conference committee - …woodconference.fkt.ugm.ac.id/9th-prwac/main/programbook_wood... · dr....

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CONFERENCE COMMITTEE

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Steering Committee: Dean of Faculty of Forestry – Universitas Gadjah Mada

1. Prof. Dr. Sri Nugroho Marsoem

2. Prof. Dr. T.A. Prayitno

3. Dr. Joko Sulistyo

Honorary Committee:

1. Prof. Pieter Baas

2. Prof. Hisashi Abe

3. Prof. Uwe Schmidt

4. Prof. Junji Sugiyama

5. Prof. Hiroyuki Yamamoto

6. Prof. Nam-Hun Kim

7. Prof. Joseph Gril

8. Prof. Ya-Fang Yin

Organizing Committee:

Chair : Prof. Dr. Sri Nugroho Marsoem

Secretary : Dr. Widyanto Dwi Nugroho

Dr. Joko Sulistyo

Treasury : Dr. Fanny Hidayati

Program : Dr. Ganis Lukmandaru

Dr. Y. Suranto

Dr. J.P. Gentur Sutapa

Oka Karyanto, M.Sc.

Dr. Sigit Sunarta

Harry Praptoyo, M.P.

Dr. Tomy Listyanto

Dr. Denny Irawati

Dr. Rini Pujiarti

Dr. Muhammad Navis Rofii

Dr. Ragil Widyorini

Oka Karyanto, M.Sc.

Annisa Primaningtyas, M.Eng.

Hening Tiyas Pratiwi

Secretariat : Alan Cahya

Alfredo Septiano

Andiar Rizki Yudha Darmawan

9th PRWAC (Pacific Regional Wood Anatomy Conference) & Annual Meeting IAWS (International Academy of Wood Science)

2017

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Anindya Husnul Hasna

Andika Ibnu Sina

Arif Munandar

David Usman

Dipta Dwi Pratiwi

Emmanuele Gita

Erliana Chandra R.

Ersadarita Sembiring

Esther Dyah

Fuad Sumantri

Hanan Purana

Naresvara Nircela P.

Putu Agus Murjadi

Rizka Ayu F.

Rizki Arisandy

Rizky Novita

Sri Dewi Dyah

Teddy Kardiansyah

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Steering Committee:


2. Prof. Dr. Sri Nugroho Marsoem

3. Prof. Dr. T.A Prayitno.

4. Prof. Dr. Yusuf Sudohadi

5. Prof. Dr. Yusram Massijaya

6. Prof. Dr. Anita Firmanti

7. Dr. Wahyu Dwianto

8. Dr. Budiadi

9. Dr. Ganis Lukmandaru

Organizing Committee

Chair : Dr. Tomy Listyanto

Secretary : Dr. Denny Irawati

Treasure : Dr. Rini Pujiarti

Program : Dr. Muhammad Navis Rofii

Dr. Ragil Widyorini

Oka Karyanto, M.Sc

Dr. Ragil Widyorini

Dr. Y. Suranto


Dr. Sigit Sunarta

Harry Praptoyo, M.P.

Dr. Fanny Hidayati

Dr. Widyanto D. Nugroho

Annisa Putri Arsanadewi

Secretariat :

Alan Cahya

Alfredo Septiano

Andiar Rizki Yudha D.

Anindya Husnul Hasna

Andika Ibnu Sina

Arif Munandar

David Usman

Dipta Dwi Pratiwi

Emmanuele Gita

Erliana Chandra R.

Ersadarita Sembiring

Esther Dyah

Fuad Sumantri

Hanan Purana

Naresvara Nircela P.

Putu Agus Murjadi

Rizka Ayu F.

Rizki Arisandy

Rizky Novita

Sri Dewi Dyah

Teddy Kardiansyah

9th International Symposium of IWoRS (Indonesian Wood Research Society) 2017

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INFORMATION AND OFFICIAL CONTACS

The 9th PRWAC & IAWS Meeting Committee: 1. Prof. Dr. Sri Nugroho Marsoem

Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas

Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No.1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.

Email : [email protected] Phone : +62811286042

2. Dr. Widyanto Dwi Nugroho








The 9th International Symposium of IWoRS Committee: 1. Dr. Tomy Listyanto




2. Dr. Denny Irawati




mailto:[email protected]





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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

CONFERENCE COMMITTEE 1 INFORMATION AND OFFICIAL CONTACS 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6 WELCOME MESSAGE

Chairman of the 9th Pacific Regional Wood Anatomy Conference & Annual Meeting of International Academy of Wood Science 2017 Chairman of the 9th International Symposium of Indonesian Wood Research Society 2017

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9 CONFERENCE VENUE 10 REGISTRATION DESK 13 ORAL PRESENTATION GUIDELINE 14 POSTER PRESENTATION GUIDELINE 15 SOCIAL EVENTS

Welcome Ceremony Field Trip Dinner

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PARTNER JOURNALS 17 SCHEDULE OF PROGRAMS 18 LIST OF ABSTRACT TITLES 24 ABSTRACTS/PAPERS FOR PLENARY LECTURES 40 ABSTRACTS FOR ORAL PRESENTATION

Annual Meeting of IAWS The 9th PRWAC The 9th International Symposium of IWoRS

50 57

140 ABSTRACTS FOR POSTER PRESENTATION

The 9th PRWAC The 9th International Symposium of IWoRS

246 294

BALI AT GLANCE 307 AUTHORS INDEX


315 317 322

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS and SPONSORS 329 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS


333 334 339

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WELCOME MESSAGES

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WELCOME MESSAGE

Chairman of 9th PRWAC and Annual Meeting of IAWS

Selamat datang!

On behalf of the Conference Committee of 9th

Pacific Regional Wood Anatomy Conference

(PRWAC) and Annual Meeting of International

Academy of Wood Science (IAWS), I would like to

welcome you to the conference in this beautiful island

of Bali, Indonesia. The conference is held from 26-29

September 2017, and is hosted by the Faculty of

Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada of Indonesia in collaboration with International

Association of Wood Anatomist (IAWA), International Academy of Wood Science

(IAWS) and Indonesian Wood Research Society (IWoRS). The 9th PRWAC and IAWS

meeting are joined with 9th International Symposium of Indonesian wood Research

Society (IWoRS).

The 9th PRWAC and IAWS meeting are attended by over 100 researchers,

scientists, experts, and students from 19 countries. Throughout the conference, there

will be 55 oral presenters and 30 posters presentation. The meetings will provide

opportunities to share ideas and knowledge as much as strengthen networking among

all participants. It is our sincere wish that the conference will further the advancement

of wood sciences and technologies.

We have decided to choose Bali for the meetings, considering its ultimate beauty

and strategic location, with hope that participants find the experience not only insightful

but also memorable. The last but not the least, the committee would like to thank the

Indonesian Government, Universitas Gadjah Mada, IAWA, IAWS, all donors, and

other devoted institutions that have supported the success of the 9th PRWAC and IAWS

meeting this year.

Sincerely,

Prof. Dr. Sri Nugroho Marsoem

Chairman of 9th PRWAC and Annual Meeting of IAWS

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WELCOME MESSAGE

Chairman of the 9th International Symposium of Indonesian Wood Research Society

(IWoRS)

Welcome to the 9th International Symposium of

Indonesian Wood Research Society (IWoRS), which is held

on 26-27 September 2017, in Denpasar Bali. This

symposium is held by Faculty of Forestry, Universitas

Gadjah Mada, and collaboration with Indonesian Wood

Research Society.

The first International Symposium of IWoRS was

held in Bogor in 2009. Since then, the symposium has been

held every single year in different province at different Island in Indonesia. The symposium

has been a premiere wood and forestry conference among academics and researcher in

Indonesia. The theme for IWoRS 2017 is “Sustainable Forest and Forest Products for

Sustainable Development” . The symposium is joined with 9th Pacific Regional Wood

Anatomy Conference and Annual Meeting of International Academy of Wood Science

2017, which are held on 26-29 September 2017. This joint conference will provide

opportunity to participants to publish results and share knowledge of the latest information.

This joint conference is attended by more than 250 participants that included scientists and

experts from government agencies, and research institution from 19 countries. The format

for the symposium allowed ample time for discussion and exchange of ideas, further

cooperation, and networking among participants.

The symposium took place in the historical island of Bali, which is blessed with

pleasant climate, beautiful scenery, and environment. I hope, the participants at the

conference had the great opportunity to get benefits from this grand conference and to enjoy

the local historical and cultural richness of this area.

I would like to thank to all members of steering committee and organizing committee

who have worked very hard to succeed the conference. Financial support is also critical for

the symposium, and I thank to many groups that sponsor the symposium. I hope that the 9th

International Symposium of Indonesian Wood Research Society is intellectually satisfying,

enjoyable, and memorable for all participants.

Sincerely,

TomyListyanto, Ph.D

The 9th International Symposium of Indonesian Wood Research Society Chair

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Conference Venue

SUNSET GARDEN CONVENTION CENTRE Address: Jl. Pura Mertasari, Sunset Road, Kuta, Pemogan, South Denpasar, Badung Regency, Bali 80361 Phone: (0361) 8947001

Access from the Ngurah Rai Airport: Harris Hotel can be reached from the airport by taxi. It will take around 15-30 minutes depend on traffic condition. In addition, that venue can be reached by taxi.

IMPORTANT PLACES Money Changer PT. CCAM Asia Pacific Money Changer Address : Jl. Sunset Road No.18, Legian, Kuta, Kabupaten Badung, Bali 80361

Kuta Police Station Jl. Raya Tuban, Tuban, Kuta, Kabupaten Badung, Bali 80361 Phone : (0361) 751598

Siloam Denpasar Hospital Address: Jl. Sunset Road No.818, Kuta, Kabupaten Badung, Bali 80361 Phone: (0361) 779900

Santi Bali Car Rental Address : Jl. Gelogor Carik No.92, Pemogan, Denpasar Sel., Kota Denpasar, Bali 80221 Phone: 0821-4632-0344

Harris Hotel also provides car rental, please contact the receptionist.

https://www.google.co.id/search?q=harris%2Bsunset%2Broad%2Baddress&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LRT9c3NEyvqiqojM_Qks1OttLPyU9OLMnMz4MzrBJTUopSi4sBG6jS5C8AAAA&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-9OCYkp_WAhWMtY8KHYTSA4cQ6BMIjgEwDw

https://www.google.co.id/search?q=harris%2Bsunset%2Broad%2Bphone&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-9OCYkp_WAhWMtY8KHYTSA4cQ6BMIkQEwEA

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More Information nearby place around venue please search on internet.

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Conference Room Layout

Note: SGCC : Sunset Garden Convention Centre C1 : Convention Hall 1; C2: Convention Hall 2; C3: Conventio

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REGISTRATION DESK

1. Location of registration desk: Registration for IAWS/PRWAC participants: In the front of

Convention Hall (left side) Registration for IWoRS participants: In the front of Convention

Hall (right side)

2. Registration time: Monday 25 September 2017 (13.30-16.30) Tuesday, 26 September 2017 (07.30-08.45)

3. How to register:

Registration for participant who have paid the registration fee please show your payment receipt to get the seminar kit directly in the registration desk.

4. On the spot payment:

Participants who want to pay on site, please visit the treasure desk and then show your receipt to get the seminar kit directly in the registration desk.

We appreciate if you pay with exact amount of registration fee. PRWAC/IAWS/IWoRS : 550 USD

5. Excursion / Conferences Tour payment:

Participants who want to pay excursion fee please visit the treasure desk (50 USD / 650.000 IDR)

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ORAL PRESENTATION GUIDELINES

1. Presentation schedule for each presenter is provided in Program Schedule of conferences please see in page 19-23.

2. Duration

10 minutes to present 4 minutes for QA 1 minute for transition

3. Presenters can use their own PC for presentation.

4. The committee will provide:

a. PC in the room for presentation with the following configuration:

i. Processor a minimum Core i3 ii. 2 GB RAM

iii. Microsoft Windows 7 Professional iv. Microsoft office 2010 v. PowerPoint 2010

vi. Adobe Acrobat Reader b. VGA connector c. LCD Projector

5. Laser Pointer

6. Sound system

7. The committee does not provide any VGA connector for MAC PC.

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POSTER PRESENTATION GUIDELINES

1. Poster Presentation schedule is provided in Program Schedule of conferences. Please see in page 19.

2. Poster should be attached on the panel during registration time

(Tuesday, 26 September 2017; 07.30 – 08.45).

3. Poster presenters should be ready in front of their own poster during poster session.

4. The committee will provide:

a. Poster panel with size 1 meter (w) and 2,5 meter (h) b. Double tape c. Scissors

5. Poster should be arranged in portrait orientation.

6. It is prohibited to attach the poster in the panel using pin, nail, glue

etc.

7. Poster can be released from the panel at least on Wednesday, 27 September 2017; before lunch.

8. The Conferences Committee will select Best Poster Awards.

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SOCIAL EVENTS

Welcome Ceremony Meeting point : Convention Hall 1 and 2 (3rd Floor) Time : September 26th 2017, 09.00 – 10.15 Description :

Welcome ceremony contains opening ceremony and photo session. Chairman reports include Chairman of PRWAC conference and IAWS meeting committee and Chairman of IWoRS conference committee also President´s welcome receptions.

Banquet Meeting point : Forest 2 Harris Hotel Sunsed Road Time : September 26th 2017, 18.00 – 20.00 Description :

Dinner all participant from PRWAC, IAWS and IWoRS

Field Trip Meeting point : Front of Harris Hotel Time : September 28th 2017, 08.00 – 18.00 Description :

Field trip visit famous tourism location in Bali like Tampak Siring, Mother Temple Besakih and Jimbaran Beach.

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PARTNER JOURNALS

The 9th International Symposium of IWoRS has agrement with three journals, which their

Board of Editors may select several articles that meet with their coverage and quality

standar of publication. The journals are as follows:

1. Wood Research Journal (published by Indonesian Wood Research Society),

2. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis/Journal of Tropical Wood Science and

Technology (published by Indonesian Wood Research Society). This journal is

acredited by Directorate General of Higher Education No 212/P/2014.

3. Journal of Forest Science /Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan. This journal is published

biannually (January-March and July－September) by the Faculty of Forestry

Universitas Gadjah Mada in cooperation with Indonesia Forestry Scholar

Association (PERSAKI). This journal is accredited by Directorate General of

Research Enhancement and Development, Ministry of Research, Technology,

and Higher Education No. 36a/E/KPT/2016 which will be valid until May, 2021.

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SCHEDULE OF PROGRAMS

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Day 1, 26 September 2017 No Agenda Time Speakers/Presenters

1 Registration 07.30 - 08.45 (Welcome snacks and drinks, Foyer 3rd Floor)

2 Art Performance 08.45 - 09.00 (Welcome Traditional Balinesse Dance, )

3 Opening ceremony and Photo session 09.00 - 10.15 (PRWAC, IAWS, and IWORS opening ceremony is located in the Covention Hall 1 and 2 (3rd Floor)) 3.1 Chairman Reports

3.1.1. Chairman of PRWAC conference and

IAWS meeting committee 09.00 - 09.05

Prof. Sri Nugroho Marsoem

3.1.2. Chairman of IWORS conference

committee 09.05 - 09.10

Dr. Tomy Listyanto

3.2 President's welcome receptions

3.2.1. IAWA committee 09.10 - 09.15 IAWA Representative (Prof. Yafang Yin)

3.2.2. IAWS president 09.15 - 09.20 Prof. Robert Evans

3.3.3. IWORS president 09.20 - 09.25 Dr. Joko Sulistyo 3.3 Welcome Reception and Opening

3.3.1. Rector UGM 09.25 - 09.35 Prof. Panut Mulyono

3.3.2. Indonesian Government (Coordinating

Maritim Minister) 09.35 - 09.55

Tentative: Coordinating Minister of Economic : Dr. Darmin Nasution *)

3.4 Photo session 09.55 - 10.15

4 Plenary lectures 1 10.15 - 11.45 Moderator: Dr. Hisashi Abe 4.1 IAWA representatives speech 10.15 - 10.45 Prof. Pieter Baas 4.2 IWORS representatives speech 10.45 - 11.15 Prof. Sri Nugroho Marsoem 4.3 IAWS representative speech 11.15 - 11.45 Prof. Lloyd Donaldson

5 Poster Session 11.45 - 12.45 PRWAC, IAWS and IWORS Poster are held in the same place (Voyage 1st Floor)

6 Lunch Break 12.45 - 13.45

7 Plenary lectures 2 13.45 - 14.45 Moderator: Prof. Sri Nugroho Marsoem 7.1 IAWS representative speech 13.45 - 14.15 Prof. Arno Fruehwald 7.2 PBM representative speech 14.15 - 14.45 Prof. Hiroyuki Yamamoto

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Tropical Forest Industrial (Bussines)

Lecturer 14.45 - 15.45

8,1 14.45 - 15.05 Business Lecture 1 8,2 15.05 - 15.25 Business Lecture 2 8,3 15.25 - 15.45 Business Lecture 3

9 Coffee Break 15.45 - 16.00

10 Parallel Class 9th

International Symposium of IWORS PRWAC and IAWS Biomaterial Engineering Biomaterial Conversion General Forestry

Convention Hall (1 &2) Happy Room (1st

floor) Easy Room (1st floor) Simple Room (1st floor) Code Presenters Code Presenters Code Presenters Code Presenters 16.00 - 16.45 Moderator: Dr. Yafang Yin Moderator: Prof. Nam Hun Kim Moderator: Dr. Wahyu Dwianto Moderator: Dr S. Khoirul Himmi

16.00 - 16.15 IAWS-1 Byung-Dae Park IW-BE-01 Yusuf Sudo Hadi IW-BC-01 Nyoman Wistara IW-GF-01 Dimas Andrianto

16.15 - 16.30 IAWS-2 Harendrakumar Dave IW-BE-02 Karnita Yuniarti IW-BC-02 Wahyudi IW-GF-02 Ira Taskirawati

16.30 - 16.45 IAWS-3 Tobias Keplinger IW-BE-03 Kazushige Murayama IW-BC-03 Astuti Arif IW-GF-03 Vega Jessica

16.45 - 17.30 Moderator: Dr. Keiko Kuroda IW-BE-04 Rudi Dungani IW-BC-04 Ismail Budiman IW-GF-04 Tuti Herawati

16.45 - 17.00 IAWS-4 Yoon Soo Kim IW-BE-08 TA. Prayitno IW-GF-05 Dodi Nandika

17.00 - 17.15 IAWS-5 M. Pramaditya Garry Hanantyo

17.15 - 17.30 IAWS-6 W. Willems

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Welcome Dinner/ Banquet

18.00 - 20.00

All Participants PRWAC, IAWS, and IWoRS; Located at The Forest 2 Harris Hotel Sunset Road

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Day 2, 27 September 2017

No Time 9th

PRWAC Conference and IAWS Meeting 9th

International Symposium of IWORS

WEDNESDAY

9/27/2017

Convention Hall 1 Convention Hall 2 Happy Room Easy Room Simple Room

Code Presenters Code Presenters Code Presenters Code Presenters

Code Presenters Wood Properties Biomaterial Engineering Biomaterial Conversion General Forestry

1 08.00 - 09.00 Session 1. General

Wood Anatomy

Moderator : Prof. Futoshi

Ishiguri

Moderator: Prof. Imam Wahyudi Moderator: Dr. Arif Nuryawan Moderator: Dr. Nyoman Wistara Moderator: Dr. Dimas Andrianto

08.00 - 08.15 PRWAC-A1 Deborah Apgaua IW-WP-01 Dawam Abdullah IW-BE-05 Arinana IW-BC-05 Sihati Suprapti IW-GF-05 Dodi Nandika 08.15 - 08.30 PRWAC-A2 Andi Detti Yunianti IW-WP-02 Wahyu Dwianto IW-BE-06 Suhasman IW-BC-06 Wiwin Tyas Istikowati IW-GF-06 Makkarennu

08.30 - 08.45 PRWAC-A3 Gudiwidayanto S.P. IW-WP-03 Hikaru Kobori IW-BE-07 Djarwanto IW-BC-07 Sena Maulana IW-GF-07 S. Khoirul Himmi

08.45 - 09.00 PRWAC-A4 Gao Shan IW-WP-04 Maryoko Hadi IW-BE-08 TA. Prayitno IW-BC-08 Lukmanul Zaini IW-GF-08 Tajul Adli

2 09.00 - 10.00 Session 2. General

Wood Anatomy

Moderator : Prof. Ryo Funada Moderator: Dr. Hikaru Kobori Moderator: Dr. Ragil Widyorini Moderator: Dr. Ganis Lukmandaru Moderator: Dr. Makkarennu

09.00 - 09.15 PRWAC-A5 Sangeeta Gupta IW-WP-05 Imam Wahyudi IW-BE-09 Isti Rahayu IW-BC-09 Sehwi Park IW-GF-09 Asri Insiana Putri

09.15 - 09.30 PRWAC-A6 Geoffrey Daniel IW-WP-06 Ihak Sumardi IW-BE-10 Firda Syamani/Subyakto IW-BC-10 Yunki Kim IW-GF-10 Siti Halimah 09.30 - 09.45 PRWAC-A7 Yuzou Sano IW-WP-07 Jeon Woo-Seok IW-BE-11 Krisdianto IW-BC-11 Yunki Kim IW-GF-11 Dede Rohadi 09.45 - 10.00 IW-WP-08 Syahidah IW-BE-12 Effendi Tri Bahtiar IW-BC-12 JP. Gentur Sutapa IW-GF-12 Aulia Hasanusi

3 10.00 - 10.15 Coffee Break Coffee Break Biomaterial Engineering

4 10.15 - 11.15 Session 3. Wood

Formation

Moderator : Prof. Biao Pan Moderator: Prof. Chun-Won Kang Moderator: Dr. Naresworo Nugroho Moderator: Dr. Wiwin Tyas Istikowati Moderator: Dr. Karnita Yuniarti

10.15 - 10.30 PRWAC-B1 Batirtze Prats-Mateu IW-WP-09 Trisna Priadi IW-BE-13 Arif Nuryawan IW-BC-13 Erliana Chandra IW-BE-26 Mahdi Santoso 10.30 - 10.45 PRWAC-B2 Izumi Arakawa IW-WP-10 Ridwan Yahya IW-BE-14 Ignasia Sulastiningsih IW-BC-14 Andi Achmad Rizaldy IW-BE-27 Jessica Hendrik

10.45 - 11.00 PRWAC-B3 Kayo Kudo IW-WP-11 Umit Ayata IW-BE-15 Lina Karlinasari IW-BC-15 Muh. Anchu Asmur IW-BE-28 Muhamad Nadzim 11.00 - 11.15 PRWAC-B4 Widyanto Dwi Nugroho IW-WP-12 Umit Ayata IW-BE-16 Sahriyanti Saad/ Kobori IW-BC-16 Rini Pujiarti IW-BE-29 Alif Imanullah

5 11.15 - 12.30 Session 4. Wood

Formation and

Cambial Activity

Moderator: Prof. Yoon Soo Kim Moderator: Prof. Musrizal Muin Moderator: Dr. Krisdianto Moderator: Dr. M. Navis Rofii Moderator: Dr. Anne Hadiyane

11.15 - 11.30 PRWAC-B5 Martin Felhofer IW-WP-13 Yuyu Rahayu Arifin IW-BE-17 Naresworo Nugroho IW-BC-17 Sofia Mustamu IW-BE-30 Efrida Basri 11.30 - 11.45 PRWAC-B6 Yusuke Yamagishi IW-WP-14 Andi Tri Lestari IW-BE-18 Kurniawan Wicaksono IW-BC-18 Sigit Sunarta IW-BE-31 Nur Ra’aena Dewi S.

11.45 - 12.00 PRWAC-B7 Ryo Funada IW-WP-15 Chun-Won Kang IW-BE-19 Syamsul Falah IW-BC-19 Ganis Lukmandaru IW-BE-32 Nurmadina

12.00 - 12.15 PRWAC-B8 Bernadette Nanayakkara IW-WP-16 Muhammad Aizat Abd Ghani IW-BE-20 Y. Suranto IW-BC-20 Joko Sulistyo IW-BE-33 Muhamad Hanafi

12.15 - 12.30 PRWAC-B9 Hiroyuki Yamamoto IW-WP-17 Wahyu Hidayat IW-BC-21 Rizki Arisandi

6 12.15 - 13.15 Lunch Break Lunch break

7 13.15 - 14.30 Session 5.

Paleobotany and

Archaeology

Moderator : Prof. Shengcheng

Zai

Moderator: Dr. Ridwan Yahya Moderator: Prof. Subyakto Moderator: Dr. Ihak Sumardi

13.15 - 13.30 PRWAC-C1 Elisabeth Wheeler IW-WP-18 Herman Siruru IW-BE-21 Andi Sri Rahayu Diza IW-BE-34 Dwi Pangestu 13.30 - 13.45 PRWAC-C2 Nani Husien IW-WP-19 Fanny Hidayati IW-BE-22 Dwi Ningsih IW-BE-35 Victor Leo Nolly Kewilaa

13.45 - 14.00 PRWAC-C3 Nareerat Boonchai IW-WP-20 Andrea Weiss IW-BE-23 Evalina Herawati IW-BE-36 Renny Purnawati 14.00 - 14.15 PRWAC-C4 Oris Rodriguez IW-WP-21 Aprilia Kartikawati IW-BE-24 Qamariah Nor Hidayah Salleh IW-BE-37 Andhika Ibnu Sina

14.15 - 14.30 PRWAC-C5 Rakesh Mehrotra IW-WP-22 Sarah Augustina IW-BE-25 Yuliati Indrayani

8 14.30 - 15.30 Session 6.

Paleobotany and

Archaeology

Moderator : Prof. Junji Sugiyama Moderator: Dr. Wahyu Hidayat Moderator: Dr. Suhasman

14.30 - 14.45 PRWAC-C6 Rashmi Srivastava IW-WP-23 Siti Nurul Ashikin Rosli IW-BE-37 Ragil Widyorini

14.45 - 15.00 PRWAC-C7 Yoon Soo Kim IW-WP-24 Riezky Sutanto IW-BE-38 M. Navis Rofii

15.00 - 15.15 PRWAC-C8 Hanny Oktariani IW-WP-25 Sari Marbun IW-BE-39 Tomy Listyanto

15.15 - 15.30 PRWAC-C9 Shengcheng Zhai IW-WP-26 Esa Prakasa

9 15.30 - 16.00 Coffee Break Coffee Break 16.00 - 16.20 Industrial Lecture 16.20 - 17.00 Keynote Speech from Minister of Public Work and Housing (Tentative: Basuki Hadimuljono)

10 17.00 - 18.30 Business Hours Closing Ceremony of the 9th International Symposium of IWoRS

17.00 - 17.45 IAWA Business Meeting 17.45 - 18.30 IAWS Business Meeting 17.00 - 18.30 PBM

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Day 3, 28 September 2017

Day/Date

No

Time

Agenda

28-Sep

Day 3: Thursday 1 08.00 - 18.00 Excursion/Conference Tour 07.30 - 08.00 Registration and meet in front of Harris Hotel 08.00 - 09.30 Trip to Tampak Siring 09.30 - 10.30 Visiting Tirta Empul, Tampak Siring 10.30 - 11.30 Trip to Besakih area 11.30 - 12.30 Lunch at Mahagiri Resto 13.00 - 15.00 Visiting the Mother Temple of Besakih 15.00 - 17.30 Trip to Jimbaran Beach 18.00 - 19.30 Dinner & Art Performances at Jimbaran beach 20.00 - Back to Harris Hotel

Tirta Empul is an important temple complex and holy mountain spring, located in the village of Manukaya in central Bali. The site serves as a legendary setting of a traditional tale about good versus evil. It is also a national cultural heritage site. The complex, built circa 960 AD, is also a silent witness to the old Balinese kingdom years, particularly at the time of the Warmadewa Dynasty. Another nearby and prominent site on top of a hill is the presidential palace, Istana Tampaksiring, built during the years of the nation’s first president, Soekarno. (http://www.bali-indonesia.com; picture source: tripadvisor)

Besakih Temple, known as Bali’s ‘Mother Temple’ for over 1,000 years, sits 1,000 metres high on the southwestern slopes of Mount Agung. Besakih is an artistic and unique complex that comprises at least 86 temples which include the main Pura Penataran Agung (the Great Temple of State) and 18 others. Besakih is the biggest and holiest of the island's temples and is surrounded by breathtaking and scenic rice paddies, hills, mountains, streams.

http://www.bali-indonesia.com/

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(http://www.bali-indonesia.com; Picture source : https://madepuji.blogspot.co.id)

(http://www.bali-indonesia.com; picture source: anekatempat.com

Jimbaran beach and the famous Jimbaran Bay are located on Bali's southwestern coast of the narrow isthmus connecting the Bali mainland and the Bukit Peninsula. The beach and the bay of Jimbaran offers small secluded areas, where tranquility and peace are the perfect antidote to a stressful world.



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Day 4, 29 September 2017 Day/Date No Agenda Time Code Speakers/Presenters

Day 4: Friday

1

Session 7. Wood

Identification 08.00 - 09.00

Moderator : Prof. Tomoyuki

Fujii

29-Sep-17 7.1 08.00 - 08.15 PRWAC-D1 Xin Jie Tang 7.2 08.15 - 08.30 PRWAC-D2 Kayoko Kobayashi 7.3 08.30 - 08.45 PRWAC-D3 Hairi Cipta 7.4 08.45 - 09.00 PRWAC-D4 Yafang Yin

2

Session 8. Wood Anatomy

and Processing 09.00 - 10.00

Moderator : Dr. Widyanto

Dwi Nugroho 8.1 09.00 - 09.15 PRWAC-E1 Hiromi Shibui 8.2 09.15 - 09.30 PRWAC-E2 Listya Dewi 8.3 09.30 - 09.45 PRWAC-E3 Rashmi Ramesh Shanbhag

3 Coffee Break 10.00 - 10.15

4

Session 9. Technique and

Technologies; Wood

Quality

10.15 - 11.15

Moderator : Dr. Katsuhiko

Takata 9.1 10.15 - 10.30 PRWAC-F1 Dian Apriyanti 9.2 10.30 - 10.45 PRWAC-F2 Junji Sugiyama 9.3 10.45 - 11.00 PRWAC-F3 Jianxiong Lyu 9.4 11.00 - 11.15 PRWAC-G1 Andiar Darmawan

5 Lunch break 11.15 - 13.00

6

Session 10. Wood

Utilization & Environment;

Tree Physiology and

Pathology

13.00 - 14.00

Moderator : Dr. Keiji Takabe

10.1 13.00 - 13.15 PRWAC-H1 Suthon Srivaro 10.2 13.15 - 13.30 PRWAC-H2 Yan Wu 10.3 13.30 - 13.45 PRWAC-I1 Keiko Kuroda 10.4 13.45 - 14.00 PRWAC-I2 Yuko Yasuda

7

Session 11.

Cytochemistry 14.00 - 15.00

Moderator : Dr. Lloyd

Donaldson 11.1 14.00 - 14.15 PRWAC-J1 Hong Chen 11.2 14.15 - 14.30 PRWAC-J2 Jong Sik Kim 11.3 14.30 - 14.45 PRWAC-J3 Kei Ariizumi 11.4 14.45 - 15.00 PRWAC-J4 Keiji Takabe

8 Coffee Break 15.00 - 15.15

9

Session 12.

Cytochemistry 15.15 - 16.15

Moderator : Dr. Jong Sik

Kim 12.1 15.15 - 15.30 PRWAC-J5 Ratih Damayanti 12.2 15.30 - 15.45 PRWAC-J6 Yoshiki Horikawa 12.3 15.45 - 16.00 PRWAC-J7 Tatsuya Awano 12.4 16.00 - 16.15 PRWAC-J8 Fuxiang Chu

10

Clossing ceremony and

Best Presentation award 16.15 - 17.00

24

LIST OF ABSTRACTS TITLE

25

List of Oral Presentations Title

The Annual Meeting of IAWS

Code Name Title

IAWS-1 Byung-Dae Park Wood Adhesion of Low Emission Urea

Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives

IAWS-2 Harendrakumar D. Effect of Mechanical Pulping on Anatomical Changes

in Santalum album and Santalum spicatum Wood

Structure

IAWS-3 Tobias Keplinger The potential of Raman spectroscopy and Atomic

Force microscopy for the analysis of modified wood

IAWS-4 Yoon Soo Kim Description of Soft Rot Cavity First by Japanese

Wood Anatomist

IAWS-5 M. Pramaditya G. H. Characterizations of Hydrochars Produced by

Hydrothermal Carbonizations of Lignin

Isolated from Black Liquor

IAWS-6 W. Willems Application of Van Krevelen's Graphical-Statistical

Method for The Study of Thermal and Fungal

Degradation of Wood


The 9th PRWAC

PRWAC-A1 Deborah Apgaua Experimental Drought Changes Wood Anatomy of

Tropical Trees

PRWAC-A2 Andi Detti Yunianti Relationships of Microfibril Angle, Dimension

Crystallite, and Crystallinity Percentage with

Modulus of Elasticity of Agatis Wood (Agathis sp.,

Salisb) in Several Diameter

PRWAC-A3 Gudiwidayanto S.P. Variability of Superior Teak Wood Properties on

Radial Position in Correlation with Annual Increment

and Diameter Class

PRWAC-A4 Gao Shan Comparison of Voltammetry and Digital Bridge

Methods for Electrical Resistance Measurements in

Wood

PRWAC-A5 Sangeeta Gupta A Comparative Wood Anatomical Account of Upland

and Mangrove Species of Rhizophoraceae from India

26

PRWAC-A6 Geoffrey Daniel Thermo-modified Wood and its Protection Against

Fungal Decay; Ultrastructural and Chemical Aspects

PRWAC-A7 Yuzou Sano Structure of Intervascular Pit Membranes in

Xerophytic Trees Growing in Bonin Islands

PRWAC-B1 Batirtze Prats-Mateu Cell Wall and Pit Characterization During

Lignification by Raman-AFM

PRWAC-B2 Izumi Arakawa Initiation of Starch Accumulation in Ray Parenchyma

Cells in Larix kaempferi

PRWAC-B3 Kayo Kudo The Pattern of Location of the First Earlywood

Vessels in the Current Year’s Xylem in a Ring-porous

Hardwood, Quercus serrata.

