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  • 8/12/2019 Concret o Cap 27 Materia is 2010

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    JH??I CIJHKXW C?L? H?\?I C?[? E>H? JH??I

    H C> "I? (H?PH/E?JH)

    d 2010 "BAC'. I ?H?JI HIHLI.

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    F?KH 7 - DI> J\? K H@J IJHKXW ?\?I IJHKJKHI HJ H H JJ ?GK 1892. (>JJ://MMM.K?.K/K/I/B/B"/"/H?-1.@)

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    K IH?J HHIJK K 3f HLKXW JW ?HII?J H H@JH IJHK?H IJHKJKHI, GK, I K Y, IK HI IJHK?K?I 7000 ?\?I IJ?JK?K 62 IH?J]H?I I>I I H???I?I K, I GKJH H???I J?JI Y: EKH, AYH?,kH? kI?. H?? '*#a) IK ]? H: :...ca 'a% +%c !%c%...;.

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    ?X`I HII?L? GK IJHKJKH IJ@ ?IH?. A H 'B 9062(AB', 2006) IJ H?JI I\?I H H@J, NKXW JH IJHKJKHI HJ HY-H?. A 'B 8953 (AB', 2009)II?? I HJI H ?I IJHKJKH?I H HKI HI?IJ[? U HIIW.

    A 'B 12654 (AB', 1992) IJ H?JI H H?PXW JH J]? I JH??I HI HKXW HJ.K II H, L-I HH K HH JH J]?,L I?HXW HK HII?? IJHKJKH, I ?X`I HII?L? N?IJJI H >?J HYL? IHJH\IJ?I I JH??I ?I\L?I H NKXW, Y KJHI?X`I IJ?I I J?IJI.

    KJH H HI??H H ?HJV? Y 'B 12655 (AB', 2006),

    GK JHJ HH, JH H?J HJ. EII H IJHII??I H HKXW HJ H?JYH?I H?I HH?J, IJ HKXW HJ. D? JY TK HI?IJ[? I HI?IJ[? HJH\IJ? U HIIW TN? IHJ H@J, KXW I ?X`I HH HJ. EIJI??X`I H HJ GK IJT NIJ ?JI IKJI, HJK?I TN?I J?XW HJI, HJ?H J?XW??L?K I IKI JI KXW J? HJ (H KHJ?), HII?L? ?. EII H ? JH?

    H?JYH?I H ?JXW HJ, ?? HVJHI H IJH T?I IJJ\IJ? H HLXW I JI.A 'B 14931 (AB', 2004) IJ H?JI H NKXW

    IJHKJKHI HJ H, LL W I] JH? HJ, I X I ^HI. S K H , GK JH?K? HII??I I H?II??ILL?I NKXW, GK ?P HI?J JH KJI,H?PXW J?H HI H H?J IJ IJI. EI??J GKJ HJ, II H IJ II? HXW I HJ; ? H?JYH?I H

    XJ IJ HJ; @KJI HJ; KH; I^H;JH KJHI HX`I ?HJJI.A 'B 7212 (AB', 1984) H H?JI H HKXW

    HJ I JH, ?K? I HX`I HPJ IJH??I, I, ?IJKH, JHIHJ, H?J, JH GK?,?IXW, ?JXW H@?XW HJ J L?IJ HKJH HJ HII IHL?XI HJ.

    A 'B 15900 (AB', 2010) IJ I HJH\IJ?I TK IIJ H IH GKI KI I HJI IJHKJKH?I.

    29.5. C*$*" % C$ F$

    JH? HJ IIK? KI II ?IJ?JI, I GK H??H I,? HJ HI, H K H\ J K?J KHJ,

    P. H') T. A)a928

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    H H 1> 5>. EII I HH-I ?JHL J IITH? HGK HJ II IH ?IJKH, JHIHJ, X I. A IKI, ? HJ KH?, ???-I >?HJXW ?J IGbJ KH?J HJ, IJ-I H J L? IJHKJKH.

