conceptual workshow
DESCRIPTION
Conceptual Workshow. How to use The Contingency-Diagramming Checklist Version 1.0 (Original paper based): Lori Johnson and Janet Emmendorfer Version 2.0 (Computer-based): Jason Otto Version 2.1: Jason Otto, Moira McGlynn and Mitch Fryling - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Conceptual WorkshowHow to use The Contingency-
Diagramming Checklist•Version 1.0 (Original paper based): Lori Johnson and Janet Emmendorfer•Version 2.0 (Computer-based): Jason Otto•Version 2.1: Jason Otto, Moira McGlynn and Mitch Fryling•Version 2.2: Eduardo Osorio, Conny Raaymakers, Morgan Reynolds, and Greg Partlo57 Questions between two parts. Approximately 1 hour 30 minutes to complete the two parts.
Click the forward action button to advance.
2
Conceptual WorkshowHow to use The Contingency-
Diagramming Checklist
Do you hear music? You should, so check your volume or, if you’re at the University lab, you’ll need to use headphones.
3
Behaver Test
Specific-Behavior Test
Action Test
Dead-man Test
Receiver Test
Compare & Contrast
This is the table of contents. If this is the first time doing this workshow, then click on the continue button. But if this is review then you may choose where to go by left-clicking a test.
Questions 2-5
Questions 19-23
Questions 15-18
Questions 11-14
Questions 6-10
Mini-lecture
Continue
4
As you enter the world of behavior As you enter the world of behavior analysis, analysis,
you’ll see that not all examplesyou’ll see that not all examples of our interactions with the world of our interactions with the world
and people and people are quite as simple as they may are quite as simple as they may
look.look.
5
To help you along the way, To help you along the way, we’ve designed a job aid we’ve designed a job aid (The Contingency-(The Contingency-
Diagramming Checklist) Diagramming Checklist) of all the concepts and of all the concepts and
general rules you need to general rules you need to keep in mind keep in mind
while analyzing and while analyzing and creating behavioral creating behavioral contingencies.contingencies.
7
You can come up with really interesting
analyses of human and animal behavior
You could impress your teacher and
hopefully even make your buddies in class
laugh.
Or they’ll think hard about your example’s
heavy-duty intellectuality.
But before you’re done with each
example, you’ll make sure that it passes all
10 tests.
We call the job aid with the 10 tests the
Pink Sheet.
And it saves many lost contingencies that need saving.
Sometimes you’ll be able to view the pink sheet by clicking a button like this, but it’s better to have the
paper version out too.
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
LET’S BEGIN! Click the pink sheet button to advance
8
9
Behaver Test:Behaver Test:Is the behavior in the Is the behavior in the
behavior box performed behavior box performed by the person who you by the person who you
are analyzing?are analyzing?
10
We have the We have the problem, problem, “How can we “How can we get Bobby get Bobby Brat to Brat to study?”study?”
As all good As all good Behavior Behavior Analysts, we Analysts, we find what find what can be a can be a reinforcer for reinforcer for Bobby.Bobby.
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For most people, For most people, attention is a attention is a powerful powerful reinforcer.reinforcer.
And attention is a And attention is a powerful powerful reinforcer for reinforcer for Bobby, too.Bobby, too.
12
Before Behavior
The teacher gives Bobby
attention
AfterBobby
receivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattention
We can give Bobby attention We can give Bobby attention contingent on his studying.contingent on his studying.Let’s try to analyze Bobby’s behavior Let’s try to analyze Bobby’s behavior with the contingency diagramwith the contingency diagram
13
Wait! This isn’t BobbyWait! This isn’t Bobby
Before Behavior
The teacher gives Bobby
attention
After
Bobbyreceivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattention
the person whose behavior we’re the person whose behavior we’re analyzing.analyzing.
14
Before Behavior
The teacher gives Bobby
attention
After
So we redo the example to make sure So we redo the example to make sure we analyze Bobby’s behavior.we analyze Bobby’s behavior.
Bobbyreceivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattention Bobby
studies
15
Before Behavior After
Immediately before his behavior, he has no attention (the teacher isn’t saying anything to him).
Bobbystudies
Bobby begins a worksheet.
Immediately after his studying, the teacher gives him attention.
Bobbyreceivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattention
16
So how did we follow the Pink Sheet? A. Whose behavior are you analyzing? _________________________1Behaver Test
Is the behavior in the behavior box performed by the person who you are analyzing? If not, redo the example.
Before Behavior After
Bobby is the Behaver
Bobby’s
Bobbystudies Bobby
receivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattention
17
A. Whose behavior are you analyzing? _________________________1Behaver Test
Is the behavior in the behavior box performed by the person who you are analyzing? If not, redo the example.
Before Behavior After
Let’s take another look at the contingency on Bobby’s behavior.
Bobbystudies
Bobby is the Behaver
Bobby’s
Bobbyreceivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattention
18
A. Whose behavior are you analyzing? _________________________1Behaver Test
Is the behavior in the behavior box performed by the person who you are analyzing? If not, redo the example.
Before Behavior AfterBobbystudies
Bobby begins studying.
Bobby is the Behaver
Bobby’s
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The teacher sees this and gives him some attention.
