ConditioningConditioning

I. Learning A. Any relatively permanent change

in behavior as a result of practice or experience. Changes due to growth or maturation are not learning.

I. Learning A. Any relatively permanent change

in behavior as a result of practice or experience. Changes due to growth or maturation are not learning.

B. How do we learn?B. How do we learn?

C. How do we stimulate learning?C. How do we stimulate learning?

1. Rewards (operant conditioning)

2. Punishments 3. Classical conditioning

1. Rewards (operant conditioning)

2. Punishments 3. Classical conditioning

II. CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGII. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

People (and animals) acquire certain behaviors through classical conditioning

Learning process in which associations are made between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.

People (and animals) acquire certain behaviors through classical conditioning

Learning process in which associations are made between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.

STIMULISTIMULI

Something that elicits a response.

NEUTRAL STIMULUS:

Initially does not elicit a response.

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS):

elicits a predictable response w/o training.

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR):

automatic or natural reaction to a stimulus w/o training

Something that elicits a response.

NEUTRAL STIMULUS:

Initially does not elicit a response.

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS):

elicits a predictable response w/o training.

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR):

automatic or natural reaction to a stimulus w/o training

STIMULI cont.STIMULI cont.

CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS): elicits a response due to being paired

with an UCS.CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR):

the learned reaction to a CS

CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS): elicits a response due to being paired

with an UCS.CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR):

the learned reaction to a CS

Classical Conditioning - Ivan PavlovClassical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov A. Pavlov’s Dogs Experiment

(US) Unconditioned Stimulus - food

(UR) Unconditioned Response - saliva

(NS) Neutral Stimulus - bell

(CS) Conditioned Stimulus - bell

(CR) Conditioned Response - saliva to bell

A. Pavlov’s Dogs Experiment(US) Unconditioned Stimulus

- food(UR) Unconditioned

Response - saliva(NS) Neutral Stimulus -

bell(CS) Conditioned Stimulus -

bell(CR) Conditioned Response -

saliva to bell

EXAMPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGEXAMPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGUsing electric wires to keep cows in a field

UCS- Electric shock

UCR- Jump back

CS- wire

CR- Stay away

Using electric wires to keep cows in a field

UCS- Electric shock

UCR- Jump back

CS- wire

CR- Stay away

ELECTRIC CAN OPENER / CATSELECTRIC CAN OPENER / CATSUCS

- foodUCR

- Run into the kitchenCS

- Can openerCR

- Run into the kitchen

UCS- food

UCR- Run into the kitchen

CS- Can opener

CR- Run into the kitchen

Classical Conditioning in the real (comics) worldClassical Conditioning in the real (comics) world

Think, Write, Pair, & ShareThink, Write, Pair, & Share

Three big ideas (at least one visual)

Two connections (to me or prior learning)

One question (or thing I am confused about)

Three big ideas (at least one visual)

Two connections (to me or prior learning)

One question (or thing I am confused about)

John B. Watson & Baby Albert

John B. Watson & Baby Albert

1. Little Albert a. (US) -

loud noise b. (UR) -

fear, crying c. (NS/CS) -

white rat d. (CR) -

fear, crying

1. Little Albert a. (US) -

loud noise b. (UR) -

fear, crying c. (NS/CS) -

white rat d. (CR) -

fear, crying

Taking classical conditioning a step further

Taking classical conditioning a step further

✏ GENERALIZATION:Responding to a second stimulus similar to the original CS

DISCRIMINATION:the ability to respond differently to different stimuli

✏ EXTINCTION:When the CR gradually dies out after the CS is repeatedly presented w/o the UCS

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY:When the CR reappears after a rest period following extinction.

✏ GENERALIZATION:Responding to a second stimulus similar to the original CS

DISCRIMINATION:the ability to respond differently to different stimuli

✏ EXTINCTION:When the CR gradually dies out after the CS is repeatedly presented w/o the UCS

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY:When the CR reappears after a rest period following extinction.

What did Watson do after leaving academia?

What did Watson do after leaving academia?

He got involved with advertising, using the principles of classical conditioning and applying them to getting consumers to buy certain products.

He got involved with advertising, using the principles of classical conditioning and applying them to getting consumers to buy certain products.

Classical Conditioning and PhobiasClassical Conditioning and Phobias B. Applications

1. Generalizations A. Phobias

2. Discrimination C. Behavior Modification

1. Immersion Therapy 2. Systematic

Desensitization a. anxiety hierarchy b. biofeedback/relaxation

B. Applications 1. Generalizations

A. Phobias 2. Discrimination

C. Behavior Modification 1. Immersion Therapy 2. Systematic

Desensitization a. anxiety hierarchy b. biofeedback/relaxation

Acquisition CurveAcquisition Curve

Cognitive ProcessesCognitive ProcessesEarly behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of various organisms could be reduced to mindless mechanisms. (cognition in rats and dogs does not play a role)Rescorla and Wagner (1972) disagreed

Experimented with rats using tone, light (sometimes), and electric shock

Rats feared the tone, but not the light, even though the light was always followed by a shock.

Early behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of various organisms could be reduced to mindless mechanisms. (cognition in rats and dogs does not play a role)Rescorla and Wagner (1972) disagreed

Experimented with rats using tone, light (sometimes), and electric shock

Rats feared the tone, but not the light, even though the light was always followed by a shock.

Cognitive Processes, cont.Cognitive Processes, cont. Treating alcoholics with

classical conditioning Lace alcohol with

nausea inducing drugs Patient knows to blame

the nausea on the drug, not the alcohol

Similar treatment has had limited success

Treating alcoholics with classical conditioning Lace alcohol with

nausea inducing drugs Patient knows to blame

the nausea on the drug, not the alcohol

Similar treatment has had limited success

Biological PredispositionsBiological PredispositionsEarly researchers believed that the laws of

learning were basically the same in all species. (any natural response could be conditioned to any

neutral stimulus)Each species has predispositions that prepare it to

learn the associations that enhance its survival. Rats develop taste aversions to poisoned bait Birds (that hunt by sight) develop aversions to the sight

of tainted food Humans develop taste aversions to novel foods after

getting sick. (not the restaurant, plates, people, or music)

Early researchers believed that the laws of learning were basically the same in all species.

(any natural response could be conditioned to any neutral stimulus)

Each species has predispositions that prepare it to learn the associations that enhance its survival.

Rats develop taste aversions to poisoned bait Birds (that hunt by sight) develop aversions to the sight

of tainted food Humans develop taste aversions to novel foods after

getting sick. (not the restaurant, plates, people, or music)

Think, Write, Pair, & Share

Think, Write, Pair, & Share

Three big ideas (at least one visual)

Two connections (to me or prior learning)

One question (or thing I am confused about)

Three big ideas (at least one visual)

Two connections (to me or prior learning)

One question (or thing I am confused about)