PRWAC-B4 Widyanto Dwi N. Effects of Methyl Jasmonate and Ethylene on Wood

Anatomical Characteristics of Agarwood-Producing Species (Aquilaria sp.)

PRWAC-B5 Martin Felhofer RAMAN Imaging to Reveal in-situ Molecular

Changes of Wood During Heartwood Formation and

Drying

PRWAC-B6 Yusuke Yamagishi Tracheary Elements in Calli of Japanese Horse

Chestnut (Aesculus turbinata) Form Perforation Plates

Like Structures

PRWAC-B7 Ryo Funada Regulation of Cambial Activity in Trees: the Role of

Temperature and Precipitation

PRWAC-B8 Bernadette N. Wood Formation of Pinus radiata Growing in Central

North Island of New Zealand and its Relation to

Radial Stem Growth and the Environment

PRWAC-B9 Hiroyuki Yamamoto Growth Stress and Anatomical Features in Reaction

Wood of Gnetum gnemon- Investigation in Different

Three Sites in Indonesia

PRWAC-C1 Elisabeth Wheeler Modern Hydraulic Architecture at the Cretaceous

Paleocene Boundary of India

PRWAC-C2 Nani Husien Wood Fossil from East Borneo

PRWAC-C3 Nareerat Boonchai Recommended Nomenclature Update for Fossil

Ebenaceous Wood Based on Current Generic

Relationships of Ebenaceae, IAWA terminology, and A Well-preserved Miocene Trunk from Bristol Bluff,

Florida, USA

PRWAC-C4 Oris Rodriguez Revisiting the Fossil Forests of Ocu

27

PRWAC-C5 Rakesh Mehrotra Cenozoic Woods of India: an Overview

PRWAC-C6 Rashmi Srivastava Malvalean Woods from the Deccan Intertrappean

Beds of Central India and their Biogeographic

Implecations

PRWAC-C7 Yoon Soo Kim Micromorphological and Chemical Characteristics of

Waterlogged Archaeological Yunnan Pines

PRWAC-C8 Hanny Oktariani A Wood Fossil Dipterocarpacea From Genteng

Formation in Lebak Regency, Banten Province,

Indonesia

PRWAC-C9 Shengcheng Zhai Characterization of Moruswoodused in Han Dynasty

Tombs Excavated from Northwest and Southeast

China

PRWAC-D1 Xin Jie Tang Rapid and Robust Automated Macroscopic Wood

Identification System using Smartphone with Macrolens

PRWAC-D2 Kayoko Kobayashi Texture Analysis of Diffuse-porous Hardwood:

Identification of Wood Species Used in Tripitaka

Koreana

PRWAC-D3 Hairi Cipta Utilization of Synchrotron X-ray Microtomography to

Analyze Anatomical Features of Wooden Keris

Sheath

PRWAC-D4 Yafang Yin Establishing DNA Barcode Reference Databases

Based on Xylarium: A Case Effort on Dalbergia and

Pterocarpus

PRWAC-E1 Hiromi Shibui Seasonal Formation of Phellem in Betula

Maximowicziana

PRWAC-E2 Listya Dewi Investigating the Influence of Anatomical

Characteristics on the Performance of Rotational

Wood Welding

PRWAC-E3 Rashmi Ramesh S. Resistance of Imported Wood Against

Biodeteriorating Agents in Different Environmental

Conditions

PRWAC-F1 Dian Apriyanti Wood Properties Comparison on Eucalyptus pellita

Clones Using Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy

PRWAC-F2 Junji Sugiyama Aspects of Computer Vision Wood Anatomy

28

PRWAC-F3 Jianxiong Lyu Application of Time-temperature Superposition

Principle to Chinese Fir Wood Orthotropic Creep

PRWAC-G1 Andiar Darmawan Wood Quality of Flamboyan (Delonix regia (Bojer)

Raf.) Grown on Bantul Regency

PRWAC-H1 Suthon Srivaro Can We Apply the Rule of Mixtures to Predict

Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Wood

PRWAC-H2 Yan Wu Influence of Water Based Coating on the Mechanical

Properties of Wood Cell Wall as Evaluated by

Nanoindentation

PRWAC-I1 Keiko Kuroda Causal Agent of Erythrina variegata Decline and

Mortality is not a Gall Wasp Quadrastichus

erythrinaebut a Fungus Belonging to Fusarium solani

Species Complex

PRWAC-I2 Yuko Yasuda A. Growth Suppression Precedes Radial Growth

Suppression Under Shading in Abies sachalinensis

Saplings

PRWAC-J1 Hong Chen Effect of Alkali Treatment on Thermal Behavior of

Bamboo Fiber

PRWAC-J2 Jong Sik Kim Immunolocalization of Pectin and Hemicellulose

Epitopes in the Phloem of Softwoods and Hardwoods

PRWAC-J3 Kei Ariizumi Orientation of Lignin in Tracheid Secondary Walls in

Cryptomeria japonica as Revealed by Polarized

Raman Microscopy

PRWAC-J4 Keiji Takabe Function of the Golgi Apparatus in Differentiating

Xylem of Compression Wood in Chamaecyparis

obtusa

PRWAC-J5 Ratih Damayanti Ultrastructure of Super Teak and its Relationship with

Shrinkage Properties

PRWAC-J6 Yoshiki Horikawa Visualization of Cellulase Interactions with Cellulose

Microfibril by Transmission Electron Microscopy

PRWAC-J7 Tatsuya Awano Localization of Non-cellulosic Polysaccharides in

Developing Tension Wood Fiber of Poplar and

Yellow Poplar

PRWAC-J8 Fuxiang Chu N. Lignin Derived Polymer Composite: Preparation and

Functionality

29

List of Poster Presentations Title

The 9th PRWAC

PRWAC-PO1 Andianto Species and Age Estimate of Fossil Woods Origin

Merangin Regency, Jambi

PRWAC-PO2 Danang Sudarwoko Study on the Fiber Length Characteristics of Platinum

Teak Wood and Its Relation to Mechanical Properties

PRWAC-PO3 Eri Nabeshima Seasonal Changes of Leaf Photosynthetic Rate, Stored

Starch and Vessel Formation in Shoots and Tree

Stems of Two Deciduous Broad-leaved Tree Species

PRWAC-PO4 Futoshi Ishiguri Relationship Between Growth Characteristics and

Wood Properties in four Shorea species Planted in

Indonesia

PRWAC-PO5 Haruna Aiso Reaction Wood Characteristics in Vessel-Less

Angiosperms

PRWAC-PO6 Jo-Eun Kim Ultrastructural Change on Cell Wall of

Lignocellulosic Biomass by Thermochemical

Pretreatment

PRWAC-PO7 Kei Ariizumi Orientation of Lignin in Tracheid Secondary Walls in

Cryptomeria Japonica as Revealed by Polarized

Raman Microscopy.

PRWAC-PO8 Kenji Sasaki Visualization of Water Conducting Pathway in Secondary Xylem of Ginkgo biloba

PRWAC-PO9 Kuya Takashina Functional Anatomy of The Erythrina variegata

Decline After The Inoculation With A Candidate

Pathogen Belonging to Fusarium solani Species

Complex

PRWAC-PO10 Megumi Ohse Sequential Analysis of Rhytidome Formation in

Cryptomeria japonica, Quercus serrata and

Cercidiphyllum japonicum

PRWAC-PO11 Min Um UPLC-ESI-QTOP/MS Analysis of Water Soluble

Extract Obtained from Rosa rugosa Fruit

PRWAC-PO12 Minzhi Chen Cellulose/PEO Nanofiber Obtained Using

Electrospinning

PRWAC-PO13 Miyuki U Matsuo Overview of Hygrothermal Recovery of Wood in

Relation to Microfibril Angle

30

PRWAC-PO14 Mizuki Sakurai Molecule Arrangement of Cellulose and

Hemicellulose in the Innermost Surface of the Cell

Wall of the Developing Tracheids in Chamaecyparis

obtusa.

PRWAC-PO15 Naoaki Myokai Ecological and Functional Strategy of Lianas Judging

from Distribution of Parenchyma and Tracheids in

Wisteria and Actinidia spp.

PRWAC-PO16 Ni Made Rika S. Utilization of Wood Variation in Bale Daja Building

Gianyar, Bali

PRWAC-PO17 Widyanto Dwi N. Wood Anatomical Properties of Acacia decurens as

Invasive Species Infected by Ceratocystis sp. In

Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi

PRWAC-PO18 Satoshi Nagai Release on the web is prohibited by the presenters

PRWAC-PO19 Shiita Mugio Isolation of the Golgi Vesicles from Differentiating

Xylem of Poplar

PRWAC-PO20 So-Yeon Jeong Comparative Analysis of Structural Change of Lignin

During Thermochemical Pretreatment Depending on

Biomass

PRWAC-PO21Ting-Feng Yeh Characterization of Dendrocalamus latiflorus Culm

Lignin by 2D-NMR

PRWAC-PO22 Takahiro Kegasa Analysis of Anatomical Feature in Fagaceae Wood

Species with Computer Vision

PRWAC-PO23 Takao Momoi Use of Tree Rings to Date Fraying Scars on Japanese

Larch Caused by Sika Deer

PRWAC-PO24 Xuehua Wang Effect of Surface Carbonization on Mechanical

Properties of Laminated Panel

PRWAC-PO25 Yoko Watanabe The Effect of Insect Defoliation on the Secondary

Cell Wall Formation of Tracheids in Japanese Larch

(Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière)

PRWAC-PO26 Masato Yokoyama Species Ultrastructure of G-layer of Differentiating

Tension Wood Fibers as Revealed by Freeze-Fracture

field emission scanning electron microscopy

31

PRWAC-PO27 Yuiko Noguchi Anatomy and Hypothetical Experiments to

Demonstrate the Role of Parenchyma and Tracheids

to Keep Water Conduction in Cinnamomum

camphora (L.) J. Presl

PRWAC-PO28 Yuki Matsumoto Diurnal and Seasonal Changes in Radial Growth and

Trunk Diameter

PRWAC-PO29 Yus Andhini B. P. Histological Observation of Ochroma

pyramidale Wood Decayed by Fomitopsis palustris

and Trametes versicolor

PRWAC-PO30 Y. Suranto Diagnostic Study for Conservation of Dalimo Ethnic Vernacular House in Sijunjung District at

Sumatera Barat Province.


The 9th International Symposium of IWoRS

IW-WP-01 Dawam Abdullah Hollow structure of Indonesian Based Bamboo

Gombong (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea)

IW-WP-02 Wahyu Dwianto An Overview of Platinum Teak Wood Observations:

A Potential Fast Growing Wood in Indonesia for

Forest Timber Estate

IW-WP-03 Hikaru Kobori The Effect of Short Term Variability of Climatic

Elements on The Degradation of Wood Based Panel

IW-WP-04 Maryoko Hadi Property of Timber House Material Against Fire

IW-WP-05 Imam Wahyudi Exploration and Recommendation for the Utilization

of The Future Wood Species based on Its Anatomical

Structure, Physical-Mechanical Properties, and

Natural Durability

IW-WP-06 Ihak Sumardi The Vascular Bundles in Surat Bamboo Culm

(Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea)

IW-WP-07 Jeon Woo-Seok Anatomical Characteristics of Four Indonesian

Bamboo Speies

IW-WP-08 Syahidah Distribution, Retention and Penetration of Tuba

Leaves (Derris elliptica Benth) Extract on Aleurites

moluccana and Agathis sp. Woods with Cold and Hot

Soaking Methods

32

IW-WP-09 Trisna Priadi Physical Properties of Some Heated Tropical Fast

Growing Wood Species

IW-WP-10 Ridwan Yahya Effect of vessel on fiber properties in Acacia

mangium

IW-WP-11 Umit Ayata Effect of Heat Treatment (ThermoWood) on Color

and Glossiness Properties of Zebrano, Sapeli and

Merbau Woods

IW-WP-12 Umit Ayata Determination of Surface Roughness Parameters of

Heat-treated (ThermoWood)/Untreated Scotch pine,

Oak and Beech Woods

IW-WP-13 Yuyu Rahayu Arifin Stiffness Assesment of Sowang (Xanthostemon sp.)

IW-WP-14 Andi Tri Lestari Wettability and Surface Roughness of Three Heat

Treated Fast Growing Wood Species

IW-WP-15 Chun-Won Kang Changes in Sound Absorption Capability in

Transversal Direction and Air Permeability of Malas

(Homalium foetidum) Specimens in Longitudinal

Direction After High Temperature Heat Treatment

IW-WP-16 M. Aizat Abd Ghani Effects of Post-Treatment Using Amine Compounds

on Formaldehyde Emission and Properties of Urea

Formaldehyde-Bonded Particleboard

IW-WP-17 Wahyu Hidayat Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hybrid

Particleboard From Fast Growing Tree Species and

Bamboo

IW-WP-18 Herman Siruru Chemical Component of Sago Solid Waste and

Structure of Its Charchoal

IW-WP-19 Fanny Hidayati Stem Diameter, Tree Height, and Pilodyn Penetration

of 5-Year-Old Acacia mangium Families Planted in

Central Java, Indonesia

IW-WP-20 Andrea Weiss Opportunities of Timber Construction Material with

Fast-Growing Wood Species for Transforming The

Wood Processing Sector and Land Use in Indonesia

IW-WP-21 Aprilia Kartikawati Basic Properties of Reaction Wood and Juvenility of

5 year-old of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus pellita)

IW-WP-22 Sarah Augustina Anatomical Structure, Physical Property, and Fiber

Quality of Three Lesser Used and Lesser Known

Wood Species Grown in North Kalimantan

33

IW-WP-23 Siti Nurul Ashikin R. Durability of Palm Trunk Modified By 1,3

dimethylol-4,5-Dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU)

Against Biological Attack from Subterannean Termite

IW-WP-24 Riezky Sutanto Strength Design of Single Shear Connection Using

Common Wire Nail on Five Type Indonesian Wood

IW-WP-25 Sari Marbun Fiber Quality of Two Lesser Used Species from

Tropical Rainforest in East Kalimantan and Transition

Estimation for Their Juvenility

IW-WP-26 Esa Prakasa Development of Computer Vision Methods for Wood

Identification

IW-BC-01 Nyoman Wistara High Quality Solid Fuel from Torrefied Oil Palm

Trunk

IW-BC-02 Wahyudi Production of Laminated Beam from Sago Bark and

Two Less Used Wood Species from Papua

IW-BC-03 Astuti Arif The Termiticide Potential of Some Tropical Plant

Extracts against Coptotermes sp.

IW-BC-04 Ismail Budiman Low Temperature Hydrothermal Carbonization of

Lignocellulosic Biomass : A Review of Processes and

Application

IW-BC-05 Sihati Suprapti Suitability of Sawdust from Six Wood Species As

Growing Media for Three Edible Pleurotus spp

IW-BC-06 Wiwin Tyas I. Evaluation of Biopulping process for Medang Wood

Decayed By White Rot Fungus, Trametes versicolor

IW-BC-07 Sena Maulana Improvement Pyshical and Mechanical Properties of

Bamboo Oriented Strand Board by Steam

Pretreatment of Strands

IW-BC-08 Lukmanul Zaini Characteristics of Oil Palm Spathe Nanowhiskers

Isolated by Ammonium Persulfate Oxidation

IW-BC-09 Park Sehwi Comparison of Carbonization Properties Between

Sembilang and Moso Bamboo

IW-BC-10 Yunki Kim Comparison Of The Properties Of White Charcoal

From Traditional Kiln And Thermal Therapy Kiln

IW-BC-11 Yunki Kim Development of modified kiln for thermal therapy

IW-BC-12 J.P Gentur Sutapa Utilization of Solid Waste Cajeput and Gondorukem

as Raw Material in Biopellet of Environmental

Friendly Energy

34

IW-BC-13 Erliana Chandra R. Pulp Yield and Fiber Dimension of Shorea selanica

BI. with Kraft Process

IW-BC-14 Andi Achmad R. Efficacy of Tuba Leaves Extract (Derris elliptica) as

a Natural Antitermite

IW-BC-15 Muh. Anchu Asmur Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties of

Oriented Strand Board Prepared From Steam

Modification Bamboo Strand-Treated Against

Weathering and Powder Post Beetle

IW-BC-16 Rini Pujiarti Chemical Composition, Physico-Chemical Properties,

and The Antioxidant of Seed and Leaf of Amomum

cardamomum Willd Oils

IW-BC-17 Sofia Mustamu Utilization of Solid Waste Cajeput and Gondorukem

as Raw Material in Biopellet of Environmental

Friendly Energy

IW-BC-18 Sigit Sunarta

IW-BC-19 Ganis Lukmandaru Anti-termite Activity of Several Components of Teak

Extractive Against the Subterranean Termite

Retulitermes speratus Kolbe

IW-BC-20 Joko Sulistyo Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Tropical Wood in Pulse

Current Apparatus for Liquid Fuel Production

IW-BC-21 Rizki Arisandi Chemical composition of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell

Stemwood from Natural Forest in Malind District,

Merauke

IW-BE-01 Yusuf Sudo Hadi Subterranean Termite Resistance of Smoked Glued

Laminated Lumber Made From Fast-Growing Tree

Species in Indonesia

IW-BE-02 Karnita Yuniarti The Effect of Intermittent and Continuous Drying on

Post-Drying Quality of Eucalyptus saligna

IW-BE-03 Kazushige Murayama Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood Plastic

Composites Used Pre-mixed Wood Flour Combined

with Five Types of Maleic Anhydride-modified

Polypropylene

IW-BE-04 Rudi Dungani Termite Resistence Study of Oil Palm Trunk Lumber

(OPTL) Impregnated with Oil Palm Shell Meal and

Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin

35

IW-BE-05 Arinana Model for Predicting the Termite Hazard Class in the

Province of DKI Jakarta Based on Species, Soil, and

Climate

IW-BE-06 Suhasman Resinless Plywood Production by Using Oxidized

Acacia Bark Powder as a Binder

IW-BE-07 Djarwanto Enhacing Wood Coating Materials with Insecticide

IW-BE-08 TA. Prayitno The Adhesion Properties of Sengon Wood: Effect of

Sources of Natural Preservatives, Extraction and

Applications Method

IW-BE-09 Isti S. Rahayu Mechanical and Durability Properties of Nano

Impregnation Sengon Wood

IW-BE-10 Firda Syamani Acetylated Cellulose From Oil Palm Frond Fiberand

The Effecton Poly Lactic Acid Composite Properties

IW-BE-11 Krisdianto Application of Modified Domestic Microwave

Heating for Rattan Processing

IW-BE-12 Effendi Tri B. Triangle Inner Structure Modificationto Improve The

Cooling Tower Serviceability Against Dynamic Load

IW-BE-13 Arif Nuryawan Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Isocyanate

Adhesive; an Analytical Study on the Thermal

Properties

IW-BE-14 Ignasia Sulastiningsih Selected Properties of Vertically Glued Laminated

Bamboo Lumber

IW-BE-15 Lina Karlinasari Effect of Heat Treatment on Hardness Properties on

Three Tropical Fast Growing Wood Species

IW-BE-16 Sahriyanti Saad Changes Characteristics of Commercial Mat-formed

Panels over Cyclic-humid Treatment

IW-BE-17 Naresworo Nugroho Wood Endurance Against Dynamic Compression

Stress

IW-BE-18 Kurniawan W. Wood Quality Evaluation of Certified Douglas fir

(Pseudotsuga menziesii) for Geothermal Cooling

Towers.

IW-BE-19 Syamsul Falah Partial Purification and Characterization of Laccase

produced by Trametes versicolor KALT GK in Liquid

State Culture of Rice Husk Fermentation

36

IW-BE-20 Y. Suranto Formulating of Drying Condition on Convective

Dryer for Jack-Fruit Wood (Artocarpus heterophyllus

Lam.) Grown Artificially in Cangkringan Community

Forest District

IW-BE-21 Andi Sri Rahayu D. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Glulam Made

from Fast-Growing Species

IW-BE-22 Dwi Wahyu Ningsi The Effect of Different Consentration NaOH on

Chitosan Deacetylation Degree of The Shell Shrimp

as Bioadhesive for Producing Particleboard

IW-BE-23 Evalina Herawati Ductility Aspects of Single Shear Connection Using

Bolt on Some Indonesian Wood Species

IW-BE-24 Qamariah Nor H. S. Mechanical and Physical Behaviour of Sugarcane

Bagasse rHDPE Composite Modified Using

Nanosilica Filler

IW-BE-25 Yuliati Indrayani Effect of Plasticizer on Thermo-mechanical Properties

of Biocomposites Based on Polylactic Acid Cellulose

Fiber from Sugarcane Bagasse

IW-BE-26 Mahdi Santoso Effect of Press Temperature on Bonding Properties of

Sucrose-Citric Acid for Nipa Palm Fronds Particle

Board

IW-BE-27 Jessica Hendrik Penetration and Adhesion Strength of Phenol-Tannin

Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives for Bonding Three

Tropical Woods

IW-BE-28 Mohammad Nadzim Drying of Oil-palm Lumber Using Air-force Drying

Method

IW-BE-29 Alif Imanullah Bamboo Grading based on its Compressive Strength

and Capacity Parallel to Grain

IW-BE-30 Efrida Basri Moisture-Content-Based Basic Drying Schedule of 15

Indonesian Wood Species

IW-BE-31 Nur Ra’aena Dewi S. Concentration Variation in Initial Treatment before

Densification Process to Wood Quality Improvement

of Gmelina Wood (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) and Pine

Wood (Pinus merkusii)

IW-BE-32 Nurmadina Structural Grading of Gigantochloa apus Based on Its

Flexural Properties

37

IW-BE-33 Mohammad Hanafi Physico-Mechanical Properties of Thermal Modified

Sesendok Sawn Timber by Direct Contact Thermal

Modification Method

IW-BE-34 Dwi Pangestu Bamboo Grading with Flat Ring Flexure Test Pilot

Study

IW-BE-35 Victor L. N. Kewilaa The Effect of Bamboo Species and Particle Geometry

on Physical Properties of Cement Board

IW-BE-36 Renny Purnawati Evaluation of the Effect of Fiber Volume Fraction on

the Mechanical Properties of a Polypropilene Matrix

Composite

IW-BE-37 Ragil Widyorini Effects of Citric Acid-Arrowroot Starch Composition

Ratio and Pressing Temperature on Properties of

Particleboard from Salacca (Salacca sp.) Frond

IW-BE-38 M. Navis Rofii Effect of Element Type on the Physical Phenomena

during Hot Pressing of Wood-based Panel

IW-BE-39 Tomy Listyanto Effect of Borate-Citric Acid Composition and Its

Concentrations on Jabon Woods (Anthocephalus

cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.) Treatment Against Dry Wood

Termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.)

IW-GF-01 Dimas Andrianto Antioxidant Activity and Fractionation of Star

Gooseberry Fruit (Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeel)

Methanolic Extract

IW-GF-02 Ira Taskirawati Ganoderma applanatum, The Feeding Habits of

Mycodrosophila sp.

IW-GF-03 Vega Jessica Illiteracy Eradicating in Forest Community at Manipi

Village, West Sulawesi

IW-GF-04 Tuti Herawati Forest Tenure Reform Implementation: Perspectives

from National and Sub-National Government

Officials in Multiple Setting

IW-GF-05 Dodi Nandika Characteristics of Exposed Cavity in the Trunk of

Urban Trees in South Jakarta Landscape and Its Treatment

IW-GF-06 Makkarennu Designing Marketing Strategy by Using Business

Model Canvas and IFAS-EFAS for Palm Sugar

Business development

IW-GF-07 S. Khoirul Himmi Evaluation of termite biodiversity on Batam Island

38

IW-GF-08 Tajul Adli Design and Development of Automated V Grooving

Machine for Bamboo Flattening Production

IW-GF-09 Asri Insiana Putri Micro Propagation of Ramin

(Gonystylus bancanusMiq. Kurz): The High Value

Tree Species

IW-GF-10 Siti Halimah L. Evaluating Genetic Relationship of Jabon Merah from

Sulawesi Provenances Based on Microsatellite

Markers

IW-GF-11 Dede Rohadi Which Household Play Gender Equity?

IW-GF-12 Aulia Hasanusi

List of Poster Presentations Title

The 9th International Symposium of IWoRS

IW-P-01 Anne Hadiyane Soil Burial Degradation of Oil Palm Shell (OPS)

Nanofiller and Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) Resin

Impregnated Oil Palm Trunk Lumber (OPTL):

Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties

IW-P-02 Renhart Jemi The Effectiveness of Activated Charcoal of Wood

Tumeh (Combretocarpus rotundatus (Miq). Danser)

to Absorb Metal Compounds From Peat Water

IW-P-03 Sita Heris Anita Decolorization of Textile Dyes by Newly Isolated

Basidiomycetes Fungi Collected from Batam

Botanical Garden

IW-P-04 Tati Karliati Exploring Material Properties of Vinyl Ester

Biocomposites Filled Carbonized Jatropha Seed Shell

IW-P-05 Wasrin Syafii Antidiabetic Activities of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from

Kina Ledger (Cinchona ledgeriana)

IW-P-06 Kim Young-Kyoon Korean pine (Pinus densiflora) Needle Extract

Suppresses The Expression of iNOS, IL-6 and IL-1β,

and Activation of Inflammatory STAT1 and STAT3

Signaling Proteins in Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide

challenged Murine Macrophages

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IW-P-07 Tomy Listyanto The Relationship of Sawing Patterns and Board

Thickness Variations on Drying Schedule

Development of Jabon

IW-P-08 Tomy Listyanto Effect of Incising density and Vaccum Duration on

Durability of Superior Teak Sapwood Impregnated by

Permethrin Against Dry Wood Termites

(Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.)

IW-P-09 Teddy Kardiansyah Bamboo Properties and Potassium Hydroxide Pulping

of Four Bamboo Species in Indonesia

IW-P-10 Herry Palangka Jaya Methodology Calculation of

and Yetrie Ludang Water Volume for Carbondioxide Absorptions By

Plant

IW-P-11 Sufie Bhahaskara Stand Structure Model of Natural Forest in Gunung

Gajah Abadi Concession, East Kalimantan

IW-P-12 Hanan P. Putra Effect of Girding on Durability of 12 Years Old

Supperior Teak Grown in Pemalang and Ngawi

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ABSTRACTS/PAPERS FOR PLENARY LECTURES

41

History and Perspectives of Wood Anatomy – with Special Emphasis on the Indo-Pacific

Pieter Baas Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Leiden University P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

I will briefly review the history of wood anatomy, from the early 17th century

microscopists in Europe to the present day with special emphasis on developments in the Indo-Pacific region and Indonesia. There is a direct line from the 19th century origin of systematic and comparative wood anatomy to national and regional wood anatomical atlases and global databases such as InsideWood or the FFPRI wood anatomy website. The roots of comparative wood anatomy worldwide, but specifically in Japan and Korea go back to Munich, Germany, the birthplace of systematic wood anatomy under Radlekofer and his large group of students. The first study on systematic wood anatomy in the Asia-Pacific was on Indonesian woods by the Dutchman J.G. Boerlage (1875). No woody flora has been studied in such great wood anatomical detail as the one from Java, Indonesia, published in German in six impressive volumes between 1906 and 1938 by Moll and Janssonius. These and other earlier studies were a solid basis for the detailed accounts of wood anatomy and wood properties and uses of all commercial timbers of the whole of SE Asia in the three Timber volumes of the PROSEA Handbook series (1993—1998) produced by many young scientists from the region in cooperation with a team of international experts. Wood ultrastructure and chemistry in the Indo-Pacific region was pioneered by the groups of Harada and Fukazawa (Japan), Wardrop and Hillis (Australia), Meylan and Butterfield (New Zealand), Kim Yoon Soh (Korea), and many others, while structure and property relationships of wood, palms and bamboo were vigorously studied by the major national wood research centers and Forestry Universities.

From 1984 onwards the International Association of Wood Anatomists

(IAWA) has played an active role in international cooperation and science communication in the Indo-Pacificregion, through the periodic organisation of Pacific Regional Wood Anatomy Conferences (PRWACs). At this IXth PRWAC in Bali, I will argue that our knowledge base should be expanded and more actively used to promote sustainable and forestry and biodiversity conservation, and against illegal timber trade.

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Challenges in the Utilisation of Fast Growing Plantation Trees in Indonesia

Sri Nugroho Marsoem Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Four different ways have been introduced to overcome the demand for wood

which continues to increase in Indonesia. They are the utilisation of wood from Crop Estates, Industrial Plantation Forest, Intensive Silviculture (Close to Nature), and Community Forest. Most of the trees planted are of fast growing tree species. Crop estates are usually established for the production of the nontimber products such as rubber, exudate, fruits etc. The wood is derived from the utilization of old unproductive trees that would be renewed. Rubber trees are one of the examples of wood coming from the Crop Estates. Blue stain is one of the major problems faced in the rubber wood utilization.

Industrial Plantation Forests (IPF) were initially established for the production of wood for construction, pulp and energy, however most of them are directed for the production of pulp. Disease has been considered as the most worrisome threat.

Community Forest is usually composed of various trees species which initially directed for the production of fruits, own wood consumption, fences of their yard, etc. The wood is of various quality.

Intensive (Close to Nature) Silviculture is established for the production of wood species such as Shorea sp. commonly come from natural forest.

43

Cell Wall Porosity in Softwoods and Hardwoods.

Lloyd A. Donaldson1, Mathew Cairns2 & Stefan Hill1

1 Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand 2 Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand

Methods for detecting and measuring micropores in xylem cell walls using fluorescence microscopy have recently been developed (Donaldson et al. 2015). In this study, micropore distribution in xylem cell walls is determined using two approaches, one involving infiltration with quenching agents that reduce the fluorescence of lignin adjacent to the pores, and a second method involving infiltration with a fluorescent dye which has a hydrodynamic radius close to the exclusion limit for micropores, in combination with FRET (Förster resonant energy transfer) measurements. The porosities of the secondary wall and middle lamella are compared for a typical softwood and hardwood.

Xylem cells in conifers and flowering plants have specialized secondary cell walls that facilitate water conduction from roots to leaves and provide mechanical support for the stem and branches. These cell walls are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin forming a complex nano-composite. One aspect of this structure that is poorly understood is porosity. In the living tree, xylem cell walls are usually saturated with water which occupies the micropores within the cell wall. This water contributes to the physicochemical properties of the cell wall while its removal is an important process in timber drying, wood preservative treatment, and chemical modification. The micropores within cell walls also have a direct impact on utilization of biomass for biofuel applications by determining the accessibility of cellulosic biomass to enzymes.

Micropores in xylem cell walls are known to be less than 2nm in size in hydrated cell walls and are effectively closed in dry cell walls making their direct observation by electron microscopy impossible for untreated lignified cell walls. Treatments such as delignification or fungal degradation can enlarge pores allowing their direct observation and most of the studies on cell wall micropores have been carried out on these altered samples. It is possible to measure the size distribution of pores by physicochemical methods such as mercury porosimetry, nitrogen absorption or freezing point depression but these methods provide only bulk measurements of porosity and include both micro and mesopores. Studies to determine the spatial distribution of micropores in wet cell walls of different cell types and in different parts of the cell wall have only recently been carried out.

The distribution of micropores in xylem cell walls is of interest from both biological and materials points of view. Biologically, micropores form the apoplastic pathway for distribution of solutes and small molecules between adjacent cells independently from the meso and macroporous pathways involved in water translocation. These apoplastic pathways are important during heartwood formation where cell walls may replace their water with gums and extractives involved in defense responses. The cuticle and Casparian strips in other tissues are examples of how plants use micropores to control water and solute movement. Lignification during cell wall formation is also known to involve a reduction in wall porosity. From a materials point of view, cell wall micropores provide pathways for water loss during timber drying, and for infiltration with chemicals during wood preservation and chemical modification treatments.

44

Studies which provide fundamental knowledge on these porous networks are therefore of significant interest.

Sections of never-dried pine (Pinus radiata) and red beech (Nothofagus fusca) sapwood were treated with a range of nitrophenol labeled carbohydrates of different molecular weights and hydrodynamic radii. Rhodamine B was also used as a fluorescent probe for cell wall porosity using Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET). In both cases, probes were detected by their interaction with lignin in the cell wall. Beech fibers were more porous than pine tracheids. Both pine tracheids and beech fibers show reduced porosity in the highly lignified middle lamella region compared to the secondary cell wall. Vessel cell walls showed similar properties to fibers. Rhodamine infiltration into wood blocks revealed that the cell wall adjacent to the lumen represents a barrier to solute diffusion into the outer cell wall, with no penetration in either wet or air dried blocks via the lumen surface. These results indicate that lignification may be the primary determinant of porosity in different cell wall layers.

45

Oil Palm Trunk Utilization - Great Potential, Great Challenge for Research and Development

Arno Frühwald1

1Wood Science and Technology Univ. of Hamburg, Germany

Project Background The total plantation area for oil palms amounts to over 20 million hectares

worldwide and is expected to further increase. Oil palm plantations are exclusively planted for palm oil which is used in the food and biochemical industries as well as for

energy. Forest destruction, loss of bio diversity and human rights violations through massive and partly illegal planting of oil palm plantations have been widely reported on.

However, this present project does not deal with palm oil but with the utilization of an up to date disregarded but valuable raw material – the wood from oil palm trunks.

When oil palm plantations were originally established, the question of what would happen to the biomass, especially the oil palm trunks, after replanting was not an issue.

