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Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses Candice Prince Aquatic Weed Control Short Course 2018

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Page 1: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses

Candice Prince

Aquatic Weed Control Short Course 2018

Page 2: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Grasses and Varying Environments

• Many problematic grasses are able to tolerate a wide variety of environmental conditions

Page 3: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Environment and Herbicide Efficacy

• Environmental conditions prior to, during, and after herbicide application affect efficacy• Direct: absorption and translocation

• Indirect: growth and physiology

From Tao et al. 2016

Page 4: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Control Salinity Drought Cold Heat

American Phytopathological Society, 2018

Page 5: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Factors affecting herbicide efficacy

• Leaf traits affect how much herbicide is taken up by plants

• Cuticle width

• Leaf number and size

• Leaf angle From Tao et al. 2016

Benjamin Cummings

Ben Himme

Page 6: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Factors affecting herbicide efficacy

• Plants that are not actively growing may see limited translocation ofsystemic herbicides

• Photosynthetic rate

Brian Hazell

Page 7: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Factors affecting herbicide efficacy

• Biomass can affect management success in rhizomatous species

• Root to shoot ratios

• Regrowth potential

Delaware Invasive Species Council

Jailisse Knowles

Chis Evans, Bugwood.org

Page 8: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Fabian Menalled, Montana State University

Page 9: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Environmental Conditions

• Flooding

•Drought

• Salinity

• Light

•Climate

Page 10: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Flooding

Forest and Kim Starr, Bugwood.org

Page 11: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Effects of Flooding

• Tolerance varies with species

• ↓ leaf area

• ↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species)

• May initially limit number of leaves exposed to herbicide applications

Page 12: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Flooding

• Flooded conditions may limit herbicide efficacy in torpedograss (Quincy et al. 2018)

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Page 13: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Flooding

• Flooded conditions may limit herbicide efficacy in torpedograss• Translocation issue?

Greg MacDonald

Page 14: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Drought

Forest and Kim Starr, Bugwood.org

Page 15: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Effects of Drought

•Upright leaf angle

•↓ photosynthesis, growth

•↓ leaf area, leaf number

•↑ leaf cuticle thickness• Composition of cuticle can

change →more hydrophobic

Ben Himme

Benjamin Cummings

Page 16: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Drought

• Water-stress has decreased efficacy of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides for certain grass species (Pereira 2010, Pereira et al. 2011)

• Goosegrass• Plantain signalgrass

John D. Byrd, Bugwood.org

Page 17: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Salinity

Forest and Kim Starr, Bugwood.org Forest and Kim Starr, Bugwood.org

Page 18: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Effects of Salinity

• Tolerance varies with species

• ↓ photosynthesis, growth

• ↓ leaf area, leaf number

• ↑ leaf thickness

• ↑ root:shoot ratios

Jailisse Knowles

From Tao et al. 2016

Page 19: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Salinity

• Salinity decreased efficacy of glyphosate and imazapyr in torpedograss, not in phragmites (more salt tolerant) (Prince et al. 2018)

Saline (15 ppt) Freshwater (0.7 ppt)

Torpedograss treated with glyphosate (4 lb. a.i./A)

Page 20: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Salinity

Torpedograss rhizome biomass 60 DAT with glyphosate

Page 21: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

LightDavid J. Moorhead, Bugwood.org Nancy Loewenstein, Bugwood.org

Page 22: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Effects of Light

• High light:• ↑ photosynthesis

• ↑ leaf thickness and cuticle development

• Low light:• ↓ leaf thickness

• ↑ leaf area

• ↓ leaf number

• ↓ photosynthesis

• ↓ root:shoot ratios

Jailisse Knowles

From Tao et al. 2016

Page 23: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Light

• Shade has been shown to increase injury by contact herbicides (Mellendorf et al. 2015, Thompson and Nissen 2002)

•Higher light intensity may increase injury by systemic herbicides (Varanasi et al. 2016)

Page 24: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Temperature and Climate Change

