condensation
DESCRIPTION
Condensation in non-condensableTRANSCRIPT
1
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
1
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
byby
Mahesh Kumar YadavMahesh Kumar Yadav
11205064Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur (UP) 208 016
Film condensation model in the presence of non-condensable
gases
Film condensation model in the presence of non-condensable
gases
2
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
2
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Motivation• The probability of LOCA DBA, DBA or BDBA so called ‘severe accidents’ are very low.
• However, it occurs (at Fukushima-2011, Three Mile Island (TMI)-1979,US, Santa Susana Field Laboratory-1959, US) and releases high amount of hydrogen. (eg.460 Kg of H2 in TMI-2 accident)
• Most of H2 burns when averaged concentration is 7.9 vol% leads to high pressure rise and significantly damages the containment (Henrie and Postma, 1983, 1987).
• One approach of condensation modeling is using empirical average HTC developed using volume averaged called ‘lumped-parameter’.
•Other approach is CFD based codes like MAAP, CONTAIN, GASFLOW (Travis et al., 1998), SPECTRA (Stempniewicz, 1999), MELCOR (Gauntt et al., 2000), CAST3M (Paillere et al., 2003).
• CFD codes provides detailed information in such scenario but inclusion of averaged quantities and averaged condensation rates based correlations question marked these.
3
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
3
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Year Incident INES level Country IAEA description
2011 Fukushima 5 Japan Reactor shutdown after the 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami; failure of emergency cooling caused an explosion
2011 Onagawa Japan Reactor shutdown after the 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami caused a fire
2006 Fleurus 4 Belgium Severe health effects for worker at commercial irradiation facility as a result of high doses of radiation
2006 Forsmark 2 Sweden Degraded safety functions for common cause failure in the emergency power supply system at nuclear power plant
2006 Erwin US Thirty-five litres of a highly enriched uranium solution leaked during transfer
2005 Sellafield 3 UK Release of large quantity of radioactive material, contained within the installation
2005 Atucha 2 Argentina Overexposure of a worker at a power reactor exceeding the annual limit
2005 Braidwood US Nuclear material leak
2003 Paks 3 Hungary Partially spent fuel rods undergoing cleaning in a tank of heavy water ruptured and spilled fuel pellets
1999 Tokaimura 4 Japan Fatal overexposures of workers following a criticality event at a nuclear facility
1999 Yanangio 3 Peru Incident with radiography source resulting in severe radiation burns
1999 Ikitelli 3 Turkey Loss of a highly radioactive Co-60 source
1999 Ishikawa 2 Japan Control rod malfunction
1993 Tomsk 4 Russia Pressure buildup led to an explosive mechanical failure
1993 Cadarache 2 France Spread of contamination to an area not expected by design
1989 Vandellos 3 Spain Near accident caused by fire resulting in loss of safety systems at the nuclear power station
1989 Greifswald Germany Excessive heating which damaged ten fuel rods
1986 Chernobyl 7 Ukraine Widespread health and environmental effects. External release of a significant fraction of reactor core inventory
1986 Hamm-Uentrop Germany Spherical fuel pebble became lodged in the pipe used to deliver fuel elements to the reactor
1981 Tsuraga 2 Japan More than 100 workers were exposed to doses of up to 155 millirem per day radiation
1980 Saint Laurent des Eaux 4 France Melting of one channel of fuel in the reactor with no release outside the site
1979 Three Mile Island 5 US Severe damage to the reactor core
1977 Jaslovské Bohunice 4 Czechoslovakia Damaged fuel integrity, extensive corrosion damage of fuel cladding and release of radioactivity
1969 Lucens Switzerland Total loss of coolant led to a power excursion and explosion of experimental reactor
1967 Chapelcross UK Graphite debris partially blocked a fuel channel causing a fuel element to melt and catch fire
1966 Monroe US Sodium cooling system malfunction
1964 Charlestown US Error by a worker at a United Nuclear Corporation fuel facility led to an accidental criticality
1959 Santa Susana Field Lab. US Partial core meltdown
1958 Chalk River Canada Due to inadequate cooling a damaged uranium fuel rod caught fire and was torn in two
1958 Vinča Yugoslavia During a subcritical counting experiment a power buildup went undetected - six scientists received high doses
1957 Kyshtym 6 RussiaSignificant release of radioactive material
to the environment from explosion of a high activity waste tank
1957 Windscale Pile 5 UK Release of radioactive material to the environment following a fire in a reactor core