The fact is, oil palm plantations exist and they are gradually being replanted after a palm age of 25 years when palm oil yield is no longer economic. Based on a planted area of about 20 million ha, an average of 0.8 million ha annually will be replanted on a long term basis. As a result, large volumes of the resource oil palm wood will accrue worldwide, primarily in Asia. Estimates forecast 100 to 120 million cubic meters of trunks per year.

Presently, oil palm trunks are left to decay naturally, in some cases chipped as fertilizer (with subsequent insect and fungal attack) or even illegally burnt. All three procedures are highly detrimental for the environment due to rapid CO2 emissions and in case of burning severe smoke and haze development.

Furthermore a valuable resource which accrues in any case remains unused with the consequent economic and ecological disadvantages. The main reasons for the non- utilization is that oil palm wood significantly differs from “normal” wood in terms of extreme density variation within the trunk, the very high contents of water, silicates, sugar and starch. This results in a very different structure and properties of oil palm wood and processing requirements in comparison to “normal” wood species. Botanically, an oil palm is not a tree (di-cotyledon) but a grass (monocotyledon).

To date, the required knowhow and technology for an efficient use of oil palm wood are not available.

However, the use of oil palm trunks could significantly reduce the pressure on natural forests by replacing the timber extracted. In Asia, the ongoing dramatic decrease in available timber from natural forests and relatively small volumes from plantations (e.g. Rubberwood, Aciacia mangium, Albizzia falcata) have already lead to wood shortages. Illegal harvests further aggravate the situation. In the future, population and economic growths is expected to convert Asia into one of the largest importers of wood and wooden products.

At this point, it must be emphasized again that the wood of oil palm trunks never was and never will be the production target of oil palm plantations as revenues from wood fall far below those of palm oil. Nevertheless, the utilization of an anyhow existing resource is an ecologic and economic imperative.

Brief Project Description and Outlook Earlier studies and pilot projects on the utilization of oil palm trunks for products

have shown high technical and economic potentials. However, due to the afore mentioned reasons there are no industrial implementations yet.

The overall project objective is the best possible use of timber from unproductive, overaged oil palms for the production of high value-added products, e.g. one-layer and

46

multi-layer panels, blockboards, gluelam in standard dimensions and cross laminated timber (CLT) in Malaysia and Thailand. The project is to develop comprehensive solutions for a sustainable use of oil palm wood taking into account technical, economic, ecologic and social aspects.

Conservation of resources and tropical forests, climate protection, generation of jobs and income in the resource countries and new market development are objectives pursued by the project. Only plantation holders who have certified a substantial share of their plantation areas according to international standards can participate in the project. In the framework of this project a Chain-of-Custody system for oil palm wood which corresponds to that for “normal” wood products is being developed. Oil palm wood is not subject to the European Timber Trade Regulation (EUTR), however certificates of origin through the above certification system are possible without difficulty.

For implementing the project, different companies and institutions have joined in the international network “PalmwoodNet” in a multi-stakeholder approach. Members of the network PalmwoodNet are the five core partners Jowat SE, Detmold; Minda Industrieanlagen GmbH, Minden; Möhringer Anlagenbau GmbH, Wiesentheid; Leitz GmbH + Co. KG, Oberkochen together with Boehlerit GmbH & Co. KG, Kapfenberg/Austria and Palmwood R+D, Freiburg. Furthermore, equipment manufacturers and universities from Europe and industry partners, R+D institutions as well as sector associations and institutions from Malaysia and Thailand have become associated partners of the network, each assuming specific development and implementation tasks.

The PPP-Project „Oil Palm Wood“ sponsored by DEG (Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH) with funds of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development was officially started in November 2015.

In the meantime work results and solutions are available from the following areas: Raw material supply Suitable products from oil palm wood Primary and secondary processing techniques incl. wood preservation and drying Machines and tools Adhesive technology Ecology and sustainable supply as well as Financial evaluation for assessing performance and competitiveness

These project results were presented to the public at LIGNA 2017 in Hannover/Germany and have gained huge interest.

One of the project outcomes related to knowledge was that technical aspects like sawing, drying, gluing or further processing is possible when employing new techniques, machines and tools. But the knowledge about the material itself, like structure, chemical, biological, physical-technical properties and their implication for process and product development still needs improvement for getting best possible products and processes. Intensive R&D paves the way for competitiviness on the market with Oil Palm Wood based products in the near future.

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Figure 2. Residual stress distributions inside a poplar

living stem (Okuyama and Kikata 1975).

Tree Growth Stress – Future Issues

Hiroyuki Yamamoto1

1 Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, JAPAN

In this presentation, the speaker will review recent progress in the investigation of the tree growth stress, which covers generation mechanism of growth stress in maturing cell wall, abnormal growth stress and characteristic anatomy in reaction wood, processing defects due to the growth stress during lumber production, and so on and so forth. Through those discussions, we share future issues of growth stress and seek ideas to solve them.

1. Why does tree generate growth stress? A differentiating xylem fiber tends to deform in its axial and diameter directions in the process of the cell wall maturation. Those dimensional changes are restricted by the already-formed xylem beneath the layer of the differentiating xylem, which induces a mechanical stress, so-called maturation stress, in the cell wall. As the result, two-dimensional stress distribution is generated in the outermost layer of the secondary xylem. This is called surface growth stress. The surface growth stress becomes more or less constant around its periphery in a vertically-growing stem. In case of an inclined stem, the reaction wood is locally formed along the lower side (in softwood species), or along the upper side (in hardwood species), where an abnormally high growth stress is generated (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Reaction wood formation in leaning stems.

(a) Tension wood (TW) in hardwood species.

(b) Compression wood (CW) in softwood species.

The growth stress performs essential functions for the tree to maintain its huge and slim body for a long period of time against the global gravitational force. The growth stress becomes extremely high in the reaction wood region, whereas it is reduced in the region opposite to the reaction wood, resulting in an upright bending moment (recovery moment) in an inclined stem or branch (Figure 1). These behaviors suggest that the formation of the reaction wood enables the woody plant shoot to exhibit the observed negative-gravitropic response as well as controlling species-specific configuration of the crown. Thus, the topics of growth stress are interesting from the viewpoint of plant ecophysiology.

2. Mechanism of maturation stress generation Since Jacobs (1938) who concluded that the growth stress is generated in the secondary xylem during the thickening growth of the tree, many scientists have

48

proposed various theories to explain the generation mechanism of maturation stress in wood cell walls. Among them, two theories are particularly worth mentioning, the ‘‘cellulose-tension hypothesis’’ and the ‘‘lignin-swelling hypothesis’’. Both assume that the stress originates in a modification of the cell wall material itself during the maturation process (Alméras and Clair 2016; Gril et al. 2017). The former hypothesizes that cellulose microfibril in the maturing cell wall generates a contractive force in the direction parallel to the molecular chain; while, the latter presumes that a volumetric increase due to irreversible lignin deposition causes a compressive force in the cell wall matrix. It is considered that those two mechanisms are simultaneously actualized in maturing cell walls, that is called the “unified hypothesis”, which can explain many experimental facts concerning with relationships between growth stresses and anatomical/chemical features, both in normal and reaction wood for both softwood and hardwood (Okuyama et al. 1994, Yamamoto 1998, Yamamoto et al. 2005). However, those two hypotheses do not incorporate a precise description of the molecular mechanism. Collaboration between mechanics, anatomy, and biochemistry is necessary to elucidate the generation process of maturation stress in the cell wall and to clarify the exact content of both theories constituting the unified hypothesis.

3. The residual stress and processing defects The surface growth stress induces a counteractive stress distribution in the older xylem, which is superimposed on the underlying xylem with each repetition of the thickening growth. Thus, the distribution of three-dimensional residual stress is formed within the live stem (Figure 2).

The residual stress distribution often causes problems when we use forest resources as the raw materials for timber products. Examples are crack and splitting at the harvested log-end, crooking of the sawn lumber, and so forth (Figure 3). Those defects often reduce the final yield of the harvested logs to a notable degree. If the harvested logs contain reaction wood tissue, processing defects becomes unexpectedly serious because the residual stress distribution is quite complicated as compared with the case of vertically-grown logs.

In recent years, plantation of fast-growing species has become very popular in tropical and subtropical countries. However, there are still so many hurdles to be overcome before we can distribute those resources on the world timber market. One of those hurdles is how to solve the defects due to large growth stresses in those species (Kojima et al. 2009). It is an indispensable task to collect data of the growth stresses in the planted fast-growing species with relation to their growing conditions, e.g., soil properties, temperature, precipitation, and so forth, as well as to establish the silvicultural techniques so as to control the generation of large growth stress when we use the tropical plantation species as raw materials for the buildings and furnishings.

Figure 3. Defects due to residual stress

inside a log.

(Left) Heart check during logging,

Iperua falcataria in Guyane Francais

(Photo by Hiroyuki Yamamoto)

(Center) Crooking during lumber

sawing, Eucalyptus grandis in Brazil

(Photo by Miho Kojima)

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ABSTRACT FOR ORAL PRESENTATION

50

IAWS

51

IAWS-1

Wood Adhesion of Low Emission Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives

Byung-Dae Park1, Bora Jeong1, Adya P. Singh1, Valerio Causon2

1Department of Wood and Paper Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea

2Department of Polymer Science, University of Padova, 35020, Italy

In spite of many advantages of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins such as low

cost, good performance, fast curing, and colorlessness, UF resins have two disadvantages: low water resistance and formaldehyde emission. One of the most common ways of reducing the emission is to lower formaldehyde/urea (F/U) mole ratio during their synthesis. As expected, UF resins with low F/U mole ratio resulted in low formaldehyde emission at the expense of the adhesion performance of wood- based composite panels. This presentation will review impact of using low F/U mole ratio UF resins to the bonding of wood for manufacturing wood-based composite. Various methods such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoindentation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to understand characteristics of low F/U mole ratio UF resins.

UF resins at four different F/U mole ratios (1.6, 1.4, 1.2, and 1.0) were synthesized in the laboratory by adding different amounts of the second urea. Liquid and cured UF resins were exposed to XRD to obtain information on crystallinity, or domain size. Liquid UF resins of 1.0 F/U mole ratio showed the presence of crystallites, which was confirmed by TEM. However, the same TEM images of cured UF resins showed spherical particles that were believed to be responsible for the formation of crystalline structure. TEM examination was also undertaken on ultrathin sections cut from wood veneers bonded with low F/U mole ratio UF resins. We also compared tensile shear strength of plywood bonded with UF resins of both 1.0 and 1.2 F/U mole ratios. As the viscosity of UF resin increased, the adhesion strength of 1.2 F/U mole ratio resin was improved, but those of 1.0 F/U mole ratio UF resin did not change. These results was interpreted the presence of crystallites in liquid UF resins which were greater than the average size of pore size in cell wall. These results were also discussed with molecular size of liquid UF resins by measuring the radius of gyration (Rg) and hydrodynamic radius (Rh). In conclusion, low F/U mole ratio UF resin possesses very different characteristics from high F/U mole ratio UF resins

52

IAWS-2

Effect of Mechanical Pulping on Anatomical Changes in Santalum Album and Santalum Spicatum Wood Structture

Harendrakumar Dave

1Ex Edith Cowan University, AUSTRALIA

53

IAWS-3

The potential of Raman spectroscopy and Atomic Force microscopy for the analysis of modified wood

Tobias Keplinger1,2, Kirstin Casdorff1,2, Ingo Burgert1,2

1 ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, Switzerland 2 EMPA, Dübendorf

The transition of our current society, mainly based on non-renewable

resources, towards sustainability represents one of the main challenges of the 21st

century. Wood, as one of the major renewable resources, plays an important role for this transition due to its excellent mechanical properties with regard to its lightweight, abundance and its role as a CO2 storing material.

Within the last decades, a multitude of wood modification approaches have been developed to tackle the intrinsic disadvantages of wood, including low dimensional/UV stability, when it is used in engineering applications. Rather recently, wood has called increasing attention for the development of new wood- based functional hybrid materials in order to profit from the beneficial wood inherent hierarchical structure, as the synthetic build-up of hierarchical structures in conventional bottom-up approaches (3D printing) still causes substantial difficulties.

For wood modification an in-depth chemical and mechanical characterization at the cell wall level is crucial in order to fully understand the changes in macroscopic- and microscopic properties. This can be easily concluded from the fact that, during modification, the micro-and nanostructure of the cell walls is affected and therefore, analysis at the same length scales is needed.

Here we report on the potential of confocal Raman spectroscopy imaging and Atomic Force Microscopy for the detailed characterization of modified respectively functionalized wood samples. By Raman spectroscopy it was possible to reveal different functionalisation states within wood cell walls, achieved by the spatially controllable in-situ formation of polymers within wood cell walls. Additionally, it allowed to follow within the microporous structure of wood the conformational changes of incorporated temperature responsive crosslinked PNIPAM hydrogel. Moreover, Raman imaging is not limited to organic materials systems, as it will be shown by characterizing different mineral phases within the complex structure of wood, and the analysis of distribution pathways of inorganic nanoparticles.

Atomic Force Microscopy is well-known for high spatial resolution topography images, but also allows for recording force distance curves in every pixel providing a nanomechanical characterization in terms of Young`s Modulus or adhesion. The potential of the technique is demonstrated on the example of polyelectrolyte layer by layer coatings on wood surfaces. A homogeneous build- up already within the first layers was confirmed and a detailed analysis of the individual force distance curves provided new insights into the specific interactions of the multilayer system with regard to an odd-even effect characteristic for polyelectrolyte systems.

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IAWS-4

Description of Soft Rot Cavity First by Japanese Wood Anatomist,

Prof. Fumihiko ONAKA in 1935*

Yoon Soo KIM1, Tomoyuki2, Koichi Yamamoto3 1 Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea; 2 Forestry and Forest Products

Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan; 3 Japan Wood Protection Association, Tokyo, Japan.

Soft rot decay is characterized by the chains of bi-conical and cylindrical

cavities made by Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes within secondary cell walls that are aligned parallel to cellulose microfibrils. Although the term “soft rot” was first used by Savory (1954), our recent literature search revealed that Prof. Fumihiko Onaka in Kyoto Imperial University had described the cavities in the degraded waterlogged archaeological woods in detail since 1935, prior to 20 years before Savory’s report. Herewith we report Prof. Onaka’s description on soft rot cavity.

Professor Onaka’s observation of cavities was reported in the Journal of Japan Forestry Research Society in 1935. The cavities were observed in samples of Larix, excavated from the peat layer at a river in a tundra area in Sakhalin. He reported cavities in latewood tracheids that were aligned along the cellulose microfibrils. His second report on cavities (Fig. 1) was published in the same journal in 1936. The wood samples were Sciadopitys verticillata, Taxus spec., and Chamaecyparis obtuse. He observed the cavities in the latewood of those samples under polarized light microscopy. He mentioned that “micro boreholes in helical orientation were observed in the secondary walls, and the inclination angles were consistent with the micelle angle measured by the extinction position methods

between crossed Nicol. The angles were about 18- 30 degree to the longitudinal axis”. His third report on cavities was published in the Journal of Japan Wood Protection in 1939. The wood sample was umbrella pine (Sciadopitys verticillata), excavated from a coffin in the tomb of the “Baikjai” Dynasty in the Korean peninsula from the 5th century AD. His description of the cavities was the same as in his 1935 and 1936 papers. Dr. Onaka’s description of “micro boreholes” or “small boreholes” matches precisely the definition of soft-rot cavities, which was coined later by Savory in 1954. However, his novelty was not known to the Western world until now. The limited dissemination of his discovery can be ascribed to the language unfamiliar to Western scientists. Interestingly, his description on the granular state in the

Figure 1: Soft rot cavities in a waterlogged archaeological wood under polarized microscopy published in the Journal of Japan Forest Research in 1936. X 520

latewood tracheids strongly suggested bacterial decay in the waterlogged archaeological woods. It has been well known that bacterial decay is frequently observed concomitant with soft rot decay in waterlogged woods (Kim and Singh 2000).

55

IAWS-5

Characterizations of Hydrochars Produced by Hydrothermal Carbonizations of Lignin Isolated from Black

Liquor

MPG Hanantyo1, Pandji Prawisudha1, Steven1, Mardiyati1

1Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Every year, pulp and paper industries are processing about 170 million

tonnes of black liquor, which is very corrosive and contains toxic or hazardous ingredients. The liquor, however, holds a lot of potentials after further processing; for example, lignin of up to 40% in the black liquor dry solids can be converted into a renewable energy source. In this study, the lignin was isolated from the black liquor and converted into hydrochar by means of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), to obtain a renewable solid fuel from the pulp industry.

The lignin was isolated with the precipitation method, performed by the acidification of black liquor until pH 2 by using H2SO4 6M. Subsequent HTC process was conducted in 180 ml stainless steel capsule, heated up to the temperature range of 200 to 240 °C and kept at the temperature for 2 h. The solid products (hydrochars) were dried at 105 °C in an oven for 1h. Then analyzed for their calorific value, total sulphur, and physical composition.

The solid-dried black liquor gross calorific value was 3200 kcal/kg. The isolated lignin before HTC showed that its gross calorific value was 6014 kcal/kg. The isolated lignin after HTC showed further increase of gross calorific value to about 6129 – 6564 kcal/kg, exhibiting higher calorific values in higher processing temperature. The results showed that hydrochars produced from HTC process can be considered similar to high-rank coal in the term of heating value.

This result has presented a huge opportunity for the utilization of lignin isolated from black liquor as a renewable energy resource in the form of hydrochar.

Keywords: black liquor, hydrochar, hydrothermal, lignin, precipitation

56

IAWS-6

Application of Van Krevelen's graphical-statistical method for the study of thermal and fungal degradation of wood

W. Willems1

1FirmoLin Technologies BV, Grote Bottel 7b, 5753PE Deurne, [email protected]

The van Krevelen diagram is a representation of wood elemental composition in a plot of molar ratios of oxygen to carbon (O/C) versus hydrogen to carbon (H/C). The elemental wood composition does not resolve detailed information on the individual structural polymers or functional chemical groups, as obtained by spectroscopic or wet-chemical methods. However, the absolute and quantitative information during wood compositional changes by thermal or fungal degradation reveals surprising new insights in wood chemistry and wood biology.

Thermal wood modification can be projected as a trajectory in the van Krevelen diagram, which appears to be independent of the wood species and the details of the heating process. The gradual change of moisture and fungal durability properties along the thermal modification trajectory is nearly identical for different wood species and different heating conditions, making the O/C ratio an absolute and general chemical measure for the degree of thermal wood modification.

Fungal degradation can also be mapped in a van Krevelen diagram, resolving the differences between brown rot, white rot and selective white rot. Surprisingly, the wood residue, left behind by these aerobic fungi, appears to be chemically reduced instead of oxidized. The wood elemental composition change by fungal degradation moves in the same direction where thermally modified wood obtains an improved durability, in accordance with thermodynamic data on the biodegradationrates of biomass. Such mechanism might be part of the natural defense mechanism of trees against pathogenic attacks after wounding, by slowing down fungal decay rates, gaining time for building compartmentalization barriers.


57

PRWAC

58

TOPIC : General Wood Anatomy

59

Experimental Drought Changes Wood Anatomy of Tropical Trees

Deborah M.G. Apgaua1, David Y.P. Tng1,Françoise Y. Ishida1, Susan G.W. Laurance1

1 College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Australia

Increased periods of drought are forecasted for tropical regions, with severe implications for the health and vitality of tropical rainforest tree communities. The study of tropical tree responses to drought are mostly based on seedlings and in controlled environments within glasshouses, but in situ throughfall exclusion experiments provide a unique opportunity to test hypotheses on how mature tropical trees respond to water deficit. While plant drought ecophysiology is increasingly well investigated, the anatomical underpinnings of these responses are far less well characterized. We investigate wood anatomy changes that occur after 22 months of drought treatment in four species of tropical trees as part of a large rainfall exclusion project within a lowland tropical rainforest in north Queensland, Australia. We sampled sun-exposed canopy branches from the target species and found intraspecific differences in wood anatomy between control and droughted individuals. Droughted individuals of half the species exhibited theoretical conductivities while the other half had lower parenchyma fractions. A lower frequency of vessel grouping was observed in droughted individuals of three of the four species, and the exception species appeared to have the higher tendency to produce tyloses to occlude vessels. These observations are consistent with our hypothesis that plasticity in wood anatomy provides a means for trees to adjust to water deficit in situ, at least in the short term. The limits to this plasticity in wood anatomy could define the threshold of these species to drought and future investigation of these features in drought experiments should help to refine models of tree drought tolerance.

PRWAC-A1

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Relationships of Microfibril Angle, Dimension Crystallite, and Crystallinity Percentage with Modulus of Elasticity of Agatis

Wood (Agathis sp., Salisb) in Several Diameter

Andi Detti Yunianti1, Suhasman1, OpuAffan Gifary1

1Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. PerintisKemerdekaan Km.10. Tamalanrea, South of Sulawesi, Indonesia

Generally, fast growing species trees from Community Forest have low

strength. One of cause is growth of tree was be accelerated so there were difference wood structure compare with low growing species trees. Relationships between wood structure and strength occurred on macroscopic level, microscopic level,and molecular level. The aim of this research was analyze relation between microfibril angle (MFA), dimension crystallite (length and width) and crystallinity percentage with strength wood (MOE) in several diameter of agathis wood. Relation anatomy structure with MOE, then it were analyzed by Pearson Correlation. The result was shown that crystallinity percentage have positive correlation (high) with MOE in all diameter, while MFA was negative correlation and dimension crystallite was positive correlation in specific diameter.

Keywords : MOE, MFA, dimension crystallite, cristalinity percentage, agathis wood

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Variability of Superior Teak Wood Properties on Radial Position in Correlation with Annual Increment and Diameter Class

Gudiwidayanto Sapto Putro1 and Sri Nugroho Marsoem2

1Postgraduate student of Forestry Faculty, Universitas Gadjah Mada 2Profesor of Forestry Faculty, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Increasing of trees growth rate potential affect to wood properties

changes. This research is aim to determine variability of wood properties on radial position based on annual increament in three diameter classes of superior teak.

This research was design in Completely Randomized Design with factorial treatment. First factor is radial position that consisted of 5 positions from the pith to the bark based on annual increment. Second factor was trunk diameter that consisted of small , medium, and big trunk diameter. Each trunk diameter was represented by 3 trees, so that there were 9 trees used in this research. Parameter of this research were wood moisture content, specific grafity, and fibre cell dimension.

The result of the research showed that fresh cut moisture content of wood tend to decrease from the pith to the bark, but increase along with biger trunk diameter. The highest fresh moisture content (139,52%) is found on third layer annual increment of the big trunk diameter. On the contrary equilibrium moisture content tend to increase from the pith to the bark. The highest equilibrium moisture content(15.94%) is found on fifth layer annual increament of the small trunk diameter. Wood specific gravity tend to increase from the pith to the bark, but decrease along with the biger trunk diameter. The highest specific gravity (0.56) is found on third layer annual increment of the small trunk diameter. Fibre length and fibre wall thickness tend to increase from the pith but slightly decrease at the layer close the bark. Biger trunk diameter is along with higher fibre length, but in contrast with fibre wall thickness. The highest fibre length (1140,88 µ) is found on third layer annual increament of the big trunk diameter. The highest fibre wall thickness (8.33µ) is found on third layer annual increment of the small trunk diameter. Trend of fibre length has positive correlation with specific gravity and equilibrium moisture content, but negative correlation with fresh cut moisture content.

Keywords: superior teak, radial position, annual increment

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Comparison of Voltammetry and Digital Bridge Methods for Electrical Resistance Measurements in Wood

Shan Gao, Zhenyu Bao1, Lihai Wang1, Xiaoquan Yue1

College of Engineering and Technology Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China

[email protected]

Electrical resistance of wood is closely related to the moisture content, wood density and mobile ions and thus is used to determine the progressive discoloration and decay rates of standing trees, and estimate transverse moisture distributions. In recent years, some nondestructive testing methods based on resistance measurement including impedance/resistance tomography and spectroscopy coupled with other techniques have been used to map tree resistivity in field for decay detection, moisture content estimation or wood boundary differentiation. Voltammetry and electric bridge are two common methods for wood resistance measurements. However, information about factors influencing accuracy of resistance measurement in wood is very limited and still require additional investigation in the laboratory. This is the necessary foundation for portable resistance-based tools development for field application. In this paper, factors influencing voltammetry, i.e. current types (DC and AC), waveforms, voltages, frequency and moisture content of Populus davidiana specimens were examined. Voltammetry method was compared closely with digital bridge method for accuracy and ease of operation.

Small clear poplar (Populus davidiana) specimens (ca. 20 ×20×50 mm3)were used for electonical resistance measurments(Fig. 1). Thirty-five freshly-cut specimens were then selected and divided into two groups, one is the experimental group consisting of thirty specimens and the other is the control group consisting of five specimens. The specimens in control were oven-dried to provide the weight reference for experimental specimens to equilibrate moisture content. After each experimental specimen reached the target MC level, the dimension and weight were measured. MC of specimen (u) was determined before and after the resistance measurement cycle. Each measurement cycle was conducted using voltammetry and digital bridge method and both ends of the specimen were inserted a 2 mm diameter copper electrode with the depth of about 5 mm before placing it in the test circuit. After each resistance measurement cycle, the specimen was weighted again to observe its MC loss.

Two 100kΩ (R1 and R2) resistors were used and connected apart to each side of the wood sample in series when utilized the voltammetry to measure resistance of wood specimens. According to Ohm’s law, resistance of wood sample (Rw) is then calculated.The resistance value of various voltages, waveform and frequency under DC and alternating current (AC) were measured at different MC levels. The DC resistance and AC impedance were measured using voltammetry under a total of 8 voltage gears. Ten specimens were measured and each specimen was tested under three MC levels of 40%, 45% and 50%. The AC impedance of wood with 43% MC was measured under various frequencies and waveforms. The observed waveforms were sine wave, square wave, and triangular wave. The observed frequency of each waveform ranged from 10 Hz to 20000 Hz with 5～5000 Hz increments.

AC electrical signals of 1000 Hz was adopted for using digital bridge method to measure the resistance of wood specimens. The testing voltage was set to 5V with automatic range. The electrical resistance value shown on TL2812D type digital bridge equipment was recorded after the reading was stable for 30 to 60 seconds. All measurements using the digital bridge were performed under conditions of constant temperature and relative humidity.

The results showed that current types, waveforms, voltages and frequency had clearly different effects on the resistance values measured by voltammetry. The measured DC resistance was considerably greater than AC impedance (about

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50%) and decreased with the increasing of frequency at all measured MC levels (Fig.1). DC resistance presented a turning point at the voltage of 8v, and was not sensitive to the voltage change above 8v, while AC impedance remained constant over the entire voltage range. Effect of waveform on resistance was minor (Fig.2). No remarkable difference in resistances was found between two methods in wood specimens with MC above fiber saturated point (FSP). Voltammetry was relatively

stable compared to the bridge method when MC was below FSP. The relationships between MC and resistances of two methods confirmed the previous reports from other scholars (Fig.3).

Compared to the digital bridge, the voltammetry of AC with 1000 Hz sine waves was found to be a better method for measuring electrical resistance in wood. Fig. 1. Illustration of change in resistance of alternating current and direct current with voltage at various moisture content levels. Fig. 2. Changing trend in resistance of various waveforms with frequency of alternating current

Fig.3 Logarithmic resistance in relation to moisture content

64

A Comparative Wood Anatomical Account of Upland and Mangrove Species of Rhizophoraceae from India

Sangeeta Gupta1

1Wood Anatomy Discipline, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, INDIA Email:[email protected]

A comparative account of wood microstructure of the upland and mangrove

species of the family Rhizophoraceae from India is presented in this paper. The species studied are- 9 mangrove species viz. Bruguiera caryophylloides Bl. , B. eriopetala W. & A, B. gymnorhiza Lam., B. parviflora W. & A., Ceriops candolleana Arnott., C. roxburghiana Arnott., Kandelia rheedii W. & A., Rhizophora conjugata L., R. mucronata Lam. and 2 upland species viz. Blepharistemma corymbosum Wall. and Carallia lucida Roxb. An identification key based on salient diagnostic features has been developed for the separation of the species of this family.

The comparative account of microstructure of upland and mangrove species reveals stronger inverse relationship between vessel frequency & vessel diameter in upland species than in mangrove species, thus defying the general principle of usually strong inverse relationship between these two features especially in special locations like mangroves. Also correlation between vessel length and vessel diameter was strongly positive in mangrove species while negative in upland species reflecting upon conductive efficiency in mangroves while negative correlation in upland species could not be explained.

To counter air embolism in mangrove species most of the vessels are in small radial multiples and Inter vessel pits are scalariform while in upland species vessels are both solitary and in radial multiples and possess medium to very large inter vessel pits. Upland species shows higher fibre length >2000 µm. Fibre length and fibre diameter of the family shows positive relationship which is stronger in upland species (r = 0.89) than in mangrove species (r = 0.31). Parenchyma scanty paratracheal and diffuse in aggregate in mangroves species except in Kandelia, while abundant parenchyma (banded/aliform confluent) occurs in upland species. This reduction in amount of axial parenchyma in mangroves may be an adaptation to have more space for vessels and fibres to add to conduction and strength.

Higher specific gravity (0.75-1.11) of Mangrove species than the upland species (specific gravity 0.72-0.79) is indicative of adaptation to withstand damage from winds, waves, pathogens and pests. Vulnerability and mesomorphy values as per S. Carlquist indicated upland species to be highly mesic while mangrove species as mesic, against the general perception that mangroves exhibit xeric conditions due to high salinity.

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Thermo-modified Wood and its Protection Against Fungal Decay;

Ultrastructural and Chemical Aspects

Geoffrey Daniel1, Jong Sik Kim1, Jie Gao1, Mohamed Jebrane1, Nasko Terziev1

1Dept. of Forest Products/Wood Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

Over the last decade the increasing awareness of environmental issues and legislation against the use of toxic wood protective chemicals has spurred the development of cost effective wood modification processes with an aim of not only reducing toxicity, but also retain and even increase the service life of wood. One of these processes termed “thermal modification (TM)”employs heat at elevated temperatures (160-220oC) which causes changes in the wood structure whereby the dimensional stability can be increased and the durability and service life against fungal decay improved. The TM approach has been widely adopted worldwide because of its technological simplicity, costs and ease of application to majority of wood species. One recent variation of the TM process known as thermo-vacuum (TV) employs a thermal wood process in which oxygen is removed by vacuum and heat transfer to the wood provided by convection in a so called “dry process”. Aspects on the physical and mechanical properties of TM wood as well as other macroscopical changes (e.g. density, color, swelling, mass loss, cracking) are quite well-known for a wide range of different TM treated wood species including both temperate and tropical soft- and hardwoods. However, despite the wide interest and great possibilities for using TM wood in-service, very little is known concerning modifications induced in the native wood material at micro- and ultrastructural levels after treatments and how this effects decay by major fungal groups including white-, brown- and soft rot fungi. Since all changes at macroscopic levels are derived from ultra/microstructural changes, it is likely that such knowledge can help to further understand and develop TM processes.

In the present work we have studied the durability of a number of temperate soft- (fir, spruce) and hardwoods (beech, ash) treated by the TV process at temperatures ranging between 160-220oC using a variety of white- (Trametes versicolor, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Phlebia radiata), brown- (Rhodonia (Postia) placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum) and soft (Phialophoramutabilis, P. malorum, Chaetomium globosum) rot fungi using EN 113 or AWPA E10-08 durability tests.

Aspects of wood modification and their effects on wood decay at micro- and ultrastructural levelswere studied using a number of histo/cytochemical staining, immuno-antibody approaches using light, fluorescence- and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Studies showed that improvement in decay resistance (i.e. according to EN-350- 1) of TV wood which was optimal in the range 200-220oC for the different rot types and fungal species used can be traced to modifications (e.g. polymer loss/redistribution) at the wood cell wall level in pectins (homogalacturonans, rhamnogalacturonan), hemicelluloses (xylan, glucomannan) and lignin (guaiacyl, syringyl). The much greater variability in cellular composition and chemistry (i.e. high cell wall hemicellulose composition) and range of different cell types with different chemistry in hardwoods compared with softwoods provides for the much greater difficulties for developing protection. In the softwoods and at high temperatures (i.e. > 200oC), increased protection against decay was provided at the molecular level in the S2 layer by densification and lignin aggregation. TV modification only produced

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marked changes in decay morphology for soft rot in both hard- and softwoods which likely reflect modification of the non-cellulosic polymers and lignin. In the present talk, an overview will be given of the effects TM treatments have on the ultrastructure of wood cell walls and the implications this has for protection against major wood decay fungi.

67

Structure of Intervascular Pit Membranes in Xerophytic Trees Growing in Bonin Islands

Yuzou Sano1, Shin-tairo Saiki2, Atsushi Ishida2

1 Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo 060-8589, Japan 2 Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto Univ., Otsu 520-2113, Japan

Xerophytic scrub forests are distributed in parts of the Bonin Islands, Japan, where a stable high pressure system called Pacific anticyclone develops in every summer and plants growing there suffer severe water stress. We chose nine species and examined fine structure of intervascular pit membranes by field-emission scanning electron microscopy to deepen our understanding of how the xerophytic trees in the islands cope with the severe water stress in summer season. In the nine species examined, the intervascular pit membranes were densely packed with microfibrils and no pores perforating the pit membranes were apparent. It is likely that this structurl feature contributes to high resistance to cavitation caused by water stress.

The Bonin Islands are an archipelago located in south of Japan. Xerophytic scrub forests occur on the slope and along the ridges in some of the islands because a stable high pressure system, called Pacific anticyclone, develops in this area in summer season and plants growing there suffer severe water stress every summer. This study was aimed to characterize the fine structure of intervascular pit membranes of the xerophytic trees.