A. Whose behavior are you analyzing? _________________________1Behaver Test
Is the behavior in the behavior box performed by the person who you are analyzing? If not, redo the example.
Before Behavior AfterBobbystudies
Bobby is the Behaver
Bobby’s
Bobbyreceivesattention
And you can bet that attention is a reinforcer for Bobby’s studying.
20
A. Whose behavior are you analyzing? _________________________1Behaver Test
Is the behavior in the behavior box performed by the person who you are analyzing? If not, redo the example.
Before Behavior AfterBobbystudies
Bobby is the Behaver
Bobby’s
Bobbyreceivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattention
If the behavior caused If the behavior caused the teacher to give him the teacher to give him attention, then he must attention, then he must not have had it before.not have had it before.
21
A. Whose behavior are you analyzing? _________________________1Behaver Test
Is the behavior in the behavior box performed by the person who you are analyzing? If not, redo the example.
Before Behavior After
Bobbystudies
Bobby is the Behaver
Bobby’s
Bobbyreceivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattention
Be sure to Be sure to distinguish distinguish between BEHAVER between BEHAVER and BEHAVIOR.and BEHAVIOR.
The BEHAVER is the The BEHAVER is the person who is person who is responding and responding and BEHAVIOR is what he is BEHAVIOR is what he is doing.doing.
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Bobby Brat is at his Bobby Brat is at his desk when he sees a desk when he sees a perfect opportunity to perfect opportunity to shoot a spit ball at shoot a spit ball at Susie in front of him.Susie in front of him.
He shoots spit balls He shoots spit balls because her because her reaction is mucho reaction is mucho attention for him. attention for him. What’s the What’s the contingency on contingency on Bobby’s behavior?Bobby’s behavior?
23
A. YesB. No
Does this contingency diagram pass the behaver Does this contingency diagram pass the behaver test?test?
Before Behavior After
Susie yells Bobbyreceivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattention
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
Click me if you want to see the story
again
25
Before Behavior After
Bobby receives attention
Susie yells
A. YesB. No
Bobbyreceives noattention
Does this contingency diagram pass the behaver Does this contingency diagram pass the behaver test?test?
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
Incorrect, you should check
the pink sheet.
Click me if you want to see the story
again
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A. YesB. Correct, we’re interested in Bobby’s behavior.
Before Behavior After
Bobby receives attention
Bobbyreceives noattention
Susie yells
Does this contingency diagram pass the behaver Does this contingency diagram pass the behaver test?test?
27A. Bobby shoots a spit ballB. Susie gets hit by a spit ball
So how would you fix it?So how would you fix it?
Before Behavior After
? Bobbyreceivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattention
Click me if you want to see the story
again
28A. Bobby shoots a spit ballB. Susie gets hit by a spit ball
So how would you fix it?
Before Behavior After
? Bobbyreceivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattention
Incorrect, you should have Bobby in the Behavior box.
Click me if you want to see the story
again
29A. Bobby shoots a spit ballB. Susie gets hit by a spit ball
So how would you fix it?
Before Behavior After
Bobbyshoots
a spit ball
Bobbyreceivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattention
Correct, Bobby is the person whose behavior we are analyzing, so his name should be in the behavior box
30A. YesB. No
We want to analyze Susie’s behavior. Is there something wrong with this contingency diagram?
Before
Susie has no attention
Behavior
Bobby smiles at
Susie
After
Susie has attention
Susie says, “You’re a brat Bobby!” Then Bobby gives her attention with a smile.
Click me if you want to see
the story again
31A. YesB. No
We want to analyze Susie’s behavior. Is there something wrong with this contingency diagram?
Before
Susie has no attention
Behavior
Bobby smiles at
Susie
After
Susie has attention
Susie says, “You’re a brat Bobby!” Then Bobby gives her attention with a smile.
There is something wrong. Read the Behaver test on the Pink
Sheet.
32A. YesB. No
We want to analyze Susie’s behavior. Is there something wrong with this contingency diagram?
Before
Susie has no attention
Behavior
Bobby smiles at
Susie
After
Susie has attention
Susie says, “You’re a brat Bobby!” Then Bobby gives her attention with a smile.
That’s right. This diagram is incorrect.
33A. Bobby’sB. Susie’s
We want to analyze Susie’s behavior. Whose behavior should be in the Behavior box?
Before
Susie has no attention
Behavior
Bobby smiles at
Susie
After
Susie has attention
Susie says, “You’re a brat Bobby!” Then Bobby gives her attention with a smile.
34A. Bobby’sB. Susie’s
We want to analyze Susie’s behavior. Whose behavior should be in the Behavior box?
Before
Susie has no attention
Behavior
Bobby smiles at
Susie
After
Susie has attention
Susie says, “You’re a brat Bobby!” Then Bobby gives her attention with a smile.
For now, we are just analyzing Susie’s behavior.
35A. Bobby’sB. Susie’s
We want to analyze Susie’s behavior. Whose behavior should be in the Behavior box?
Before
Susie has no attention
Behavior
Bobby smiles at
Susie
After
Susie has attention
Susie says, “You’re a brat Bobby!” Then Bobby gives her attention with a smile.
Cool.
37
Before
Susie has no attention
Behavior After
Susie has attention
Susie says, “You’re a
brat Bobby!”