1952 Chalk River 5 Canada Reactor shutoff rod failure with several operator errors lead to major excursion of more than double the reactor output
• Nuclear Accidents:
Source: IAEA
4
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
4
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Level Definition People and environment Radiological barriers & control Example
7 Major accident Major release of radio active material with widespread health and environmental effects Chernobyl, Ukraine, 1986
6 Serious accident Significant release of radioactive material require implementation of planned countermeasures. Kyshtym, Russia, 1957
5 Accident with wider consequences Limited release of radioactive material Severe damage to reactor core
Three Mile Island, 1979
4 Accident with local consequences Minor release of radioactive material Fuel melt or damage to fuel resulting in more than 0.1%
release of core inventoryFUKUSHIMA 1, 2011
3 Serious incident Exposure in excess of ten times the statutory annual limit for workers Exposure rates of more than 1 Sv/h in an operating area Sellafield, UK, 2005
2 IncidentExposure of a worker in excess of the
statutory annual limits
Radiation levels in an operating area
of more than 50 mSv/hAtucha, Argentina, 2005
1 Anomaly
• International Nuclear Events Scale (INES):
Source: IAEA
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
5
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Objective
• To analyze the condensation process in the presence of non-condensable gas with the process parameter like mass flow rate, mixture composition, velocity, pressure etc.
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
6
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
In this presentation...
Introduction to condensation
Literature review
Parameters affecting condensation
Modeling approach
Experimental setup
General adopted correlations
Property calculation for the NCG/vapor mixture
Parametric study
Measuring devices
Summary and Conclusions
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
7
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Introduction to Condensation
8
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
8
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Introduction to condensation
(a) Dropwise condensation
(b) Film wise condensation
Applications:
Distillation of water
Cooling of water vapor in condenser (in power plants and thermal power management systems)
Types of condensation
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
9
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Fig. Schematic model of film condensation
(a) Condensation in a vertical tube (b) BL without the presence of NCG (c) BL with the presence of NCG
Introduction to condensation continue…
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
10
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
2( )( )
2l v
l
g yu y
3. ( )
3l l v
l
gm
.2( )l l v
l
gd m d
dx dx
14
4
( )l l
l l v fg
k Tx
gh
( )( ) sat w
x sat w l
T Th T T k
13 4
( ) 1
4l l v fg l
xl
ghh
T xk
Fig. Laminar film condensation without the presence of NCG
Classical Nusselt analysisIntroduction to condensation continue…
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
11
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Literature Review
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
12
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Literature reviewOutline:
Parameters affecting condensation
Modeling approach
Experimental setup
General adopted correlations
Property calculation for the NCG/vapor mixture
13
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
13
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Primary NCG mass fraction, subcooling, superheating, operating pressure, flow
direction
SecondarySuction effect, mist formation, film
waviness or roughness
TertiaryEffect of NCG used like argon, helium and
the condensing surface orientation.
Based on how frequently a parameter considered in the literature, they can be classified as:
Parameters affecting condensationLiterature review continue…
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
14
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Types of approach
Boundary layer solution
Based on solving boundary layer (NCG/vapor BL and condensate film BL) equations with appropriate interfacial jump and boundary conditions (Similarity variable, computational and mechanistic approach)
Heat and mass transfer analogy
Based on heat balance at the liquid-gas interface where interface temperature is determined iteratively (Empirical and mechanistic approach)
Diffusion theoryConductivity of condensation (kcond) is calculated using either Clausius-Clapeyron equation or HMTA. Then condensation HTC is calculated on the basis of that kcond .