Branchlets (two to three years old, up to 1 cm in diameter) were collected from nine species (Table) which were grown in a xerophytic scrub forest of Chichijima island, and immediately immersed in 30 % ethanol and stored until use. The samples were cut into small blocks and air-dried after they were dehydrated using ethanol series. The sample blocks were split in tangential or radial plane, and the exposed surfaces coated with platinum by vacuum evaporation were examined with a field emission scamming electron microscope.

Table．List of species examined.

Botanical name Family Vessel grouping Distylium lepidotum Hamamelidaceae exclusively solitary Hibiscus glaber Malvaceae radial multiples common Ligustrum micranthum Oleaceae radial multiples common Rhaphiolepis integerrima Rosaceae exclusively solitary Osteomeles lanata Rosaceae exclusively solitary Osteomeles schwerinae Rosaceae exclusively solitary Dodonaea viscosa Sapindaceae radial multiples common Planchonella obovata var. dubia Sapotaceae radial multiples common Wikstroemia pseudoretusa Thymelaeaceae radial multiples common

In five species in which radial multiples were commonly present, intervessel

pit membranes consisted of two primary walls and intercellular layer between them. Microfibrils were densely packed and no pores perforating the pit membranes were apparent in the intervessel pit membranes. In the other four species in which vessels were exclusively solitary, pits of wood fibers were distinctly bordered, and pit pairs were commonly present between vessel elements and the wood fibers. Pit membranes of the vessel to fiber pits were dense and no apparent pores were present although the layered structure differed between Distylium lepidotum and the other three species. These results suggest that, in xerophytic trees growing, intervascular pit membranes are highly resistant to cavitation caused by water stress.

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TOPIC : Wood Formation

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Cell Wall and Pit Characterization During Lignification by Raman-AFM

Batirtze Prats-Mateu1, Martin Felhofer1, Notburga Gierlinger1

1 Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life

Sciences, Muthgasse 11/II 1190, Vienna, Austria

Lignification is known to be affected by external conditions and is a very

complex process involving transport of lignin monomers and polymerization within the cell wall. Pits are the openings of the conductive system in the tracheids, and thus might participate actively in the transport during lignification of the cell wall. In order to visualize this hydrophobisation process in context with microstructure, in-situ chemical mapping using Confocal Raman Microscopy (CRM) has high potential. The chemical components can be followed with a resolution of about 300 nm, giving insights into the sequence and localization of lignin precursors into the cell wall. Mapping of micro-sections of Spruce showed the beginning of the incorporation of lignin near the cell corners hand in hand with the decrease in pectin. Deposits of aromatic and lipidic character have been visualized attached to the growing cells and within the compound middle lamella and seem to be involved in the lignification. The combination of CRM with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) enables the study of structure-function relationships in which mechanical properties at the nanoscale are linked with the chemical composition at the microlevel.

Lignin is the second most abundant polymer on earth and enabled plants to conquer the land. The secondary cell wall of plants undergoes a reinforcement with lignin, which acts as a hydrophobic cement giving mechanical stability and waterproofing the cell wall. The process of lignification starts right after the cells cease growing but are still alive, and it is known to be highly orchestrated. Lignin monomers reach the cell wall and polymerize first in cell corners and then spread out to the different cell wall layers. However, how these monomers reach the cell wall is still a topic of major discussion. Pit cavities allow the flow of water and nutrients between cells but are also known for their role as security chiefs preventing cavitation in the tree. The role of pits in lignification is not yet described and there is not extensive description of the chemical changes that pits undergo during late cell wall maturation. Although some studies have been conducted, the “native” state of the cell wall i.e. never dried has often been forgotten. In this work, we present Confocal Raman Microscopy (CRM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for the in-situ chemical and mechanical study of the role of the pits in the lignification of the cell wall in native Spruce.

Young Spruce trees (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst (3-5 years) were sampled from the botanical garden of the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (Vienna, Austria). The trees were rapidly immersed in liquid nitrogen and then kept at -20°C. The stems were cut in small blocks also at -20 °C to avoid the drying of the cell wall. Native thin cross and radial sections (up to 2 µm) from the blocks were sectioned using an ultra-cryo-microtome. Some of the sections were placed on a glass slide with a drop of heavy water and others where sub-sequentially freeze dried. The cambial zone and the following year ring were measured by Atomic Force Microscopy in Digital Pulsed Force Mode (DPFM) and Confocal

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Raman Microscopy, with special focus on the pits exposed in radial sections. CRM delivers the chemical composition of the sample with a resolution of about 300 nm whereas AFM gives insights into the mechanical properties at the nanolevel (e.g. adhesion, stiffness). In order to extract the maximum information out of the samples, the CRM images were further analyzed by means of multivariate methods i.e. Non negative matrix factorization.

The transition from primary pectin-rich cell wall to the lignified secondary cell wall was monitored by CRM on cross sections of native Spruce wood. Based on spectral features, after multivariate analysis, the cambial zone was decomposed in a total of 6 endmembers (Figure 1), one of them belonging to the lumen filled with heavy water (not shown). The endmembers split in deposits in lumen with high fluorescence background, primary cell wall (rich in pectin), secondary cell wall (rich in lignin), the thick S2 cell wall layer and the thin S1 cell wall layer, with a higher microfibril angle. Near the cambium the lumen sided cell wall was always attached to highly fluorescent deposits of lipidic and phenolic character. Pectin was found together with lignin along 7 cell rows after cambium indicating that the lignin rapidly impregnates the cell wall. The main S2 cell wall was little lignified in comparison to the compound middle lamella. The radial cell walls presented more pectin and less lignin, suggesting the possibility of a time- spaced lignification of radial and tangential cell walls. Aligned near the middle lamella pointwise lipidic-phenolic globular domains were found in the latest cells of the last year ring which pointed to vesicle transport of lignin precursors or ongoing lignification niches (additional data, not shown). AFM images on open pits of radial and cross-sections showed different composition and mechanical properties of the pit membranes in cambium and further away in sapwood. Lignin was found in the pit membrane in sapwood in globular form (see Figure 1, bottom left), which presented lower adhesion and stiffness than the rest of the cell wall in the pit. Figure1. Raman Imaging of the cambial zone and-nmaencohanical properties of a pit in sapwLoeoftd: .Non-negative matrix factorization endmember abundance maps showing the decomposition of the cambial zone. Right: correspondent endmember spectra. Bottom right: AFM images acquired with the Digital Pulsed Force Mode on a sapwood pit showingltahre globu domains of lignin in the pit membrane.

71

Initiation of Starch Accumulation in Ray Parenchyma Cells in Larix kaempferi

Izumi Arakawa1, Koh Yasue2, Ryo Funada3, Satoshi Nakaba3

1 United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan

2 Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Minami-Minowa, Nagano, Japan

3 Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan

In order to understand the timing of initiation of starch accumulation in ray parenchyma cells, we observed, in radial sections, nuclei and starch grains in longitudinal and ray tracheids and ray parenchyma cells in a conifer, Larix kaempferi. At first, near the cambium, ray parenchyma cells contained no starch grains. Then, starch grains were detect in ray parenchyma cells that were in contact with ray tracheids containing condensed nuclei. Finally, ray parenchyma cells that were not in contact with ray tracheids started to accumulate starch grains and longitudinal tracheids lost their nuclei. Our observations suggest that the initiation of starch accumulation in ray parenchyma cells might be affected by the cell death of longitudinal and ray tracheids.

Ray parenchyma cells alive for a long time, and they play important roles in the storage and radial transport of materials. Storage nutrients in ray parenchyma cells are important as energy and materials for tree growth. Therefore, a better

understanding of the mechanism of storage nutrients in ray parenchyma cells provides useful information for understanding the growth mechanism of trees. In

the present study, we monitored nuclei and starch grains from cambium to the inner part of the current year’s xylem in a conifer, Larix kaempferi in order to investigate the timing of initiation of starch accumulation in ray parenchyma cells.

Three Larix kaempferi trees, growing at Research Forest in Campus Station of Shinshu University in Nagano, Japan, were used. Block samples containing phloem, cambium and xylem were collected from the main stems at breast height in July, 2016. Samples were fixed with a 4% glutaraldehyde solution. Radial sections of 40-μm thickness were cut with a sliding microtome. Sections were stained with a 1% acetocarmine aqueous solution and a 1% iodine-potassium iodide (IKI) aqueous solution for observations of nuclei and starch grains, respectively. Morphological changes and disappearance of nuclei in longitudinal and ray tracheids and distribution of starch grains in ray parenchyma cells were monitored with a light microscope.

Figure: A light micrograph of a radial section, stained with acetocarmine and IKI, showing morphology of nuclei and distribution of starch grains in a ray in the current year’s xylem of Larix kaempferi. Black arrows indicate condensed nuclei. White arrows indicate starch grains. RT: ray tracheid, RP: ray parenchyma cell. The left side of the micrograph corresponds to the outer side of the

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At first, near the cambium, ray parenchyma cells and ray tracheids contained elliptical nuclei and no starch grains. Then, starch grains were observed first in ray parenchyma cells that were in contact with ray tracheids (white arrows in Figure) and these ray tracheids contained condensed nuclei (black arrows in Figure). After that, nuclei in ray tracheids were disappeared. Finally, ray parenchyma cells that were not in contact with ray tracheids had starch grains in the inner part. In this area, longitudinal tracheids lost their nuclei. Our observations suggest that the initiation of starch accumulation in ray parenchyma cells might be affected by the cell death of longitudinal and ray tracheids.

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The Pattern of Location of the First Earlywood Vessels in the Current Year’s Xylem

in a Ring-porous Hardwood, Quercus serrata.

Kayo Kudo1, 2, Yuichiro Oribe3, Shahanara Begum1, 4, Yusuke Yamagishi1, 5, Eri Nabeshima1, 6,

Md Hasnat Rahman1, Satoshi Nakaba1, Katsuhiko Takata2, Ryo Funada1. 1 TUAT, Fuchu-Tokyo, Japan, 2 Akita Pref. Univ., Noshiro-Akita, Japan, 3 Tohoku

Regional Breeding Office, FFPRI, Takizawa-Iwate, Japan, 4 Bangladesh Agricultural Univ., Mymensingh, Bangladesh,

5 Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, 6 Ehime Univ., Matsuyama-Ehime, Japan

Earlywood vessels play an important role in the movement of water in ring- porous hardwood species. We observed location and process of formation of the fist earlywood vessels in the current year’s xylem in Quercus serrata in early spring using light microscopy. We found the pattern of the appearance of the first earlywood vessel: first expanding vessel elements were found scattered for tangential direction in early spring, the first division of cambial cells and first earlywood vessels were observed at almost the same radial files in which the previous year’s latewood vessels were formed. This pattern was found under three different conditions: natural, localized heating and localized heating plus disbudding. These results indicate that there might be pre-determined area for differentiating into vessel elements or area for which conditions for differentiating into vessel elements are easy to set in the cambium of Q. serrata.

Formation of earlywood vessels is crucial for growth of ring-porous hardwoods species, because they play a significant role in conduction of water in the current year. It is important to understand the mechanisms of formation of earlywood vessels. We have observed the process of formation of earlywood vessels under natural condition. In addition, we had clarified the trigger of the initiation of differentiation of vessel elements in early spring by localized heating to the dormant stems and disbudding treatment. We found the pattern of the location of the first formed earlywood vessels in Quercus serrata through our previous researches. In this study, we investigated location and process of differentiation of vessel elements in Q. seratta.

We used trees and seedlings of a deciduous ring-porous hardwood, Quercus serrata. We collected block samples which included phloem, cambium and xylem from stems of Q. serrata trees in early spring in 2009 and 2016. Localized heating experiment to the dormant stems was conducted from January to May in 2014. Localized heating plus disbudding treatment to the stems of seedlings was conducted from February to April in 2014. We collected samples from heated regions and non- heated regions at 2 week intervals. The blocks were embedded in epoxy resin and sections at 2 µm thickness were cut by a rotary microtome. The

Figure Location of the first earlywood vessel

after 38 days heating in the stem of Q. serrata

tree. Ph: phloem, Ca: cambium,

V: vessel element, Xy: xylem.

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location and the process of differentiation of vessel elements were observed using light microscope.

The first expanding vessel elements were found scattered in the cambial zone for tangential direction in early spring. The first division of cambial cells and the first earlywood vessels were observed at almost the same radial files in which the previous year’s latewood vessels were formed. This pattern was found under three different conditions: natural, localized heating to the dormant stem (Figure) and localized heating to the dormant stem plus disbudding. These results indicate that there might be pre-determined area for differentiating into vessel elements in dormancy or the area for which conditions for differentiating into vessel elements are easy set at the beginning of cambial reactivation in the cambium of Q. serrata.

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Effects of Methyl Jasmonate and Ethylene on Wood Anatomical Characteristics of Agarwood-Producing Species (Aquilaria sp.)

Widyanto Dwi Nugroho*1, Rini Pujiarti1, Charolina Riana Christianty1,

Muhammad Malik Ibrahim1, dan Gita Dwi Anjayani1

Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Jl. Agro No.1, Bulaksumur, Sleman 55281, *Email: [email protected]

Agarwood is one of the commercial woods and has high economical value.

However, there was still limited information concerning agarwood formation. Plant hormones are known an important role in controlling cambial activity and wood formation in woody plants. Thus, it is needed to observe the effects of plant hormones in the agarwood formation. The objectives of this study are to observe the effects of Methyl jasmonate, Ethylene and the mixture of Methyl jasmonate and Ethylene on wood anatomical characterisctics of agarwood-producing species, Aquilaria sp and to observe the changes of discoloration zone on the stems of Aquilaria sp. We found that Methyl jasmonate and Ethylene induced the modification of wood anatomical characteristics and the discoloration zone in Aquilaria sp.

Agarwood is one of the commercial woods and has high economical value that is often used by the people as fragrances, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Aquilaria sp. is one of the woody species that produces agarwood. Agarwood is defined as a kind of wood from agarwood-producing species that has unique colour and shape with high content of aromatic resin as a result from natural or artificial infection on that wood. Agarwood is a product that be the form of dense clumps of dark brown to black and smelled fragrant wood on the woody plant which has undergone by physical and chemical changes due triggered by biotic and abiotic factors in agarwood-producing species. Plant hormones are known to play an important role in controlling cambial activity and wood formation in woody plants. Methyl jasmonate and Ethylene were reported as plant hormones that affect the modification of wood anatomical characteristics. This study is intended to observe the effects of Methyl jasmonate, Ethylene and the mixture of Methyl jasmonate and Ethylene on wood anatomical characterisctics of agarwood-producing species, Aquilaria sp.

Three trees of Aquilaria sp. were used for the experiment. Aquilaria sp. trees were approximately 6 years old that were planted in community forest. Methyl jasmonate (1%, w/w), Ethylene (0.1%, w/w) and mixture of Methyl jasmonate and Ethylene were applied to artificial wound on the stem of Aquilaria sp. For the control, flat lanoline was applied by similar way. Wood samples from Aquilaria sp trees

Figure 1. Discoloration area on the stem of Aquilaria sp, treated by Methyl jasmonate (A) and transverse section of Aquilaria sp. wood treated by Methyl Jasmonate. Scale bar: 500 µm.

were obtained on 6 months after treatments using increment borer, knife and chissel. The wood anatomical characteristics and the formation of discoloration zones were observed.

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The results show that the plant hormones such as Methyl jasmonate and Ethylene affect the modification of wood anatomical characteristics of Aquilaria sp. We found that Methyl jasmonate and Ethylene significantly affects the fiber wall thickness, fiber length, height of ray parenchyma, frequency and the proportion of intraxylary phloem, and the width area of discoloration zone. However, no significant affects were found on vessel diameter, vessel frequency, fiber diameter, fiber lumen diameter, and frequency of ray parenchyma.

Keywords: anatomical characterictics, Aquilaria sp., ethylene, methyl jasmonate

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TOPIC : Wood Formation and Cambial Activity

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RAMAN Imaging to Reveal in-situ Molecular Changes of Wood During Heartwood Formation and Drying

Martin Felhofer1, Batirtze Prats-Mateu1 and Notburga Gierlinger1

1 Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11/II 1190, Vienna, Austria

Wood is a part of the natural carbon cycle and is object of the degradation caused by bacteria, insects or fungi. However, trees have developed a way to undermine degradation by impregnating their tissues with highly polymerized phenolic compounds in the course of lignification and heartwood formation. The amount and composition of heartwood constituents varies between species and the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In this work, Confocal RAMAN Microscopy (CRM) was used to map in-situ the chemical composition in the sap- heartwood transition of pine wood micro-sections with a spatial resolution of ~300 nm. RAMAN images were acquired on never-dried and dried samples in order to compare the natural (heartwood formation) and the artificial drying. Measurements on native wood show the increase of extractives in the transition zone when compared to sapwood. Similar like in the lignification process, the extractives first accumulate in the cell corners and then spread into the secondary cell wall. The dried wood shows incorporation of pinosylvins in the S3 and pits, indicating the clog up of the water pathway.

Due to global warming an increase of average temperatures and extreme events is expected, which will affect tree populations in Austrian forests. More drought resistant species such as oak and pine will adapt, which are known to accumulate higher contents of extractives in their inner "heartwood". Some of these extractive components are known to enhance the trees (woods) natural durability by protecting against insect infestation and microbial attacks. Apart of the fact that heartwood is essential for a longthese more durable heartwoods are desired for -living tree, Figure 1 | Theextractives can lead to problems ( two faces of heartwood: The impregnated -) or have desirable effects (+) construction applications and might give access to valuable add-on products in a biorefinery process (Figure 1). On the other hand, in the Austrian pulp and paper and timber industry the presence of extractives is not always welcome as technical processes may be hindered and have to be adapted (Figure 1).

Heartwood formation (Figure 2) has been studied since a long time. High variabilities among species, within single trees and under different environmental conditions have shown the

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Figure 2 | Schematic illustration of heartwood formation.

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complexity of this natural drying and impregnation process. Up to know, the chemical characterization has been mainly achieved by using different wet- chemical and chromatographic analysis. The context and relation to the wood microstructure is lost and often not all components are solved as changes in composition might need other treatment conditions and interactions with other cell wall polymers might occur. Still a knowledge gap exists on the distribution of these extractives on the micro- and nanoscale and their interaction with other wood components. Therefore, the objective of this work was to investigate the topo-chemical distribution of wood components in microtomed native cross- sections of Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) by state of the art Confocal RAMAN Microscopy (CRM). In addition, the influence of artificial drying was investigated in order to see if heartwood and its extractives react in a different way than sapwood.

CRM was successfully used to track the extractives distribution with high lateral resolution (~300 nm) in a non-destructive manner. The focus was on pine as characteristic marker bands of stilbenes are present in the RAMAN spectra and a low fluorescence background. Integrating these marker bands enabled to clearly track the beginning of stilbene deposition from sapwood to heartwood within one tree ring (Figure 3). On the micron level the higher impregnation of cell corner and compound middle lamella compared to the secondary cell wall has been visualised as well as an increase in the S3 layer and pits (Figure 3, 14-16). Furthermore, extractives have been found in small deposits within the lumen of tracheids in sapwood (lipids and stilbenes) and heartwood (more stilbenes) (Figure 3, white arrows), but also parenchyma cells. Multivariate data

analysis e. g. Vertex Component Analysis (VCA) gave further insights into the deposits composition and visualized an extractive distribution (pathway) from radial rays over the lumen and pits to the secondary cell wall of tracheids. After drying of the microsections the S3 layers become even more reinforced, the pit

Figure 3 |In-situ“photo shooting” of pine tracheids during heartwood formation, pinosylvin increases rapidly within one tree ring (~2mm) in the transition zone:RAMAN images (40 x 40 µm) acquired ona transverse micro section (18µ m thick and embedded in D2O) of aPinus sylvestrisstem from sapwood to heartwood including the transition in bet.ween

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chambers completely filled as well as micro- and “nanocracks” (Figure 4). These preliminary data suggest further blocking of the transport pathway for water and fungal hyphae as well as a kind of "self- sealing" by drying induced diffusion of extractives.

The results demonstrate that extractive distribution on the micronlevel is optimized to block the water and fungal hyphae pathway as well as to enable "self-sealing" during drying. This work showed clearly the potential of CRM combined with multivariate statistics to get detailed insights into the natural process of heartwood formation as well as into industrial processes like drying. More experimental set ups and samples as well as efforts on improving RAMAN band assignments have to be tackled in future projects.

Figure 4 | Pine heartwood tracheids: (A) Raman images of a nativecross section and (B) dried at room temperature.

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Tracheary Elements in Calli of Japanese Horse Chestnut (Aesculus turbinata) Form Perforation Plates Like Structures

Yusuke Yamagishi1,2, Yutaka Kamada1, Kayo Kudo2,3, Satoshi Nakaba2, Yuzou Sano1, Ryo Funada2

1Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 2Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-

Tokyo, Japan 3Institute of Wood Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Noshiro, Japan

Wood consists of secondary xylem cells that form thick and lignified

secondary wall. Therefore, understanding of the mechanism of secondary xylem cell differentiation is important for extensive use of woody plant resources. For detailed analysis of xylem cell differentiation, in vitro differentiation systems of tracheary elements are useful. Model systems using cells of Zinnia elegans and Arabidpsis thaliana have been used for sequential analysis and much cytological information has been accumulated. But until now, formation of large perforation plates, which are the main pathway of water transportation in stem has been rarely observed in such in vitro differentiation systems. In this presentation, we will report that some of tracheary elements in calli derived from young leaves of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata) form large and various types of perforation plates. Moreover, they form bordered pits and broad regions of secondary wall, which are typical features of tracheary elements in secondary xylem. Calli of A. turbinata could be employed as a new model system of the formation of perforation plates in secondary xylem.

Differentiation system of tracheary elements in vitro is useful for detailed analysis of xylem cell differentiation. Model systems using Zinnia elegans and Arabidpsis thaliana have been used for sequential analysis and much cytological information has been accumulated. Moreover, we recently reported in vitro differentiation systems of tracheary elements using woody plant cultured cells of woody plant hybrid poplar (Populus sieboldii x P. grandidentata) (Yamagishi et al. 2013), which can induce the secondary xylem-like tracheary elements that form the typical features of secondary xylem such as bordered pits and broad regions of secondary walls. But until now, formation of large perforation plates that are the main pathway of water transportation in stem has been rarely observed in such in vitro differentiation systems. Therefore, we need to make new induction system of differentiation of tracheary elements with large perforation plates using calli of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata).

Young leaves of A. turbinata were cut and placed on modified MS medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962) with 5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 5 μM benzyladenine (BA) as plant growth regulators. They were sub-cultured in the same medium at 4-week interval. After 1 year from initiation, calli were observed by bright-field, polarized light microscopy and differential interference microscopy. We defined cells with strong birefringence under a polarized microscope as tracheary elements because such birefringence is an indicator of the presence of secondary walls with well-ordered cellulose microfibrils. For detailed observation of structure of cell wall of induced tracheary elements, calli were macerated with Franklin solution. Calli were stained with an aqueous solution of 10 μM acridine orange for observation of secondary walls and were

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examined under a confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM-310; Carl Zeiss), with 515-565 nm band-pass filter and excitation at 488 nm with an argon ion laser.

Soft and yellow to brown calli were generated from young leaves of A. turbinata within 1 month. After 12 months, calli became hard and white. Some of calli contained tracheary elements with thick cell wall and exhibited birefringence under a polarized light microscope. Tracheary elements tended to observe as clusters with others. Some tracheary elements formed reticulate thickening of secondary walls that resembled those of primary xylem. In other part, they form broad areas of secondary wall that is the typical features of tracheary elements in secondary xylem. Other tracheary elements formed spiral thickenings, which are typical features of vessel elements in secondary xylem of A. turbinata. Approximately 10 percent of tracheary elements formed large pores which resembled perforation plates (pp) of vessel elements Moreover, some of the pp-like pores were simply perforated like simple pp while others were bridged by curved or forked bars of which orientations were inconsistent like scalariform pp (Fig). Calli of A. turbinata could be employed as a new model system of the formation of perforation plates in secondary xylem.

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Regulation of Cambial Activity in Trees: the Role of Temperature and Precipitation

Ryo Funada1, Md Hasnat Rahman1, Shahanara Begum1,2, Kayo Kudo1,3, Yusuke Yamagishi1,4, Eri Nabeshima1,5, Widyanto Dwi Nugroho1,6, Sri Nugroho

Marsoem6, Yuichiro Oribe7, Satoshi Nakaba1

1Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu- Tokyo, Japan, 2Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh,

Bangladesh, 3Institutes of Wood Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Noshiro- Akita, Japan, 4Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, 5Faculty of

Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama-Ehime, Japan, 6Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and 7Tohoku Regional Breeding Office,

Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Takizawa-Iwate, Japan

Wood is produced by cell division of cambium of stems of trees. In temperate zones such as in Japan, the cambium of trees undergoes seasonal cycles of activity and dormancy. This periodicity plays a critical role in the control of both the quantity and the quality of wood. In this paper, we will show our recent data concerning the process of the first cambial cell divisions from late winter to early spring using the model system of cambial reactivation induced by localized heating. Moreover, we will show the effects of low temperature on cambial activity using localized cooling in stems. Our results show that changes in the temperature of the stem might be the critical factor in the control of seasonal changes in cambial activity in temperate zones. By contrast, in tropical zones such as in Indonesia, changes in the precipitation affect the cambial activity. Therefore, cambial activity in trees might be regulated by the different external factors depending on the climatic conditions.

Wood has been used for thousands of years as a raw material for timber, furniture, pulp and paper, chemicals and fuels. Wood is produced by cell division of cambium of stems of trees. Cambial cells differentiate into secondary xylem cells through a process of cell expansion or elongation, cell wall thickening, cell wall sculpturing (formation of modified structure), lignification, and cell death. Although wood is of great economical importance as renewable bio-materials and bio-energies, the precise process of its formation is not yet fully understood. Therefore, in order to create wood with desirable quantity and quality, more detailed information is needed on the cellular and molecular aspects of cambial activity.

We used several conifers and hardwoods growing in Japan (temperate zone) and Indonesia (tropical zone) . Small blocks containing phloem, cambium and xylem were obtained from heated, non-heated, cooled and non-cooled portions of stems at different growing seasons. Cambial cell division and differentiation of its derivatives were investigated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmitted electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy.

In temperate zones, increases in temperature from late winter to early spring influence the physiological processes that are involved in the initiation of cambial reactivation and xylem differentiation both in localized heated stems and under natural conditions. The timing of cambial reactivation can be predicted from the sum of the maximum daily temperatures, in degrees, above a threshold value (cambial reactivation index; CRI). These observations suggested that an

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increase in temperature might be a limiting factor in the onset of cambial reactivation during the quiescent dormancy of trees. In contrast, localized cooling of stems has a direct effect on cell expansion, the thickening of walls of differentiating tracheids, and the rate of division of cambial cells. A rapid decrease in temperature of the stem might be the critical factor in the control of latewood formation and the cessation of cambial activity. Our results show that cambium can respond directly to changes in temperature through the stems and that changes in the temperature of the stem might be the critical factor in the control of seasonal changes in cambial activity in temperate zones.

In tropical zones, the cambium of trees shows no obvious seasonal cycles of activity and dormancy. However, no or little precipitation (dry season) induces the temporal cessation of cambial activity. In contrast, the continuous precipitation (no dry season) induces no obvious cessation of cambial activity. Therefore, the precipitation might be the critical factor in the control of cambial activity in tropical zones.

Our investigations show that changes in temperature and precipitation might control wood formation in temperate and tropical zones. Therefore, the future climate changes such as global warming and extended drought will affect the production of wood and the environmental adaptivity of trees.

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Wood Formation of Pinus radiate Growing in Central North Island of New Zealand and its Relation to Radial Stem Growth

and the Environment.

Bernadette Nanayakkara1, Alan Dickson1 and Damien Sellier1

1Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand

Wood is a product of the vascular cambium and its activity is regulated by both endogenic factors, such as plant hormones, and exogenic factors such as rainfall, temperature and day length. The anatomical variations in xylem depend on the rate and duration of differentiation processes, which determine the amount and properties of the resulting wood. Understanding the biological and physiological aspects of the regulation of cambial activity in trees are of considerable interest.

Wood formation was studied by sampling microcores from two trees growing adjacent to each other but with contrasting radial stem growth rates. A fluorescence based method was used for imaging microcoresas an alternative to commonly used paraffin embedding and light microscopy.

The widths of the cambial and enlarging zone (CET) and wall thickening and lignification zones (LT) (Figure 1), were related to stem radial growth measured by dendrometers and climatic factors e.g. rainfall and temperature. Although the cambium remained active throughout the year the activity was at its minimum at the winter solstice, showing the narrowest zone widths.The relatively high winter rainfall (~4 mm day-1), coupled with relatively mild winter temperatures (~ 5-10 ºC), characteristic of the Rotorua climate, might account for the absence of dormancy. The widths the CE and LT zones were correlated to stem diametersaveraged over the preceding 7and 54 days, respectively. Tracheid parameters such as radial width and wall thickness were not related to different growth rates of the two trees studied, but were related to seasonal dynamics. The CET and LT zone changes measured between fast- and slow-growing trees indicate that the techniques used in this study are sensitive enough to measure the effects of environmental factors and experimental treatments on xylem development and maturation of Pinus radiata and its potential impact on wood and fibre properties

Figure 1. Autofluorescence image showing cambial division, cell expansion and wall thickening (CET) and secondary wall formation and lignification (LT) zones in differentiating xylem of Pinus radiata.

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Growth Stress and Anatomical Features in Reaction Wood of Gnetum gnemon

- Investigation in Different Three Sites in Indonesia

Hiroyuki Yamamoto1,Wakana Kogawa1, Tatsuya Shirai1, Miyuki Matsuo1, Masato Yoshida1, Manami Yamashita1, Sri Nugroho Marsoem2, Yusuf Sudo Hadi3,

Abubakar MLahjie4

1Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, JAPAN 2University of Gadjah Mada, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

3Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia 4University of Mulawarman, Samarinda 75123, Indonesia

Growth stress and anatomical features in reaction wood of mature Gnetum

gnemon (Gnetales, Gymnospermae) were investigated in three different sites in Indonesia. Bothin xylem and phloem, secondary growthwas promoted on the upper half side in an inclined stem without any exception. An abnormally large tensile growth stress was measured in xylem of the eccentric growth part, wheremicrofibril angle (MFA) becomes significantly lower. Tensile stress was also detected in phloem, which was no relation to the growth eccentricity. In xylem, no gelatinous fiber was observed,whileit was frequently found in thickened phloem on the upper half side in an inclined stem.These results suggest that low MFA induces generation of large tensile growth stress in wood fiber on the upper half side inthe inclined stem, which enables the inclined stem of G. gnemon to bend upward in concert with eccentric growth of xylem as well as formation of gelatinous fiber in thickened phloem.

Conifer species forms reaction wood along the lower side of the secondary xylem in an inclined stem or branch, called compression wood (CW), where a large compressive growth stress is generated. On the other hand, arboreal angiosperm generally forms the tension wood (TW) along the upper side of the secondary xylem in an inclined stem or branch, and generates a large tensile growth stress. Those large growth stresses enable the inclined stem or branch to erect upward, which is called negative-gravitropism.

Gnetum gnemon is a tropical plant species belonging to plant order Gnetales, gymnosperm; nevertheless, G. gnemonshows xylem anatomy and chemical composition similar to those of typical angiosperm (e.g., Carlquist 1994, Nawawi 2016). It is thus quite interesting from an evolutionary viewpoint to consider whether G. gnemon forms TW or CW in inclined stems when it evolves negative gravitropism.Some insists on TW-like reaction wood (Shirai et al. 2015), while the other reports CW-like reaction wood (Nawawi et al 2016), over the type of reaction wood formationin an inclined mature stem of G. gnemon.

The presenters try to provide amore definitive answer to this question by investigating growth stress and anatomical features of mature G. gnemon trees in three different sites in Indonesia. Accordingly, the presenters seek for a biomechanical reason why the pattern of the reaction wood formation differs between gymnosperm and angiosperm, through the investigation of anatomy and growth stress in G. gnemon.

Mature stands of Gnetum gnemonL., grown in three sites in Indonesia, five stems in Tenggarong (East Kalimantan),three stems in Kuningan (West Java), and four stems in Yogyakarta, were tested. Some had grown vertically, while the others had inclined stems. Growth stress was measured on the outermost surfaces of xylem and inner bark (phloem) around the periphery of each tested tree. The value of growth stress is evaluated by the released strain along the fiber direction.

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After measuring the released strain, wood blocks were taken, and they were analyzed for anatomy,as well as physical properties.

(1) Anatomical properties of G. gnemon As already reported by the previous authors (e.g., Carlquist 1994;

Tomlinson2001), each tested G. gnemon formedwood fiber with a thick-lignified cell wall, vessel element, and multi-seriate rays in their secondary xylem (Fig.1). The secondary growth was promoted on the upper half in an inclined stem both in xylem and phloem without any exception (Fig.2). However, no anatomical difference was observed between the upper and lower half sides in an inclined stem by the microscopic observation,excepting the fact that microfibril angle (MFA) became significantly lower on the upper half side. In phloem, gelatinous fiber was formed, which could be seen as a dark band-like zone in the thickened phloemby the naked eye (Fig.2), which coincides with previous report by Tomlinson (2001) using a young shoot of G. gnemon.

(2) Abnormal growth stress in an inclined stem of G. gnemon On the outermost surface of xylem, contractive released strain of −0.1 ~

−0.15 % was measured along the upper side, while it was small contraction (0 ~ −0.05 %) along the lower half side in an inclined stem of G. gnemon. In a straight stem, contractive released strain of −0.03 ~ −0.08 % was measured. On the surface of inner bark, contractive released strain of 0 ~ −0.2% was detected at the periphery, which was no relation to the growth eccentricity.