Here’s the correct Here’s the correct contingency: contingency:
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It’s important to It’s important to make sure that make sure that the behavior of the behavior of the behaver is in the behaver is in the behavior the behavior box ! box ! You’re on your You’re on your way to way to becoming an becoming an expert expert behavior behavior analyst!analyst!
GOOD JOB!GOOD JOB!
40
Receiver Test:Receiver Test:Is the behaver the Is the behaver the
receiver of the outcome receiver of the outcome (the after condition)?(the after condition)?
41
Let’s take Let’s take a further a further look at look at Bobby’s Bobby’s shooting shooting spit balls at spit balls at Susie. Susie.
42A. BobbyB. Susie
Who receives the outcome (in the form of Susie yelling?)
Before Behavior After
Bobbyshoots
a spit ballBobby
receivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattention
43A. BobbyB. Susie
Who receives the outcome (in the form of Susie’s yelling)?
Before Behavior AfterBobbyshoots
a spit ballBobby
receivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattentionNo, Bobby receives
the attention in the form of Susie’s
yelling
44A. BobbyB. Susie
Who receives the outcome (in the form of Susie’s yelling)?
Before Behavior After
Bobbyshoots
a spit ball
Bobbyreceivesattention
Bobbyreceives noattention Yes, Bobby receives
the attention in the form of Susie’s
yelling.
This contingency passes the receiver test because Bobby
the behaver receives the
outcome.
45
Bobby is studying continuously at his desk.
The teacher looks up and sees Bobby studying and walks over to see how he’s doing (and give him the reinforcer of attention).
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Before
Teacher doesn’t see
Bobby study
Behavior
Bobby studies
After
Teacher sees Bobby
study
A. YesB. No
Is the after condition correct?
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
The after condition for The after condition for Bobby’s behavior Bobby’s behavior should be something should be something hehe receives. receives.
47
10. Receiver TestIs the behaver the receiver of theoutcome (after condition)?If not then rework the example.
Click me to go back to the Question
48
Before
Teacher doesn’t see
Bobby study
Behavior
Bobby studies
After
Teacher sees Bobby
study
A. YesB. No
Is the after condition correct?
The after condition for The after condition for Bobby’s behavior Bobby’s behavior should be something should be something hehe receives. receives.
No, the teacher’s seeing Bobby
wasn’t the outcome Bobby
received.
49
Before
Teacher doesn’t see
Bobby study
Behavior
Bobby studies
After
Teacher sees Bobby
study
A. YesB. No
Is the after condition correct?
The after condition for The after condition for Bobby’s behavior Bobby’s behavior should be something should be something hehe receives. receives.
Correct, the teacher’s seeing Bobby wasn’t the outcome Bobby
received.
50
Before
Teacher doesn’t see
Bobby study
Behavior
Bobby studies
After
Teacher sees Bobby
study
So, the before So, the before conditioncondition
and the after condition and the after condition need to be analyzed need to be analyzed again.again.
51
Before
Teacher doesn’t see
Bobby study
Behavior
Bobby studies
After
Teacher sees Bobby
study
A. The teacher gives Bobby attentionB. The teacher sees Bobby studyC. The teacher is happyD. The teacher likes Bobby
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
What is the correct What is the correct after condition?after condition?
52
10. Receiver TestIs the behaver the receiver of theoutcome (after condition)?If not then rework the example.
Click me to go back to the Question
53
Before
Teacher doesn’t see
Bobby study
Behavior
Bobby studies
After
Teacher sees Bobby
study
A. The teacher gives Bobby attentionB. The teacher sees Bobby studyC. The teacher is happyD. The teacher likes Bobby
What is the correct What is the correct after condition?after condition?
No, Bobby isn’t receiving anything with the description Teacher sees Bobby
study.Click me to see the Pink Sheet
54
Before
Teacher doesn’t see
Bobby study
Behavior
Bobby studies
After
Teacher sees Bobby
study
A. The teacher gives Bobby attentionB. The teacher sees Bobby studyC. The teacher is happyD. The teacher likes Bobby
Click me to see the Pink Sheet
What is the correct What is the correct after condition?after condition?
No, Bobby isn’t receiving anything with the description Teacher is happy.
55
Before
Teacher doesn’t see
Bobby study
Behavior
Bobby studies
After
Teacher sees Bobby
study
A. The teacher gives Bobby attentionB. The teacher sees Bobby studyC. The teacher is happyD. The teacher likes Bobby
Click me to see the Pink Sheet
What is the correct What is the correct after condition?after condition?
No, Bobby isn’t receiving anything with the description Teacher likes Bobby.
56
Before
Teacher doesn’t see
Bobby study
Behavior
Bobby studies
A. The teacher gives Bobby attentionB. The teacher sees Bobby studyC. The teacher is happyD. The teacher likes Bobby
After
Teacher sees Bobby
study
What is the correct What is the correct after condition?after condition?
Yes, the teacher gives Bobby attention.
57
Before
Emily does not feel nice kiss
from Bobby
Behavior
Bobby kisses Emily
After
Emily feels nice kiss
from Bobby
Now, let’s analyze why Emily kisses Bobby. We figure the reinforcer for Emily’s behavior of kissing is the nice feeling when Bobby kisses back. Analyze Emily’s behavior.
