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Page 1: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Page 2: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Page 3: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by
Page 4: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

The Relevance of Silage to AFIA Members

And how to get it more right if you are in the game….because we as a

nation are CRAP AT SILAGE .

Its too mature and too dry

Page 5: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Why would you as an AFIA member be into silage ?

It’s a hay organisation right ?

( oh OK , silage is fodder for sure !)

Page 6: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

1- You make and trade It :

• Ideally you are cutting early , to conserve the best low maturity fodder, that makes premium silage, the most animal output, and you get a premium for your efforts

• Or…You see a big front coming and want to wrap it before it fully curred down

• Or…Its already wet and you wrap it before its snot

Page 7: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

2- You are serving , advising and working for a client

• Ideally you are cutting early , to conserve the best low maturity fodder, that makes premium silage, the most animal output, and you get a premium for your efforts

• Or…You see a big front coming and want to wrap it before it fully curred down

• Or…Its already wet and you wrap it before its snot

Page 8: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

3- Spread your season and “utalisation”

• Silage often gets going earlier than hay , that is good.

• Early silage( quality) gets going earlier …spreads the work load a bit

• Hay runs till Xmas or there abouts• Summer crop pit silages ( maize / sorghum) run

well after Xmas….that is spreading it further• Just more work overall in a season

Page 9: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

The upsides !

• Quality and animal performance , based on earlier cutting date and less maturity

• Flexability earlier in a season or with a higher moisture

Page 10: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

The down sides !

• It costs more than hay to make silage

• It is a lot more tricky with extra steps and risks to go wrong

• If selling it , You transport water around the countryside on a truck…silage is less smart on a truck

Page 11: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

General Forage Conservation: Some principles apply in both silage and hay production: centrally….plant

maturity is crucial to outcomes

• A huge pile of hay or silage may lend a warm inner glow , but does it make any money if its crap?

• Would I rather 300T of good fodder or 500T of rubbish ?

• Lets stick it in front of 100 Beef steers at 300kg

Page 12: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

The seasonal progression• Feed type Better silage/hay Worse silage/hay

• ME 9.5 8.2

• NDF% 50 65• ADF% 36 45

$/t 1 130 100

Page 13: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

The numbers on 300kg steer growth

• Hay type OK Poor

• Intake KGDM/d 7 5.5• Energy intake 66 45

• Growth rate g/d 520 70

• Days to gain 50kg 96 700

• Kg Feed/kg gain 13 77

Page 14: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

300T of good vs 500T poor hay/silage

• FCR = 13kg feed per 1kg meat gained

• 300,000kg/ 13=23,000 kg weight gain

• $46,000 of weight with input of 300T at $130/t = $39,000

• +$7000

• FCR = 77 kg feed per 1kg meat gained

• 500,000/77 =6450 kg weight gain

• $12,900 of weight with input of 500T at $100/t = $50,000

• -$37,000

Page 15: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

The Outcome in $ Beef

• Feed Good OK Poor• Growth rate g/d 1300 520 70• % of feed making meat

56% 31% 3%

• Kg Feed/kg gain 6.8 13 77• Feed cents/kg 10 10 10

• Cost to gain1kg $0.68 $1.30 $7.70

• (So how good is that overly mature bulk of hay or silage now )

Page 16: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

WHAT EVER YOU CUT :CUT FOR QUALITY NOT CRAP

• Quality drives production, volume is a false economy and false confidence

• If you need crap , buy straw .That is often there, you can nearly always find crap if you need

• If cutting things in your control…cut early and cut quality.

• Its harder to BUY quality

Page 17: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

The special wonders of silage

(and a few extra challenges)

Page 18: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

WHO WERE THE FIRST SILAGE MAKERS?

Page 19: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Some comments on silage• The british and northern Europeans or some

bugger “invented” it to do forage when hay was impossible… you reckon Victoria is wet and cold . Think of Ireland and Scotland mate !

• Gives the ability to Cut early in the season for quality without 5 dry days. Wilting helps for sure , but don’t cut late just to get a wilt….no one in Ireland has real vision of getting a big wilt, but they make good silage still

Page 20: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

• Cut early and compact the billy-oh out of it with a big tractor , water in the wheels and just singles not duels…it’s about weight driving down to get rid of oxygen. Compaction is king

• Time of cut drives maturity , thus compactability and thus performance and preservation in the end…not just Nutrients from a less mature fodder

• Better feed quality and less spoilage risk : Cool

Page 21: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

What makes good silage outcomes

• 1- Time of cut, not mature (we can put this into numbers)

• 2- Good fermentation (we can put this into numbers)

• 3- Managing secondary fermentation• 4- managing toxins production• 5- Low wastage at feed out

Page 22: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Silage follows same rules of nutrients as other fodders, + some

• Hay and pasture quality can be measured with protein, ME, NDF ...all pretty straight forward, and about maturity as we said

• Silage needs those numbers , but it needs more to measure how it “ferments” and pickles and preserves...and feeds out !