    A JH>?? HJ Y ?K? H JHI ?JH\II HJ, IK HXW TK/JH??I II, J? IK ?J;JHX (1 : )25; JH HII, J>, JNJKH H I HI. AYI JHI ?JH\II, N?IJ I JHI NJHI ?K[?, I?X`I JHIHJ, XJ, HJH\IJ?I ^H, IJP IJI IJHKJKH?I, I? ?IJH?K?XW I HKHI, JH KJHIJHI.

    I H???I HJH\IJ?I HJ GK JH? IK J?WH IH KI Y IK I?IJ[?, GK, J? HJ, IH?? ?H K H ? HJ I HH I XW IK H]H? II.

    A 'B ' 67 (AB', 1996) Y YJ I? ?? H?PXW HI??H H JH?XW I?IJ[? HJ HIJHLYI J?J JH , IJH F?KH 16, JHV?II??I KH 4. 'I HJI I??I , H N, II, I HJH\IJ?I H ?? (JH>??)

    HW W I] J?J, I JY ?VJH TN? HHa, IK ?J JH HII.

    F?KH 16 - EI? J?J YJ J?J JH , H ? I?IJ[? HJ HI. 'B ' 67 (AB', 1996)

    KH 4. HV?I ?II\L?I J?J ??I 'B ' 67 (AB',1996)

    C*)c/* C%()/* P*/'a) 929

    25 Y H JJ, ?a Ha ( = + ).

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    KJH I?, I K IH H?P, ?JK?J JY ?H I?IJ[? HJ HI, Y I? I>J I H,I YJ I? ?? 'B ' 68 (AB', 1996). EII I?Y ?I KJ KJ??P H ?H HJI K?I. H?\? I? Y I J?J, JHJJ, LH I?IJ[? Y ?VJH J? IJH, ]I HJ?H JT?.

    29.6. P*%"% % C$ E%$*%

    29.6.1 R!%c%a c'*+!

    H I H@JH IJHKJKHI HJ H, >?H H@J?IJ /

    K?IJ IJ?K K HI?IJ[? HJH\IJ? U HIIW, GK Y ?? LH HH[? J I TK, GK IJT II? K \L ?X 95%.

    H GK IJHKJKH HJ H J I HGK?I?JI IKHX, J L?IJ IJHKJKH, IJ HI?IJ[? L IH J?? HJ IJHKJKH, L IH I?IJJ?J L?, IJH H?IJH HII HKXW.

    CI?H GK HJ Y K H> HJ???, Y II\L HKP?HHJI HH?I I??HI UI I H>I H? I HI. '

    KH 5, IW HIJI I HIKJI HI?IJ[? U HIIW KI?JI ??I, 28 ?I ?, I? H?P GK KJ??P KHII HW JHX 1:3, K HXW TK/?J ?N 0,48. IH IHL GK Y H?J? K ?HX TN? HI?IJ[?, JH?JI K I II 32, I, 7,2. EIJ ?HX Y ??J L?HJK GK, I I??X`I I ?JI H?J ?JHLI JH HI?IJ[? \? TN? H IIKHH HJ K?H? HKJ. HN, II 25, HI?IJ[? U HIIW LH?H 32 49.#T I ?JI II 40 W IIK ??J IKH?H H HI?IJ[?.

    KH 5. I?IJ[? U HIIW KI C?JI HJ BHI?.

    A H?PXW HI??H H?J ?LHII JI IITH?I H JH?H-IHHJJ HI?IJ[? U HIIW I HJI. A H 'B ' 33(AB', 1994) JH? I H?JI H J I IJHI, ??LKI HJ IH JI J?HI IJ?TH?I K

    P. H') T. A)a930

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    ?>`I J?HI, H H?PXW I I I HI--HL.A 'B 5738 (AB', 2007) JH? I H?JI H

    KH I HI--HL, GK IH H?PI H ?HIW TK K VH a?, ?XW JHJKH K? HJ?L H JH.I HI--HL L IH ?\H?I, I ?I KJ KJ??PI BHI?, I 10 ?VJH H 20 JKH I 15 ?VJH H30 JKH.