A. YesB. No
Is this contingency correct?
58
Before
Emily does not feel nice kiss
from Bobby
Behavior
Bobby kisses Emily
After
Emily feels nice kiss
from Bobby
Now, let’s analyze why Emily kisses Bobby. We figure the reinforcer for Emily’s behavior of kissing is the nice feeling when Bobby kisses back. Analyze Emily’s behavior.
A. YesB. No
Is this contingency correct?Whose behavior should be in the behavior box
(whose behavior are we analyzing)?
59
Before
Emily does not feel nice kiss
from Bobby
Behavior
Bobby kisses Emily
After
Emily feels nice kiss
from Bobby
Now, let’s analyze why Emily kisses Bobby. We figure the reinforcer for Emily’s behavior of kissing is the nice feeling when Bobby kisses back. Analyze Emily’s behavior.
A. YesB. No
Is this contingency correct?Yes, this one fails the behaver test because Emily’s behavior
isn’t in the behavior box
60
Before
Bobby does not feel nice kiss
from Emily
Behavior
Emily kisses Bobby
After
Bobby feels nice kiss
from Emily
Now, let’s analyze why Emily kisses Bobby. We figure the reinforcer for Emily’s behavior of kissing is the nice feeling when Bobby kisses back. Analyze Emily’s behavior.
A. YesB. No
Now we’ve switched all the boxes. Is it correct?
61
Before
Bobby does not feel nice kiss
from Emily
Behavior
Emily kisses Bobby
After
Bobby feels nice kiss
from Emily
Now, let’s analyze why Emily kisses Bobby. We figure the reinforcer for Emily’s behavior of kissing is the nice feeling when Bobby kisses back. Analyze Emily’s behavior.
A. YesB. No
Now we’ve switched all the boxes. Is it correct?
But Emily (the behaver) should
receive the outcome.
62
Before
Bobby does not feel nice kiss
from Emily
Behavior
Emily kisses Bobby
After
Bobby feels nice kiss
from Emily
We are trying to analyze why Emily kisses Bobby. We figure the reinforcer for Emily’s behavior of kissing is the nice feeling when Bobby kisses back. Analyze Emily’s behavior.
A. YesB. No
Now we’ve switched all the boxes. Is it correct?Yes, this one fails the receiver
test because Emily, the behaver, should receive the
outcome
63
BeforeEmily does
not feel nice kiss
from Bobby
Behavior
Emily kisses Bobby
AfterEmily
feels nice kiss from
Bobby
So here’s the correct contingency for Emily’s Behavior:
64
Dead-Man Dead-Man TestTest
Can a dead man do it? If Can a dead man do it? If he can then you haven’t he can then you haven’t
properly specified the properly specified the behavior (so roll over behavior (so roll over
the dead man)the dead man)
65
Dead-Man TestDead-Man Test
The trap of talking about non-The trap of talking about non-behavior is also easy to fall into behavior is also easy to fall into at first, at first,
but after a little practice, you’ll but after a little practice, you’ll know how to word your know how to word your examples so the subject is doing examples so the subject is doing something.something.
66
Some examples of non Some examples of non behaviors (behaviors behaviors (behaviors that fail the dead man that fail the dead man test) include:test) include:
• Wears Wears clothing/glassesclothing/glasses
• Doesn’t answerDoesn’t answer• Doesn’t do homeworkDoesn’t do homework• Any sentence that Any sentence that
begins with “doesn’t begins with “doesn’t ____” will probably fail ____” will probably fail the testthe test
• SitsSits
Some examples of Some examples of behaviors that behaviors that don’t fail the test don’t fail the test include:include:
• Puts on Puts on clothing/glassesclothing/glasses
• AnswersAnswers• ScreamsScreams• TalksTalks• Does homeworkDoes homework
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Does this behavior pass the dead man Does this behavior pass the dead man test?test?
Click me to see the Pink Sheet
A. YesB. No
Behavior
Bobby does not listen
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Does this behavior pass the dead man Does this behavior pass the dead man test?test?
Click me to see the Pink Sheet
A. YesB. No
Behavior
Bobby does not listen
Can a dead man not listen? So, if a dead
man can do it, it doesn’t pass the
test.
69
Does this behavior pass the dead man Does this behavior pass the dead man test?test?
Click me to see the Pink Sheet
A. YesB. No
Behavior
Bobby does not listen
Right on! A dead man is excellent at
not listening, therefore it fails the
dead man test.
70
How about this one? Does this behavior How about this one? Does this behavior pass the dead man test?pass the dead man test?
Click me to see the Pink Sheet
A. YesB. No
Behavior
Bobby answers a question
71
How about this one? Does this behavior How about this one? Does this behavior pass the dead man test?pass the dead man test?
Click me to see the Pink Sheet
A. YesB. No
Behavior
Bobby answers a questionRight on! A dead
man can’t “answer a question” so it passes the test
72
How about this one? Does this behavior How about this one? Does this behavior pass the dead man test?pass the dead man test?
Click me to see the Pink Sheet
A. YesB. No
Behavior
Bobby answers a questionCan a dead man
answer a question? If a dead man can not do it, then it passes the test.