Fig. 1 Microscopic section of G. gnemon.

Fig. 2 Crosscut discs sampled from an

inclined stem (left), and a straight

stem (right) of G. gnemon. In

thickened phloem, gelatinous fiber

is formed (white arrows indication).

(3) Reaction wood and negative-gravitropism of mature G. gnemon The obtained results suggest that low MFA induces generation of large tensile

growth stress in wood fiber on the upper half side in the inclined mature stem of G. gnemon, which enables the inclined stem to bend upward in concert with eccentric growth of xylem as well as formation of gelatinous fiber in thickened phloem. These findings are more or less similar to the TW-type reaction wood in Magnoliaceae, in which the typical G-fiber are absent in the TW (Okuyama et al. 1994).

(4) A provocative discussion on why the pattern of the reaction wood differs between gymnosperm and angiosperm

Some primitive angiosperm, e.g., Amborellaceae, some Chloranthaceae, some Winteraceae, do not form vessel element in their secondary xylem. Aiso et al. (2013) reported that Sarcandra glabra (Chloranthaceae) forms a CW-like reaction wood and generates compressive growth stress along the lower side of an inclined stem. Similar finding was reported for Pseudowintera colorata (Winterceae) by Meylan (1981). Considering the present results with Aiso et al. (2013) and Meylan (1981), appearance and development of vessel in the secondary xylem is possibly concerned with origin of TW-type reaction wood in arboreal angiosperm.

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TOPIC : Paleobotany and Archaeology

89

Modern Hydraulic Architecture at the Cretaceous Paleocene Boundary of India

E. A. Wheeler1, R. Srivastava2, S.R. Manchester 3, P Baas4,

1N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC, U.S.A.; 2Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, India; 3Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL U.S.A.; 4Naturalis

Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

The Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India are dated at ca. 67—64 million years, i.e. latest Cretaceous – earliest Paleocene and span the K-Pg boundary, a significant time in earth’s history. At this time, the Indian tectonic plate was halfway on its journey from Gondwana to its collision with Asia, and relatively close to the equator. TheDeccan volcanic beds contain a diverse assemblage of fossil plants, including at least 80 species of petrified woods from 15 localities. Most of these species were described in the 1960s when it was thought that the Deccan Traps were younger (Eocene) and most likely to be related to extant Indian genera. We recently examined thin sections of over 40 species. mostly holotypes housed at the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, India, and reviewed the literature for the other species. We used InsideWood to help with evaluating the relationships of the Deccan woods with present-day woods.This species rich fossil assemblage contains first records of some angiosperm orders (Lamiales), families (Achariaceae, Anacardiaceae, Simaroubaceae), subfamilies (Leeoideae, Vitaceae; Myrtoideae, Myrtaceae; Planchoideae, Lecythidaceae, and tribes (Castilleae, Moraceae; Grewioideae and Sterculioideae, Malvaceae) or even genera (Olea, Oleaceae). These occurrences represent data useful for biogeographic and phylogenetic studies. TheDeccan woods’ spectrum of hydraulically important functional traits appears“modern”and comparable to that of extant dry tropical forest ecosystems. This contrasts with earlier global analyses of fossil woods, dominated by assemblages from higher latitudes in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. These higher latitude Cretaceous and Paleocene woods have higher incidences of so-called "primitive" hydraulic attributes, such as scalariform vessel perforations and lower incidences of vessel-associated axial parenchyma. The paleolatitude of the Deccan woods was close to the equator. Apparently, latitudinal differences in wood anatomical functional traits were as great or greater at the Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary as they are today. The absence of distinct growth rings in most Deccan Woods suggests a climate with minimal seasonality, contrasting with monsoonal seasonality of today.

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Wood Fossil from East Borneo

Nani Husien1, Hanny Oktariani2, Agus Sulistyo Budi3

Laboratory of Biology and Information of woody plant 1,3Forestry Faculty Mulawarman University, Samarinda. East Kalimantan

2Geological Agency Bandung. West Java

The aim of this study is to identify petrified wood discovered in Kutai

Kertanegara East Borneo. Specimens were taken from the huge log of fossil wood. Three dimensional sections (transverse, tangential and radial) were prepared by ground thin section technique. Microscopic characters of the fossil wood were compared with the present wood species.Specimens are microscopically identified as the petrified wood of hardwood, it is characterized by the existence of wood pores. Xylotomical characters are compared with the Myrtaceae family. The fossil wood showed close resemblance with the genus of Eucalyptus in respect of the size and arrangement of pores, rays, pitand axial parenchyma. Anatomical properties similarities were found among the wood fossil and thefour types of preparatesof eucalyptus which were used as comparisons.Baseon theseproperties, thespecies of this fetrified wood is certainly the genus of Eucalyptus.

Keywords :petrified wood, hardwood, Myrtaceae, Eucalyptus

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Recommended nomenclature update for fossil ebenaceous wood based on current generic relationships of Ebenaceae, IAWA

terminology, and a well-preserved Miocene trunk from Bristol Bluff, Florida, USA

Nareerat Boonchai1,2, Terry Lott2, and Steven R. Manchester2

1Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Mahasarakham 44150 Thailand 2Florida Museum of Natural History,University of Florida, Dickinson Hall,

Gainesville, FL 32611, USA

Fossil wood of Ebenaceae has had a complicated nomenclatural history for

more than a century. The three most commonly used generic names are Diospyroxylon, Ebenoxylon, and Euebenoxylon, which have very close anatomical features suggesting that they could be combined as a single genus. We examined a silicified trunk of Ebenoxylon from the middle Miocene of the Alum Bluff Group near Bristol, Florida. The wood shows a close anatomical similarity to extant Diospyros spp. with a combination of vessels solitary and in radial multiples, simple perforation plates, small alternate intervessel pits, parenchyma pattern varying from apotracheal commonly diffuse-in-aggregate and/or in narrow bands, reticulate to irregular or wavy; paratracheal axial parenchyma scanty, occasionally present; non-septate fibers; nonstoried, commonly 1–3(–4)-seriate in combination with uniseriate rays, heterogeneous rays; vessel ray pits commonly similar to intervessel pits in shape and size. The fossil wood anatomical characters indicate a subtropical to tropical climate.We have reviewed and will provide an emended generic diagnosis of Ebenoxylon with attention to anatomy known from similar modern woods.We recommend to update and combine the diagnoses of the three genera followingcurrent generic relationships of Ebenaceae, terminology ofIAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification, and additional information of modern wood anatomy of this family from 2000-onwards.

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Revisiting the Fossil Forests of Ocu

Oris Rodriguez-Reyes1,2, Cesar Silva1

1Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Ancón, Republic of Panama 2Departamento de Botanica, Universidad de Panama, Apartado 000 17, Panamá 0824,

The Isthmus of Panama is a key region to understand the history of Central American floras and climate. However, few studies have been conducted in that region apart from those associated with the Panama Canal expansion project and the Panama Canal Basin. One of the areas particularly rich in plant fossils is the Azuero Peninsula. Beautifully preserved silicified wood occurs nearthe town of Ocu in the northern part of the Azuero Peninsula and only three studies have focused on this material (Stern and Eyde, 1963; Herrera et al., 2012; Jud et al., 2017 in press); however, the age and parental rocks of those fossils has remained uncertain. Previous studies have suggested the Ocu fossil forests were perhumid to superhumid tropical forest, contrasting with the drier (MAP < 1000 mm) regions of Panama that dominate the peninsula today. Recent fieldwork in the Azuero Peninsulaevidencedthe Ocu woods as detrital fragments ofthe clast- supported conglomerates from the Macaracas Formation (~ 30 Ma). If this holds, the woods fill an important gap in our knowledge of the flora of Panama, below than the lower Miocene deposits of the Cucaracha Formation along the Panama Canal, and above the Eocene deposits of the Bucaro/Tonosi fossil flora in the southern part of the Azuero Peninsula. We are developing a project funded by the Panama Secretary of Scienceto study about 60 fossil woods for systematics and paleoclimatology data and to perform radiometric and biostratigraphic dating for the first time in the region.

Keywords: woods, Ocu, Azuero, Central America, forests, Oligocene

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Cenozoic Woods of India: an Overview

1R.C. Mehrotra 1Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53 University Road, Lucknow-226007, India

India is rich in fossil woods throughout the Cenozoic. They are mostly of angiosperms, but gymnosperm woods do occur, especially at the K-Pg (Cretaceous- Paleogene) boundary. The Deccan intertrappean flora being late Maastrichtian-early Danian in age is very rich in woods which are generally petrified and belong to both gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms are represented by only two families, namely Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae, while angiosperms containing both dicot and monocot woods occur in abundance. The characteristic families are Achariaceae Ampelidaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Burseraceae, Celastraceae, Clusiaceae, Connaraceae, Ebenaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Lecythidaceae, Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Salicaceae, Sapindaceae, Simaroubaceae, Stemonuraceae, and Tetramelaceae, etc. In the Palaeogene woods are known mainly from western India belonging to Achariaceae, Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae, Ebenaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Lythraceae and Sapindaceae and rarely from northeast India belonging to Lecythidaceae. All these families had been there since the intertrappean period and no new family appeared. In contrast, the Neogene witnessed a tremendous change in the wood flora and a lot of new families came into existence, for e.g. Alangiaceae, Bombacaceae, Boraginaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Fabaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Lauraceae, Polygalaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Rosaceae, Sapotaceae, Thymelaeaceae and Ulmaceae, etc. This sudden spurt in taxa might be due to migration from Southeast Asia. This can be explained by the fact that India after being separated from other Gondwanaland continents collided with the Asian plate in the Eocene and completely established land connections with Southeast Asia at the end of the Oligocene. This can be supported by the fact that many coastal elements such as Cocos (fruit), Rhizophora (leaf), Sonneratia (wood) and Terminalia catappa (leaf) were recovered from the late Oligocene flora of India. These elements indicate that suturing between the Indian and Asian plates was not complete till the Oligocene. The fossil wood records of Pterospermum and Sterculia (Malvaceae) from India and Southeast Asia support their migration during the Neogene. The former has been recorded from the Paleogene of Southeast Asia, while the latter is commonly found in the Deccan intertrappean flora of India. Pterospermum made its first appearance in the Pliocene of Gujarat, while Sterculia was described from the Neogene of Myanmar. Another example of migration is the woods of Dipterocarpaceae which were absent in India during the entire Paleogene but appeared in the Miocene and soon became dominant in the flora of India. Dipterocarpaceae originated in Malaysia and migrated to the subcontinent via Myanmar.

Except a few, all the fossil woods are diffuse-porous in nature indicating tropical conditions with warm and humid climate. As more than 95% of the woods are diffuse porous with indistinct growth rings and large vessels with low density, they indicate tropical climate with little seasonality in temperature. The quantitative estimation of palaeoclimate by Coexistence Approach (CA) using these woods from the Neogene of northeast India shows that the mean annual temperature (MAT) ranges between 23– 27 °C, while the mean annual precipitation (MAP) is >2000 mm. The only fossil wood indicating montane (subtropical to temperate) conditions in India is Prunus of the Rosaceae described from the Miocene of Ladakh. This indicates that the Miocene was the time when cooler conditions began to prevail in the extra peninsular part of India due to the upheaval of Himalayas.

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Malvalean Woods from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India and their Biogeographic Implecations

Rashmi Srivastava1

1Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow- 226 007, India

email: [email protected]

The family Malvaceae is well represented in Indian fossil flora, both in Upper

Cretaceaous-Palaeogene and Neogene sediments. In the present communication petrified woods of three genera: Corchorus, Grewia and Sterculia (2 species) are reported from different localities of Deccan Intertrappean Beds (Maastrichtian- Danian) of Central India. Amongst them, fossil record of Corchorus is not yet reported. All the woods have multiseriate, heterocellular rays and both paratracheal and apotracheal parenchyma. Grewia is characterized by pterospermum type of tile cells, while in Sterculia sheath cells are present in multiseriate rays. This would represent the oldest fossil records of these genera (subfamily Grewiodeae and Sterculiodeae) and suggests considerable diversification within the family by the K-Pg boundary.

During the middle Jurassic, India separated from Gondwanaland and moved northwards until it collided with the Asian landmass during the terminal Eocene. Following collision of the two Plates, land connections were established between the Indian subcontinent and Eurasia. The Malvaceae is an interesting example of vis-`a-vis migration along with number of taxa ultimately resulting in the evolution of modern floras and ecosystems. Amongst them, Grewia and Sterculia dispersed out of India and recorded from the adjoining Neogene sediments of Myanmar and Malaysian region where equable, warm climatic conditions allowed tropical Gondwana relics to survive and flourish.

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Micromorphological and Chemical Characteristics of Waterlogged Archaeological Yunnan Pines

K H LEE1, J GAO2, J Qio3, L Ming4, F XU4, M CHA5, Y S KIM1

1Chonnam National Univ.,Gwangju, Korea, Kunming, China,3Southwest Forestry Univ., Kunming, China, 4Beijing Forestry Univ., Beijing, China,5National Research Inst. of

Maritime Cultural Heritage, Taean, Korea

Ancient villages containing hundreds of wooden artifacts were revealed in the Haimenkuo archaeological site at Jianchuan County in Yunnan Province, China in 2008.Excavated wooden artifacts (Yunnan pines: Pinusyunnensis) were deposited in the mud soil about 100 cm from the surface. Carbon dating indicated the archaeological wooden artifacts dated back to 3000 to 5300 years ago (Min

2009). Diverse microscopy and solid-state NMR were employed to better understand the degradation aspects of archaeological woods at ultrastructural levels.

Microscopic observations showed that degradation of tracheids was not uniform; very intact tracheids were present among the severely degraded ones. Degradation was occurred not only to the latewood but also to

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earlywoodtracheids (Fig. A). Degradation was occurred mainly to the S2 layers with granular appearances.

TEM showed that preferential degradation was occurred in the interface between S1/S2 and S2/S3 (Fgi. 2C) while the degradation in the middle part of S2 layer was retarded until the interface zones were degraded, resulting in the delamellation of cell wall materials from middle lamella. S1 were relatively less degraded than the S3 layer (Fig. 2B and C). In the advanced stage of degradation, all the secondary cell wall layers were degraded remaining the middle lamella (Fig. 2B). Torus and warts were resistant against bacterial degradation due to their high contents of phenolic compounds and/or lignin (Fig. 2F). Degradation pattern of tracheids in Yunnan pine was similar to erosion bacteria.Middle lamella was the most resistant layer among the cell wall layers. Bacteria were main attacker of Yunnan pine. Morphology of bacteria was mainly coci type (Fig. 2D). Although crescent aspects in a few samples resemble to the typical tunnel bacterial attack (Fig. 2E), further studies are necessary to confirm that those crescant traces were made by tunneling bacteria. Soft rot cavities were not found either.

Interestingly, different staining densities among cell corners with toluidine blue were found. TEM examination demonstrated patchy areas in cell corners without the traces of microbial attacks. In addition, staining density in some cell corner middle lamella, when stained with KMnO4, was weaker than in middle lamella, suggesting the abiotic degradation of lignin. Solid-sate NMR spectra indicated the decrease of syringyl type lignin in the waterlogged Yunnan pine (Fig. 2B). Changes in the spatial distribution of lignin in the cell corner were investigated byconfocal ramanmicrophotoscopy (CRM). Some cell corners showed very weak intensity at 1594 cm-1 when compared to other cell corners, indicating the degradation of lignins (Fig. 3). Our microscopic works showed clearly the possibility of abiotic degradation of lignin in cell corner even in the waterlogged archaeological woods, although their degradation was uneven and inconsistent.

Figure 2: Solid-state NMR spectra of Yunnan Pine; A: control (recent wood); B; Outer part and C: Inner part of waterlogged Yunnan pine

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Figure 3: Average Raman spectra and images acquired from the cell corners of Yunnan pines under waterlogged circumstances. Note the sharply decreased spectra intensity at 1594 cm -1, assigned to lignin in some cell corners.

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A Wood Fossil Dipterocarpacea From Genteng Formation in Lebak Regency, Banten Province, Indonesia

Hanny Oktariani (1,2), Winantris (2), Lili Fauzielly (2), Ratih Damayanti (3)

1Geological Agency, KESDM, Jl. Diponegoro No. 57 Bandung 40122 2Department of Geology, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Dipati Ukur No. 35 Bandung 3Forest Product Research and Development Center, Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor

The fossilized wood unearthed in Sindangsari Village, Sajira District, Lebak Regency, Banten Province, Indonesia. The depositional environment of this Early Pliocene fossilized wood that has been found in tuff sediment of Genteng Formation corresponds to a terrestrial deposition. To identified a wood fossil, preparat made from three sides; transverse, radial and tangential. The preparation of thin section ollowing to the one methode in the rock petrography. Anatomical features of the fossil wood are as follows : vessel almost exclusively solitary, ray width 1 to 3 cells, larger rays commonly 4 to 10 seriate, body ray cells procumbent with one row of upright and/or square marginal cells, Axial canals in long tangential lines, prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells. These feature show affinities of the fossil wood to the extant wood Dryobalanops of the family Dipterocarpaceae.

Keywords: fossil wood Banten, Genteng formation, Early Pliocene, Dryobalanops, Dipterocarpaceae

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Characterization of Moruswoodused in Han Dynasty Tombs Excavated from Northwest and Southeast China

Shengcheng Zhai1, Cheng Yuan1, Bingwei Chen1, Ya’nan She1, Biao Pan1

1College of Materials Science &Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan

Road 159, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu Province, China

Catalpa (Catalpaspp.), China-fir (Cunninghamialanceolata), cypress (Cupressus

spp.), phoebe (Phoebe spp.), sassafras (Sassafras spp.) etc. are identified as

common wood species for tomb construction and coffins in ancient China

according to amount of archeological reports and published papers. By chances,

two wood blocks were obtained from two Han dynasty tombs excavated from

Northwest and Southeast China, which were identified as mulberries (Morus spp.).

In this presentation, we will introduce anatomy, cell wall ultrastructure and

chemical properties of archaeological mulberries from different excavated

condition invested by lightmicroscopy,polarized light microscopy, TEM, FTIR and

XRD. Together, a progress test of wood degradation of modern mulberries

exposed to the white-rot fungi (Coriolus versicolor) were presented; the result

showed heartwood of mulberries have a good natural durability.

Knowledge of the degradation of archeological wooden objects, especially

degraded cell wall structure, is needed to make a long-term plan for their storage

and conservation. Wood objects excavated from South China are usually water-

logged and dried from North China. The degradation characteristics were

considerably different among different wood species, excavated sites, buried

periods, etc. Two wood blocks identified as mulberries (Morus spp.)were

obtained, which were excavated from Han dynasty tombs of Gansu Province -

Northwest China and Jiangsu Province-Southeast China. The cell wall

ultrastructure and chemical properties were investigated to understanding and

comparing the different degraded structure of archeological mulberries.

15µm sections were sectioned from PEG 2000 embedded wood samples and

observed with light microscope. Semi-thin sections with 1µm thickness were

prepared on Leica RM 2265 rotary microtome from Epon812 embedded samples

for polarized light microscopy. For TEM, ultrathin cross section (70nm)were

stained with uranyl acetate&lead citrate, and photographed with a JEM 2100 TEM.

Wood powder were prepared and tested with Bruker Vertex for FTIR and D8-

Advance for EDX.

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TOPIC : Wood Identification

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A Rapid and Robust Automated Macroscopic Wood Identification System

using Smartphone with Macro-lens

Xin Jie Tang1, Yong Haur Tay1, Nordahlia Abdullah Siam2, Seng Choon Lim2

Center of Computing and Intelligent Systems(CCIS), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman1,

Forest Research Institute of Malaysia2

Wood Identification has never been more important to serve the purpose of global

forest species protection and timber regulation. Macroscopic level wood identification practiced by wood anatomists can identify wood up to genus level. This is sufficient to serve as a frontline identification to fight against illegal wood logging and timber trade for law enforcement authority. However, frontline enforcement official may lack of the accuracy and confidence of a well trained wood anatomist. Hence, computer assisted method such as machine vision methods are developed to do rapid field identification for law enforcement official. In this paper, we proposed a rapid and robust macroscopic wood identification system using machine vision method with off-the-shelf smartphone and retrofitted macro-lens. Our system is cost effective, easily accessible, fast and scalable at the same time provides human-level accuracy on identification. Camera- enabled smartphone with Internet connectivity coupled with a macro-lens provides a simple and effective digital acquisition of macroscopic wood images which are essential for macroscopic wood identification. The images are immediately streamed to a cloud server via Internet connection for identification which are done within seconds.

Keywords: Rapid Field Identification, Machine Vision, Macroscopic Wood Identification,

Smartphone, Macro-lens, Cloud Computing

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Texture Analysis of Diffuse-porous Hardwood: Identification of Wood Species Used in Tripitaka Koreana

Kayoko Kobayashi1, Sung-Wook Hwang1, Takayuki Okochi2, Won-Hee Lee3, Junji Sugiyama1,4

1 Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan 2 National Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara, Nara 630-8577, Japan

3 Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea 4 Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China Korea

Tripitaka Koreana is a collection of over 80,000 Buddhist texts carved on wooden blocks. In this study, we investigated whether six hardwood species used as blocks could be recognized by image recognition. An image dataset comprised stereograms or X-ray computed tomography (CT) images in transverse section. The dataset was analyzed by an image recognition system, which comprised a gray level co-occurrence matrix method for feature extraction and a weighted neighbor distance or a support vector machine algorithm for classification. The estimated accuracy obtained by leave- one-out cross-validation was up to 100% after optimizing the pretreatments and parameters, thereby indicating that the proposed system may be useful for the non- destructive analysis of all wooden carvings.

Image recognition has been developed in various fields such as automated face- recognition and fingerprint authentication. Recently, we constructed an image recognition system based on low-resolution X-ray CT data for identification of wood species that are used frequently for producing Japanese wooden sculpture [1]. The results indicated that it could identify wood species almost perfectly.

In the present study, our target was the Tripitaka Koreana, which is designated as a national treasure in Korea. The wood species or taxa used to make the tripitaka were investigated by Park and Kang [2], who identified small fragments based on microscopic observations and found that all the fragments from the main bodies of wooden plates were diffuse-porous hardwood. Therefore, we verified whether images with similar diffuse-porous patterns could be identified correctly using an image recognition system.

Six wood species were used in the present study, i.e., Acer pictum, Betula costata, Cornus controversa, Cerasus jamasakura, Machilus thunbergi, and Pyrus pyrifolia. The stereograms in transverse section were acquired at a 10× magnification, and the CT data was obtained with the micro-focus X-ray CT system. The original dataset was analyzed by the image recognition system in three steps, i.e., pretreatment, feature extraction, and classification. The image analyses and statistical analyses were performed using R version 3.1.1 with the package “wvtool” [3], which we developed in our laboratory.

The species were classified well and perfect recognition accuracy was achieved in both cases, using stereograms and CT images. The appropriate selection of filtering pretreatments for noise reduction and to enhance the characteristics of the images was important for accurate identification. In the analysis with the stereograms, we also found that some texture features (the density of vessels, the intervals of rays, the amount of tyloses) had clear relationships with anatomy [4].

[1] Kobayashi et al., J. Wood. Sci. (2015) 61:630–640. [2] Park & Kang, J. Korean. Wood. Sci. Technol. (1996) 24:80–89. [3] Sugiyama & Kobayashi (2016) https:// CRAN.R-project.org/package=wvtool

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[4] Kobayashi et al., J. Wood. Sci. (2017) in press.

Figure. Typical images for each species: (upper) Stereograms with 600 × 600 pixels. (bottom) X-ray CT images with 300 × 300 pixels.

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Utilization of Synchrotron X-ray Microtomography to Analyze Anatomical Features of Wooden Keris Sheath

Hairi Cipta1, Kayoko Kobayashi1, Widyanto Dwi Nugroho2, Suyako Tazuru1, Junji Sugiyama1,3

1 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan

2Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

3College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing 210037, China

Keris is a traditional dagger from Indonesia. For its sheath, wood is usually used as the main material. To investigate the wood preference to make a sheath in the past, wood identification is necessary to conduct. The analysis of wood anatomical features is one of the important method to identify wood. A synchrotron X-ray microtomography (CT) has been used to analyze wood anatomical features and could minimize the damage on wood samples. In this study, we aimed to discuss summarize of wood anatomical features and identify the wooden keris sheath using X-ray CT as well as investigate the pattern of pitting on vessel elements with Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Five samples of wooden sheath from Indonesia were observed. A small wood fragment was cut from each sample. The experiment was conducted using beamline 20XU at Spring- 8 facility in Hyogo Prefecture. Image visualization software were used to analyze X-ray CT images. We identified the genera level of 3 sheath samples and species level of 1 sheath sample based on wood anatomical features. By observe flattened curved surface of vessel elements, we could analyze pitting on vessel elements. X- ray CT is one of promising non-destructive techniques to analyze the anatomical features of wooden keris sheath.

Keris is a traditional dagger from Indonesia that characteristically by a wavy blade. Sheath (Fig. 1) is a part of keris that usually made of selected fine wood to protect the keris blade, decorate, shield from opponent attack, and sometimes prevent the spreading of poison that contained in the blade. Identification of wood species that is used to make a sheath is important to reveal wood preference in the past.

As cultural wood, sampling of a sheath must be managed carefully. Synchrotron X-ray microtomography as one of non-destructive methods for wood anatomy could be an alternative. This study aimed to summarize wood anatomical features of wooden keris sheath and identify the wood species of wooden keris sheath by means synchrotron X-ray microtomography. Also, we aimed to investigate the pattern of pitting on vessel elements by flatten curved surface of vessel elements and analyze the pattern with FFT.

Five wooden sheath samples namely WR-001, WR-002, WR-003, WR-004 and WR-005 from some collectors in Yogyakarta (Indonesia) were observed. A small wood fragment with 0.7 mm in diameter and 5 mm in length was removed from each sample.

The beamline 20XU at Spring-8 facility in Harima, Hyogo Prefecture (Project No. 2016B1743) was used to extract of anatomical features of sample. There were

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1800 transmission image that recorded using a high-resolution camera (2048 x 2048 pixel). Image data was reconstructed by CUDA accelerated algorithm of filtered back projection. Image visualization softwares ImageJ and VG Studio MAX 2.2 were used to analyze the 8-bit gray-scaled image with a voxel

Figure 1 Photograph of wooden sheath sample (WR-002) Figure 2 Septate fibers (arrowhead) were observed in

sample (WR-002)

resolution 0.472 m. Two dimensional and three dimensional images were generated to analyze wood anatomical features. To observe the pitting on vessel element, flattened curved surface of vessel elements was analyzed using FFT. The features were summarized using criteria from IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood.

After analyze wood several anatomical features, we successfully identified genera level of 3 samples and species level of 1 sample. WR-002 and WR-005 was probably Dysoxylum sp. which were concluded based on axial parenchyma band type and septate fiber Fig. 2). WR-003 was probably Mangifera sp. based on axial parenchyma confluent type and three cells per parenchyma strand. WR-004 is similar to Kleinhovia hospita which had tile cells, axial parenchyma diffuse type, and prismatic crystal in ray parenchyma cells.

Flattened curved surface using image visualization software provided the alternative way to observe pitting on a vessel element of wood samples. From the FFT power spectrum, there were differences between intervessel pit, axial parenchyma-vessel pit, and ray-parenchyma pit spectrum. Moreover, the differences were also found on the different type of vessel element grouping.

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Establishing DNA Barcode Reference Databases Based on Xylarium: A Case Effort on Dalbergia and Pterocarpus

Lichao Jiao1, Min Yu1, Juan Guo1, Alex Wiedenhoeft2, Tuo He1, Bo Liu1, Xiaomei Jiang1, Yafang Yin1*

1Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Chinese Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China. 2Center for Wood Anatomy Research, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products

Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA

The increase in illegal logging and timber trade of CITES-listed tropical species necessitates the development of unambiguous identification methods at the species level, and for these methods to be fully functional and deployable for law enforcement, they must work using wood or wood products. DNA barcoding of wood has been promoted as a promising tool for species identification, however the main barrier to extensive application of DNA barcoding to wood is the lack of a comprehensive and reliable DNA reference library of barcodes from wood. DNA barcoding of wood is not necessarily as simple or direct as DNA barcoding of other plant parts that can be collected and analyzed in the living state, so the use of xylarium specimens is critical to ensure that the barcodes developed will work for wood and wood products in trade. Xylaria provide the botanical foundation for forensic work in support of the timber trade and law enforcement. In this work, xylarium wood specimens of nine Dalbergia and six Pterocarpus species were selected from the Wood Collection (WOODPEDIA) of the Chinese Academy of Forestry and DNA was then extracted from them for further PCR amplification of potential DNA barcode sequences. The barcodes were tested singly and in combination for species-level discrimination ability by tree-based (Neighbor- Joining) and distance-based (TaxonDNA) methods. The present results demonstrate the feasibility of using vouchered xylarium specimens to build DNA barcoding reference databases and the potential of further verification for unvouchered xylarium specimens.

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TOPIC : Wood Anatomy and Processing

108

Seasonal formation of phellem in Betula maximowicziana

Hiromi Shibui1, Yuzou Sano2

1Graduate School of Agriculture, and 2Research Faculty of Agriculture,

Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

The phellem of Betula species consists of alternating layers of thin-walled

and thick-walled cells which appears to be associated with seasonal growth. We aimed to observe the seasonal formation process of the phellem in Betulamaximowiczianabylight microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Phellogen activity started partly in mid-May and ceased at the beginning of August.It took nearly 1 month until the active phellogen became continuous entirely around the stem.The thin-walled and thick-walled cells were formed in the early and middle-to-late stages of the growing period, respectively.The active period of phellogen was shorter than that of vascular cambium.

Most Betula species have smooth outer bark which peels off tangentially into papery thin layers. The phellem cells in Betula are tangentially elongated and that the phellem consists of alternating layers of thick-walled and thin-walled cells.It has been stated that such stratification in Betula phellem is associated with seasonal growth. However, seasonal changes in the phellogen activity in Betula species have not been reported to date. Therefore, we investigated the phellogen activity and phellem formation in B.maximowiczianawith repeated sample collection during the growth season.

Two-year-old twigs were collected weekly or biweekly from mature tree of B. maximowiczianabetween mid-April and early August in 2015. Developmental process of phellemwere observed by LM, and cell wall ultrastructure and cytoplasmic appearance were observed by TEM.Vascular cambium activity was also monitored and compared with phellogen activity.

When the elongation of the current-year twig was first observed on 13 May, phellogen had already originated from subepidermal cells at the basal portion of it.In the 2-year-old internode of the twig, reactivation of phellogen was first observed on 19 May. The active phellogen layer was not entirely continuous in both internodes at this time, and it took 2 weeks and almost 1 month to be continuous around the stem in current-year and 2-year-old internode, respectively. The secondary wall thickening of newly forming phellem cellswas first observed on 26 May in the outer part of the differentiating phellem in both internodes.In late June to early July, the walls of phellem cells were thicker in the inner layer than the outer layer and the difference of cell wall thickness became clear in newly forming current-year phellem.On 4 August, the walls of all the phellem cells adjacent to the phellogen were distinctly thickened in both internodes, which indicatesthat the phellogen activity ceased. The numbers of phellem/phelloderm cells formed in the growingperiod in 2015 were 21.9±1.5 SD/0.9±0.3 SD in current-year-old twig and 16.4±4.4 SD/1.4±0.1 SD in 2-year-old twig.The period in which the phellogen was entirely active around the stem was much shorter than the period in which the vascular cambium was similarly active.

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Investigating the Influence of Anatomical Characteristics on the Performance of Rotational Wood Welding

Listya Mustika Dewi1, Benoit Belleville2

1Forest Product Research and Development Center, Ministry of Environment and Forestry

2School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne

Welded wood samples of five wood species (Eucalyptus delegatensis,

Eucalyptus pilularis, Eucalyptus saligna, Corymbia maculata and Tectona grandis), generated from rotational wood welding were investigated to find out the anatomical characteristics which might have a predominant effect on their mechanical performance. The result showed that the mechanical propertiesof welded joints had been influenced by some anatomical characteristics such as cell dimensions (i.e. fibre length and fibre wall thickness), fibres proportion, the type of vessels, tyloses, rays, and the presence of mineral inclusions. The results also confirmed the importance of density, rotational speed and dowel-hole diameter ratio in the welding process.

Keywords: Eucalyptus spp., Tectona grandis, rotational wood welding, anatomical characteristics, mechanical performance.

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Resistance of Imported Wood Against Biodeteriorating Agents in Different Environmental Conditions

Rashmi Ramesh Shanbhag1, R. Sundararaj1

1Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 18th Cross, Malleswaram, Bangalore 560003, India

Over the millennia, mankind has recognized the inherent resistance of certain

wood species against attack by fungi, insects and marine borers. Despite our advances in wood protection technology, people still rely on naturally durable timbers for construction of various structures. Of late, this property of several wood species, known for their high durability, has become unreliable due to changes in silviculture and pre-harvesting practices, which reportedly interfere with their durability performance. This warrants for a periodical assessment and rating of natural durability aspects, so as to select the right species for various end uses. Moreover, drastic decline in the availability of naturally durable timber species towards the end of 20th century has resulted in the import/export of timber world-wide, whose inherent durability to withstand bio-deterioration under different climatic conditions is unknown, but is necessary to utilize them effectively. As such, studies on natural resistance of wood to biological damage are of prime importance. Some imported timbers are well known for their durability and their reputation has carried them far from their original homes, although some have not maintained their reputation under different conditions or where new varieties of termites have appeared. It is necessary to know the behaviour of wood species under different environmental conditions and their durability class before the timber or timber product is put into use as the degree of wood deterioration is dependent on conditions such as soil, rainfall, altitude, temperature, and other environmental conditions under which the timber is put to use.