Experimental Finding out correlations based on the experimental data’s (Empirical approach)
Modeling approachLiterature review continue…
15
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
15
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Equations Liquid film region Vapor /gas region
Conservation of mass
Diffusion equation
Conservation of momentum
Conservation of energy
( ) ( ) ( )m m m m
uu u v u g
x y y y
( ) ( ) 0l lu vx y
( ) ( )l l l l
uu u v u g
x y y y
( ) ( ) 0m mu vx y
"
( ) ( ) ( )pm m m pg pv g
T qc u T v T c c j
x y y y
( ) ( )pl l l l
Tc u T v T k
x y y y
2" * ( ) m
g D m gg v
MHere q k T R T j
y M M
* (1 ) Here ( ) ( ) jD g g
g m g m g v
W Wj D W D T and j
y T y
( ) ( ) gm m
ju W v W
x y y
(i) Governing equations
Boundary layer solutionModeling approach continue…
16
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
16
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Condition Equation
Mass flux
Stream wise velocity
Temperature
Interfacial shear
Energy flux
(ii) Interface conditions
Boundary layer solution continue…
. . . .
g vlm M M M
, ,l mu u
, ,l mT T
0m
y
u
y
."
l fg
Tk M h q
y
(iii) Interface constraint
Constraint Equation
Impermeable interface to NCG
Saturation state @ interface Ti =Tsat,v
.
0gM
(iv) Boundary conditions
Condn Equation
At y=0 u=v=0; T=Tw
At
At
y .
; li m
dT T m u v
dx
y ,; g gu u W W
17
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
17
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Heat and mass transfer analogy
• Heat balance at the interface
• Total heat transfer coefficient
• Condensate film thickness
Since, we know that
1
1 1tot
f c s
hh h h
( ) ( )( )f i w c s ih T T h h T T
4* 3
12 2 3 3
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2
1.259
( ) ( ) ( )
Nu
p i i pa a x a x l b b x b x b x m c c x
.
; h ; h( )
fgl mf s m c
i b i
mhk kh Nu
d T T
hm is calculated using Shm relation as given below.
,
, .
nc im
nc i nc b
WmdSh
D W W
Modeling approach continue…
18
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
18
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Diffusion theory
The condensation conductivity is given as
or
, , ,
,
using HMTAfg i nc i nc bavg
condb i nc i
W WDHk
T T W
Then the condensation HTC is calculated as
Peterson et al (1993)cond
cond
Sh kh
L
2 2 2 2
2 3 2 2
1 1 et al (1993); et al (1998)tot v fg tot v fg
cond condavg i b
P M h D P M h Dk Peterson k Herranz
R T R TT
Modeling approach continue…
19
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
19
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
• Interface shear stress consideration
(i) McAdams modifier (1951)
where 1.28 for Re 30; =1.0 for Re 30( )
lfh x
k
(ii) Blangetti et al model (1982)
14 4 4, ,
fx x la x tu
l
h LNu Nu Nu
k
* *2*3*
, *
Re1 where comes from equation
3 21
f gx la
g
l
Nu
Where Nux,la is Local laminar Nusselt number given by
and Nux,tu is Local turbulent film Nusselt number given by
*, Re Pr (1 ) wh values of a, b, c, d, e, f is given in above table. b c f
x tu f gNu a e ere
Special considerationsLiterature review continue…
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
20
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
• Film roughness consideration
Special considerations continue…
0.215, ,
0.215 0.25, ,
where n=0.68Pr
where n=0.68Sc ; f 0.0791Re
n
ror x os x
s
n
ror x os x s
s
fNu Nu
f
fSh Sh
f
Correction suggested by Norris (1970)
Three popular models for estimating the roughness of the condensate are
(i)Moody correlation (1944)
(ii)Wallis correlation (1969)
(iii)Haaland correlation (1990)
13
3 2 1001.375 10 1 21.544
Rerf d
1 300r sf fd
• Suction effect consideration Kays and Moffat correlation (1975)
1 1.
, ,. 12 2, 3
.