73
Click the behavior that passes the Dead-Man Test
Before
Bobreceives
no approval
Behavior
B. Bob studies quietly
After
Bob receives approval
Before
Bobreceives
no approval
Behavior
A. Bob doesn’t interrupt
After
Bob receives approval
74
Click the behavior that passes the Dead-Man Test
Before
Bobreceives
no approval
Behavior
B. Bob studies quietly
After
Bob receives approval
Before
Bobreceives
no approval
Behavior
A. Bob doesn’t
interrupt
After
Bob receives approval
No, a dead man “doesn’t
interrupt”
75
Click the behavior that passes the Dead-Man Test
Before
Bobreceives
no approval
Behavior
B. Bob studies quietly
After
Bob receives approval
Before
Bobreceives
no approval
Behavior
A. Bob doesn’t interrupt
After
Bob receives approval
Right! A dead man can’t study
quietly. So it passes the test
76
A. YesB. No
Before
Johnny has no attention
from his teacher
Behavior
Johnny has a black eye
After
Johnny has attention from his teacher
Does this pass the dead-man test?
77
A. YesB. No
Before
Johnny has no attention
from his teacher
Behavior
Johnny has a black eye
After
Johnny has attention from his teacher
Does this pass the dead-man test?
Careful! Having a black eye is not
behavior. It’s a stretch to think a dead man could have a black
eye, but the point is it’s not behavior
78
A. YesB. No
Before
Johnny has no attention
from his teacher
Behavior
Johnny has a black eye
After
Johnny has attention from his teacher
Does this pass the dead-man test?
That’s right. Having a black eye is non behavior. It’s a
stretch, but a dead man could have a
black eye
80
Specific-Specific-Behavior Test:Behavior Test:Is it perfectly clear what Is it perfectly clear what action is involved in the action is involved in the
behavior?behavior?
81
Some examples that pass the test include:
•Answers a question•Reads a chapter•Raises his hand•Screams•Yells•cries
Some examples that fail the test include:
•Acts out•Is disruptive•Is lazy •Is shy•Is upset
82
Specific-BehaviorSpecific-Behavior TestTestRemember to be perfectly clear in your
examples.Before
Bobreceivespraise
Behavior
Bob is lazy
After
Bob receives no praise
Would everyone reading your example come to the same understanding of what this behavior consists of? Probably not…
83
Specific-Behavior TestSpecific-Behavior Test
Before
Bobreceivespraise
BehaviorBob is lazy
After
Bob receives no praise
Bob sleepsat his desk
We’ll make the behavior perfectly clear.
If we changed “is lazy” to “sleeps at his desk”, we would get better agreement
about what Bobby is doing
84
“Sleeps at his desk” is perfectly clear because this statement specifies an actual, specific instance of behavior
Before
Bobreceivespraise
BehaviorBob is lazy
After
Bob receives no praise
Bob sleepsat his desk
And, Bobby wouldn’t agree that he was lazy, but he might agree that he was
asleep at his desk!
85
When analyzing contingencies, try to envision exactly what the person is doing and write that in the behavior box.
It is very easy to use vague, potentially confusing descriptions of behavior.
87
Click on the behavior that passes the Click on the behavior that passes the Specific Behavior TestSpecific Behavior Test
Before
Bob does not
understand question 5
BehaviorA. The
teacher helps Bobby
After
Bob understands question 5
Before
Bob does not
understand question 5
BehaviorB. The
teacher tells Bobby to carry the
four
After
Bob understands question 5
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
88Click me if you want
to see the Pink Sheet
Before
Bob does not
understand question 5
BehaviorA. The
teacher helps Bobby
After
Bob understands question 5
Before
Bob does not
understand question 5
BehaviorB. The
teacher tells Bobby to carry the
four
After
Bob understands question 5
No, this isn’t specific enough, is she
telling him to add, subtract, multiply?
89Click me if you want
to see the Pink Sheet
Before
Bob does not
understand question 5
BehaviorA. The
teacher helps Bobby
After
Bob understands question 5
Before
Bob does not
understand question 5
BehaviorB. The
teacher tells Bobby to carry the
four
After
Bob understands question 5
Right on!
90
Here’s another example.
Jennifer’s roommate, Sue, loves to borrow her clothes but often leaves them in a pile on the floor.
This really bothers Jennifer. Then one day, Jen yells at her, telling Sue she couldn’t borrow her clothes.
91
Sue quickly said she was sorry and picked up the clothes, and Jennifer immediately reinstated her borrowing privileges.
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothes
Behavior
?
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothes
92
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothes
Behavior After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothes
A. Correct behaviorB. Fails behaver testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails dead-man test
Jen yells at
Sue
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
Analyze Analyze Sue’sSue’s behavior to form a correct behavior to form a correct reinforcement contingency. Does “Jen yells at reinforcement contingency. Does “Jen yells at Sue” fail a Pink Sheet test?Sue” fail a Pink Sheet test? Click me to
read story again
94
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothes
Behavior
Jen yells at Sue
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothes
A. Correct behaviorB. Fails behaver testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails dead-man test
No, remember we’re analyzing
Sue’s behavior not Jen’s
Analyze Analyze Sue’sSue’s behavior to form a correct behavior to form a correct reinforcement contingency. Does “Jen yells at reinforcement contingency. Does “Jen yells at Sue” fail a Pink Sheet test?Sue” fail a Pink Sheet test?