    I? HI?IJ[? U HIIW I HI HL ?\H?I LIK?H I H?JI 5739 (AB', 2007), GK ? I JHJJI GK IH HI J I HI--HL, L? HHJ, K? I HI--HL, JH KJHI ?X`I I?GK II ?K?H I HIKJI.

    A GK? J? HJ HXW TK/?J HK >?HJXW. W III I ?I H???I HVJHI GK H I HH?I IHXW ?H TK, H?? H H?J HIIW TKK II, ?KI?L? TK K I II, ?HXW YJH? \I,II? , JI I HH?I V?I, J?I : ]K IJ??,HI?IJ[? U HIIW, U JHXW, K[?, HNXW, HIW KJHI.

    A GK? J?L HJ H L IH IIKH H K HHJH?J ?IJKH, JHIHJ, XJ, IJ, KH I. ' ?H? I II, K HJ HI?IJ[? ?I J Y,

    H??? I HJI ?HKIJV?I, J?J ?I KHTL GK KHJ HI?IJ[? ?I ?N, J? I II JH??I. HY, IH HI?IJ[? U HIIW Y, H I? I], K ? IK??J KH?? HJ, ?I IJ I I IKH???I HJ IJHKJKH. 'III I, , IJ, KH I J[ ?J K?J ?HJJ I HH?I ?KI?L?,H?? IHXW ?H TK II. KH 6 T K ?Y? LH? HI?IJ[? HJ KX J? ?J.

    KH 6. I?IJ[? Y? HJ KXW HXW / H

    LTH?I J?I ?JI HI??HI.

    C*)c/* C%()/* P*/'a) 931

    26

    26 "HX`I IH I J?I ?JI HI??HI IKI HIJ?LI HI IKJH: $"AAA, .,CE'"'E, .. O $* P"%. ": "A"A . C. (). CHJ: EI?, IGK?I ?PX`I. WK, "IJ?JKJ BHI??H CHJ, 2005, L.1, . 295-322. H JY C\J?K 24 IJ ?LH.

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    K W H ?? ?, I HI?IJ[?I HH-I U ? 28 ?I.A IJ?J?L HI?IJ[? U HIIW Y?, @, HHIJ KHI?IJ[? @ I??, L IH K H ?? 'B12655 (AB', 2006).

    A LKXW HI?IJ[? U HIIW ? L IH J? JHLYI I?I HJH??I I?J NKJI H J. ' KI[? IIIHIKJI NH?J?I -I JH, HTJH H?JJ?L, I LHI??I KH 7.

    KH 7. X`I @/, ?J? KH a? JHJKH 21gC 30gC.

    ' I I\? HI?IJ[? TK HJ (), 'B 6118(AB', 2007) H` JH:

    ) K LH??XW I P J @ ?K K IKH?H 28 ?I, JH NHIIW:

    (EGKXW 4)

    'II I, JH HI?IJ[? U HIIW HJ L IH ?JI 28?I, H ?HH LH J H@J, K) K LH??XW I P J @ ?H?H 28 ?I, JH NHIIW:

    (EGKXW 5)

    1 Y HXW ,@/ NHIIW:

    (EGKXW 6)

    ?K :

    c 0,38 H HJ ?J C""" ", Kc 0,25 H HJ ?J C" "", Kc 0,20 H HJ ?J C.c @ Y ? J?L HJ

    P. H') T. A)a932

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    29.6.2 C&a!

    K 'B 6118 (AB'. 2007) I HJI IJHKJKH?I LJH UI III HK ", ??I 'B 8953 (AB', 2009), IH: C15, C20, C25, C30, C35, C40, C45 C50. I aHI??HI II HHIJ HI?IJ[? HJH\IJ? UHIIW I?? H ? 28 ?I, .