,
(Re 1000) Pr2Re Prexp 1 where Nu Nu 3.66
Re Pr 1 12.7 Pr 12
Reexp
s
x x mx o x o x
m o x x sx
x xx
m o
fm G
NuG Nu fm
m ScSh
G Sh
1 1
6, ,. 1
2 23
(Re 1000)21 where Sh for 2300 Re 5 10 ; Sh 3.66 for Re 2300
Re 1 12.7 12
s
mo x o x
x x sx
f ScG
fm Sc Sc
1.11
1012
1 6.91.8log
Re 3.7r
d
f
21
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
21
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
• Developing flow consideration
Reynolds et al (1969): It is assumed that the temperature and concentration profile develop simultaneously. 34 2
,
34 2
,
0.8(1 7 10 Re )1
0.8(1 7 10 Re )1
xot o x
xot o x
Nu Nuxd
Sh Shxd
• Turbulent model
Turbulent viscosity is given as:
Prandtl mixing length theory
Kato et al (1968)
2t m
uL
y
20.4 1 exp 0.0017( )
sing assumption: at y= ; u 0 (Chen C. K., 2009)
t
L m
y y
u
Special considerations continue…
22
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
22
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
• Vierow, K. et al, Horizontal Heat Exchanger Design and Analysis for Passive Containment Heat Removal System, U. S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Engineering Education Research, Final Technical Report, 2002 through 2005
Experimental setup
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
23
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
• Oh, S., and Revankar, S.T., Effect of noncondensable gas in a vertical tube condenser, International Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Design, vol. 235, pp. 1699–1712, 2005
Experimental setup continue…
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
24
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
• Lee, K.Y., and Kim, M.H., Effect of an interfacial shear stress on steam condensation in the presence of a noncondensable gas in a vertical tube, , International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 51, pp. 5333–5343, 2008
Experimental setup continue…
25
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
25
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
• Wilke and Lee (1955)
• Rao et al (2008)
• Bucci et al (2008)
• Holman (1992)
• Kays et al (2005)
• Herranz et al (1998)
10 2.072
8.2
1.87 10
7235exp 77.3450 0.0057v
TD
P
T TPT
"., ,
m,
ln(1 ) where B =1v i v b
v mv i
w wm K B
w
10.75 3
10.75 3
1.04 0.0395Re Pr
1.04 0.0395Re
o
o
Nu
Sh Sc
21
3
1
0.046 where Ra=GrPr= ( )
Nu with n=3 (Churchill, 1977)
pbuo w cw
n n ncombined force natural
g C bNu Ra T T
k
and Nu Nu
where is suction factorinc avg
o avgnc
X TSh Sh
X T
32
4, 2
, ,
1 1
1 110 1.084 0.249
( ) ( / )a b
a ba b a b a b
TM M
DM M P r f kT
General adopted correlationsLiterature review continue…
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
26
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Property Binary mixture Multi-component mixture
Diffusion coefficient
Grashof number
Viscosity
Specific heat
Thermal conductivity
Mass fraction of NCG
Mole fraction of NCG
2.07253.4439 10 (Cenzel, 2002)avg
tot
TD
P ,
,1/
g avgeff n
j avg jvj
xD
x D
3gb gi gb
2
g ( - )L (Herranz et al, 1998)Gr
x nc nc v v x = W +W (T ) '
11
( ) = (Reid et al, 1987)
1 ( / )
ni avg
m ni
ij j ij
T
D x x
11
( ) = (Reid et al, 1987)
1 ( / )
ni avg
m ni
ij j ij
k Tk
A x x
x nc nc v v = W +W (T )vk k k
px nc pnc v pv = W +W (T )vC C C
,
( ) / ( ) ( / )
1 ( ) / ( ) ( / )T v x v x nc v
nc x
T v x v x nc v
P P T P T M Mw
P P T P T M M
,,
T s ncnc x
T
P Px
P
, (Peterson, 2000)
ln
jb jij ave
jb
ji
x xx
xx
Literature review continue…
Property calculation for the NCG/vapor mixture
27
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
27
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Parametric study
28
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
28
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Parametric study continue…
29
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
29
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Parametric study continue…
30
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
30
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Parametric study continue…
31
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
31
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Important findings
Steam and NCG flow side Cooling water flow side
Pressure range: 1-2.5 atm
Then Tsat:100-127 0C
Length of the plate: 70 cm
Film thickness: 0.18 mm
Condensate mass: 15.5 gm/s=55.8 kg/hr
Inlet temperature: 25 0C
Outlet temperature: 27 0C
Then temp. difference: 2 0C
Heat transfer required: 35 kW
Corresponding Mass flow rate required: 4.2 kg/s=15120 kg/hr