• Intake , energy yield etc all impacted by these more unusual paremeters

Page 23: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Some extra parameters

• Dry matter: aim 30-40% pit 35-45% bales• pH: aim 4.0-4.7 (How stable)• Lactic acid: aim over 5% (the preserving acid)• Acetic acid: aim low (under 2%, wrong acid)• L:A ratio : aim high is best, at least over 3:1• Ammonia: aim low , under 1% (protein good

quality ,not degraded)• WSC: more is better , aim for 5-15%. Sugars!• Butyric: Any is bad , aim for zero !

Page 24: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Good silage tests, with only hay numbers

Silage number 1 2 3 4

NDF% 46 39 50 48Protein 19 17 17 20Treatment Innoc innoc. Innoc nothing

All look pretty good on the face of it , based on maturity as it were !

Page 25: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Silage number 1 2 3 4NDF% 46 39 50 48Protein 19 17 17 20

Treatment Innoc innoc. Innoc nothingSilage parameters

Dry matter% 30 36 40 25*pH 4.29 4.0 4.3 5.1

Lactic% 6.87 8.61 4.03 2.78Acetic% 3.39 0.97 0.43 6.20Lac/Acet ratio 2.03 8.91 9.37 0.45

Ammonia% 0.93 0.25 0.35 2.4%WSC% 9.6 11.6 15 6.5

Good silage tests- watch your dry matter even with good forage

Page 26: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Silage from more challenging stuffsilage 5 6 7 8 9NDF% 58 63 58 56 60Protein% 12 9 19 20 15Treatment Siloguard Innoc Innoc Innoc Innoc

DM% 27 46 40 49 27pH 4.4 5.2 5.9 6 8.7Lactic% 5.95 0.52 0.3 0.65 2.62Acetic% 0.03 0.26 0.15 0.12 0.18Lac:acet 188 2 2 5.4 14Ammonia 1 NA 1.06 1.4 0.45WSC 7.1 13 9.5 7.7 2.4

Page 27: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

The two big things that I reckon commonly make it damn hard to get it right

• 1- Excess maturity: less sugars to ferment to acid , more fibre and lignin to impede compaction ( less than 50% NDF )

• 2- Too dry: If we want bugs to grow and ferment , it needs to be damp enough to grow bugs properly

• ( 25-35% DM for pit , 35-40% Bale)

Page 28: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Silage NDF

or

Maturity

or

difficulty to

compact

or

oxygenretained

Silage Dry Matter

The right tool for your silage type, inoculants are not always the optimal tool in

AustraliaC

DB

A

Page 29: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

C

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B

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D

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A

Page 33: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

If you know its not “silage” gear….ponder on how you manage risk

• Knowledge on this simple wee matrix makes things more clear

• Probably half the time preservatives are a better bet than innoculants, as it was never going to ferment and all we can hope is to ensure spoilage doesn’t occur…as that brings on a whole raft of further challenges

• Or do it as hay !!!!

Page 34: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Understand the process !

• Silage is complex , and we can cock it up in nearly all the ways we can cock up hay…and then some extra ones !

• 6 stages of silage management are generally seen….yep 6!!!

Page 35: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by
Page 36: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Stage1- Aerobic run down

• Still air in stack/bale• Aerobic oxidation = heat

gain• Short pahse , just a fewe

hours with good delivery and compaction

• If longer = more spoilage risk as mould and yeast persist with air

• pH still high

Page 37: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Stage2- Air gone. Fermentation starts

• Heterofermenters kick in , eg Enterobacteria and Peddicocci. Handle the high pH and the heat.

• Acid starts forming from plant sugars Acetic and lactic acid

• Lasts 1-3 days as things “kick off”

• Gets pH down to about pH 5

Page 38: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Stage3: Transition to full fermentation

• Transition to proper lactic acid bugs and more good strong acid.

• Enterobacteria die back with pH drop

• Change occurs over 1-2 days as bug populations in the forage change

Page 39: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Stage4- Classic period of lactic acid accumulation

• If we get it right , we get ongoing conversion of sugars to lactic acid in a stable bug population.

• Terminal pH determined by sugars on offer , moisture and natural acid buffering ( eg legumes !)

• Terminal pH doesn’t mean it GOT THERE IDEALLY…but it’s a guide !

Page 40: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Stage 5- Its stable silage

• Its now pickled grass !• No oxygen , lots of acid • no spoilage bugs as they

cant live with the acid or without the oxygen

• Cooler now too

Page 41: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Stage6- Feed out and oxygen penetration again

• Oxygen is back in, and with that comes potential spoilage agin

• Yeasts can live on lactic acid !

• Manage the pit face …clean face not crusty guys !

• Potential for L buchneri or L Brevis to help. Like wise preservatives

Page 42: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Whats important

• Get in it fast• Get it in tight• Get it immature enough to compact• Get it in immature enough to have some

sugars• Get it in with some moisture• Pack the crap out of it

Page 43: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

What do innoculants do if they then ?• If you can get a fermentation going they get the

bug numbers growing and get the pH down to terminal pH faster…and some times at a bit lower pH

• This can be a really good thing I assure you !• L. Buchneri or L Brevis both impede re growth

of spoilage bugs when we feed out the bale or open the pit

• Silage stays cooler after opening• All innoculants are not the same !!