    LH \? HI?IJ[? U HIIW L IH 20 HHJI I HKH II?L (H) 25 HHJI HKH J?L (HJ?). LH 15 IHKI I HJ H HI HL?I]H?I. S II\L HTL GK III ??JI IK LI JHI HL, I

    H]N?I HL?I`I 'B 6118 (AB', 2007).29.6.3 Maa !*!c"%ca

    I HJI IJHKJKH?I HL?IJI 'B 6118 (AB', 2007) LJH II I\? H, K I@, ?I II IJK, LJH II I\? H? JH 2000/3 2800/3. EW I > II I\? H, H ?J TK, -I JH H HJ I?I LH 2400 /3 H HJ

    H HJ? 2500/

    3

    .K I >H II I\? HJ KJ??P, -II?HH H LH II I\? HJ H KHJ?, GK HJ I?I HI? 100/ 3 150/3. CHJI LI H? N? JY IHKJ??PI I GK J I ??JI \?I HI?IJ[?.

    29.6.4 C!"%c%!! ! %&aa +'%ca

    K 'B 6118 (AB', 2007), H ?J T?I IJHKJKH, ??J ?JXW JYH? IH ?J? I = 10-5/gC JKHP JH HI. ??J ?JXW JYH?J?L Y ?H I IJI, H 1,2*10-5/gC.

    29.6.5 R!%c%a +a

    H JH HI?IJ[? U JHXW ??HJ, YJ HIIW ?JHK YJ CH?H, J,I, HI?IJ[? U JHXW NW, J,, L

    IH HI I YJI I?I IH?JI 'B 7222 (AB', 1994) 'B ' 55 (AB'. 1996), HIJ?LJ.K 'B 6118 (AB', 2007), HI?IJ[? U JHXW ?HJ J IH

    I?H ?K 0,9J,I K 0,7 J,K, J I?I H JXW J,I J,, IH L? H ? I NHII`I:

    C*)c/* C%()/* P*/'a) 933

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    J = 0,3 2/3 (EGKXW 7)

    J,?= 0,7 J (EGKXW 8)

    J,IK = 1,3 J (EGKXW 9)

    : J IW NHIII . @ e 7, IJI NHII`I JY IH KII H ?I

    ?HJI 28 ?I.

    29.6.6 R!%c%a !a '&%a%a& ! !!

    D H 'B 6118 (AB', 2007), IJ HJ IKJ? UIJI`I H???I 3 e 2 e 1 , L-I JH:

    1 e - J 3 e + 4 1 (EGKXW 10)

    I I JI`I HIIW I?HI I?J?LI I JHXW J?LI.EII NHIIW ? ILL? H IJ K, ?-I I

    KJ?N? H H IKHX. E II I??I, ?JHJKH

    I\? IH KI H I JH LHI ?I H?IJI. H I?HXW JIW ?JH?TH?, H?JYH? HKJKH ?? C 90"%b (N-CEB-F") (C"S E-"'E'A"'A D BS', 1993) IH KJ??P.

    C H HP, H ?I IHLHI H@J, IHL-I GKHJI ?I HIJH HI?IJ[? U HIIW J?L JY1,4 LPI IKH?H J? I HI--HL ?\H?I W ?I.

    29.6.7 M& ! !&a%c%a!27

    ]K IJ?? JJ ??? E?, K IJ 0,4 , EI,0,4,K GKGKH KJH JIW, L IH J? IK I? IH?J 'B 8522(AB', 2008).

    K 'B 6118 (AB', 2007), GK W H ?JI I?I WN?IJ?H I ?I H?II IH HJ IH KI ? 28 ?I,-I IJ?H LH ]K IJ?? ??? KI NHIIW:

    E? = E,30% = E = 5600 1/2 (EGKXW 11)

    E IW I .AIH GK ]K IJ?? ?NI ?I J HI?JHH? ?H GK HI?J HI?IJ[? U HIIW, ]K IJ?? ???, K ? @ e 7?I, JY IH L?,IHLHJ, JHLYI II NHIIW, IKIJ?JK?-I H @. EII

    P. H') T. A)a934

    27 ?I ?HX`I IH ]K IJ?? HJ IH J?I : EAA, . D.D'"? *"=" % $$. ": "A"A, . C. (.) CHJ: EI?, IGK?I ?PX`I. WK: "IJ?JKJ BHI??H CHJ, 2005, L.1, . 633-654.