95
A. Correct behaviorB. Fails behaver testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails dead-man test
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothes
Behavior
Jen yells at Sue
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothesYes, we should analyze Sue’s
behavior.
Analyze Analyze Sue’sSue’s behavior to form a correct behavior to form a correct reinforcement contingency. Does “Jen yells at reinforcement contingency. Does “Jen yells at Sue” fail a Pink Sheet test?Sue” fail a Pink Sheet test?
96
A. Correct behaviorB. Fails behaver testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails dead-man test
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothes
Behavior
Jen yells at Sue
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothesNo, it passes the
receiver test because we are analyzing Sue’s behavior, so she should be the one to receive
the outcome.
Analyze Analyze Sue’sSue’s behavior to form a correct behavior to form a correct reinforcement contingency. Does “Jen yells at reinforcement contingency. Does “Jen yells at Sue” fail a Pink Sheet test?Sue” fail a Pink Sheet test?
97
A. Correct behaviorB. Fails behaver testC. Fails receiver test D. Fails dead-man test
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothes
Behavior
Jen yells at Sue
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothesNo, it passes the dead man test
because a dead man can’t yell.
Analyze Analyze Sue’sSue’s behavior to form a correct behavior to form a correct reinforcement contingency. Does “Jen yells at reinforcement contingency. Does “Jen yells at Sue” fail a Pink Sheet test?Sue” fail a Pink Sheet test?
98
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothes
Behavior
Sue is remorseful
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothes
A. Correct behaviorB. Fails specific-behavior testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails receiver test Click me if you want
to see the Pink Sheet
How about now? Does this How about now? Does this contingency fail any tests?contingency fail any tests?
100
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothes
Behavior
Sue is remorseful
A. Correct behaviorB. Fails specific-behavior testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails receiver test
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothes
No, probably too vague for two independent observers to agree on
the actual response. There are several ways someone can be
remorseful.
How about now? Does this How about now? Does this contingency fail any tests?contingency fail any tests?
101
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothesA. Correct behaviorB. Fails specific-behavior testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails receiver test
Behavior
Sue is remorseful
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothesYes, remorseful fails the
specific behavior test because it isn’t clear
what Sue actually does or says.
How about now? Does this How about now? Does this contingency fail any tests?contingency fail any tests?
102
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothesA. Correct behaviorB. Fails specific-behavior testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails receiver test
Behavior
Sue is remorseful
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothesNo, it passes the dead man test
because a dead man can’t be remorseful.
How about now? Does this How about now? Does this contingency fail any tests?contingency fail any tests?
103
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothes
Behavior
Sue is remorseful
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothes
A. Correct behaviorB. Fails specific-behavior testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails receiver test
No, it passes the receiver test because
we are analyzing Sue's behavior, and she is the
receiver of the outcome.
How about now? Does this How about now? Does this contingency fail any tests?contingency fail any tests?
104
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothes
Behavior
Sue says she’s sorry
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothes
A. Correct behaviorB. Fails receiver testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails behaver test
How about this one?How about this one?
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
105
A. Correct behaviorB. Fails receiver testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails behaver test
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothes
Behavior
Sue says she’s sorry
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothesNo, it passes the test because we are
analyzing Sue’s behavior, and she is the receiver of the
outcome
How about this one?How about this one?
106
A. Correct behaviorB. Fails receiver testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails behaver test
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothes
Behavior
Sue says she’s sorry
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothesNo, it passes the dead man test
because dead men can’t apologize.
How about this one?How about this one?
107
A. Correct behaviorB. Fails receiver testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails behaver test
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothes
Behavior
Sue says she’s sorry
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothesNo, it passes the behaver test
because we are analyzing Sue’s
behavior
How about this one?How about this one?
108
A. Correct behaviorB. Fails receiver testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails behaver test
Before
Sue can’t borrow Jen’s
clothes
Behavior
Sue says she’s sorry
After
Sue can borrow Jen’s
clothes
Yes, this is the correct behavior: it passes the receiver test because Sue receives the
outcome, and it passes the dead-man test, because a dead-man
can’t apologize, and we are analyzing Sue’s behavior, so it
passes the behaver test!
How about this one?How about this one?
109
Behaver Test
Specific-Behavior Test
Action Test
Dead-man Test
Receiver Test
Compare & Contrast
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110
Action Test:Action Test:Does the behavior Does the behavior involve an action?involve an action?
111
Behaviors that fail the test include:
•Seeing•Hearing•Receiving•feeling
Behaviors that pass the test include:
•Looking•Listening•Working•Studying
112
In keeping with the dead-man test,
we want to make sure the behavior we are analyzing is something the person does,
not something that is done to the person—like was seen, is heard, is given, is appreciated, etc..
113
It is also worth noting that whenever a behavior fails the dead-man test, it will also fail the action test. Dead men aren’t active.
However, the reverse of that may not always apply; if a behavior fails the action test, it might still pass the dead-man test.
114
Bob is taught a lot fails the action test but because a dead man cannot be taught, it passes the dead-man test.
Before
Bob knows next to nothing
Behavior
Bob is taught a lot
After
Bob knows mucho
Here’s an example that shows the difference between the action test and the dead-man test.How about this response?Does it involve an action? Can a dead man
do it?