This paper describes the natural resistance of important imported timber species of India in different agro-eco zones. Field experiments were carried out at six locations falling under five Indian agro-eco zones with the aim of evaluating the natural resistance of 20 species of imported woods. Wood stakes measuring 30.5 X 3.8 X 3.8 cm as per IS:401-1982 standards were implanted in the soil and observed for a period of 4 yr, and visual damage assessment was done. The termite’s active in the test yard and on the test stakes were collected, preserved in 70% ethanol, and identified using taxonomic keys.

Resistance is a critical determinant of life span of tree species. Many heartwood species were known for their resistance against degradation (Harris, 1961). Results revealed significant variation in rate of degradation of wood species with climatic zones producing significant variation as well. The tested timbers were categorized into three groups: susceptible, resistant, and moderately resistant. Timber species such as T. grandis, Shorea robust, Shorea marcoptera, Dryobalanops sp., Xylia dolabriformis and Pterocarpus soyauxii have been well known, since ancient times, for their durability and in Indian Environment also they continued to be durable. Quercus robur durable species of European region failed to perform well under Indian environmental condition and was found to be moderately resistant against the degradation under Indian conditions. Fagus grandifolia, F. sylvatica, Fraxinus angustifolia, F. excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus and Hevea brasiliensis were found to be susceptible woods. Our results indicated that the amount of cellulose and lignin is a key ingredient in the characteristic wood natural resistance relationship, other factors such as climatic conditions where wood is put in use; the wood’s place of

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origin, and abundance of major wood destroying termites, play major roles in wood resistance against termites. Termites collected belonged to nine species under four genera and the single family Termitidae. Odontotermes obesus was the dominant species in most of the locations.

112

TOPIC : Technique and Technologies; Wood

Quality

113

Wood Properties Comparison on Eucalyptus Pellita Clones Using Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy

Dian Apriyanti1, Ruspandi1

1 Research and Development Department, Sinarmas Forestry Indonesia

As an exclusive supplier of raw material for pulp and paper industries,

Sinarmas Forestry focuses on Eucalyptus pellita clonal plantation in mineral soil. The comparison of wood properties on E. pellita EPA, EPB and EPC in Riau region at different ages in two site classes (namely site class I and III) was analyzed using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in last year experiment. Furthermore comparing the both with EPC was carried out to know the wood properties.

NIR spectroscopy is well known as a powerful tool that can provide quantitative information on chemical and physical properties, such as wood density, cellulose, extractive and lignin contents, by the end wood consumption or cubic meter needed to produce one ton of pulp could be estimated. Each clone samples were taken from a 100 drilled sample in the same site class, where each age was drilled up approximately 20 samples.

The results showed that EPA has higher 11% of wood consumption and lignin content 11% lower than EPB. The results also elucidated that wood density and lignin content increase with age. For the several comparisons between clones, wood consumption of the clone EPB and EPA is lower 3% and higher 16% respectively than EPC. Meanwhile lignin content of EPB is higher 12% than either EPA or EPC.

Keywords: Eucalyptus pellita, wood properties, NIR,

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Aspects of Computer Vision Wood Anatomy

Junji Sugiyama1,2, Sung Wook Hwang1, Kayoko Kobayashi1, Takahiro Kegasa1 Schengcheng Zhai2

1Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611- 0011, Japan

2College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing 210037, China

How do we see the object and recognize it? There are several approaches to answer this problem, and the computer vision is one of the ways to do. Recent development in informatics sciences, particularly in the field of image analysis, a kind of machine learning –deep learning combined with a convoluted neural network– brings a rapid development in such a way that the machine can describe almost precisely what is recorded in a photograph. In this presentation, we would like to introduce our recent progress in AI-aided wood identification and anatomy, and discuss about the potentials and future perspectives.

There are two ways to do image analysis as shown in Figure 1. One is a conventional pattern recognition procedure, sometimes called “shallow learning” in contrast to ”deep learning”. In this process, man-designed features are used for classification. In other words, researchers can select suitable feature extractor to their specific object. Once features are found distinguishable between sample classes, we pass them to the established classifier to build a model to obtain reliable answer. Our first approach using GLCM/Haralick parameters was targeted for identification of CT images1) and integrated software has been developed2). The similar approach was recently extended to study stereo- micrographs3). Regarding the optical micrographs, the features that are more modern, rotation-, scale-invariant, such as SIFT, SURF seems more promising in identification as well as in visualization of anatomical similarity and dissimilarity. The study along this line will be given in elsewhere4). The second approach is the “deep learning”. In this case, the machine designs and optimizes the feature extractors to execute classification, and learn species characteristics by itself. The algorithm calculates numerous number of features from hierarchical image layers, and optimize the weight of features that

Figure 1 A schematic flow of two representative ways of machine learning.

are influential. This means that features are considered from fine texture to coarse shape from an image, as human brain does. Although it is not simple, scrutinizing the intermediate layer in the calculation has potential to provide anatomically important information that we may not know yet. Besides anatomy and identification of wood, the obtained features have potential to be correlated with various physical and chemical properties of wood. Preliminary study along this line will be also presented.

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Application of Time-temperature Superposition Principle to Chinese Fir Wood Orthotropic Creep

Jianxiong Lyu1, Hui Peng1, Jiali Jiang1

1State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China

The application of time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) to

orthotropic creep in dry Chinese fir wood (Cunninghamia lanceolata [Lamb.] Hook.) was investigated through a sequence of short-term tensile creep for longitudinal (L), radial (R), and tangential (T) specimens in the temperature range of 30 to 150°C. A visual assessment for the validity of TTSP was carried out by applying the approximated complex plane (ACP). The results showed that creep compliance was dependent on temperature and orthotropic directions. TTSP was well matched for R and T specimens only using horizontal shift factor to construct master curves. As for L specimen, an additional vertical shift factor was applied to construct smooth master curve, owning to the temperature-dependent compliance. Based on the application of ACP, the creep model governed by a power law was proposed to successfully depict the master curve for each main anatomy direction. The present study partially provided the firsthand data in verifying the applicability of TTSP to the orthotropic viscoelasticity of Chinese fir wood, and successfully constructed the rheological model to predict the orthotropic creep response. More importantly, the result can function as the base to the structural safety designs for the engineering structures of Chinese fir wood in practice.

Given multiple transition regions of wood from the thermorheological point, the TTSP’s applicability to wood is sometimes controversial. Macroscopically, wood is normally described as an anisotropic material with unique and independent mechanical behaviors in three mutually perpendicular directions: longitudinal direction, radial and tangential directions in the transverse plane. In generally, investigators study the TTSP’s applicability to wood were mainly focus on longitudinal or radial direction, but rarely provide a comprehensive datasets of the TTSP’s applicability among three directions.The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of TTSP in longitudinal (L), radial (R), and tangential (T) directions for dry wood, and observe the orthotropic creep using TTSP. Additionally, a generic creep model applicable in three main anatomy directions for dry wood was identified as well for obtaining the creep behavior over reasonable time periods.

Creep behavior was performed on a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA 2980, TA Instruments) with tensile clamp, and a distance of

Fig.1 (Right panel) master curves obtained

by shifting individual raw data curves (left

panel) along log t for L (a), R (b), and T (c)

specimens. Curves measured at 30°C is taken

as a reference

17 mm between clamping midpoints was used. Each specimen was subjected to isothermal creep segments for 20 min at each 10°C interval in a temperature range of 30 to 150°C, 20 min equilibration/recovery periods were inserted between creep segments.

The individual creep curves in left panel of Fig. 1 showed the expected response from isothermal creep segments: increasing creep compliance with time and temperature for each specimen irrespective of grain orientation. There were differences in compliance among the specimens with three grain orientations.

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0

Compliance for L specimen was significantly lower than that for R and T specimens, and T specimen was higher than R specimen almost twice.

The right panel of Fig. 1 demonstrates the master curve that takes 30°C as the reference temperature and shifts the raw data curves at other temperatures horizontally along the log t axis to the 30°C curve for each specimen. The overlapping curves of R and T specimens were quite well matched than L specimen. As shown in Fig. 2, compliance curve for L specimen required horizontal shift factor aT and vertical shift factor bT to construct smooth master curve.

The ACP is based on a visual assessment of the trajectories in the complex planes (J″ with respect to J′), which can be understood as a type of phase diagram presenting the slope against the value, relative to the function J(log t). According to Alfrey’s approximation, the storage compliance J′ and loss compliance J″ components of complex compliance were applied for static test, it can be written as:

J J (log t) (1) J 2 dJ d (ln t) 2ln(10) dJ (log t) d log t (2) where t is the creep time, J creep

compliance. Smooth master curves were developed for

Chinese fir in tension using short-term creep tests for L, R, and T specimens. Power law equations were then applied for each master curve using a nonlinear fitting procedure. Based on the approximately straight line of experimental data in the ACP (Fig. 3), the power law model was derived as Eq. (3):

Fig. 2 The master curves of

experimental data using horizontal

shift factor aT and using horizontal

shift factor aT and vertical shift factor bT for L specimen.

J t J 1 a tk (3) where J0 is the initial compliance, k the kinetic parameter, a the estimated

parameter. The creep model showed very good agreement between modelled and

master curves for each specimen, as illustrated in Fig. 4.

Fig. 3 Representation of the results in the

approximated complex plane (ACP) for L

(a), R (b), and T (c) specimens

Fig. 4 Agreement between master curves (symbols)

and power law model (solid line curves) determined

for L(a), R (b), and T (c) specimens

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Wood Quality of Flamboyan (Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf.) Grown on Bantul Regency

Rizky Novita1, Andiar Yudha Rizki Darmawan1, Andhika Ibnu Sina1, and Sri Nugroho Marsoem1

1 Department of Forest Product Technology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro. No 1. Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

e-mail: [email protected]

Flamboyan (Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf.) is one of the trees grown abundantly in many community forest. Flamboyan wood had a good appearance but unfortunately until now most of the wood has only been used as firewood. This is because of only few information related to it’s so far available. This study is directed to provide some of the properties of the flamboyan wood grown on Bantul Regency. To improve flamboyan wood role as firewood into carpentry wood and/or pulp industry material, physical characteristic and fiber dimension was conducted.

Five flamboyan tree free from defects thats been cut down was measured the physical characteristic also fiber dimension to determine potensial utilization. Wood sample distinguished based on three axial position i.e. base, middle, end and three radial position i.e. near pith, middle, and near bark. Physical properties of wood was measured by using British Standard No.373, 1957 while the fiber dimension were determined according to IAWA 1989, the data collected was then analyzed using Completely Random Design (CRD).

The result showed that flamboyan wood has average value of green moisture content 110.42 %, and air-dry moisture content 16.71%. The mean spesific gravity by green volume, air-dry volume, and oven-dry volume were 0.36, 0.38, and 0.40. Shrinkages values of longitudinal, tangential, and radial from green to air-dry condition were 0.42%, 1.96%, and 1,05%. Also the average values of fiber length were 0.93 mm.

Keywords: flamboyan wood, physical properties, fiber dimension, axial position,

radial position

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TOPIC : Wood Utilization & Environtment;

Tree Physiology and Pathology

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Can We Apply the Rule of Mixtures to Predict Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Wood

Suthon Srivaro1, Jantira Rattanarat2 and Peerada Noothong2

1 Materials Science and Engineering Program, 2Marine and Coastal Resources Management Technology Program, School of Engineering and Resources, Walailak

University, 222 Thaiburi, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand

In order to predict mechanical properties of oil palm wood from its

constituent material properties, the applicable of the rule of mixtures (ROM) was then considered. In this study, modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of oil palm wood were examined. Fraction of fibers of the corresponding specimens was also measured. The properties of fiber and parenchyma cells of oil palm wood were then back calculated using ROM. The obtained results were then compared with the measured properties of fiber and parenchyma cells of oil palm wood reported in literature. The result showed that ROM was inappropriate to predict MOR and MOE values of oil palm wood. However, modification of ROM for predicting both values of oil palm wood was finally achieved.

Oil palm tree is monocotyledon. In view of microscopic level, oil palm wood consists of two different major cells; vascular bundle and parenchyma cells. Properties of oil palm wood along cross section and stem height are not uniform. In order to reach more effective use of oil palm wood in practice, equation for describing relationship between structure and properties of oil palm wood is therefore needed. In this work, the suitability of the rule of mixtures to predict flexural properties of oil palm wood was evaluated.

Oil palm wood specimens were prepared for flexural test with some modification to ASTM D 143. Three point bending test was conducted to determine modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood using a constant span to thickness ratio of 20:1. Volume fraction of fibers of corresponding specimen was also measured using image processing software.

It was found that the back calculated properties of fiber and parenchyma cells obtained by using ROM were much higher than those of the measured ones. This implied that ROM was inappropriate to predict MOR and MOE values of oil palm wood. However, ROM was successfully modified to roughly estimate both values of oil palm wood.

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Influence of Water Based Coating on the Mechanical Properties of Wood Cell Wall as Evaluated by Nanoindentation

Yan Wu1,2*, Jiamin Wu1, Caiyun Tang1, Siqun Wang2*, Hong Chen1, Zhihui Wu1

1 College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, China; 2 Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, USA

Nanoindentation is a technique that determines the mechanical properties

of a material in the nano scale. The test involves penetrating a sample material using an indenter, while the penetration depth and load are recorded so that the material elastic modulus and hardness at the indented location can be subsequently calculated. In this work, the nanoindentation was performed to investigate the influence of water-based coating on the mechanical properties of wood cell wall. The test locations were coating in different distances from wood cell wall, on cell wall with and without coating in the lumen, respectively. The results showed that the reduced elastic modulus ( Er ) and hardness ( H ) of coating were significant lower (P<0.05) than those of wood cell walls. The nanomechanical properties of the cell wall type II and type III were distinctly (P<0.05) higher than those of cell wall type I. The reduced elastic modulus in the cell wall type III was 12.7% and 7.4% higher than those in the cell wall type I near coating layer and cell wall type II with coating in the lumen, respectively. Meanwhile the hardness in the cell wall type III without coating in cell lumen was 7.4% and 6.5% higher than those in the cell wall type I and cell wall type II , respectively.

Figure 1 Typical Indentation images (35 µm × 35 µm) of indent locations on coating and wood cell wall (a. Microscopy photo of sample cross section; b.

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Type II Type III

Type I

Type III

10 µm

10 µm

c

a

10 µm

10 µm

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Indents on pure coating and cell wall type I; c. Indents on cell wall type II and coating in the lumen; d. Indents on cell wall type III without coating in the

lumen)

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

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0.5

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16.34µm 10.65µm 6.18µm 3.01µm P W

Indent position

Figure 2 Reduced elastic modulus of coating on different location of sample on cross section

0.16

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0.06

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16.34µm 10.65µm 6.18µm 3.01µm P W

Indent position

Figure 3 Hardness of coating on different location of sample on cross section

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PC EC E

Indent position

Figure 4 Reduced elastic modulus of cell wall with and without coating in the lumen

Reduced elastic modulus (GPa)

Red

uce

d elast

ic modulus (GPa)

Hardness (GPa)

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0.6

0.5

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PC EC E

Indent position

Figure 5 Hardness of cell wall with and without coating in the lumen

Hard

ness (GP

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Causal Agent of Erythrina variegata Decline and Mortality is not a Gall Wasp Quadrastichus erythrinaebut a Fungus Belonging

to Fusariumsolani Species Complex

Keiko Kuroda1, Izumi Chuma1, Kuya Takashina1,Takeo Kihara1, Tsubasa Murakami1, Daiki Hiraoka1,Norikazu Kameyama2

1 Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan 2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Tropical tree species, Erythrina spp., are severely damaged from 2000s in

wide area of the world. Although infestation by a gall waspQuadrastichus erythrinae is thought to be the cause of the decline, it is doubtful that a gall wasp kills big trees. By the anatomical observation of declining E. variegata, xylem discoloration and dysfunction was found in the stem, and phloem was necrotic adjacent to the discolored xylem.Two fungal strains isolatedfrom discolored areawere identified as members of Fusarium solani species complex clade 3 and indicated pathogenicity to the E. variegataseedlings. On the other hand, contribution of Q. erythrinae to the Erythrina decline as a vector was denied. To prevent theErythrina decline, protection strategy must be changed.

E. variegata was introduced on the southern islands of Japan before the 19th century from India or Malaysia and has been planted in parks and roadsides. The defoliation and mortality of Erythrinaspp. are increasing in many areas in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and North America. Although infestation by the gall wasp Q. erythrinae has been accepted as the cause of Erythrina decline, the role of the wasp in the dying process of hosts has never been investigated. The purpose of the present investigation is to elucidate causal factors of E. variegata decline from the standpoint of tree physiology and pathology.

Sampling of E. variegata was conducted during 2014 and 2015 from trees of 30 to 60 cm in diameterat University of the Ryukyusand Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Park, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.To check the water conduction, acid fuchsin solution was injected into two trunks of declining but living trees.Boles and branches of 9 harvested trees were dissected after macroscopic observations. Part of the specimens were processed for light microscopy. Dissected small cubes were sterilizedand incubated on the PDA at 25C.Fungi detected from specimens were identified by the DNA sequencing technique. By the inoculation experiment with E. variegata seedlings, pathogenicity of detected fungi was checked. A fungus belonging to F. solani species complex (FSSC) clade 3 was dominantly detected from discolored xylem and necrotic phloem with odor. In contrast, no specific fungi were detected from twigs and petioles with Q. erythrinae galls. According to the anatomical observation, the internal symptoms of declining E. variegata, xylem discoloration

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Fig. 1 Cross section of a declining E. variegata trunk, Dis: sxylem discoloration, Nec: necrosis, Sa: decrease of sap ascent

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and dysfunction, were similar to other wilt diseases of trees such as Japanese oak wilt (Kuroda 2001) and fig wilt (Kajii et al. 2013).Artificial inoculation of E. variegataseedlings with the isolates of FSSCobtained from declining specimens induced defoliation, phloem necrosis and wilt, and reisolation of the inoculated strain was successful. The present results demonstrated that the isolate has pathogenicity to E. variegata and is suggested to be a causal agent of Erythrina decline. The contribution of Q. erythrinae to the Erythrina decline as a vector was denied. For the protection of Erythrina trees, fungicide injection into the trunks should be tested.

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Apical Growth Suppression Precedes Radial Growth Suppression Under Shading in Abies sachalinensis Saplings

Yuko Yasuda1, Yasuhiro Utsumi1, Naoaki Tashiro1, Shinya Koga1

1 Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Shoot apical meristem and stem cambium structural changes after shading

in the middle of growth season were analyzed in Abies sachalinensis saplings. The apical meristem after two weeks shading had narrower height than those of control. The apical meristem turned to brown after 70 days shading. On the other hand, the cambium under shading had no apparent difference in the shape from the control through the experiment. The growth suppression in apical meristem preceded the radial growth suppression in cambium under shading in A. sachalinensis stems.

Shade environment commonly suppresses both apical growth and radial growth of trees. The suppression of apical and radial growth in woody plants are believed to occur synchronously in organ level [1-4]. However, few histological analyses have been done to elucidate the structure changes of shoot apical meristem and the cambium under shading, and their correspondence. In this study, we aimed to clarify the structural change in shoot apical meristem and cambium of Abies sachalinensis stems after shading in the middle of growing season.

Forty-two saplings of A. sachalinensis growing in the nursery of Ashoro Research Forest (143°34'E, 43°17'N) were used. All sample trees were grown under full sun-light condition until the experiment. Subsequently, twenty-one sample trees were shaded on relative light amount of 5% for 70 days from August 1, 2015. Tree height and trunk base diameter were measured every two weeks after shading in control and shaded treatment. Three stem samples were collected at the stem base of 1.0 cm height and the terminal shoot with apical meristem in both treatments every two weeks. The stem base disks and the terminal shoot were sectioned with sliding microtome and stained with toluidine blue solution and acetocarmine solution for structural analysis and nuclei observation under light microscopy.

The samples of 14 days shading and following shaded samples by the end of experiment have smaller tree height and the stem base diameter than the control. This result indicated that both the apical and radial growth in the stem have been suppressed by shading. After 70 days shading, shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia adjacent to the apical meristem in the shaded trees turned to brown, whereas those of the control trees were fresh through the experiment (Fig. 1). In the shaded trees, nuclei of the cells were disappeared in the shoot apical meristem and the leaf primordium after 70 days shading (Fig. 2). The cell nuclei of shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia in the control trees were found through the experiment (Fig. 2). The shoot apical meristem and the leaf

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Figure 1. Comparison of tissue structure by toluidine blue staining - shoot apical meristem and leaf primordium at 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 days after the onset of the shading treatment. The upper row is shaded trees and the lower row is control trees. SAM: shoot apical meristem, LP: leaf primordia. The scale bar is 100 μm.

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primordia would lose the cell activity by the shading, and suspend the apical growth of the next year. No difference was found on the cambium of control and shaded trees through the experiment (Fig. 3). Stained cell nuclei in cambium and ray parenchyma cells in the stem base were observed both in the control and in the shaded trees. The shading would suppresses the secondary xylem cell formation but not suspend the cambium activity.

Figure 3. Comparison of tissue structure by toluidine blue staining - cambium, secondary xylem and secondary phloem in the vicinity. The upper row is the shaded trees, the lower is the control trees. The scale bar is 50 μm.

Figure 2. Comparison of tissue structure by acetocarmine staining - shoot apical meristem and leaf primordium after 70 days shading. SAM: shoot apical meristem, LP: leaf primordium. The scale bar is 100 μm.

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TOPIC : Cytochemistry

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Effect of Alkali Treatment on Thermal Behavior of Bamboo Fiber

Hong Chen1, Wenfu Zhang2, Yan Wu1, Benhua Fei3

1, College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China

2, Zhejiang Forestry Academy, Hangzhou 310023, China 3, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China

The purpose of this paper is to study the surface morphology and thermal

behavior of individual bamboo fiber after alkali treatment. The bamboo fiber was treated by NaOH solution in different concentration (6, 8, 10, 15, 25%) followed by rinsing and freeze-drying treatments. The alkali treated individual bamboo fiber were characterized by atomic force microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicated that the alkali treatment affected the surface morphology significantly. The surface morphology of fibers treated by alkali was much rougher than that untreated one and alkali treatment resulted in aggregation of cellulose microfibrils in fiber. Furthermore, alkali treatment had different effects on the thermal degradation behavior of the fibers with different concentrations. The temperatures where the thermal degradation took place of fibers treated by alkali with lower concentration (6, 8, 10%) increased by 19.8% comparing with the untreated sample, however, the temperature of fibers treated by higher concentration (25%) decreased by 17%. It indicated that alkali treatment with lower concentration (6, 8, 10%) can improve the thermal stability of fibers, but higher concentration (25%) decreased fiber’s thermal stability.

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Fig.1 ATM height images of fibers untreated and treated by alkali with different concentrations (a. untreated, b. 6%, c.8%, d.10%, e.15%, f.25%)

Fig.2 The DTG analysis of fibers untreated and treated by alkali with

different concentrations

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Immunolocalization of Pectin and Hemicellulose Epitopes in the Phloem of Softwoods and Hardwoods

Jong Sik Kim1, Geoffrey Daniel1 1 Dept. of Forest Products/Wood Science, Swedish University of Agricultural

Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

Phloem is primary transport tissue for photosynthates and signals and

regulates a variety of physiological processes from growth to reproduction in plants. In a tree stem, the phloem (secondary) is produced through the activity of vascular cambium and represents the inner layer of bark. Chemically, phloem is composed of a variety of components including lignin, polysaccharides, extractives and proteins. Many previous chemical studies have reported the detailed gross chemistry of phloem. However, there is limited information available on the chemistry of phloem at the individual cell level since this information cannot be provided using classical wet chemical analysis. In this regard, in situ immunolocalization techniques combined with a variety of glycan- directed probes are arguably the best way to obtain chemical information of phloem at the individual cell level. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of pectins and hemicelluloses in phloem of soft- and hardwoods at an individual cell wall level using immunofluorescence/gold labeling. Results demonstrate that there are great variations in distributional patterns of pectin and hemicellulose epitopes in phloem between cell types and between tree species.

Phloem in a tree stem is composed mainly of conducting cells (i.e. sieve cells, sieve tube elements), parenchyma cells including albuminous cells, companion cells and other general axial/ray parenchyma cells and supportive cells such as sclereids and phloem fibers. The distribution of pectin and hemicellulose epitopes in these phloem cells was examined at the individual cell wall level.

Immunolocalization combined with monoclonal antibodies specific for pectin and hemicellulose epitopes were carried out on the phloem cells of two softwoods (Norway spruce and Scots pine), two ring porous hardwoods (silver birch, European aspen) and two diffuse porous hardwoods (English oak, European ash). Nine monoclonal antibodies were used in the study: LM5 (1,4-β- galactans), LM6 (1,5-α-arabinans), LM19/20 (homogalacturonans, HG), LM15 (xyloglucans), LM10/LM11 (heteroxylans), LM21/LM22 (heteromannans).

Softwood: Distributional patterns of pectin and hemicellulose epitopes differed between cell types including sieve cells, axial/ray parenchyma cells and sclereids. Sieve cells showed the presence of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), homogalacturonan (HG), xyloglucan and heteromannan epitopes, while parenchyma cells revealed the presence of RG-I, HG and xyloglucan epitopes. The amount of epitopes also varied greatly between cell types. Heteromannans/heteroxylans and RG-I/HG/xyloglucans were major non- cellulosic polysaccharides in secondary cell walls and compound middle lamellae (CML) of sclereids, respectively.

Hardwood: In all species, RG-I, HG and xyloglucan epitopes were common in cell walls of sieve tube elements, companion cells and axial/ray parenchyma cells. However, the amount of these epitopes varied greatly between cell types and between hardwood species. Apart from aspen, heteroxylan or/and heteromannan epitopes were only detected in sieve tube elements. With sclereids and phloem

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fibers, RG-I, HG and xyloglucan epitopes were common in CML. Except for oak, heteromannan epitopes were also detected in CML of sclereids. Distributional patterns of epitopes in CML of birch and ash sclereids varied greatly depending on anatomical structure of CML. Secondary cell walls of sclereids and phloem fibers showed abundant heteroxylan epitopes but revealed the absence of heteromannan epitopes. Overall, there was no clear correlation between distributional patterns of pectin and hemicellulose epitopes in phloem and anatomical structure in xylem (i.e. diffuse- and ring porous hardwoods). Together, results demonstrate that there are great variations in distributional patterns of pectin and hemicellulose epitopes in the phloem of soft- and hardwoods between cell types and/or between tree species.

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Orientation of Lignin in Tracheid Secondary Walls in Cryptomeria japonica

as Revealed by Polarized Raman Microscopy.

Kei Ariizumi1, Arata Yoshinaga1, Keiji Takabe1

1 Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan

Wood cell wall is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The

distribution and orientation of these components in S2 layers of softwood tracheids determine wood physical characteristics since the S2 layers occupy about 80 % of the cell wall. Polarized Raman microscopy is an effective technique to elucidate in situ distribution and orientation of cell wall components. In this study, we employed polarized Raman microscopy to clarify the orientation of aromatic rings in lignin in S2 layer of softwood tracheid. In compression wood, the orientation of cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) changed and lignin content drastically increased. Thus we compared orientation of aromatic rings in lignin in S2 layers of tracheid in normal and compression woods.

Normal wood samples were cut from a 24-year-old Cryptomeria japonica tree. Wood discs were cut from breast height and stored in 70% ethanol. Small blocks (1 mm (R) x 3 mm (L) x 5 mm (T)) were collected from the wood disc and embedded in methyl methacrylate resin. The blocks were sliced with a rotary microtome equipped with a diamond knife so as to cut perpendicularly to the axis of CMFs in S2 layer of latewood trachied. Then, the blocks were rotated at 90° to slice S2 layers parallel to the long axis of CMFs. Sliced sections were observed under a FE-SEM to confirm the orientation of CMFs in the S2 layers.

Compression wood samples were cut from a 20-year-old Cryptomeria japonica tree that was artificially inclined for about 5 years. Small blocks were

prepared from developed compression wood and embedded in methyl methacrylate resin. Since it is known that microfibril angle is almost 45° in the S2 layers in compression wood tracheids, the block was inclined at 45° to cell axis in tangential direction and then sliced. Sliced sections were observed under a FE- SEM to confirm that one side of S2 layer is cut parallel to long axis of CMFs, and another side is cut perpendicular to long axis of CMFs. The blocks were soaked in acetone over night to remove the resin and dried. The blocks in normal and compression woods were fixed on the glass slide with carbon double-sided tape and oil-based clay. The surfaces of S2 layers that were cut either perpendicular or parallel to the orientation of CMFs were used for the polarized Raman microscopy. Polarized Raman microscopy was performed with a Raman microscope (Horiba

Join Yvon LabRam-350V). Change in the relative intensity at 1096 cm-1 (due to pyranose ring of polysaccharides) and 1600 cm-1 (due to C=C of aromatic ring in

lignin) was investigated in relation to the rotation angle of a polarizing plate. Raman system was equipped with a 633 nm laser and integration time as 20 s x

2. Python codes were developed to collect baseline of the raw spectra and analyze relative intensity of each Raman bands at every direction of rotation

angles. In normal wood, the relative intensity at 1096 cm-1 of the cell wall surface

that was cut parallel to the orientation of CMFs changed with the rotation angle of a polarizing plate and showed a distinct maximum in the direction parallel to the

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orientation of CMFs. Interestingly, the relative intensity at 1600 cm-1 also showed a weak maximum in the direction parallel to the orientation of CMFs, suggesting that a part of aromatic rings of lignin orientates parallel to the orientation of CMFs in longitudinal direction. In compression wood, the relative intensity at 1096 cm-

1 of the cell wall surface that was cut parallel to the orientation of CMFs also showed a distinct maximum in the direction parallel to the orientation of CMFs. Although the relative intensity at 1600 cm-1 also showed a weak maximum in the direction parallel to the orientation of CMFs, its extent was lower than that in normal wood. At the cell wall surface that was cut perpendicular to the orientation of CMFs both in normal and compression woods, the relative intensities at 1096 cm-1 and 1600 cm-1 did not change with the rotation of a polarizing plate, suggesting that aromatic rings of lignin show no specific orientation around CMFs in the transversely cut surface.

These results suggest that a part of the lignin aromatic rings is orientated parallel to CMFs in the longitudinal direction along long axis of CMFs in S2 layers of both normal and compression wood tracheids. Atalla and Agarwall (1985) and Agawall and Atalla (1986) indicated the lignin orientation in S2 layer of softwood tracheid cut transversely to cell axis (cut obliquely to the orientation of CMFs). Our present supports their results and reveals more detailed information about the molecular orientation and structural composition of lignin. In addition, the degree of orientation of the lignin aromatic rings in compression wood might be lower than that in normal wood. This may be due to the space between CMFs in compression wood larger than that in normal wood.

134

Function of the Golgi Apparatus in Differentiating Xylem of Compression Wood in Chamaecyparis Obtusa

Chiharu TANAKA1, Tatsuya AWANO1 and Keiji TAKABE1

1 Division of Forest and Biomaterials Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan

The Golgi apparatus is known to be involved in synthesis and transport of

pectins and hemicelluloses. PATAg staining revealed positive reaction of cell wall and the Golgi apparatus in the differentiating xylem of Cryptomeria japonica, indicating the Golgi apparatus involved in the synthesis of hemicelluloses. Although this method stained polysaccharides selectively, it is difficult to distinguish one hemicellulose from another one. Immunolabeling of hemicellulose is a powerful tool to label the targeting hemicellulose selectively. Glucomannan and xylan are main hemicelluloses in softwood. We applied the immnolabeling to investigate how these hemicelluloses are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus and transported towards the developing cell walls in softwood.

Differentiating xylem of Chamaecyparis obtusa compression wood was excised into very small pieces with a razor blade, and fixed by high-pressure freezing. Then the specimens were freeze substituted in acetone containing 4% osmium tetroxide and 8% 2,2-dimetoxypropane for 5 days at -80 degree Celsius, washed with acetone and embedded in epoxy resin. Ultrathin sections were cut and immunolabeled with LM11 for xylan, BGM C6 for glucomannan, and LM5 for galactan independently or in combination.

In case of immunolabeling of glucomannan, eighty-two, seventy-four, and sixty percent of the Golgi apparatus was labeled in S1, oS2 and iS2 formation stages, respectively, suggesting glucomannan continuously synthesized in the Golgi apparatus and transported towards secondary cell wall. In case of immunolabeling of xylan, forty-four, ninety, and eighty-eight percent of the Golgi apparatus was labeled in S1, oS2 and iS2 stages, respectively, suggesting xylan synthesized and transported in the same manner of glucomannan. In case of immunolabeling of galactan, forty-six, seventy-four, and twenty percent of the Golgi apparatus was labeled in S1, oS2 and iS2 stages, respectively, suggesting galactan synthesized in the Golgi apparatus and transported towards cell wall mainly in S1 and oS2 stages. In case of double immunolabeling of glucomannan and xylan, many Golgi apparatus showed double labeling. However, each Golgi vesicle was labeled with LM11 or BGM C6, namely, one Golgi vesicle was labeled with LM11, and another vesicle was labeled with BGM C6.Above results indicated that two or more hemicelluloses are simultaneously synthesized in the Golgi apparatus and each hemicellulose is separately packed in the Golgi vesicle.

