I n t r o d u c t i o n to

LEADERSHIP Concepts and Practice

Peter G. Northouse Western Michigan University

®SAGE Los Angeles • London • New Delhi • Singapore • Washington DC

Contents

Preface xi Special Features xii Audience xii Acknowledgments xiii

About the Author xv

1 . Being a Leader 1 Defining Leadership 1

"Leadership Is a Trait" 2 "Leadership Is an Ability" 2 "Leadership Ls a Skill" 2 "Leadership Is a Behavior" 2 "Leadership Ls a Relationship" 3

Global Leadership Attributes 3 Practicing Leadership 5 Summary 5 References 5 1.1 Conceptualizing Leadership Questionnaire 6

1.2 Observational Exercise 8

1.3 Reflection and Action Worksheet 9

2. Recognizing Your Traits 11

Historical Leaders: What Traits Do These Leaders Display? 12

George Washington (1732-1799) 12 Harriet Tubman (c. 1820-1913) 13 EleanorRoosevelt (1884-1962) 14 Winston Churchill (1874-1965) 15 Mother Teresa (1910-1997) 15 Nelson Mandela (1932-) 16 Bill Gates (1954-) 17

Oprah Winfrey (1954-) 18 Summary 19

Leadership Studies: What Traits Do Effective Leaders Exhibit? 20 Intelligence 20 Confidence 21 Charisma 22 Determination 23 Sociability 23 Integrity 24

Summary 25 References 26

2.1 Leadership Traits Questionnaire 28

2.2 Observational Exercise 31

2.3 Reflection and Action Worksheet 33

3. Recognizing Your Philosophy and Style of Leadership 35 What Is Your View of Human Behavior at Work? 36

TheoryX 36 Theory Y 38

Styles of Leadership: Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-Faire 40 Authoritarian Leadership Style 41 Democratic Leadership Style 42 Laissez-Faire Leadership Style 42

Box 3.1 Leadership on the Silver Screen 43

What Is Your Style of Leadership? 45 Summary 46 References 47

3.1 Leadership Styles Questionnaire - 48

3.2 Observational Exercise 50

3.3 Reflection and Action Worksheet 51

4. Attending to Tasks and Relationships 53 What Is Your Personal Style? 54

Task-Oriented Style 54 Relationship-Oriented Style 55

What Kind of Leader Are You? 55 Task Leadership 56 Relationship Leadership 57 Task and Relationship Leadership 58

Summary 58 References 58

4.1 Task and Relationship Questionnaire

4.2 Observational Exercise

4.3 Reflection and Action Worksheet

5. Developing Leadership Skills What Are Your Core Leadership Skills?

Administrative Skills Interpersonal Skills Conceptual Skills

Summary References

5.1 Leadership Skills Questionnaire

5.2 Observational Exercise

5.3 Reflections and Action Worksheet

6. Creating a Vision What Are the Characteristics of a Vision?

A Picture A Change Values A Map A Challenge

How Is a Vision Articulated?

Box 6.1 "I Have a Dream," by Martin Luther King, Jr.

Box 6.2. Inaugural Address, by President John Fitzgerald Kennedy

How Is a Vision Implemented?

Box 6.3. Marathon of Hope

Summary References

6.1 Leadership Vision Questionnaire

6.2 Observational Exercise

6.3 Reflection and Action Worksheet

7. Setting the Tone Provide Structure Clarify Norms Build Cohesiveness Promote Standards of Excellence Summary References

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7.1 Setting the Tone Questionnaire 118

7.2 Observational Exercise 120

7.3 Reflection and Action Worksheet 121

8. Listening to Out-Group Members 123 Who Is in the Out-Group? 124 Why Do Out-Groups Form? 124 What Is the Impact of Out-Groups? 126 How Should a Leader Respond to Out-Groups? 129

Strategy 1: Listen to Out-Group Members 129 Strategy 2: Show Empathy to Out-Group Members 129 Strategy 3: Recognize the Unique Contributions of

Out-Group Members 130 Strategy 4: Help Out-Group Members Feel Included 132 Strategy 5: Create a Special Relationship With

Out-Group Members 132 Strategy 6: Give Out-Group Members a Voice and

Empower Them to Act 133 Summary 134 References 134

8.1 Responding to Members of the Out-Group Questionnaire 136

8.2 Observational Exercise 138

8.3 Reflections and Action Worksheet 139

9. Overcoming Obstacles 141 Obstacle 1: Unclear Goals 142 Obstacle 2: Unclear Directions 143 Obstacle 3: Low Motivation 144 Box 9.1 Car GPS Systems-You Gotta Love'Em 145

Help Others Feel Competent 146 Help Others Get What They Expect 146 Help Others Value What They Do 147

Obstacle 4: Complex Tasks 147 Obstacle 5: Simple Tasks 148 Obstacle 6: Low Involvement 149 Obstacle 7: Lack of a Challenge 150 Summary 151 References 151

9.1 Path-Goal Styles Questionnaire 152

9.2 Observational Exercise 154

9.3 Reflection and Action Worksheet 155

10. Addressing Ethics in Leadership 157 Ethical Leadership Is About the Character of the Leader 159 Ethical Leadership Is About the Actions of the Leader l6l Ethical Leadership Is About the Goals of the Leader 1бЗ Ethical Leadership Is About the Honesty of the Leader 164 Ethical Leadership Is About the Power of the Leader 166 Ethical Leadership Is About the Values of the Leader 167 Box 10.1 Live Strong—Lance Armstrong's Story 169

Summary 169 References 170 10.1 Core Values Questionnaire 172

10.2 Observational Exercise 174

10.3 Reflection and Action Worksheet 177

Index 179

Questionnaires 187