115
Before
Bob knows next to nothing
BehaviorBob is
taught a lot
After
Bob knows mucho
It may sound tricky, but we’re just pointing out a time-saver for you to use in your arsenal of behavior-analytic weapons.
Bob reviews his
flashcards
Reviews is better, as it passes the action test too.
116
So you may have a verb in the So you may have a verb in the behavior box, and you may behavior box, and you may think it’s fine. Which of these think it’s fine. Which of these descriptions involving a verb descriptions involving a verb does not describe an action?does not describe an action?
Think carefully about this one. Think carefully about this one.
Some of these can be tricky. For Some of these can be tricky. For instance, looking involves an instance, looking involves an action and seeing doesn’t.action and seeing doesn’t.
A. He is talkingB. She was lookingC. She feels goodD. He says, “hi”
Reminder: An action is not a state of being.
117
A. He is talkingB. She was lookingC. She feels goodD. He says, “hi”
Talking is an action.
So you may have a verb in the So you may have a verb in the behavior box, and you may behavior box, and you may think it’s fine. Which of these think it’s fine. Which of these descriptions involving a verb descriptions involving a verb does not describe an action?does not describe an action?
118
A. He is talkingB. She was lookingC. She feels goodD. He says, “hi”
Looking involves an action—though seeing doesn’t.
So you may have a verb in the So you may have a verb in the behavior box, and you may behavior box, and you may think it’s fine. Which of these think it’s fine. Which of these descriptions involving a verb descriptions involving a verb does not describe an action?does not describe an action?
119
A. He is talkingB. She was lookingC. She feels goodD. He says, “hi”
Says involves an action.
So you may have a verb in the So you may have a verb in the behavior box, and you may behavior box, and you may think it’s fine. Which of these think it’s fine. Which of these descriptions involving a verb descriptions involving a verb does not describe an action?does not describe an action?
120
A. He is talkingB. She was lookingC. She feels goodD. He says, “hi”
Right! Feels does not involve an
action.
So you may have a verb in the So you may have a verb in the behavior box, and you may behavior box, and you may think it’s fine. Which of these think it’s fine. Which of these descriptions involving a verb descriptions involving a verb does not describe an action?does not describe an action?
121
• Let’s try one more Let’s try one more example.example.
122
Tommy and his mother are driving down Tommy and his mother are driving down Stadium, Stadium,
and Tommy sees the donut shop.and Tommy sees the donut shop.
123
He starts screeching, “Donuts, He starts screeching, “Donuts, Mommy! Donuts!” Mommy! Donuts!”
and doesn’t stop screaming until he and doesn’t stop screaming until he has a donut in his hand.has a donut in his hand.
124
Before
Tommy screeches
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails behaver testC. Fails action testD. Fails dead-man test
Behavior
Mom drives into the lot
After
Tommy receives a
donut
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
Analyze Tommy’s screeching
126
Before
Tommy screeches
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails behaver testC. Fails action testD. Fails dead-man test
Behavior
Mom drives into the lot
After
Tommy receives a
donut
Analyze Tommy’s screeching
No, whose behavior are we
analyzing?
127
Before
Tommy screeches
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails behaver testC. Fails action testD. Fails dead-man test
Behavior
Mom drives into the lot
After
Tommy receives a
donut
Analyze Tommy’s screeching
That’s right! We are analyzing Tommy’s
behavior, so he should be in the behavior box.
128
Before
Tommy screeches
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails behaver testC. Fails action testD. Fails dead-man test
Behavior
Mom drives into the lot
After
Tommy receives a
donut
Analyze Tommy’s screeching
No. Drives into the lot involves an
action
129
Before
Tommy screeches
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails behaver testC. Fails action testD. Fails dead-man test
Behavior
Mom drives into the lot
After
Tommy receives a
donut
Analyze Tommy’s screeching
No. It passes the dead man test because
dead men can’t drive.
130
Before
Tommy has no donuts
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails action testC. Fails behaver testD. Fails receiver test
Behavior
Tommy is driven into
the lot
After
Tommy has donuts
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
How about this contingency?How about this contingency?
132
Before
Tommy has no donuts
Behavior
Tommy is driven into
the lot
After
Tommy has donuts
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails action testC. Fails behaver testD. Fails receiver test
No, what is Tommy doing?
How about this contingency?
133
Before
Tommy has no donuts
Behavior
Tommy is driven into
the lot
After
Tommy has donuts
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails action testC. Fails behaver testD. Fails receiver test
Right! Tommy is not performing an action, rather it’s being done to him. This passes the receiver test
because Tommy receives the donuts, and he’s the person who’s
behavior we are analyzing, so it passes the behaver test too.
Passive voice, like is driven is a red flag for failing the action test.
Use active voice, like Tommy looks, eats…
How about this contingency?
134
Before
Tommy has no donuts
Behavior
Tommy is driven into
the lot
After
Tommy has donuts
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails action test C. Fails behaver testD. Fails receiver test
No, Tommy is the behaver.
How about this contingency?
135
Before
Tommy has no donuts
Behavior
Tommy is driven into
the lot
After
Tommy has donuts
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails action testC. Fails behaver test D. Fails receiver test
No, Tommy, the behaver,
receives the donuts.
How about this contingency?