Page 44: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

FERMENTATION PROFILE

Don’t just assume its about lactic acid bugs…remember they are about stage 3 of the bugs in action !

Page 45: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Secondary Fermentation

• After opening , microbes come back and grow, consuming further nutrients

• Silage heats at the face• Lactic acid can be a food for some !• Mould growth and toxin production can then

occur AFTER the pit is opened• Undoes some good work• Manage your face carefully

Page 46: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Mycotoxins: a common problem if we get silage wrong

• All about oxygen,with oxygen comes problems from mould and fungi

• With this comes possible toxins

• Take home point…no mould is OK mould !• If you have it , then look at Mycotoxin management

products eg Elitox = 6c/day

• My arvo today- Cobram Vets with Dodgy sorghum silage. Lets count how it went wrong !!

Page 47: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

                          

Major Classes of Fungi and related Mycotoxin groupsMOLD COLOR TOXIN PRODUCER COMMENTS

Penicillium Green to green-blue

Yes - Ochratoxin, Citrinin, Patulin

Several potential toxins associated with certain species.  Most common toxin producer in silage.

Aspergillus Yellow-green

Yes - Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin Found in drought, heat-stressed conditions or insect infested fields.

Fusarium White to pinkish-white

Yes- Zearalenone, Vomitoxin (DON), T-2 Toxin, Fumonism

Common in cold, wet seasons.  Certain strains produce extremely potent toxins.

Mucor White/gray

None Found especially in sealed corn.  Grows at low temperatures.  Also found in manures and soils.

Rhizopus Black/white

None Requires high moisture and an advanced decay mold.  Common bread mold.

Cladosporium

White None Produces yeast like symptoms.  Grows at low temperatures.

                            Reference:  Dr. Bill Mahanna, "Prevention And (If Necessary) Management of Moldy Silage."

Mould colours in conserved forage

Page 48: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Interpretation Guidelines for Mold Counts

Mold CountGuideline

10 - 10,000* Relatively Safe

10,000 - 100,000* Transition Zone

100,000 - 10,000,000* Caution Advised

Over 10,000,000* Feeding may not be recommended

                           * col/gm (colonies per gram)

Danger levels for Mould growth- a context for risk

Page 49: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Favoured temperature ranges for moulds that make Mycotoxins

Aflatoxins

ZearalenoneDon T2

Page 50: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Some Innovation That I think is handy

• 1- Understanding what product type has a application when

• ( not just…” maaate… I ‘noculated it mate !”)

• Use the right stuff …..some times an innoculant , some times a preservative…some times just don’t do it as silage !!!

Page 51: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

2-Understand which innoculants are well designed

• You can spend from $2-5/t• You cant judge value by cost alone, but don’t

just use lactic acid bacteria• Understand what will get things going

properly• Understand what seems to manage secondary

fermentation better

Page 52: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

FERMENTATION PROFILE

Don’t just assume its about lactic acid bugs…remember they are about stage 3 of the bugs in action !

Page 53: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Understand the “ counts”

• You are looking for numbers of bugs basically, more is essentially better

• 8 X 10 to power 8 = a ride on mower

• 8 X 10 to power 10 = a bloody good tractor

• The “10” bit is the important bit ...not the first number

Page 54: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

3-ENZYMES

Page 55: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

ROLE OF ENZYME COCKTAIL

Silage has a pH in the region of 4.0

Enzymes for silage need to have an optimum pH between 3.5 and 4.5 to be effective. Most are not.

Enzymes can have beneficial effects but need to be applied evenly with the inoculant .

Enzymes work slowly and need time to have an effect. This is typically 30 – 60 days.

Page 56: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Micron, in collaboration with Professor Roy Fawcett at the University of Edinburgh has: -

1. Determined the quantity of enzyme required to add nutritional value to the silage.

2. Determined the nature and formulation of those enzymes.

3. Described a new enzyme and included it the latest products.

4. Formulated a crop specific range of enzyme packages based upon fibre types and levels.

ENZYME RESEARCH

Page 57: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Enzymes Improve Digestibility by Breaking Fibre Bonds

Page 58: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

NDF 30 hr Digestibility Feed value

Per

ceen

tage

%Effects of Enzymes on Fibre

Control Enzyme Percentage Difference

Page 59: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

FORAGE CONDITIONING

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Grass Grass Grass Maize Mean

ME

KJ

Kilo

-1

Effects of Enzyme Treatment on Metabolisable Energy

Control Enzyme Treated

12%

12%

33%

21%

19%

P<0.01Paired T test (one tailed)

Page 60: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

Enzymes driven on Biofuels

• If we have big cellulytic fermenters like in EU , enzymes will make energy production more efficent

• That makes BIG BIG companies get involved eg DUPONT and the petrochemical dudes

• It will help silage making…go figuare !!!

Page 61: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

4- Better covering wrap

• Keeps oxygen out better …simple, boring but important

• Better people than me to explain it

Page 62: Condah Silage Grower Update, hosted by. Lockington Silage Grower Update, hosted by

People who’s slides I ripped off brazenly !!!