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Reinforced Concrete BoxA reinforced concrete box, referred to as a box culvert in the UK

and Hong Kong, is a square or rectangular "pipe" made of concrete with

rebar or wire mesh fabric strewn throughout for the addition of extra

strength. Multiple such boxes are arranged sideways to make a pipe or

tunnel like structure. It is often used for sanitary sewer trunks, storm drain

spillways, pedestrian subways, utility tunnels, catch basins, and other

similar underground passage ways. Due to the enormous strength of

reinforced concrete, it is often used in sewers or tunnels that have little

cover above them which means they will be subjected to the stress of the

road atop them.

Architectural ConcreteArchitectural concrete refers to a building material that provides

aesthetic finish, which may serve a structural function, too. In a broad

sense, architectural concrete can be thought of as distinct from

decorative concrete, which more typically refers to aesthetic flatwork or

building elements, not structural building members.

Autoclaved Cellular ConcreteACC, sometimes known as autoclaved aerated concrete, is

made with all fine materials-nothing coarser than finely ground sand.

What makes ACC different from lightweight aggregate concrete is that

ACC contains millions of microscopic cells that are generated during the

manufacturing process. In addition, ACC is unlike many other concrete

products because it may be drilled, sawed, chiseled, nailed, or screwed

using conventional carpentry tools.

Concrete Masonry UnitsSince 1882, when the first concrete block was molded, concrete

masonry has become a standard building material. Concrete blocks

create structures that are economical, energy efficient, fire-resistant, and

involve minimal maintenance. In addition, concrete masonry allows

architectural freedom and versatility. Concrete masonry is widely used to

construct small and large structures. The most common application ofconcrete masonry is walls for buildings. However, other uses for concrete

masonry units include retaining walls, chimneys, fireplaces, and firesafe

enclosures of stairwells, elevator shafts, and storage vaults.

Controlled Low-Strength MaterialCLSM is a self-compacted, cementitious material used primarily

as a backfill in lieu of compacted backfill. Several terms are currently

used to describe this material, including flowable fill, controlled density fill,

flowable mortar, plastic soil-cement, soil-cement slurry, K-Krete, and

other names. CLSM is defined as a material that results in a compressive

strength of 1200 psi (8 MPa) or less. Most current CLSM applications

require unconfined compressive strengths of 200 psi (1.4 MPa) or less.

High-Strength ConcreteThe primary difference between high-strength concrete and

normal-strength concrete relates to the compressive strength that refers

to the maximum resistance of a concrete sample to applied pressure.

Although there is no precise point of separation between high-strength

concrete and normal-strength concrete, the American Concrete Institute

defines high-strength concrete as concrete with a compressive strength

greater than 6000 psi (41 MPa).

Insulating Concrete Forms

In conventional poured-in-place construction, a crew erects forms

of plywood, steel, or aluminum that make a mold in the shape of the

desired walls. After placing rebar to reinforce the wall, the crew pours

concrete inside the cavity. Once the concrete hardens, the crew strips the

forms to leave the reinforced concrete walls. Unlike these removable

forms, ICFs are designed to stay in place as a permanent part of the wall

assembly. The formwork functions as the insulation and the concrete

functions as the structure.

Concrete PavementSince the first strip of concrete pavement was completed in 1893,

concrete has been used extensively for paving highways and airports as

well as business and residential streets. There are four types of concrete

pavement: (1)Plain pavements with dowels that use dowels to provide

load transfer and prevent faulting, (2)Conventionally reinforced

pavements that contain steel reinforcement and use dowels in

contraction joints, and (3)Continuously reinforced pavements that have

no contraction joints and are reinforced with continuous longitudinal steel.

(4)Plain pavements without dowels, in which aggregate interlock

transfers loads across joints and prevents faulting,

CONCRETE PIPEConcrete pipe comes in many shapes and sizes. Concrete pipe

sizes can range from 4 inches (10 cm) up to 17 feet (5 m) in diameter.

Although concrete pipe can be manufactured in a variety of shapes, there

are five standard shapes: circular, horizontal elliptical, vertical elliptical,

arch, and rectangular. The pipe shape selected for a project depends on

the topography of the site, importance of hydraulic and structural

efficiency, erosion and deposition in the stream channel, and cost. Most

often, the preferred pipe shape is the one that will alter the natural

drainage flow the least.

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Precast Concrete

Precast concrete is widely used in low- and mid-rise apartment

buildings, hotels, motels, and nursing homes. The concrete provides

superior fire resistance and sound control for the individual units and

reduces fire insurance rates.