concluding conference of the kassa project 20-21 february 2006, brussels, belgium rolf-alexander...
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Rolf-Alexander Düring, André MichelsInstitute of Landscape Ecology and Resources Management
Justus-Liebig University GiessenGermany
The European Platform
Main Results
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
• average temperatures 5°-12°C
• annual precipitation 400-1200 mm
• cold winters, moderate summers
• huge variety of different soil types and qualities
Pedo-climatic conditions
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Long-term average climate water balance
Within a more or less temperate region, we
have highly differentiated climatic
conditions
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
• one vegetation period• crops grown:
1. Winter wheat2. Winter barley3. Rapeseed4. Sugar beet5. Forage crops (maize etc.)
• Different socio-economic conditions• Different political conditions• „Emerging“ countries
Conditions for agriculture
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
1. Pedo-climatic conditions
2. Agronomic conditions
3. Sociologic conditions
4. Economic conditions
5. Political conditions
Driving Forces and Constraints
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Pedo-climatic conditions
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Agronomic conditions
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Sociologic conditions
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Economic conditions
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Political conditions
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Constraints
NORTH
SOUTH
Water deficiencyHigh temperatureEvaporation intensity
Droughthazardous deflation
Low temperatureWater loggingLow thickness of soilLow bioactivity
AnaerobiosisShort vegetation period
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Extension of CA in the European Platform
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
United Kingdom
Norway
Estonia
Denmark
Ukraine
Czech Republic
Germany
France
The European PlatformPartners
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Round tablethree meetings in Grignon, Prague, Giessen
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
To till or not to till?
Conventional tillage25-30 cm 10 cm
Chiselling25 cm 10 cm
CT RT NT
No-till3 - 5 cm
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Effects on soil properties
Co
nve
nti
on
al T
illa
ge
No
Tillag
e
Bulk density
Carbon content
Cation exchange capacity
C/N-Ratio
Soil acidity
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Techniques of Conservation Agriculture
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Our approachWhy? Where? How?
“I should change what I can change”
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Whyshould I change to CA?
•Profitability•Biodiversity and biological activity
•Organic matter, carbon sequestration and soil physics•Erosion mitigation
•Pollution and contamination•Water balance
•Sociological aspects
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
ErosionSoil and water: carrier for substances
10 20 30 40 50 60
time after heavy rainfall event [min]
0
2
4
6
cumulative erosion [Mg/ha]
0
1
2
3
4cumulative Runoff [cm]
erosion
erosion
runoff NTrunoff CT
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
PesticidesLosses of herbicides
Isoproturon Terbuthylazine Metolachlor0
6
12
18losses [%]
CTNT
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Whereshould I change to CA?
•Conditions of technical changes•Environmental conditions
•Agronomical conditions•Farm or unit size
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Wheremineral component x crop
opportunity
good poor
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Wheremineral component x precipitation
opportunity
good poor
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Wheremineral component x length of growing period
opportunity
good poor
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Wheremineral component x permeability/drainage
opportunity
good poor
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Howcan I change to CA?
•Access to technology•Access to finance
•Management of soil structure•Weed and pest management
•Management of cover crops and residues•Management of rotation
•Risks/benefits assessment•Step by step process
•Governance
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Technique
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Conclusions
•Up to now, low adoption of conservation agriculture in practice
•A lot of basic research sometimes based on long-term experiments
•Cost reduction most important driving force
•Erosion and degradation of soils driving forces in some cases
•Most soils are suitable
•Large farms are favoured
•Pollutants behave differently in differently tilled soils
•Process toward CA is on-going step-by-step
•Economic, technical, and sociological risks should be assessed
•Knowledge generation and sharing is the key point
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Erosion
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Compaction
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Weeds
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Concluding Conference of the KASSA project20-21 February 2006, Brussels, Belgium
Pollution