conceptual framework of disaster management

7/29/2019 Conceptual Framework of Disaster Management

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Conceptual Framework of

Disaster Management

Dr. Khondoker Mokaddem HossainFounder Director and Professor,

Institute of Disaster Management and

Vulnerability StudiesUniversity of Dhaka


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Disaster Management

the actions taken by an organization in response tounexpected events that are adversely affecting people or

resources and threatening the continued operation of the

organization.

Disaster management includes: - the development of disaster recovery plans,( for minimizing

the risk of disasters and for handling them when they do

occur,) and the implementation of such plans.

- Disaster management usually refers to the management ofnatural catastrophes such as fire, flooding, or earthquakes.

Related techniques include crisis management, contingency

management, and risk management.


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Other terms used for disaster

management include

-Emergency Management which has replacedCivil defense, can be seen as a more generalintent to protect the civilian population in times

of peace as well as in times of war. Civil Protection is widely used within the

European Union and in Bangladesh and refers to

government approved systems and resources

whose task is to protect the civilian population,primarily in the event of natural and human-made disasters


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Cont.

Crisis Management is the term widely used in EU

countries and it emphasizes the political and securitydimension rather than measures to satisfy theimmediate needs of the civilian population. But in

Bangladesh it means the measures taken during andafter any natural and man made disaster and hazard.

Disaster risk reduction An academic trend is towards

using the term is growing, particularly for emergency

management in a development management context.This focuses on the mitigation and preparednessaspects of the emergency cycle


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Principles of Disaster Management

Disaster management is the responsibility of

all spheres of government

No single service or department in itself has the

capability to achieve comprehensive disaster

management. Each affected service or department

must have a disaster management plan which is

coordinated through the Disaster ManagementAdvisory Forum.


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Cont.

Disaster management should use resources

that exist for a day-to-day purposeThere are limited resources availablespecifically for disasters, and it would be

neither cost effective nor practical to havelarge holdings of dedicated disaster resources.However, municipalities must ensure thatthere is a minimum budget allocation to

enable appropriate response to incidents asthey arise, and to prepare for and reduce therisk of disasters occurring


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Cont.

Organizations should function as an extension of

their core business

Disaster management is about the use of

resources in the most effective manner. Toachieve this during disasters, organisationsshould be employed in a manner that reflectstheir day-to-day role. But it should be done in a

coordinated manner across all relevantorganisations, so that it is multidisciplinary andmulti-agency


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Cont.

Individuals are responsible for their own

safety

Individuals need to be aware of the hazards

that could affect their community and the

counter measures, which include the

Municipal Disaster Management Plan, that are

in place to deal with them


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Cont.

Disaster management planning should focus on

large-scale events

It is easier to scale down a response than it is to

scale up if arrangements have been based onincident scale events. If you are well prepared for

a major disaster you will be able to respond very

well to smaller incidents and emergencies,nevertheless, good multi agency responses to

incidents do help in the event of a major disaster


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Cont.

Disaster management planning should recognise

the difference between incidents and disasters

Incidents - e.g. fires that occur in informal

settlements, floods that occur regularly, stillrequire multi-agency and multi-jurisdictional

coordination. The scale of the disaster will

indicate when it is beyond the capacity of themunicipality to respond, and when it needs the

involvement of other agencies


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Cont.

Disaster management operational arrangements

are additional to and do not replace incident

management operational arrangements

Single service incident managementoperational arrangements will need to

continue, whenever practical, during disaster

operations


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Cont.

Disaster management planning must take

account of the type of physical environment and

the structure of the population

The physical shape and size of the Municipalityand the spread of population must be considered

when developing counter disaster plans to ensure

that appropriate prevention, preparation,response and recovery mechanisms can be put in

place in a timely manner


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Cont.

Disaster management arrangements mustrecognise the involvement and potential role

of non-government agencies

Significant skills and resources needed duringdisaster operations are controlled by non-

government agencies. These agencies must be

consulted and included in the planning

process


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE-

GENERAL

Disaster management cycle includes the

following stages/ phases

1. Disaster phase

2. Response phase

3. Recovery/ Rehabilitation phase

4. Risk Reduction/ Mitigation phase5. Preparedness phase


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Disaster phase

The phase during which the event of the disaster

takes place. This phase is characterized by profound

damage to the human society. This damage / loss

may be that of human life, loss of property, loss ofenvironment, loss of health or anything else. In this

phase, the population is taken by profound shock


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Response phase

This is the period that immediately follows the

occurrence of the disaster. In a way, all

individuals respond to the disaster, but in their

own ways


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Recovery phase

When the immediate needs of the populationare met, when all medical help has arrivedand people have settled from the hustle

bustle of the event, they begin to enter thenext phase, the recovery phase which is themost significant, in terms of long termoutcome. It is during this time that the victims

actually realize the impact of disaster. It is nowthat they perceive the meaning of the loss that

they have suffered


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Risk reduction phase During this phase, the population has returned to pre-disaster

standards of living. But, they recognize the need for certainmeasures which may be needed to reduce the extent or

impact of damage during the next similar disaster

For example, after an earthquake which caused a lot of

damages to improperly built houses, the population begins torebuild stronger houses and buildings that give away lesseasily to earthquakes