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135

Ultrastructure of Super Teak and its Relationship with Shrinkage Properties

Ratih Damayanti1, Jugo Ilic2, Barbara Ozarska2, Gustan Pari1, Peter Vinden2

1Forest Product Research and Development Center, Research, Development and Innovation Agency (FORDIA), Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Bogor, Indonesia,

[email protected] 2Dept. of Forest and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Burnley Campus,

Richmond, Victoria, Australia

Basically, all the physical properties of wood including moisture content,

density and wood shrinkage properties are determined by three major inherent factors in the structural organization namely the amount of cell wall substance, the arrangement and orientation of the cell wall materials, and the chemical composition of the cell wall substance. This study aimed to develop a better understanding of the relationships between those factors mainly ‘crystallinity’ and chemical composition with shrinkage properties (shrinkage and unit shrinkage). Research was conducted on 5-year old fast grown teak in addressing the potential of super teak for use as material of high dimensional stability. Specimens for crystallinity measurement were end-matched with the shrinkage specimens. Crystallinity and its quantifiers (Microfibril angle, crystallite dimension, cellulose lattice spacing and number of crystallite planes) were measured using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The degree of crystallinity (DC) was calculated as the ratio between the crystalline and total non-crystalline and amorphous regions. The dimension of crystallites (CW-width and CL-length) was determined using the Scherrer formula for diffraction intensities (002) and (040). Cellulose lattice spacing (d) was calculated using Bragg Equation, and the number of crystallite planes for each of the diffraction intensities was calculated by dividing the crystallite dimension with the crystallite lattice spacing (d). The results showed that MFA and crystallite width were correlated negatively whereas DC was positively correlated with wood shrinkage. Interestingly, the effect of the wood extractives on shrinkage from super teak was seen to be of little importance compared to that of lignin content since the former was not significantly related to any of the shrinkage properties. A significant negative correlation (r = 0.7) between lignin content and shrinkage was observed. This indicates that increased lignin content was associated with shrinkage reduction.

PRWAC-J5


136

Visualization of Cellulase Interactions with Cellulose Microfibril

by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Yoshiki Horikawa1, Tomoya Imai2, Junji Sugiyama2, 3

1Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan

2Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan

3College of Wood Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China

We developed a method to observe interactions between cellulase and cellulose microfibril by transmission electron microscopy. Although negative staining and low- angle metal shadowing increase image contrast, neither method is sufficient to observe enzyme interactions with microfibril. However, we found that negative staining followed by low-angle metal shadowing resulted in better contrast for enzyme-like particles on the microfibril. The combination of these electron staining techniques successfully visualized morphological changes in microfibril as well as enzymes adsorbed on it, thus demonstrating cellulase in action. The results obtained indicate that appropriate staining techniques can be applied to extend the applications of transmission electron microscopy, which may be particularly beneficial for studies on enzymatic behavior.

Advances in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have enabled applications in the life sciences and nanotechnology, including medical, biological, and materials research. But, relatively few recent studies have applied TEM to evaluate enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose microfibrils, in part because the high- vacuum conditions limit the ability to visualize enzyme dynamics. In addition, electron beams could damage samples and produce artifacts. We, however, believe the application of TEM for high-resolution imaging is still attractive for these solid- liquid reactions. In this study, we reinvestigated the visualization of enzyme interactions with microfibrils by TEM using two conventional staining techniques: negative staining and metal shadowing.

The cellulose microfibril suspension obtained from purified Valonia macrophisa and Micrasterias crux-melitensis cell walls was prepared by treatment with 65 wt% H2SO4 at 70 °C for 2 h. The commercial cocktail Accellerase 1500 (DuPont, WI, USA) was employed for enzymatic hydrolysis. For negative staining, 2% uranyl acetate solution was dropped on the grid, and the excess solution was removed using filter paper followed by air drying. Metal shadowing was performed using a BAF 400D apparatus (Balzers, Liechtenstein). The specimens were shadowed at 5° or 45° with platinum at 2 × 10-6 mba. The samples were observed using a JEM-2000EXII transmission electron microscope (Jeol Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at 100 kV.

When Valonia cellulose microfibrils during enzymatic hydrolysis were observed by negative staining, the microfibril morphology was clearly visualized. However, it was difficult to find enzyme molecules on a cellulose microfibril. Therefore, we concluded that negative staining was insufficient for visualization of enzyme interactions with microfibril. We next employed metal shadowing, and initially optimized the evaporated condition using Micrasterias microfibrils which have a thin and flat cross shape. As a result, we determined low metal evaporation at a low angle with rotation of the sample holder as a best protocol. Though only metal shadowing technique was insufficient to observe enzyme interactions, the combination of negative staining with low-angle metal shadowing provided effective contrast for enzyme-like particles on the microfibril1). The lengths of the particles

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137

interacting with microfibrils were 7.03 nm and 5.05 nm, parallel and perpendicular to the fiber direction, respectively. Accounting for the additional thickness owing to metal shadowing, the particle sizes were consistent with that of CBH I from Trichoderma reesei based on a crystalline structural analysis. In the presentation, we will demonstrate TEM images by this appropriate staining technique and discuss enzymatic degradation mechanism.

138

Localization of Non-cellulosic Polysaccharides in Developing Tension Wood Fiber of Poplar and Yellow Poplar

Tatsuya Awano1, Masato Yokoyama1, Tsubasa Yonekawa1, Miho Kojima2, Keiji Takabe1

1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto university, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan 2Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba,

Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan

Tension wood is a reaction wood found on the upper side of leaning stems or branches of many hardwoods species. In some species, including poplar, fibers develop G-layer which is a characteristic cell wall layer consists of large amount of cellulose and small amounts of non-cellulosic polysaccharides, i.e. hemicelluloses and pectins. The formation of G-layer is believed to be involved in tensile stress generation, but the precise molecular mechanism is still unclear. On the other hand, some other species, including Magnoliaceae species, lack G-layer in their tension wood fiber. The content and property of cellulose and lignin in tension wood of Magnoliaceae species is similar tendency to those of poplar tension wood, i.e. less lignin, more cellulose, smaller microfibril angle and higher cellulose crystallinity. The information, however, on non-cellulosic polysaccharides including hemicellulose, pectin and arabinogalactan protein is still unclear.

In this study, we examined the localization of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in developing tension wood fiber of poplar and yellow poplar by immunolabeling microscopy with various monoclonal antibody against polysaccharides. The difference between G-layer forming fiber (poplar) and G-layer lacking fiber (yellow poplar, Magnoliaceae) will be discussed.

PRWAC-J7

139

Novel Lignin Derived Polymer Composite: Preparation and Functionality

Fuxiang Chu1

1Chinese Academy of Forestry

Lignin is the second most abundant natural organic polymer under cellulose,

as well as the main byproduct obtained from the biomass energy industry (e.g., fuel ethanol or fuel butanol from cellulosic biomass). As pushed by the concern over the depletion of fossil fuel and environmental issue, the high value-added utilization of lignin is receiving tremendous attention and regarding as one of effective methods to explore the agricultural and forestry residue, as well as one of important approaches to improve upon the economics of biomass energy industry. In my talk, I will introduce our recent efforts on the lignin including chemical modification, monomer conversion and polymerization, etc, according to the its extraction sources and structure. The lignin's application such as elastomer, UV absorbent, nano-microshpere, adhesives and flame retardant foam,examples for lignin's large-scale application in adhesives and flame retardant foam will also be presented.

In our cases, by utilizing lignin’s intrinsic multi-branch structure and atom transfer radical polymerization, multi-arm (star shape) lignin derived copolymers were developed and the effect lignin on the thermal stability, glass transition temperature, UV absorbing property and mechanic property of these copolymers attached, were investigated. Lignin was converted into macromonomer with the introduction of acrylate group, by which free radical polymerization was performed and achieved lignin based multi-arm copolymers. With using the lignin’s phenylpropane unit, a similar structure to phenol, condensation polymerization of lignin was carried out in presence of phenol and formaldehyde, and obtained the lignin derived phenol resins used for adhesives and foams. The plywoods bonded by lignin derived phenol resins met the requirement of both first grade and E0 grade (GB/T 9846.3-2004) even under the condition of 50 % substitution degree of phenol in resins. The foams obtained from the lignin derived phenol resins exhibited a high carbon residue, high close cell content, good flame resistance and excellent adiabatic performance. Also, lignin was liquefied in the presence of polyol under acid condition, which was used to form a synergistic flame resistant lignin-polyurethane foams. Mechanism of the liquefaction of lignin in the presence of polyol was also investigated with the aim to reveal the relationship between the liquefied lignin structure and the performance of the prepared foams. Additionally, a solid or hollow lignin based nano-microshpere was fabricated by self-assemble method, respectively. The mechanism of fabrication and application in enforcement, drug loading, fluorescence probe, etc, were also studied. Our research showed that lignin has a broad prospect of application in polymer composite.

PRWAC-J8

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IWORS

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TOPIC : WOOD PROPERTIES

142

Hollow Structure of Indonesian Based Bamboo Gombong (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea)

AH. Dawam Abdullah1*, Febri2, Siti Chalimah1, 1 Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia

2Dept. of Material Engineering, Institute Technology of Bandung, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Bamboo has great potential to be used as industrial materials due to its

mechanical properties. One of this important structurethat play as keyrole of its strength is the hollow structure (vascular). By studying this holow is expected will open the knowledge of modification of bamboo such as impregnation with resin. The research choose Indonesian based bamboo “Gombong”(Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea) as an object to be studied. Different part of bamboo (lower, middle and upper) with different depth are observed by optical microscope. Furthermore, Each picture captured are analysed by image analysis. The result show that there are pattern of size and shape of these hollow structure.

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An Overview of Platinum Teak Wood Observations: A Potential Fast Growing Wood in Indonesia

for Forest Timber Estate

Wahyu Dwianto1*, Danang Sudarwoko Adi1, Dwi Ajias Pramasari1, Yusup Amin1, Teguh Darmawan1, Eka Lestari1, Adik Bahanawan1, Betalini Widhi Hapsari2, and

Witjaksono3

1Research Center for Biomaterials - Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia

2Research Center for Biotechnology - Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor16911, Indonesia

3Research Center for Biology - Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor, Indonesia 16911


Platinum Teak wood is a fast growing tree which has been developed by Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) since 2007 by tissue culture method. As a fast growing wood, it is expected to reduce the harvesting time and have similar properties with conventional Teak wood, especially in strength and durability. This paper deals with An Overview of Platinum Teak Wood Observations on (1) anatomical and fiber characteristics, (2) chemical compositions, and (3) wood quality to determine the prospects of its utilization. The samples were taken from 2- 4 years-old, 5 years-old and 8 years-old which was selected from 3 Nurseries at Cibinong Science Center. The results showed that Platinum Teak wood has similar anatomical features with conventional Teak wood. The alteration of chemical composition was significantly affected by tree age of Platinum Teak wood, especially extractive contents that soluble in alcohol-benzene and holo-cellulose component. Furthermore, 5 years-old Platinum Teak wood has similar chemical composition with the conventional Teak wood. The MOR of 5 years-old platinum teak wood is

919.79 kg/cm2. This value is almost similar to 20–30 years-old conventional teak wood from East Java. Therefore, it is predicted that platinum teak wood has a good potency to be used for structural applications as well as for furniture.

Keywords: platinum teak wood, anatomical and fiber characteristics, chemical compositions, wood quality.

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144

The Effect of Short Term Variability of Climatic Elements on The Degradation of Wood Based Panel

Hikaru Kobori*, Satoshi Funabiki, Yoichi Kojima and Shigehiko Suzuki 1Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529

Japan e-mail: [email protected]

Mechanical properties of wood based panels gradually are decreased during

their life time by climatic elements such as ambient temperature, humidity, sunlight etc. Conventionally the influence of climatic elements on the mechanical properties was evaluated as integrated climatic elements. However, wood based panels should degrade when they experienced a drastic change of their condition such as sudden rainfall after long spell of fine weather. The aims of this study is to investigate the effect of short term variability of climatic elements on the degradation of wood based panel. Commercial wood based panels were subjected to 5 years outdoor exposure test at 8 different sites in Japan. Daily mean temperature (T), precipitation (P), sunshine duration (S) and mean relative humidity (RH) at every sites during outdoor exposure tests were collected as climatic elements. Integrated value of each climatic elements for a certain period of time (PT, from 1 day through 180 days) were calculated and then the difference between the preceding period were obtained. Correlation between mechanical properties and integrated differential value of each elements were investigated. For the internal bond strength (IB) of particleboard bonded by phenolic resin, the highest R square was obtained from P with PT = 16 days. While R square between IB and T for all PT was lower than integrated T. These results suggests that integrated differential climatic elements relates to moisture transport affects the mechanical properties of wood based panel.

Keywords: short term variability, climatic elements, durability performance, wood based panel

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145

Property of Timber House Material Against Fire

Maryoko Hadi1*, Wahyu Sujatmiko1, Ramadhan Pratama1

1Research Institute for Housing and Human Settlements, Jl. Panyawungan, Kab Bandung, Indonesia


The potential of modern timber house is very high to meet the needs of houses

in Indonesia, because of the superiority of wood as a renewable material, and Indonesia has a huge land to be able for planting forest. However, one of the physical disadvantages of wood is against fire, so the behavior and resistance of the material due to fire is necessary to be informed for design needed. The cone calorimeter apparatus was used in this study to test for several types of fast growing wood species without or with additional treatment to improve performance by using fire retardant to be safe against fire. Parameters obtained; Heat Release Rate, maximum temperature, Oxygen, Carbon monoxide, Carbon Dioxide. The results of this test are the value of wood properties that can be utilize in the process of numerical simulation at the design stage.

Keywords: timber house, wood, numerical simulation, fire resistant

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146

Exploration and Recommendation for the Utilization of The Future Wood Species based on Its Anatomical Structure,

Physical-Mechanical Properties, and Natural Durability

Imam Wahyudi1*, Istie Sekartining Rahayu1, Trisna Priadi1, Futoshi Ishiguri2

1IPB, Kampus Darmaga, Bogor 16680, INDONESIA 2Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, JAPAN


Scarcity of wood as raw material is the latent problem for many wood

industries in Indonesia. This is a contradictive since there are at least 4000 tree species exist in our natural rain forest. The main objective of this study, therefore, was to find out the alternative wood speciesas raw material for the industry in the futureby investigating their anatomical characteristics, physical-mechanical properties, and natural durability comprehensively. All parameter studied was measured following the standard procedure. It was found that at least there are six potential wood species namely benuang (Octomeles sumatrana), cempaka (Michelia spp.), jongkong (Dactylocladus stenostachys), kemiri hutan (Aleurites spp.), nyatoh (Palaquium spp.), and sepetirpaya (Pseudosindora palustris) could replace the function of the conventional wood especially red meranti (Shorea spp.), as timber. Moreover, the woods of cempaka, jongkong, nyatoh and sepetirpaya could be used directly without any treatment, while benuang and kemiri hutan have to be improved in advance.

Keywords: benuang, cempaka, jongkong, kemiri hutan, nyatoh, sepetirpaya

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147

The Vascular Bundles in Surat Bamboo Culm (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea)

Atmawi Darwis1, Ihak Sumardi1*, Yoyo Suhaya1, Sopandi Sunarya1

1School of Life Sciences and Technology, InstitutTeknologi Bandung, GedungLabtek XI, jalanGanesha 10, Bandung 40132, Jawa Barat, Indonesia


The bamboo culms are composed of internodes and nodes. The bamboo culm

is tapered from base to top. Anatomically, the bamboo culms are composed of vascular bundles and parenchymal tissue. The purpose of this research is to know the characteristics of vascular bundle related to the morphology of Surat bamboo culm (Gigantochloa pseudiarundinacea). Bamboo is taken at the base of the culm and each internode were used as sample tests. The morphology of bamboo culm is determined by measuring the length and diameter (outer and inner) of each internode, whereas to know the characteristic of vascular bundles on each internode is taken the sample of the test in the middle of internode. The results showed that bamboo culm had average length (348.9 ± 46.2 mm) and internode cavity diameter (58.29 ± 17.92 mm). The value increased from the base of the culm to a leveled hight 30% of culmand decreased toward the top. In contrast, the outer diameter (75.49 ± 25.05 mm) and bamboo culm thickness (8.60 ± 4.65 mm) tend to decrease. The diameter and thickness of the bamboo culm from the base to the top form a quadratic regression equation with R2>90%. The vascular bundles in each internode are unevenly distributed where the outer zones are tightly arranged and appear darkness with triangular and kite shapes, the middle zone is somewhat tightly vertical-shaped, and the inner zone is spread out more loosely with the shape of the oval until round. The width of these zones decreases in thickness (radial direction) from base to top. The vessel bundles in the cross section are distributed following the model of power regression equation with R2>85%.

Keywords: bamboo of Surat, bamboo culm, internode, morphology, vascular bundles

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148

Anatomical Characteristics of Four Indonesian Bamboo Species

Woo-Seok Jeon1*, Yun-GiKim1, Fauzi Febrianto2and Nam-Hun Kim1

1Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences,

Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea. 2Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor

166080, Indonesia e-mail: *[email protected]

**[email protected]

Bamboo is one of the major biomass resources that have many advantages

compared to wood due to its fast growth, short cycle, and a relatively cheaper in price. In this study, the anatomical characteristics as cell dimension and crystalline properties of four bamboo species that areusing widely in Indonesia, namely, Giant (Dendrocalamus giganteus), Kuning (Bambusa vulgaris), Betung (Dendrocalamus asper) and Tali (Gigantochloa apus) bamboos were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and an X-ray diffraction method. The observation of anatomical characteristics in cross section showed that Giant and Tali bamboos had vascular bundle type Ⅲ, while Kuning and Betung bamboos had vascular bundle type Ⅳ(Grosser and Liese , 1971). The inner part of vascular bundles in four bamboo species showed clear boundaries between central vascular strand and fiber strand, while the outer part samples showed unclear boundaries. The fiber length in outer part samples of the four bamboo species showed higher dimension than that of the inner part samples. In addition, the results showed a significant difference among the four bamboo species, showing the longest fiber length in Betung bamboo. Giant bamboo showed the greatest vessel and parenchyma diameters. Parenchyma cells in Betung bamboo showed the greatest length and width in both radial and tangential sections. The analysis of variances on vessel diameter and parenchyma diameter revealed significant differences among the four bamboo species. The relative crystallinity and crystallite width in outer part samples of the four bamboo species showed higher values than the inner part samples, with the highest values obtained from Tali bamboo.

Keywords: anatomical characteristics, Indonesian bamboo, vascular bundle

Reference : Grosser, D., Liese, W. (1971) Wood SciTechnol 5:290–312

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149

Distribution, Retention and Penetration of Tuba Leaves (Derris elliptica Benth) Extract on Aleurites moluccana and Agathis sp.

Woods with Cold and Hot Soaking Methods

Syahidah*, Andi Detti Yunianti1, Syarif Hidayatullah1

1*Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Tamalanrea, Makassar, Indonesia


Wood preservation is one way to extend the service life of wood, especially for

the wood with low natural durability. Our previous research showed that Derris elliptica Benth leaves extract have high anti termite activity against subterranean termite, Coptotermes sp. Based on our previous research, the aim of this research were to evaluate retention, penetration and distribution of Derris elliptica Benth leaves extract into the Aleuritesmolluccana and Agathis sp. wood structures.Several factors were influence the preservation process such as wood structures, preservative, and preservation methods. The wood samples treated with hot and cold soaking. The period of hot soaking were 3 hours, 5 hours and 7 hours, while for cold soaking were 3 days, 5 days and 7. The result showed that the highest retention of extract given by cold soaking with 7 days period treatment (0,0094 gr/cm3) and the lowest retention given by hot soaking with 3 hours period treatment (0,0019 gr/cm3). The highest penetration revealed by cold soaking with 7 days period treatment (8,10 mm), while the lowest penetration showed by hot soaking with 3 hours period treatment (2,81 mm). However, the distribution of the extract in the Agathis sp. wood structures could not detected by stereo microscope, while for the Aleuritesmolluccana woods, the distribution of extract could be obtained in the parenchyma cell.

Keywords : derris elliptica benth leaves ekstract, cold soaking, hot soaking, retention, penetration, and distribution

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150

Physical Properties of Some Heated Tropical Fast Growing Wood Species

Trisna Priadi1*, Aprily Anggia1, Mar’atus Solikhah1, Lina Karlinasari1

1Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia


Most fast growing hardwoods from tropical plantation forests in Java have low quality for furniture or structural functions. Heat treatments are prospective techniques in improving wood qualities for eco-friendly products. This research aimed to evaluate the physical properties of some fast growing woods after heat treatments. Sengon (paraserianthes falcataria), jabon (Anthocephlaus cadamba), and mangium (Acacia mangium) woods from community lands around Bogor, were dried separately with fan and heating oven at 40 oC to the respective moisture contents, about 15% and 8%.The following heat treatments applied at 120 oC, 150 oC and 180 oC for the periods of 2 and 6 hours using experimental heating oven. Then, the woods physical properties were tested including specific gravity, density, and swelling-shrinkage for dimensional stability test. This research showed that the physical properties of the tested woods well improved particularly in terms of dimensional stability. The water absorptions of the woods were generally reduced in the higher heating temperatures. The mangium wood experienced checks that occurred since drying. The changes of specific gravity, density, water absorption, and the dimensional stability of the tested woods were discussed in this report.

Keywords: heat treatment, fast growing species, physical properties

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151

Effect of Vessel on Fiber Properties in Acacia mangium

R. Yahya1,3*,A. Sundaryono2,Y. Horikawa3, 4 & J. Sugiyama3

1Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu, Kota Bengkulu 38371.A, Indonesia 2Graduate School of Science Education, University of Bengkulu, Indonesia

3Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan

4Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan


Fiber length is affected by the vessel transverse enlargement during differentiation, after derivation from fusi form initial cells. Our previous study, found thicker and shorter fibers adjacent to vessel. The objectives of the present study is to know chemical composition and MFA of fibers depending on their distance from vessel. A wood block of 10 × 7 × 7 mm (R × T × L) was sliced in 5-µm and 20-µm thickness in a radial-longitudinal direction as the samples for chemical composition and MFA analysis, respectively. The distance of fibers from the vessel was used as the parameter to classify the fibers into two groups based on our previous report. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) combined with principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that higher lignin and lower carbohydrate content were attained from fibers adjacent to vessel compared to the distant one. In addition, visualizing cellulose micro fibril by iodine precipitation technique indicated MFA of fiber increased with closer distance to vessel. The results obtained in this study would allow us to control the quality of processing for better pulp production.

Keywords: lignin, carbohydrate, MFA, FT-IR spectroscopy, PCA, iodine precipitation technique, mangium

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152

Effect of Heat Treatment (Thermo Wood) on Color and Glossiness Properties of Zebrano, Sapeli and Merbau

Woods

Umit Ayata1*, Tugba Gurleyen2, Levent Gurleyen3, 1Forestry and Forest Products, Oltu Vocation School, Ataturk University, Oltu/Erzurum,

Turkey 2Department of Furniture and Decoration, Vocational High School, Duzce University,

Duzce, Turkey 3Yigilca Multi-Program Anatolian High School, Yigilca/Duzce, Turkey


In this study the determination of the color and glossiness values on the wood

species which heat treated according to Thermo Wood method (at 212oC for 1 hour and 2 hours) that are obtained from, zebrano (Microberlinia brazzavillensis), sapelli (Entandrphragmacy lindrocum) and merbau (Intsia bijuga) was aimed. As a result, the color and glossiness values were noted on the derived samples which had different wood species. Lightness (L*), red color (a*) tone and yellow color (b*) tone values were changed by heat treatment. According to these results when the highest total color difference value (ΔE*) was determined to be on merbau (Intsia bijuga) samples, the lowest total color difference value (ΔE*) was noted on sapelli (Entandrphragmacy lindrocum) samples. Wood materials was also found to be effective by heat treatment.

Keywords: heat treatment, color, glossiness, sapeli, zebrano

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153

Determination of Surface Roughness Parameters of Heat-treated (ThermoWood)/Untreated Scotch pine, Oak and Beech Woods

Umit Ayata1*, Tugba Gurleyen2, Levent Gurleyen3, Nevzat Cakicier4

1Forestry and Forest Products, Oltu Vocation School, Ataturk University, Oltu/Erzurum, Turkey

2Department of Furniture and Decoration, Vocational High School, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey

3Yigilca Multi-Program Anatolian High School, Yigilca/Duzce, Turkey 4Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey


The objective of this study, to investigate surface roughness properties(Ra, Rz

and Rq) of heat treatment (ThermoWood) and untreated some wood types. In this study, wood specimens prepared from scotch pine, oak and beech wood species were untreated (control) and heat treated according to ThermoWood method at 212oC for 1 hour and 2 hours in Bolu - Gerede, Turkey. Later, Caliber sanding machine with 180 grinding were applied control and heat-treated specimens after heat treatment. Surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rz and Rq) according to ISO 4287 standart were determinated for all samples. According to the results, it was observed that the Ra, Rz and Rq parameters decreased when the heat treatment temperature and time increased. It was determined that the surface properties of all wood materials were changed by the applied heat treatment process.

Keywords: thermo wood, heat treatment, surface roughness, oak, beech

IW-WP-12


154

Stiffness Assesment of Sowang (Xanthostemon Sp)

Yuyu Rahayu Arifin1*

1University of Papua 2University of Canterbury, New Zealand


One of the principal issues regarding the wood utilisation of Xanthostemon sp is the hardness of the wood which is suspected as the result of the high density of the wood and the high silica content. Three different species of Xanthostemon were used in this study. The aim of this study is to predict the stiffness of Xanthostemon using acoustics velocity (AV) which is explaining the Micro Fibril Angle (MFA). MFA in S2 layer plays an important role in determining the stiffness. The study showed that acoustics velocity value is influenced by the height position of sample and tree species. The biggest variation showed by Xanthostemon 3 where the acoustic velocity is varied 1.7 folds and the smallest variation belong to Xanthostemon 2 1.4 folds of variation. The linear model resulted that the significance of the Species variable can be interpreted as an indication that in Xanthostemon sp the acoustics velocity is influenced by tree species and tree height but not related to wood position (CW/OW).

Keywords: xanthostemon, acoustic velocity, microfibril angle, stiffness, outer wood, core wood

IW-WP-13


155

Wettability and Surface Roughness of Three Heat Treated Fast Growing Wood Species

Andi Tri Lestari1*, Lina Karlinasari1, Trisna Priadi1

1Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia


The purpose of this research was to evaluate the wettability and surface roughness of some heat treated fast growing wood species. Surface condition analyzed was carried out on wood species, namely sengon (Paraserianthesfalcataria), jabon (Anthocephlauscadamba), and mangium (Acacia mangium). Surface roughness was evaluated by mean arithmetic deviation of the profile (Ra), while wettability was measured by measuring the contact angle between water drop and the surface of the samples. Pre-condition on the samples were conducted by dried separately with fan and heating oven at 40 oC to achieve moisture contents about 15% and 8%, respectively. The heat treatments applied at 120 oC, 140 oC and 180 oC for the periods of 2 and 6 hours using an experimental heating oven. All of the fast growing wood specimens analyzed presented different roughness values. The result of this study shows that macroscopic structure of wood strongly influences the spread and penetration of the liquid coating material. Wood with a high Ra value has a lower static contact angle because of the water spread and seep more quickly gets into the wood.

Keywords: heat treatment, fast growing species, surface roughness, wettability

IW-WP-14


156

Changes in Sound Absorption Capability in Transversal Direction and Air Permeability of Malas (Homaliumfoetidum) Specimens in Longitudinal Direction After High Temperature Heat Treatment

Chun-Won Kang1*, Chengyuan Li2, En-Suk Jang1, Sang-Sik Jang3, Ho-Yang Kang3

1Dept. of Housing Environmental Design, Chonbuk National University, Korea 2Dept. of Wood Science and Engineering, Beihua University, China

3Dept. of Bio-based Materials, Chungnam National University, Korea e-mail: [email protected]

The changes in sound absorption capability and air permeability of Malas

wood after high temperature heat treatment were investigated. The air permeability of Malas in longitudinal direction after heated under the temperature of 190℃during 3 hours was about 20.64 darcys and that of control was about 2.71 darcys. The NRC (noise reduction coefficient) of Malas specimens were 17% for treatment and 10% for control. The mean of sound absorption coefficient of specimens in the frequency range of 50-6400 Hz were 42% for treatment and 17% for control, respectively.

Keywords: heat treatment, air permeability, sound absorption coefficient, malas (Homaliumfoetidum)

IW-WP-15


157

Effects of Post-Treatment Using Amine Compounds on Formaldehyde Emission and Properties of Urea Formaldehyde-

Bonded Particleboard

Aizat Ghani1*, Lee Seng Hua1, Paiman Bawon1, Zaidon Ashaari1 and Fatin Ruzanna1

1Department of Forest Production, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia


Formaldehyde emissions (FE), physical and mechanical properties of urea formaldehyde (UF)-bonded rubberwood particleboards post-treated with amine compounds were evaluated. Particleboards with dimensions of 340mm length x 340 mm width x 12 mm thickness surface were coating with three different types of amine compounds, namely methylamine, ethylamine and propylamine. For each type of amine, three levels of spreading rates (40 g/m2, 50 g/m2 and 60 g/m2) was applied on the particleboards, respectively. After treatment, the particleboard samples were conditioned prior to formaldehyde emission determination and properties testing such as thickness swelling (TS), modulus of rupture (MOR) and internal bonding (IB). A set of untreated particleboard was served as control. The results revealed that the formaldehyde emission of treated particleboards was successfully reduced by 30% compared to that of control particleboard. It is interesting to note that, regardless of amine type, 60 g/m2 of spreading rate was able to satisfy the limit value for F**** class as specified in JIS A 5908:2003. Besides, all of the treated particleboards complied with the standard requirement value for MOR and IB except for the TS. Overall, post-treatment with amine compounds has successfully reduced the formaldehyde emission of the UF-bonded particleboard to a great extent without adversely affected its physical and mechanical properties significantly.

Keywords: formaldehyde emission, particleboard, methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine

IW-WP-16


158

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Particleboard From Fast Growing Tree Species and Bamboo

Wahyu Hidayat1*, Indra Gumay Febryano1, Wisnu Satyajaya1, Nam Hun Kim3

1Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung, Indonesia 2Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Lampung,Indonesia 3Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental

Science, Kangwon National University, Korea e-mail: [email protected]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and mechanical

properties of hybrid particleboard from wood and bamboo. Particles were made from two fast growing tree species as Sengon/S (Paraserianthes falcataria) and Jabon/J (Antochepallus cadamba) and bamboo species as Betung/B (Dendrocalamus asper). The particles were steam-treated at 126ºCand pressure of 1.4 kg/cm2for 1 h and

heat-treated at 140ºC for 2 h. Three-layer particleboards were formed and binded with 7% of urea formaldehyde resin. Seven board combination were made i.e., S-S-S, J-J- J, B-B-B, S-B-S, J-B-J, B-S-B, B-J-B. The evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of the boards were conducted in accordance with the JIS A 5908:2003 standard. The results showed that steam treatment of particles increased the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of hybrid particleboards from wood and bamboo. Heat treatment increased the dimensional stability of the boards but slightly decreased the bending strength.

Keywords: bamboo, fast growing species, heat treatment, hybrid particleboard, steam

IW-WP-17


159

Chemical Component of Sago Solid Waste and Structure of Its Charchoal

Herman Siruru1*, Wasrin Syafii2, I Nyoman J Wistara2,Gustan Pari3

1Departement of Forestry, Faculityof Agricultural, UNPATTI, Ambon 2Departement of Forest Product, Faculity of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Dramaga, Bogor16680, Indonesia 3Research and development center of forest products. Bogor


Sago solid waste is one of the lignocellulose materials which can be used as raw material for making charcoal. The purposes of this study were to determine chemical components of sago solid waste and its charcoal structure. Carbonization process was carried out using the electrical retort at 400ºC for four hours. Chemical components of the sago solid waste were analyzed according to ASTM and TAPPI standard, while the structure of charcoal were analyzed using XRD and FTIR. The results showed that the moisture content, volatile, ash content, fixed carbon, extractive, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, carbon contents of sago bark and sago soft core were, respectively, 4.83 %, 81.48 %, 1.30 %, 18.06 %,2.92 %, 44.00 %, 4.56 %,2.92 %, 44.64 %,7.15 %, 84.56 %, 3.04 %, 12.77 %,0.9 %,12.75 %,24.87 %, 8.67 % and 37.93 %. While the charcoal test results showed that the moisture content, volatile, ash content, fixed carbon, carbon content of sago bark and sago soft core were, respectively, 3.744 %, 24.38 %, 4.36 %, 71.27 %, 73.32 %, 3.252 %, 18.26 %, 11.49%,70.25 %, 73.31 %. XRD analyzes showed that the crystallinity of charcoal from sago bark and soft core were, respectively, 20.82 % and 22.37 %, while FTIR analyzes showed that the wave number of charcoal from sago bark and soft core were, respectively, 14 and 18.

Keywords: carbonization,charcoal, sago, waste

IW-WP-18


160

Stem Diameter, Tree Height, and Pilodyn Penetration of 5-Year-Old

Acacia mangium Families Planted in Central Java, Indonesia

Imam Mulyono2, Fanny Hidayati1*, Sri Sunarti2, Arif Nirsatmanto2

1Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281 2Center for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement, Jl. Palagan Tentara Pelajar Km 15,

Sleman, Yogyakarta 55582 e-mail: [email protected]

Recent years breeding for Acacia mangium has been conducted by Indonesian

government to produce more productive Acacia mangium forest. However, breeding program of A. mangium in Indonesia only focused in growth characteristics such as stem diameter, tree height, tree volume, etc. On the other hand, wood properties are also important in breeding program because it relation to the end use of wood. The objectives of this research were to clarify variation of stem diameter, tree height, and Pilodyn penetration and relationship between measured characteristics of A. mangium families planted in Indonesia. Sixty five families with three to five replications were used for the experiment. Stem diameter, tree height, and Pilodyn penetration were measured. Pilodyn penetration is a non-destructive evaluation method to predict basic density of the standing trees. As the result, stem diameter, tree height, and Pilodyn penetration were significant different among families. Based on this result, suggesting that stem diameter, tree height, and Pilodyn penetration are genetically controlled in A. mangium.