NASA 2015

Page 25: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Effects of High Temperature

•↑ cuticle permeability

•↓ photosynthesis

•↓ biomass

•↓ leaf area

Brian Hazell

Ben Himme

Page 26: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Temperature

• Mixed effects, species dependent

• Increased effects in some grasses (johnsongrass, bermudagrass) → increased absorption of herbicide (Jordan 1977; McWhorter and Azlin 1978)

• Decreased effects in others (large crabgrass, green foxtail), → greater metabolism, volatilization of herbicides, or other changes (Smeda and Putnam 1990; Johnson and Young 2002)

Page 27: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Effects of CO2

• ↑ leaf thickness

• ↑ photosynthesis (C3 species)

• ↑ root:shoot ratios

Jailisse Knowles

Ben Himme

Page 28: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Current Climate Conditions

Climate Change Conditions

Hei

ght

(cm

)Climate Change

• Increased temperature and atmospheric [CO2] may reduce herbicide efficacy in certain grasses, like phragmites (Prince et al. 2017)

Page 29: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Take-Away:

• Consider the environmental conditions when planning, try to apply when growing conditions are ideal

• Flooding→may decrease efficacy

• Drought→may decrease efficacy

• Salinity→may decrease efficacy

• Light→ depends on herbicide (contact vs. systemic)

• Temperature→ depends on species

Page 30: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

Questions?

• [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]
Page 31: Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses · •Tolerance varies with species •↓ leaf area •↓ photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) •May initially

References• Johnson, B.C., Young, B.G. 2002. Influence of temperature and relative humidity on the foliar activity of mesotrione.

Weed Science, 50:157-161

• Jordan, T. N. 1977. Effects of temperature and relative humidity on the toxicity of glyphosate to bermudagrass (Cynodondactylon). Weed Science, 25: 448-451.

• McWhorter, C. G., Azlin, W. R. . 1978. Effects of environment on the toxicity of glyphosate to johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) and soybeans (Glycine max). Weed Science, 26: 605-608

• Mellendorf, T.G., Young, J.M., Matthews, J.L., Young, B.G. 2015. Influence of application variables on the foliar efficacy ofsaflufenacil on horseweed (Conyza canadensis). Weed Science, 63:578-586

• Pereira, M.R.R., 2010. Efeito de herbicidas sobre plantas de Brachiaria plantaginea submetidasa estresse hı´drico. Planta Daninha, 28: 1047–1058

• Pereira, M.R.R., Souza, G.S.F., Martins, D., Melhoranc¸a Filho, A.L., Klar, A.E., 2011. Respostas de plantas de Eleusine indica sob diferentes condic¸o˜es hı´dricas a herbicidas inibidores da ACCase. Planta Daninha, 29: 397–404

• Prince, C.M., MacDonald, G.E., Erickson, J.E. 2017. Phragmites australis management in Florida under climate change conditions. Presentation for the Florida Weed Science Society Annual Meeting. Haines City, Fl.

• Prince, C.M., MacDonald, G.E. 2018. Effects of salinity on herbicide efficacy for two grass species. Presentation for the Florida Weed Science Society Annual Meeting. Haines City, Fl.

• Quincy, K., Enloe, S., Netherland, M. 2018. The influence of water depth on herbicide efficacy for torpedograss (Panicum repens). Presentation for the Florida Weed Science Society Annual Meeting. Haines City, Fl.

• Smeda, R.J., Putnam, A.R. 1990. Influence of temperature, rainfall, grass species, and growth stage on efficacy of fluazifop. Weed Technology, 4:349-355

• Thompson, W.M., Nissen, S.J. 2002. Influence of shade and irrigation on the response of corn (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) to carfentrazone-ethyl. Weed Technology, 16: 314-318

• Varanasi, A., Prasad, P.V.V., Jugulam, M. 2016. Impact of climate change factors on weeds and herbicide efficacy. Advances in Agronomy, 15: 107-146


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