Or, in the case of tsunami, to avoid housings very close to theshore and the development of a greenbelt- a thick stretch of

trees adjacent to the coast line in order to reduce the impactof the tsunami waves on the land. This process ofmaking theimpact less severe is called Mitigation


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Preparedness phase

This phase involves the development of

awareness among the population on the

general aspects of disaster and on how to

behave in the face of a future disaster. Thisincludes education on warning signs of

disasters, methods of safe and successful

evacuation and first aid measures


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Phases and professional activities

The nature of emergency management is

highly dependent on economic and social

conditions local to the emergency, or disaster

Experts have long noted that the cycle of

emergency management must include long-

term work on infrastructure, public

awareness, and even human justice issues


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Process of disaster management

The process of disaster

management involves

four phases:

Mitigation

preparedness

Response

and recovery

A graphic

Representation of the

Four Phases in Disaster

Management


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1-Mitigation Mitigation efforts attempt

to prevent hazards fromdeveloping into disastersaltogether, or to reduce theeffects of disasters whenthey occur.

The mitigation phase differsfrom the other phasesbecause it focuses on long-term measures for reducingor eliminating risk

Mitigative measures can be

structural or non-structural.Structural measures usetechnological solutions, likeflood levees.

Non-structural measures

include legislation, land-useplanning (e.g. thedesignation of nonessentialland like parks to be used asflood zones), and insurance.Mitigation is the most cost-efficient method forreducing the impact ofhazards


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2- Preparedness- In the preparedness phase, emergency managers develop

plans of action for when the disaster strikes. Commonpreparedness measures include the

communication plans with easily understandableterminology and chain of command

development and practice of multi-agency coordinationand incident command

proper maintenance and training of emergency services

development and exercise of emergency populationwarning methods combined with emergency shelters and

evacuation plans stockpiling, inventory, and maintenance of supplies and

equipment


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Cont.

An efficient preparedness measure is an

emergency operations center (EOC) combined

with a practiced region-wide doctrine for

managing emergencies

Another preparedness measure is to develop

a volunteer response capability among civilian

populations


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3- Response

The response phase includes the mobilizationof the necessary emergency services and firstresponders in the disaster area

This is likely to include a first wave of coreemergency services, such as firefighters,police and ambulance crews. They may besupported by a number of secondaryemergency services, such as specialist rescueteams


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Cont.

A well rehearsed emergency plan developed

as part of the preparedness phase enables

efficient coordination of rescue efforts

Emergency plan rehearsal is essential to

achieve optimal output with limited

resources. In the response phase, medical

assets will be used in accordance with theappropriate triage of the affected victims


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4-Recovery

The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area to

its previous state. It differs from the response phase in its focus;recovery efforts are concerned with issues and decisions that

must be made after immediate needs are addressed

Recovery efforts are primarily concerned with actions that

involve rebuilding destroyed property, reemployment, and the

repair of other essential infrastructure

An important aspect of effective recovery efforts is taking

advantage of a window ofopportunity for the implementation

of mitigative measures that might otherwise be unpopular

Citizens of the affected area are more likely to accept more

mitigative changes when a recent disaster is in fresh memory


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Phases and personal activities

1- Mitigation

Personal mitigation is mainly about knowing andavoiding unnecessary risks. This includes anassessment of possible risks to personal/family healthand to personal property

One example of mitigation would be to avoid buyingproperty that is exposed to hazards, e.g. in a floodplain, in areas of subsidence or landslides.Homeowners may not be aware of a property beingexposed to a hazard until it strikes. However, specialists

can be hired to conduct risk identification andassessment surveys. Purchase of insurance coveringthe most prominent identified risks is a commonmeasure


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Mitigation

Mitigation involves Structural and Non-

structural measures taken to limit the impactofdisasters

Structural Mitigation:- This involves properlayout of building, particularly to make itresistant to disasters.

Non Structural Mitigation:- This involvesmeasures taken other than improving thestructure of building.


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2-Preparedness

Unlike mitigation activities, which are aimed atpreventing a disaster from occurring, personalpreparedness focuses on preparing equipmentand procedures for use when a disaster occurs,i.e. planning

Preparedness measures can take many formsincluding the construction of shelters, installation

of warning devices, creation of back-up life-lineservices (e.g. power, water, sewage), andrehearsing evacuation plans


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3-Response The response phase of an emergency may

commence with search and rescue but in all casesthe focus will quickly turn to fulfilling the basichumanitarian needs of the affected population

This assistance may be provided by national or

international agencies and organizations Effective coordination of disaster assistance is

often crucial, particularly when manyorganizations respond and local emergency

management agency (LEMA) capacity has beenexceeded by the demand or diminished by thedisaster itself


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Cont.

On a personal level the response can take the

shape either of a home confinement or anevacuation. In a home confinement a familywould be prepared to fend for themselves in theirhome for many days without any form of outside

support

In an evacuation, a family leaves the area byautomobile (or other mode of transportation)taking with them the maximum amount ofsupplies they can carry, possibly including a tentfor shelter


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4-Recovery The recovery phase starts after the immediate

threat to human life has subsided. Duringreconstruction it is recommended to consider thelocation or construction material of the property

The most extreme home confinement scenariosinclude war, famine and severe epidemics andmay last a year or more. Then recovery will takeplace inside the home. Planners for these events

usually buy bulk foods and appropriate storageand preparation equipment, and eat the food aspart of normal life


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conceptual framework of disaster management

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