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    ]K IJ?? JY IH J H H?H JI`I HX`I JHXW. K H I, Y II ]K IJ?? IHI?? H@J JH H.

    ]K IJ?? IJ ( 0,4

    , K 0,45

    , K GKGKH KJH JIW) IH KJ??P I T?II TIJ?I H@J, I?J H JH?XW IHXI I??JJI LH??XW IJI ??JI IHL?X, IHK NHIIW:

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    : EI E IW NHIII .' L?XW HJJ K X K IXW JHILHI 'B

    6118 (AB', 2007) H?J JH K ]K a?, U JHXW HIIW,?K ]K IJ, EI. ' L?XW HJJ IJHKJKH H TK I HI HJIW, H?J KJ??PH H@J ]K???, E? K E.

    E H?\?, ]K IJ?? ??? K IJ J[ ?HHHI[? LH Y? HI?IJ[? U HIIW HJHJ, . CI?H GK HHJ Y >? I H@J, -I HK[? Y HH\L KH E KXW , ,IGbJJ, HLH HX`I K K ?HI GK I H?I. '

    LH, LH??XW XI K IX`I JHILHI?I, LH J?LHI?IJ[? HJ IH H \ IH HKJ KIH INHII`I KXW .

    K 'B 6118 (AB', 2007), HKXW 15% E H EI Y?HJJ HGK H?`I ?PI, I JI`I IH H 40% 50% K JY ?I, HKP? LH J?L EI. ' L?XW HJJ IJHKJKH, 'B 6118 (AB', 2007) H?J JH ]K E ?LYI EI, H JH[I HP`I H???I:

    c H IJHKJKH J, Y GK L?H H??P HJ?H ;

    c N?IJ I???J?LI H?`I IJHKJKH I JI`I IW ?NI, ?N 0,3;c III T?II, K HJ I X`I Y KIKJ ?V? KHJ KHXW,

    LJ, H N, H I GK?I HJ J K HIIJ ?IH\?, H]H? E.

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    c HI?IJ[? U HIIW HJc I?IJ[? HJ HI

    c LK IJ H JH a? HJc JH K? I HI HL J I?c ?IW TN? HJH\IJ? H Hac ?IW I HI HLc JHJKH I?

    C*)c/* C%()/* P*/'a) 935

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    c JKHP H> H HaH ?II, Y K?J ?\? IJH K NHIIW a? GK IJ

    HI?IJ[? U HIIW HJ, ?I IJ Y I K I LH?TL?I @. H N??H, HIJ-I ?N K HIJ ?NI II\L?I LH?XW ]K IJ?? ???:

    E = 1 . 2 . 5600 . 1/2 (EGKXW 13)

    1 2 IH J?I KH 8.

    KH 8. l?I NHIIW HL?IW ]K IJ?? HJ

    DL-I IHLH ? GK ]K IJ?? H I IJHKJKHI GK? IJ HJ, JH IJ

    GK? JKHP I HI ?I\L?I. E K?JI II Y HKJJH ]KI IJ?? E HI GK 5600.1/2, I HKJ K?J?I L?J JH LHI H E = 5000 . 1/2.

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    D H 'B 6118 (AB', 2007), H JI`I HIIWHI GK 0,5 JI`I JHXW HI GK J, ??J ?II IH J ?K 0,2 ]K IJ?? JHILHI ?K 0,4 EI.

