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
Inadequate employment existsWhen capacities and well being of workers
ff t dare affectedIn relation to an alternative employment situationsituationIn areas such as: mismatch of occupational skills, income, excessive hours, precarious job, , , , p j ,etc.
9Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
willingandAble
not willingor
not ableAble not able
Working UNDEREMPLOYED Other employed
not working Unemployed Inactive
Department of Statistics International Labour Office 10
Persons in time-related underemploymentcomprise all persons in employment who, d i th f i d d t d fiduring the reference period used to defineemployment,
1 illi t k dditi l h1. were willing to work additional hours,2. available to work additional hours, 3 and whose hours actually worked in all 3. and whose hours actually worked in all
jobs during the reference period werebelow a threshold to be chosenaccording to national circumstances.
11Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
Wh t When a persons wants ...Another job (or jobs) in addition to the current job(s) to increase the total hours of workjob(s) to increase the total hours of workTo replace any of the current jobs with another job (or jobs) with increased hours of workTo increase the hours of work in any of the current jobscurrent jobsOr a combination of these
Persons who actively sought to work Persons who actively sought to work additional hours should be separately identified
12Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
When a person ...Is ready to work additional hoursWithin a specified subsequent period
Similar to the period used to measure unemploymentunemployment
Given opportunities to work additional hours
13Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
th Hours actually worked (18th ICLS)In all jobs C i t t ith l b f f kConsistent with labour force framework
ThresholdBoundary between full time and part time workBoundary between full-time and part-time workMedian values or averages of hours actually workedNorms for hours of work as specified in relevant legislation, collective agreements on working time arrangements or labour practices in countriesarrangements or labour practices in countries
For international reporting, this criterion can be droppedbe dropped
14Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
U l d t ti l t d Usual and recent time-related underemployment
Persons who usually work part time Persons who usually work part-time Persons who worked few hours only during the reference periodp
Volume of time-related underemployment
Additional time that persons in time-relatedunderemployment are willing and availableto work during the reference period, up to to work during the reference period, up to the chosen threshold
Expressed in units of working days, half-days or hourshours
15Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
Duration of time-related underemployment
Number of days/weeks/months/years that persons have been continuously in time-related underemploymentrelated underemployment.Number of days/weeks of time-related underemployment over the yearp y y
Reasons for multiple job holdingTo indicate whether time-related To indicate whether time related underemployment is the cause of multiple job holding
16Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
Willi t Willing toChange their current work situationMake changes to their work activities and/or genvironment
For specific reasons:Inadequate use and mismatch of occupational Inadequate use and mismatch of occupational skillsInadequate income in current job(s)Excessive hours of workExcessive hours of workPrecarious job(s)Inadequate social servicesT l t k diffi ltiTravel to work difficultiesVariable, arbitrary or inconvenient work schedules
Available to change their current work Available to change their current work situation
17Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
Skill related inadequate employment Skill-related inadequate employmentWanting or seeking to change their current work situationTo use current occupational skills more fullyA il bl t d Available to do so
Income-related inadequate employmentWanting or seeking to change their current work situationT i i (b i i th l l f To increase income (by increasing the levels of organisation of work or productivity, improving tools and equipment and training or infrastructure)Available to do soAvailable to do soThreshold is optional
Inadequate employment related to excessive hoursWanting or seeking to work less hours than currently (in the Wanting or seeking to work less hours than currently (in the same job or in another job)With corresponding reduction of incomeThreshold is optionalp
18Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
A bi id li Ambiguous guidelinesCan be measured on the basis of wanting an alternative job situation or of seeking an j galternative job situationHours benchmark for time-related underemployment is not specific enoughunderemployment is not specific enough
Subjective measurementMeasures will depend on the opinion of persons p p pregarding wanting a different job, not on “actions”, such as seeking another job
May not be relevant May not be relevantOnly persons who work less than the benchmark on a regular basis are able to voice their
f f dditi l hpreference for additional hoursDepartment of Statistics
International Labour Office 19
To measure total hours actually worked in all jobs y j
in reference week
To measure desire to workmore hours than actuallyy
worked in reference week
To measure volume of time-related underemployment
Department of Statistics International Labour OfficeFor analytical purposes
20
To measure desire to change their employment situation
To identify the main form of Inadequate employment
Skill l t d
Income-related
Skills-related
Excessive hours
• Response categories in Q55 above can include other important t i treasons as per country circumstances
21Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
To distinguish between those o d s gu s be ee ose seeking/not seeking another job
(inadequate employment)
To distinguish between those ki / t ki dditi l hseeking/not seeking additional hours
of work (time-related underempl.)