136
Before
Tommy has no donuts
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails receiver testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails specific-behavior test
Behavior
Tommy screeches
After
Tommy has donuts
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
138
Before
Tommy has no donuts
Behavior
Tommy screeches
After
Tommy has donuts
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails receiver testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails specific-behavior test
No, Tommy, the behaver,
receives the donuts.
139
Before
Tommy has no donuts
Behavior
Tommy screeches
After
Tommy has donuts
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails receiver testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails specific-behavior test
No, a dead man cannot screech so it passes the dead
man test.
140
Before
Tommy has no donuts
Behavior
Tommy screeches
After
Tommy has donuts
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails receiver testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails specific-behavior test
No, “screeches” is specific enough
for two independent observers to
agree
141
Before
Tommy has no donuts
Behavior
Tommy screeches
After
Tommy has donuts
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails receiver testC. Fails dead-man testD. Fails specific-behavior test
Yes, this contingency passes all the criteria on the Pink Sheet: a dead man can’t screech, Tommy the behaver receives the donuts, and screeches is specific enough
for independent observers to agree.
142
A. Spot gets a biscuitB. Spot receives a biscuitC. Spot runs into the kitchenD. Spot hears the bag crinkle
Before
Spot has no dog biscuit
Behavior
?After
Spot has dog biscuit
Whenever Spot hears the bag of biscuits Whenever Spot hears the bag of biscuits crinkle in the kitchen, he runs in and crinkle in the kitchen, he runs in and immediately receives one. Analyze Spot’s immediately receives one. Analyze Spot’s behavior.behavior.
143
Before
Spot has no dog biscuit
Behavior
?After
Spot has dog biscuit
Whenever Spot hears the bag of biscuits Whenever Spot hears the bag of biscuits crinkle in the kitchen, he runs in and crinkle in the kitchen, he runs in and immediately receives one. Analyze immediately receives one. Analyze Spot’s behavior.Spot’s behavior.
A. Spot gets a biscuitB. Spot receives a biscuitC. Spot runs into the kitchenD. Spot hears the bag crinkle
“Gets” is passive, so it
fails the action test, but also probably fails the specific
behavior test.
144
Before
Spot has no dog biscuit
Behavior
?After
Spot has dog biscuit
Whenever Spot hears the bag of biscuits Whenever Spot hears the bag of biscuits crinkle in the kitchen, he runs in and crinkle in the kitchen, he runs in and immediately receives one. Analyze immediately receives one. Analyze Spot’s behavior.Spot’s behavior.
A. Spot gets a biscuitB. Spot receives a biscuitC. Spot runs into the kitchenD. Spot hears the bag crinkle
“Receives” is passive, so it
fails the action test, but also probably fails the specific
behavior test.
145
Before
Spot has no dog biscuit
Behavior
?After
Spot has dog biscuit
Whenever Spot hears the bag of biscuits Whenever Spot hears the bag of biscuits crinkle in the kitchen, he runs in and crinkle in the kitchen, he runs in and immediately receives one. Analyze immediately receives one. Analyze Spot’s behavior.Spot’s behavior.
A. Spot gets a biscuitB. Spot receives a biscuitC. Spot runs into the kitchenD. Spot hears the bag crinkle
“Hears” is one of those passive
behaviors specified on
the Pink Sheet. It’s not active.
146
Before
Spot has no dog biscuit
Behavior
?After
Spot has dog biscuit
Whenever Spot hears the bag of biscuits Whenever Spot hears the bag of biscuits crinkle in the kitchen, he runs in and crinkle in the kitchen, he runs in and immediately receives one. Analyze immediately receives one. Analyze Spot’s behavior.Spot’s behavior.
A. Spot gets a biscuitB. Spot receives a biscuitC. Spot runs into the kitchenD. Spot hears the bag crinkle
Cool. “Runs” is active and specific.
These other answers don’t involve action
or aren’t specific.
147
Compare and Contrast:Compare and Contrast:
Specific BehaviorSpecific BehaviorVs.Vs.
Action testAction test
148
Personal attributes or characteristics are mistaken for behavior. For example,
“Tom is lazy,” “Tom is dishonest,” or “Tom is
intelligent.”
149
The problem is that “lazy,” “dishonest,” and “intelligent” are too vague; they’re not specific enough, so they fail the specific-behavior test.
Also, they may fail the action test
in that the verb is isn’t an action verb.
(As our man, Bill Clinton, put it, “It depends on what your definition of is is.”)
150
Now, you can get around the action problem
by restating our examples like this: “Tom acts lazy, dishonestly, and
intelligently.” And “acts” is an action verb. But this workaround still doesn’t
pass the specific-behavior test.
151
You’re still going to get a lot of disagreement about what “lazy” means.
Does it mean the person doesn’t pick up her clothes and put them away, when she gets ready for bed;
or does it mean she hasn’t had a job for the last two years?
152
Adjectives and adverbs are often risky;
They’re often too vague to get
reliable agreement among independent observers.
153
The specific-behavior test is an effort to get rid of vagueness.
Statements that fail this test
are often in the form of attempts to specify personal attributes or characteristics.
154
Behaver Test
Specific-Behavior Test
Action Test
Dead-man Test
Receiver Test
Compare & Contrast
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