    29.6.9 D%a#+a'a !-!"+'a ! c'*+! cc+!

    D H 'B 6118 (AB', 2007), H JI`I HIIWHI GK 0,5 -I ?J?H K HXW ?H JH JI`I HX`I, J-I H ]K IJ?? LH IJ, EI. HT?II IJ ??J aJ?, IH HI ?H JIW-

    P. H') T. A)a936

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    HXW ??P IJH F?KH 17. H T?II W-?HI Y?HJJ KJ??PXW ?HI JIW-HXW ?I H?IJI, IHL?IJI C 90"%b (N-CEB/F").

    F?KH 17 - D?H JIW - HXW ??P.

    29.6.10 D%a#+a'a T!-D!"+'a ! T+a Cc+!

    K 'B 6118 (AB', 2007), H HJ W ?IIKH, Y II\LKJ??PH ?H JIW JHXW-HXW ??H, ?? F?KH 18.

    F?KH 18 - D?H JIW-HXW ??H JHXW.

    C*)c/* C%()/* P*/'a) 937

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    29.7. D'"? % C$ !

    29.7.1 I+

    BI I HX`I 'B 6118 (AB', 2007) C"%b(CEB-F") 90, GK W >T ??J U ?LH HXW HJ Y ?, J J, K JIW IJJ ?JHL J - J IKHXW JJ, J J, L:

    (J) = (J) + (J) + I (J) (EGKXW 14)

    :

    c (J) = (J) / E (J) Y HXW ??J, H I?W HHJ, E (J);c (J) = (J) / E28 (J, J) Y HXW H K[?, ?JHL

    J (J, J), E28 K I NHIIW, H @ = 28 ?IcI (J) Y HXW H HJHXW, ?JHL J (J, J)

    29.7.2 F&c%a cc+!

    KJ HXW K JHXW HJ, J, I H

    KHXW (? 15 ?KJI), I LH?XW JYH? , Y> K[? K HXW J HJ28.' H? HJ IH K HXW ??? L? U HXW

    iTIJ?j H XW ?XW H (> HXW ?IJJV ?HTK? K JHXW?H? J L? UI HI KHXW. EIII ^I IW?JHJ?LI KI ?JHH I KJHI.

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    EN?IJ LTH?I I?I GK H?J ?H K[? I HJI, IH:'B 8224 (AB', 1983), A C 512 (2002) KJHI. C I JHJ I?I JH>II HI Y KIK JH, H ?I H@J, LHIJ?I NHII`I K I ILL?I H LTH?I KJHI IaJ?I 30 I.

    K 'B 6118 (AB', 2007), HXW H K[? HJ

    `-I KI HJI, K HT? KJH J. A K[? HT? (() Y?HHLHI\L HH KHJ I H??HI 24> ]I ?XW H GK H??K. A K[? J Y H IK LP IJ H KI KJHI HI: HXW J ?HHLHI\L HXW J HLHI\L (().

    P. H') T. A)a938

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    = + + (EGKXW 15)

    ,JJ = + = (1 + ) (EGKXW 16)

    = + + (EGKXW 17)

    :c Y ??J K[? HT?c Y ??J HXW J ?HHLHI\Lc Y ??J HXW J HLHI\L

    29.7.3 R!+a cc+!A HJHXW HJ Y K HKXW LK HJ

    J, I XW HXI NJHI. EII HKXW Y L? U H TK IJ ?J JHX`I \I?-GK\?I ?JHI24.

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    JH HJ H K HHJ IJK I NH?J HJH H?JI GKI HJ, IJ KH.' HJ KH?, H TK HH GK IJ Y NIJ

    ?J K? HJ?L ?H?H 100%. HH JW > HJHXWH I K HJHXW >?HTK?.

    A H TK ?H K ?LH Y I?H H?? KI HJHXW HI. A TK I] Y H? ?JI K? HJ?L HK ?K 11%. A TK >?HJXW, GK H?K GK??J, I] Y H? ?JI JHJKHI ? 100gC.

    HJJ, J L?IJ HTJ?, HJHXW HJ KH? HHH L? JH[I ?II H???I:)A "?> )*%;*$" % $"(: L? U LHXW TK ?LH

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