Steam and NCG flow side Cooling water flow side
Pressure range: 1-2.5 atm
Then Tsat:100-127 0C
Length of the plate: 50 cm
Film thickness: 0.17 mm
Condensate mass: 13 gm/s=46.8 kg/hr
Inlet temperature: 25 0C
Outlet temperature: 27 0C
Then temp. difference: 2 0C
Heat transfer required: 30 kW
Corresponding Mass flow rate required: 3.7 kg/s=13320 kg/hr
Parametric study continue…
32
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
32
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Measuring Devices
33
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
33
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Measuring devices
• Mass flow rate measurement
• Film thickness measurement
• Gas concentration measurement
34
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
34
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
• Can measure the mass flow rate of any gas or liquid, ideally suited for saturated and superheated steam.
• Measure five process parameters at the same time: mass flow rate, temperature, pressure,
volumetric flow rate, and fluid density.
Hydrogen flow meter
Steam flow meter
Mass flow rate measurementMeasuring devices continue…
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
35
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Model Thickness range Model Thickness range
F20 15nm - 100µm F50 20nm - 100µm
F20-UV 01nm - 40µm F50-UV 5nm - 40µm
F20-NIR 100nm - 250µm F50-NIR 100nm - 250µm
F20-EXR 15nm - 250µm F50-EXR 15nm - 250µm
F20-UVX 1nm - 250µm F50-UVX 5nm - 250µm
F20-XT 10nm – 1mm F50-XT 10nm – 1mm
F70 15nm – 13mm F50-CTM-NIR 0.1nm – 2mm
Film thickness measurementMeasuring devices continue…
Film thickness is measured as:
R={(n-1)2+k2}/{(n-1)2+k2}
Where R= Reflection
n=film refractive index
K=film extinction coefficient
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
36
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Gas concentration measurementMeasuring devices continue…
• Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers (QMS) is kind of ionisation gauge with separation system (according to mass to charge ratio) for the different species.
• QMS operates best at 10-6 mbar.
Fig. Gas concentration measurement system in
PANDA
Fig. Mass spectrometry in TOSQAN
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
37
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Gas concentration measurement continue…
Fig. PANDA calibration system
Difficulties in measurements:
• Steam get condensed and may adsorbed in the capillary section. To avoid this capillary tubes are heated upto 150 ºC.
• The pressure inside the test section is quite high. It needs to be reduced as low as 10-6 mbar for best working of QSM.
• As the pressure inside the chamber is not constant. So, the time required to feed the sample to the QSM is different. Due to this, calibration is required again.
• The increase in feeding time of sample leads to the possibility of leakage.
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
38
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Summary and conclusions
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
39
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Summary and Conclusions• It has been noted that no full mechanistic model available in the literature. Either they are based on
some correlations or giving some kind of input from the experiment.
• Condensate film thickness is of the order of 0.001-1 mm for the plate length of 50-70 cm.
• Condensate film thickness (order of 0.001-1 mm ) can be measured using optical technique. This technique can also be used for measuring the roughness of the film.
• The gas concentrations is measured using a device called Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers (QMS).
• Calculation of mixture composition for vapor and gas is a uphill task as not only the transfer of sample from test section to QMS involves many complexities but also QMS requires samples at nearly vacuum for best measurement.
• With all such difficulties, it’s great satisfaction that the setup is feasible in our laboratory.
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
40
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
Quotation of the instruments
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Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016Kanpur 208016IndiaIndia
41
Film condensation modelFilm condensation model in the presence of in the presence of
non-condensable gasesnon-condensable gases
End of Presentation