Additional questions on method of job search could also be added if considered relevant
Department of Statistics International Labour Office 22
Th ti h ld b k d f ll The questions should be asked of all persons employed in the reference week
The questions are best placed after the The questions are best placed after the sequence of questions on the characteristics of main and secondary jobs, within the
f ti l h sequence of questions on usual hours per week and actual hours worked in the reference week at all jobs (as time-related reference week at all jobs (as time related underemployment refers to all jobs)
An additional question on search for work b i l d d f l ti l can be included for analytical purposes.
Such question should refer to the same reference period as used for unemployment reference period as used for unemployment
Department of Statistics International Labour Office 23
Wants/seeks to work
more Is available?Worked
less than xTime-related
under-yes yes yes
morehours? hours? employment
nonono
W t /
nono
Income
no
Wants/seeks a
change in jobsituation?
Reasons? Is available?Inadequateemployment
situations
yes Income,skills yes
situation?
no OtherOther
situations
noreasons
24Department of Statistics International Labour Office
Rate of time-related underemploymentRatio between persons in time-related
d l t d i l t underemployment and persons in employment, expressed as a percentage
Persons in timePersons in time-related
underemploymentRate of time-
related underemploymentunderemploym
ent=
Persons in x 100
employment
25Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
Rate of volume of time-related underemployment
Ratio between the volume of time-related underemployment and the potential time for work of persons in employment expressed as a work of persons in employment, expressed as a percentage
Volume of time-related related
underemploymentRate of
volume of time related = x 100time-related
underemploy-ment
Potential time for work of persons
employed
Potential time for work =(hours actually worked of ment employed all employed persons +
volume of time-related underemployment)26
Department of StatisticsInternational Labour Office
Persons in “type of inadequate employment” situation, expressed as a
t f th l dpercentage of the employed
Persons in “ ” Share of the Persons in … inadequate employment
Share of the employed in
“…” = x 100… inadequate employment
=Persons in
employment
x 100
employment
“…” = skills-related, income-related, excessive hours, etc
27Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
Department of Statistics International Labour Office 28
Department of Statistics International Labour Office
Department of Statistics International Labour Office
0 100 200 300 400
Total Time related underemployed
Women
Inadequate employment -incomeincomeInadequate employment - skills
Men
Department of StatisticsInternational Labour Office 31
All statistics and indicators by sex and by ...AgeEducation levelKind of economic activityO i l Occupational groupInstitutional sector (including the informal sector)sector)Status in employment categoryPresence of young children and of adults Presence of young children and of adults requiring care
32Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
25 Employed <35 hrs who WANTED
15
20 more work (%lf)Employed <35hrs who
10
15 <35hrs who SOUGHT more work (%lf)
5
10 ( )Unemployed (%lf)
0 M O M O M O M O M O M O M O M O M
Department of Statistics International Labour Office
Ma
y 90
Oc
t 90
Ma
y 91
Oc
t 91
Ma
y 92
Oc
t 92
Ma
y 93
Oc
t 93
Ma
y 94
Oc
t 94
Ma
y 95
Oc
t 95
Ma
y 96
Oc
t 96
Ma
y 97
Oc
t 97
Ma
y 98
9
10Employed who WANTED more
6
7
8WANTED more work (%lf)
Employed < 35 hrs who WANTED
4
5
6 hrs who WANTED more work
Employed <35hrs h SOUGHT
2
3who SOUGHT more work (%lf)
Unemployed
0
1
198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997
(%lf)
United KingdomUnemployed
Ireland
Italy
United Kingdom
Employed who
G
Spain
France worked short hours for involuntary reasons
Denmark
Germany
Greece
0 10 20 30
Belgium
Department of Statistics International Labour Office
35
14
16Employed < 32 hrs who want to
10
12work more (%lf)
Employed who
6
8sought work due to low income and skill mismatch (%lf)
2
4( )
Unemployed (%lf)
0
Department of Statistics International Labour Office
36
8
9 Employed < 35 hrs who want more work (%lf)
6
7
( )
Employed who want another work due to low income and skill
3
4
5 low income and skill mismatch (%lf)
Employed who want another work for
1
2
3other reasons(%lf)
Unemployed (%lf)
0
Department of Statistics International Labour Office
37
Japan (Feb 96)
Algeria (89)Unemployed (%lf)
Colombia (Sep 96)
Turkey (Apr 94)
Japan (Feb 96)
I d t
Germany (94)
Denmark (94)
( p )Inadequate employment situation due to income (%lf)
Spain (94)
France (94) Time-related underemployment (%lf)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
United Kingdom (94)(% )
Department of Statistics International Labour Office
38
39