Keywords: A. mangium, families, stem diameter, tree height, Pilodyn penetration

IW-WP-19


161

Opportunities of Timber Construction Material with Fast-Growing Wood Species for Transforming The Wood Processing Sector and

Land Use in Indonesia

Andrea Nicola Weiss*, Simeon Max1, Laurent Corpataux2

*Bern University of Applied Science and Consultant with Fairventures Worldwide, Jl. Keramat Kwitang 1 J C 5 RT 08/09Jakarta Pusat 10420, Indonesia

1Technical University Munich and Project Manager with Fairventures Worldwide, Senefelderstrasse 26, 70176 Stuttgart, Germany

2Bern University of Applied Science and Consultant withFairventures Worldwide gGmbH, Senefelderstrasse 26, 70176 Stuttgart,Germany


Malaysia and Singapore have both government sponsored programs to develop a timber construction market. These programs and the social housing program in Indonesia provide the local lightwood sector a huge opportunity to keep growing. Fairventures’ 1mTrees program in Kalimantan gives local communities an alternative land use systemto unsustainable large-scale oil palm monocultures. The program supplies the smallholders with seedlings and educates them in forestry. Mainly fast-growing native species such as Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) and Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) are used so far.

To achieve a change in land use, Fairventure focuses on the components along the whole timber value chain. The goals of the presented studies are (1) to evaluate the economic potential of Sengon and (2) to investigate new markets for the wood processing industry and product innovation in timber construction material like Glulam or LVL.

Indonesia has the fastest growing tree species worldwide. Species like Sengon and Jabonare widely processed to low added-value products mostly on Jawa. This sector is transforming right now to more added-value products due to the demand locally and on international markets. Developing lightwood species means also to subsidize highly used native forest trees. Indonesia has a huge demand in housing for its increasing population, but the building sector cannot meet this demand. Thus, an industrial way of manufacturing wood houses is a possibility to reach this goal. There are already companies which have set a focus on this market. Beside the forestry and processing industry there is the need of product innovations, more transparency and the will of the government for changes in sawmill policies. Research with local companies and the Universitas Gadjah Mada have shown a huge potential of lightwood species as future timber construction material and an alternative to unsustainable land use.

Keywords: land use systems, fast-growing trees, timber construction material, product innovation

IW-WP-20


162

Basic Properties of Reaction Wood and Juvenility of 5 year-old of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus pellita)

Aprilia Kartikawati1*, Imam Wahyudi2

1Program Studi Ilmu dan Teknologi Hasil Hutan, Sekolah Pascasarjana IPB 2Departemen Hasil Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan IPB

e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

Reaction wood is less desirable in terms of wood utilization, and was

considered as defective. The purpose of this study was to investigate basic properties of Eucalypt wood, especially to analyze the differences in anatomical structure and physical properties between reaction- and opposite woods, as well as to determine the demarcation zone between juvenile and mature woods. Anatomical structure was observed macro- and microscopically, while physical properties were measured following BS 373.1957. Fiber dimension was measured by maceration specimens, while their quality was evaluated by formulae of Rachman and Siagian. The results showed that anatomical characteristics of the tension- and opposite woods almost entirely similar. The significant difference was only found in case of type of axial parenchyma. In the opposite wood, the aliform- and confluent parenchyma are wider and more abundant. For pulp and paper manufacturing, wood fiber of this eucalyptus was categorized as quality class II. Density and specific gravity as well as longitudinal shrinkage of the opposite wood were higher compared to those of the tension wood. Dimensional stability of tension wood was better than that of opposite wood. Micro fibril angle (MFA) of tension wood is smaller than that of opposite wood. In general, this eucalyptus was considered as juvenile wood, based on their radial variation in fiber length, wood density and the MFA from pith to the bark.

Keywords: anatomical structure, eucalyptus, juvenility, MFA, reaction wood, fiber quality

IW-WP-21



163

Anatomical Structure, Physical Property, and Fiber Quality of Three Lesser Used and Lesser Known Wood Species Grown in

North Kalimantan

Sarah Augustina1* dan Imam Wahyudi2

1Program Studi Ilmu dan Teknologi Hasil Hutan, Sekolah Pascasarjana IPB 2Departemen Hasil Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan IPB

e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

The purpose of this research was to analyze anatomical structure, physical

properties, and fiber quality of nyatoh-, sepetir-, and pisang putih woods from natural rain forest of North Kalimantan Province. Results showed that specific characteristics of sepetir wood are vessel solitary and abundant, tyloses not common; ray parenchyma tended to two-size, homo-cellular, and contained colored deposits; axial parenchyma vascicentric to eye-like aliform; and have intercellular resin canal. In case of pisang putih wood: solitary vessel is dominant but less in number, tyloses absent; ray parenchyma two-size and distinct, hetero-cellular, but less of colored deposit; axial parenchyma is long-tangential line; and axial resin canal absent. Specific characteristics for nyatoh wood are dominated by multiple vessel element, tyloses abundant; ray parenchyma one size, hetero-cellular dominated by up-right cell and has colored deposit and crystal; axial parenchyma short- tangential line; and no resin canal. All wood species belonged to Strength Class III, while their fibers are categorized as Quality Class II for pulp and paper manufacturing.

Keywords: anatomical structure, fiber dimension, lesser used species, lesser known species, substitution for wood as raw material

IW-WP-22



164

Durability of Palm Trunk Modified By 1,3-dimethylol-4,5- Dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) Against Biological Attack from

Subterannean Termite

S.N. Ashikin* , Paik San H`ng1, Kit Ling Chin, Chuan Li Lee1, Pui San Khoo1, Raja Ahmad Raja Nazrin1, and Mariusz Maminski1

1Universiti Putra Malaysia, Jalan Upm, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia e-mail : [email protected]

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of DMDHEU-

treated oil palm wood and heat-treated oil palm wood against subterranean termite Coptotermes curvunathus. Oil palm wood (OPW) is known as low in quality and treatment have been used to improvise the quality of OPW. DMDHEU and heat treatment were used in this study. Three group of OPW were used including untreated OPW, DMDHEU-treated OPW with two difference concentration (17% and 35%) and heat treated OPW were prepared. This study were conducted based on ASTM D3345-74 standard. Result showed there was a significantly different in mean weight loss between treatments. The mortality of the termites were different based on different treatment. The mean weight loss of untreated OPW was 27.5%, 17% of DMDHEU concentration was 3.79%, 34% of DMDHEU concentration was 2.12% and heat-treated was 8.84%. The DMDHEU treatment were be able to improve the resistance toward termite attack by 86.21% - 92.29% and heat treatment were 82.24%. Mortality for treated OPW were 100% successful. From the studies, it is found that DMDHEU and heat treatment was successful protect the OPW sample from biological attack and effective preservative to enhance the durability of the OPW.

Keywords : oil palm wood, DMDHEU treatment, coptotermes curvinathus, termite attack

IW-WP-23


165

Strength Design of Single Shear Connection Using Common Wire Nail on Five Type Indonesian Wood

Riezky Rakamuliawan Sutanto1*, Sucahyo1, Naresworo Nugroho1

1Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Raya Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

The current determination method of the wooden connection design value is

not only empirical but also theoretical. Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 7973 (2013) as the applicable standard for the determination of timber construction in Indonesia provides six calculation formulas that can be used to determine the value of a single wooden connection design. The purpose of this research was to explain the behavior and understanding the influence of the specific gravity, the diameter of the nail and the combination of specific gravity on the design value of the single wood connection using various tropical wood species in Indonesia. This study was also expected to evaluate the value of wooden connection design calculations based on SNI 7973 (2013) with empirical conditions of wood connection using wood that commonly used in Indonesia.

To determine the reliability of theoretical design value determination, a comparison of theoretical design values with the values obtained empirically has been done. A comparison of design values with theoretical-empirical method (hybrid) was also made. The results showed that design value of a single wooden connection with common nail was influenced by the specific gravity of the wood and the diameter of the nail used, the higher the density of the wood and the larger the nail diameter would result in a greater wooden connection design value. There is a difference of theoretically generated design value with an empirical design value of 13.65%, while using hybrid method the resulting design value is closer to the empirical design value with a difference of 10.6%.

Keywords: design value, single shear connection, specific gravity

IW-WP-24


166

Fiber Quality of Two Lesser Used Species from Tropical Rainforest in East Kalimantan and Transition Estimation for Their Juvenility

Sari Delviana Marbun1*, Imam Wahyudi2, Jajang Suryana2

1Program Studi Ilmu dan Teknologi Hasil Hutan, Sekolah Pascasarjana IPB, Bogor 16680, Indonesia

2Fakultas Kehutanan IPB, Bogor 16680, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

This research was conducted to evaluate fiber quality of Kelempayan and

Benuang woods especially as raw material of pulp and paper manufacturing, and to estimate the juvenility boundary in each species. Fiber dimension was measured by maceration specimen, while fiber quality was analyzed following method of Rachman and Siagian. Polynomial regression and segmented regression model were used to estimate the juvenility boundary using the radial variation values of the fiber and vessel length as the parameters. The results showed that for pulp and paper manufacturing, wood fiber of Kelempayan is classified as Quality Class II, while fiber quality of Benuang wood as Class I. The boundary between juvenile and mature woods of Kelempayan was performed between the 6th and the 7th segments from the pith, while the whole of Benuang wood was still juvenile. Differences in parameter and method applied resulted in the differences in the boundary of juvenile-mature wood region.

Keywords: benuang, fiber quality, juvenility, kelampayan, tropical rainforest

IW-WP-25


167

Development of Computer Vision Methods for Wood Identification

Esa Prakasa1, Hilman F Pardede1, Yan Rianto1, Ratih Damayanti2, Krisdianto2, Listya Mustika Dewi2

1Research Center for Informatics, Indonesia Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bandung, Indonesia

2 Forest Products Research and Development Center (FORDA), Bogor, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Computer vision methods have been widely used in many applications related

with visual interpretation and assessments. The vision method is potential to be implemented in wood identification to provide more accurate and objective results. The vision algorithm mainly consists of two main steps. The initial step is feature extraction and followed by pattern classification step. The experiments modify these steps to find the best method for wood identification. In the first experiment, Local Binary Pattern (LBP) is used to extract texture wood surface features. The LBP values are then summarised to obtain LBP histogram. This histogram is used as feature pattern to represent wood characteristic. The vector size of histogram is 1 × 256 and its values has been normalised between 0 and 1. Several macroscopic images from six different species are evaluated in the first experiment. Image dataset is created by dividing the image into two groups - training and testing dataset. A total of 80 images are used for each species in the training and testing stages. Euclidean distances are computed to classify wood species. The experiment found good accuracies for three species - Pelawan (Tristania ferruginea (C.T.White) P.G.W.) (100.0%), Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binnend.) (96.88%), Durian burung (Durio carinatus Masters) (92.65%), and Patin (Mussaendopsis beccariana Baill.) (87.5%) - meanwhile two other species are not in expected accuracies - Eboni bergaris (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) (56.25%) and Jati (Tectona grandis L.f.) (59.38%). To improve the accuracy, the second experiment applies combination of LBP and Support Vector Machine (SVM) as pattern classifier. Macroscopic image of tangential surfaces from four different species are collected by digital microscope. This experiment aims to build a practical tool for identifying wood species. 309 to 354 dataset for each species are used in the study. This second experiment gave better accuracies compared to the previous experiment. The identification accuracies are obtained between 85 to 100%. Its values are - Kenanga (Cananga odorata (Lamk) Hook.f.et Th.) (98 to 100%), Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binnend.) (85 to 90%), Jabon (Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Roxb.) Havil) (98 to 100%), and Kempas (Koompassia malaccensis Maing.ex.Benth.) (85 to 90%). Principal component analysis (PCA) has been applied to reduce vector size from 256 to 10. The accuracies can still be retained - Kenanga (Cananga odorata (Lamk) Hook.f.et Th.) (98%), Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binnend.) (88%), Jabon (Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Roxb.) Havil) (98%), and Kempas (Koompassia malaccensis Maing.ex.Benth.) (92%) - even though the vector size has been simplified. Further works will be conducted to improve identification accuracies and to involve more wood species.

Keywords: local binary pattern, support vector machine, wood identification

IW-WP-26


168

TOPIC : BIOMATERIAL ENGINEERING

169

Subterranean Termite Resistance of Smoked Glued Laminated Lumber Made From Fast-Growing Tree Species in Indonesia

YS Hadi1. M Efendi, MY Massijaya1, Arinana1, G. Pari2

1Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, Indonesia 2Forest Products Research Institute, Environment and Forestry Ministry, Bogor, Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to determine the resistance of smoked glued

laminated lumber (glulam) against subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) using Japanese standard JIS K1571-2004. Glulam was made from fast-growing wood species, namely Acacia mangium (mangium), Maesopsis eminii (manii), and Falcataria moluccana (sengon). The glulam was constructed with either the same species for all layers or mangium as the face and back layers and a core layer of manii or sengon. Glulams were smoked for 15 or 30 days using smoke of mangium wood, and glulam preserved with imidacloprid and untreated glulam were prepared for comparative purposes. Mangium smoke was found to predominantly produce acetic acid, cyclobutanol, phenolic compounds, and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that improved glulam resistance against subterranean termite attack. Smoked glulam had the same resistance against subterranean termites as imidacloprid-preserved glulam and was much more resistant than untreated glulam. Glulam smoked for 15 days had the same resistance as that smoked for 30 days.

IW-BE-01

170

The Effect of Intermittent and Continuous Drying on Post-Drying Quality of Eucalyptus saligna

Karnita Yuniarti1*, Barbara Ozarska2, Gerry Harris2, Graham Ian Brodie2, Gary Waugh2

1Center for Forest Products Research and Development, Jl.GunungBatu 5 Bogor 16610 Jawa Barat, Indonesia

2University of Melbourne, Burnley campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia e-mail: [email protected]

During intermittent drying, there is regular interruption of the heating phase

which makes it different from continuous drying. This heating interruption is assumed to cause self-moisture redistribution and stress relaxation in the interior part of wood, thus reducing or eliminating some serious defects. The study aimed to examine and compare the effects of intermittent and continuous regimes on post- drying quality of E. saligna.Boards of this species were randomly divided and exposed to one continuous and three intermittent regimes. The post-drying quality assessed werecollapse, checks (surface, end, and internal), distortion (bow, spring, twist, and cupping) and residual drying stress.The results indicate that intermittent drying is potential to reduce the susceptibility of E. saligna to collapse. The percentage of boards from the intermittent regimes that develop collapse (30.56- 38.89%) and the average collapse depth (1.162-2.032 mm) were lower than those exposed to continuous drying (86.11% for affected boards and 5.12 mm for depth). The average depth of twist (4.22-7.67 mm), bow (1.81-2.92 mm) and cupping(1.03- 2.68 mm) measured in intermittently-dried boards was lower than those measured in continuously-dried boards (9.27mm for twist, 4.38 mm for bow and 3.49 mm for cupping). Intermittent technique reduces the number of boards that develop twist and cupping, but not necessarily for bow and spring. The number of boards from intermittent regime that developed checks (surface, end and internal) were also lower than those from continuous regime. However, it is found that the intermittent regime with the highest drying temperature caused the highest percentage of cross section loss due to internal check (3.16%) and the longest end check (380 mm). It also caused the highest residual drying stress (approximately 0.72%) among other drying schedules being compared.

Keywords: eucalyptus saligna, collapse, checks, distortion, residual stress

IW-BE-02


171

Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood/Plastic Composites UsedPre-mixed Wood Flour Combined with Different Types of

Maleic Anhydride-modified Polypropylene

Kazushige Murayama1*, Shigehiko Suzuki2, Yoichi Kojima2, Hikaru Kobori2, Hirokazu Ito3, Shinji Ogoe4, Masaki Okamoto4

1United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Shizuoka, Japan 2Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan

3National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hiroshima, Japan 4TOCLAS Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan e-mail: [email protected]

Wood plastic composite (WPC) is the material composed of wood flour,

thermoplastic resin and a small amount of compatibilizer or other additives. Addition of compatibilizer for WPC improvesphysical and mechanical properties of WPCs because of improving compatibility between hydrophilic wood flour and hydrophobic thermoplastic resin. Generally, maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene (MAPP) is used for polypropylene based WPC as a compatibilizer. However, physical and mechanical properties of WPCs containing different types of MAPP and mixing procedure have not sufficiently been evaluated. Authors previously reportedmechanical and physical properties of WPCs used wood flour (about 150 µm) at 25 wt%, homo polypropylene at 74 wt% and different types of MAPP at 1 wt%. However, some MAPP unattached with wood flour might exist in the WPCs, because MAPP was combined with polypropylene and wood flour in a single step by twin-screw extruder. Thus, we investigated the effect of pre-mixing of wood flour with MAPP before mixing polypropylene on the physical and mechanical properties of WPCs. Wood flour at 25 wt% and different types of MAPP at 1wt% were mixed by a high speed Henschel mixer to produce pre-mixed wood flour. Then, pre-mixed wood flour from the twin-screw extruder was combined with molten polypropylene. The mechanical and physical properties of WPCs used pre-mixed wood flour varied among the different types of MAPP. Some strength properties of WPCs used pre-mixed wood flour were equal to or greater than these of single-step mixing WPCs. The flexural modulus of WPCs used pre-mixed wood flourwas higher than that of single-step mixing WPCs. The shear viscosity of WPCs used pre-mixed wood flour had almost same value compared with single-step mixing WPCs.

Keywords: wood plastic composite, maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene, mechanical property, physical property, mixing procedure

IW-BE-03


172

Termite Resistence Study of Oil Palm Trunk Lumber (OPTL) Impregnated with Oil Palm Shell Meal

and Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin

Rudi Dungani1*, H.P.S. Abdul Khalil2, and A. Hadiyane1

1School of Life Sciences and Technology, InstitutTeknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia ;

2School of Industrial Technology, UniversitiSains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected]

Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin treatment of OPTL with various nanofiller oil

palm shell (OPS) concentration (PF-INF) has been used to improve termite resistance. Two types of experiments were designed to evaluate the termite resistance. In the first type of experiment, the termite resistance in the laboratory test was evaluated. In the second type, the termite resistance was evaluated in field test in an arboretum for 3 months. Feeding arena sample was prepared for type one experiment so that the response of the subterranean termite (Coptotermescurvignathus (Holmgren)) and drywood termite (Cryptotermes cynocephalus (Light)) to laboratory test could be observed for 4 weeks and 12 weeks, respectively. In general, PF-INF has increase termite resistance than the control samples (dried OPTL and rubberwood), the samples resistance against subterranean termite of C. curvignathus classified as moderate resistance when samples were treated with nanofiller OPS. Meanwhile resistance against drywood termite of C. cynocephalus classified as moderate resistant when samples treated with 0, 1 and 3% of nanofiller, as well as 5% nanofiller, this samples classified as resistant. In field test, impregnated with 3%, 5% and 10% of nanofiller OPS specimens were resistant, while impregnated with 0, and 1% of nanofiller OPS were moderate resistant to attack by subterranean termite.

Keywords: impregnation; nanofiller, termite resistance, oil palm trunk, oil palm shell

IW-BE-04


173

Model for Predicting the Termite Hazard Class in the Province of DKI Jakarta Based on Species, Soil, and Climate

Arinana*, Aunu Rauf1, Dodi Nandika, Idham Sakti Harahap1, I Made Sumertajaya, Effendi Tri Bahtiar1

1Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java 16680, Indonesia

This research identified the subterranean termite species, measured its

community structure, and formulated a model for estimating the termite hazard class in the province of DKI Jakarta.Two sub-districts in each district were randomly chosen for stakes burying, soil sampling, and climate measuring. The termite attack frequency in each sub-district was determined, and ASTM D1758-06 was applied for evaluating the stakes condition. The termite was identified, and the formula of Margalef, Shannon-Weiner, and Pielou were adopted to measure its community structure. The attack frequencyand the stakes deterioration intensity combination were used to classify the termite hazard level. The termite hazard class (dependent variable) is ordinal, whilesoil characteristics (pH, organic-C, sand/clay ratio) and climate properties (temperature, humidity) are continuous, and the termite species finding is ordinal. Before conducting the ordinal logistic regression, the correlation between variables was calculated. The Spearman correlation exhibited high correlations between pH with sand/clay ratio and humidity, and temperature with humidity, thus the feasible variable to be used in the model were pH, organic-C, temperature, and termite species. The models were reliable tools in determining the termite hazard class with high confidence level (more than 95%) and accurately classified the 62 samples(73.8%)into three classes.

Keywords: frequency, intensity, ordinal logistic regression, subterranean termite, termite diversity

IW-BE-05

174

Resinless Plywood Production by Using Oxidized Acacia Bark Powder as a Binder

S. Suhasman1*, A D Yunianti1, Agussalim1

1*Laboratory of Forest Product Utilization and Processing, Faculty of Forestry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Nowadays, the established technology in plywood industries for producing

plywood is still using adhesive as veneer bonding agent. Utilization of the adhesive has several of weaknesses such as containing formaldehyde compound and using the unrenewable raw material. The purpose of this research was to develop a novel technique to produce plywood without involving adhesive as a binder. The oxidized bark powder of Acacia mangium was utilized as a binder to substitute the adhesive. Bark powder was oxidized by using hydrogen peroxide on four levels (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) and the catalyst. The result showed that utilization of oxidized bark powder was able to be applied in producing resinless plywood. The bonding strength of the plywood fulfills National Indonesian Standard (SNI) No 01-5008.2- 2000 where min. 7 kg/cm2 as the requirement. After immersing the plywood in hot water (70°C) for 2 hours and drying in the oven (60°C) for 3 hours, the wood failure test showed a high value, namely 85.84% when 15% hydrogen peroxyde and 5% catalyst was applied . These facts indicated that the bonding and the water resistant of the plywood were relatively high. It tends that the technology for producing resinless plywood is potential to be developed.

Keywords: resinless plywood, acacia, wood failure, bonding strength

IW-BE-06


175

Enhacing Wood Coating Materials with Insecticide

Djarwanto*, SihatiSuprapti1, DominicusMartono1 &PaiminSukartana1

1Forest Products Research and Development Center e-mail: [email protected]

An attempt to improve wood coating materials with insecticides was

conducted in the aim of obtaining dual functions of the material as finishing as well as wood’s preserving agents. Water base wood coating materials containing acrylic emulsion, comprising of wood filler, sanding sealer and topping,were applied. Only the topping material that was enhanced with insecticide, either one of three insecticide formulae containing active ingredient of bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos or imidacloprid. Rubber wood(Hevea brasiliensisMuell. Arg.) and the Indonesian pine (Pinus merkusiiJungh. et de Vr.), were selected as specimens for testing of hard wood and soft wood respectively. The samples were brushed with the coating materials in accordance with instruction for use. The samples were tested their efficacy in laboratory against drywood termite Cryptotermes cynocephalusLight, subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathusHolmgr.,powder-postbeetle Heterobostrychus aequalis Wat. and various subterranean termite species in a field test. Results showed that both uncoated and coated only samples were severely infested by termites either in laboratory or in the field trials. The coated samples at rate of 0.5% v/v insecticide to coating material were effective to prevent termites attack. The powder-post beetle attacked mostly on the uncoated samples only. Coating treatments, eventhough without insecticidal enhancement, might increase the samples resistant to the beetle. All wood samples that were coated with the coating materials that had been enhanced with those insecticides were not infested by the beetle.

Keywords: wood coating improvement, insecticides, termite and beetle deterioration rate

IW-BE-07


176

The Adhesion Properties of Sengon Wood: Effect of Sourcs of Natural Preservatives, Extraction and Applications Method

Tibertius Agus Prayitno1*, Ragil Widyorini1, Ganis Lukmandaru1

1Biomaterial and Composite Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, University Gadjah Mada, Jalan Agro no 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281

E-mail: [email protected]

Wood preservation technology has been using synthetic preservatives for quite a long time. It has been found some disadvantages of the synthetic preservatives such as

environment quality degradation, killing more non target wood destroying organism and harmfull for human. Nowadays this environment quality requirement has been highlighted.

For that reason a wood processing and wood preservation paradigm has to change from using synthetic to natural wood preservative. Natural wood preservatives which extracted from several parts of any form of plant such as tubers, barks, woods, leaves have been tried

to preserve wood. They have their own properties and influence differently on wood properties. Since wood processing mostly using adhesives to produce wood glued products

such as plywood, lamination, particleboard and fiberboard, then it is very important to know the effect of this new natural preservative on wood adhesion. The objective of this research is to know the effect of naturally wood preservatives on wood adhesion properties.

This research was conducted by wood adhesion block method following ASTM standard. The fast growing sengon plantation wood was chosen since this type of sengon wood was

claimed as low grade of wood quality (as Class V). This type of wood has high portion of sapwood and also contains heartwood with no natural extractives which is susceptible to

wood destroying organism. The natural wood preservatives are extracted from five sources namely, gadung tubers, pulai bark, acacia barks, kumis kucing leaves and mimba

leaves. The wood adhesive used was bioindustrial PVAc. Three type of extraction procedure of natural wood preservatives followed ASTM standard namely cold water

extraction, hot water extraction and alcohol toluene extraction. The procurred naturally extracts was processed to obtain extract concentration 1gram per liter concentration.These five types natural preservative applied using padding method on the sengon wood surface by 0, 1, 2 and 3 application times. Each padding application was applied after the former one was air dried. Wood adhesion test followed block type with 40#/MSGL glue spread and

cured by cold press system. Compression shear test of block samples followed ASTM standard.

The results showed that adhesion of sengon wood was not influenced by three factor combination of sources of plant extracts, extraction method and padding application. Two factors combination affected the adhesion of sengon. The highest shear strength (23.04kg/cm2) was obtained by pulai extracts combined with ethanol toluene extraction method. The highest shear strength (35.56kg/cm2) was also influenced by source of extracts combined with padding replication. The last 2 (two) factor interaction of source of extracts combined with padding application number and interaction of extraction method combined with padding application produced highest shear strength of 35.56kg/cm2 and 33.60kg/cm2 respectively. Spectrum FTIR showed different spectra due to extractives application at wave number 1500, 1750 and 2300. Identification of chemical constituents of five sources of extracts showed different trace of saponin, carbohydrate, phenolat and flavonoid. The least flavonoid content was produced by pulai bark (6.57 and 7.73 for cold and hot water extracts) and gadung tubers (7.84 and 7.18 for cold and hot water extracts.

Keywords: natural wood preservatives, adhesion properties, sengon wood

IW-BE-08


177

Mechanical and Durability Properties of Nano Impregnation Sengon Wood

Rahayu Istie1*, Darmawan Wayan1, Hakim Lukmanul1, Prihatini Esti1

1Institut Pertanian Bogor, Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor, Jl. Raya Darmaga Bogor - Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Sengon wood is one fast growing soecies which is widely planted in Indonesia.

It has characteristics i.e low strength and durability. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of monoethylene glycol (MEG) and nano SiO2 impregnation treatment on mechanical properties and durability of sengon wood. Sengon were impregnated by using four kinds of solutions. They were control (water), 50% MEG, MEGSiO2 0.5% and MEGSiO2 1%. The impregnation process was initiated by applying 0.5 atm of vacuum for 60 min and followed by 2.5 bar of pressure for 120 min. The results showed that MEG and nano SiO2 impregnation treatment had significant effect on mechanical properties (MOE, MOR, and hardness) and durability (based on graveyard and dry wood termites laboratory test). The optimum treatment was MEGSiO2 0.5% treatment.

Keywords: sengon, impregnation, mechanical properties, durability, nano SiO2

IW-BE-09


178

Acetylated CelluloseFrom Oil Palm Frond Fiberand The EffectonPoly Lactic Acid Composite Properties

Wida Banar Kusumaningrum1, Firda Aulya Syamani1*, Diaz Desiana2, Lisman Suryanegara1

1Research Center for Biomaterial, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Jalan Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Jawa Barat, Indonesia 16911

2Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agicultural University

Jalan Raya Darmaga, Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia 16680 e-mail: [email protected]

Oil palm frond (OPF) is one abundantly fiber waste from palm oil plantation.

Cellulose derived from OPF could be utilized as reinforcing agent for composite product. However, natural properties of cellulose which is hydrophilic are remarkable difficult to be blended with polymer matrices which are commonly hydrophobic. Chemical modification is needed in order to facilitate internal bonding between cellulose and polymer matricesby way of wettability enhancement. The objectives of this research are to determine the optimum reaction time on acetylation process and to investigate the effect of acetylated cellulose from OPF on PLA composite characteristics. In this work, acetylation process were conducted at 30o C for reaction temperature within 1, 3, and 5 hours of reaction time. Degree of substitution was investigated using back titration of saponification method, whereasFTIR and DSCwere used to analyze the acetylated cellulose characteristics. Compositse of PLA and acetylated cellulose were casted on metal molding and then compressed using hot press machine at 180o C. Fraction of acetylated cellulose from PLA were subjected on 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Composite characterizations were analyzed using SEM (scanning electon microscope), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red), UTM (universal testing machine), and DSC (differential scanning calorymeter).

Keywords : acetylated cellulose, oil palm frond, poly lactic acid

IW-BE-10


179

Application of Modified Domestic Microwave Heating for Rattan Processing

Krisdianto*

*Forest Products Research and Development Center Jl. Gunung Batu 5, Bogor, 16610


During conventional rattan processing, there two processes acquire heating

applications: rattan pre-drying and bending. Conventionally, freshly cut rattan stem is pre-dried in hot oil bath (kerosene) prior to air drying. In order to produce curvature shape for furniture, rattan cane was steamed prior to bending. In the last few decades, microwave technology has been implemented for timber processing. This paper examines the possibility of microwave technology application for rattan processing. Rattan canes were dried in modified domestic microwave, while wet rattan canes was heated prior to bend. Results shows modified domestic microwave is able to dry rattan canes and to soften rattan before bending. Microwave heating reduces moisture content from more than 80% into about 15%. Moisture reduction varies according to microwave power and feeding speed system as well as rattan diameter. Similarly, rattan canes could be bent easily after microwave heating. However, there are special treatments that could be applied for rattan canes. After microwave drying, rattan cane must be wiped with kerosene cloth to clean the rattan surface from exudate’s resin. For bending, rattan cane must be soaked in the water for about 12 hours prior to microwave heating for bending. Price simulation shows microwaving rattan treatment rate is about Rp 250,- per 2 meters length rattan cane.

Keywords: rattan, drying, bending, domestic microwave, processing

IW-BE-11


180

Triangle Inner Structure Modificationto Improve The Cooling Tower Serviceability Against Dynamic Load

Effendi Tri Bahtiar1,*, Naresworo Nugroho1, Dede Hermawan1, Wilis Wirawan2, Khuschandra3

1 Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, JawaBarat 16680, Indonesia

2Star EnergyGeothermal (Wayang Windu) Ltd., Tromol Pos 1, Pangalengan 40378, JawaBarat, Indonesia

3PT. Sarana AhliSejati, Ligar Raya No. 54, Bandung, JawaBarat, Indonesia e-mail: Effendi Tri Bahtiar: [email protected]

Vibration level of motor and gearbox which is supported by Cooling Tower

Unit 1 at Star Energy Geothermal (WayangWindu) Ltd was increasing significantly. The increasing vibration generate danger level of cooling tower operation which may stop the electricity generation in Geothermal Power Plant. Inspection estimated that the vibration induced by resonance of process flow, and the increasing vibration level is related to the degradation of the cooling tower structural component especially the decreasing stiffness of the wood. The wood deteriorate which reflect to its physical, chemical, and mechanical properties degradation. The measurement have been conducted to estimate the residual strength of the wooden structural component of the cooling tower, and the results are used for conducting dynamic structural analysis. Several scenarios of structure modification were modelled and drawn, and the best one which the most effectively reducing the vibration level is constructed in the field. Triangle inner structure is proved to be the best scenario to achieve the most stiff and rigid structure, thus it is applied to modify the cooling tower structure. The vibration level before and after structure modification were measured, and it is proved that the vibration level is significantly reduced. After structural modification, the vibration level is accepted according to ISO 10816-3, so it is now safe for operation and the cooling tower is not in zone D (danger) anymore.

Keywords: cooling tower, dynamic structural analysis, geothermal power plant, structural failure, vibration level

IW-BE-12


181

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Isocyanate Adhesive; an Analytical Study on the Thermal Properties

Arif Nuryawan1*, EkaMulya Alamsyah2

1 Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma Ujung No.1 Kampus USU Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia 20155

2 School of Life Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jl.Ganesha No.10 Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

Because of the effect of formaldehyde emission of the using of formaldehyde based resins such as urea-formaldehyde (UF), phenol-formaldehyde (PF), melamine-formaldehyde (MF), and mixture of the two i.e. melamine-urea- formaldehyde (MUF) or urea-melamine-formaldehyde (UMF) for the binding of wood products, the using of either natural adhesive (bio-adhesive) or isocyanate has been increased particularly in research applications. Bio-adhesive has limitations in strength and durability. On the contrary, isocyanate has benefits in high strength and resistance. Isocyanate has good bonding because of their N-C-O group. It is believed that NCO group can react with water including wood with water therein (free and bonded water). However, if the isocyanate alone reacts with water, it will release CO2 as shown in the reaction below. The build-up of CO2 gas causes the unwanted situation that glue-mix to foam (contains air bubbles) over time.

O

R N C O + H2O

R N C N R + CO2

H H

Therefore some efforts have been done in order to enhance the reaction between isocyanate and water. First, isocyanateacts a cross-linker in the wood- adhesive system resulted in EPI (emulsion polymer isocyanate) adhesive. EPI consists of cross-linker isocyanate and PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) which provides -OH groups; hence isocyanate will react with hydroxyl group first. This condition will need long period for the adhesive system to cure. Second, isocyanate in the form of polymeric 4-4 diphenyl methane diisocyanate (pMDI) is not dispersible in water because of oil-borne therefore the isocyanate should be blocked first. In order to unblock, high temperature is needed; for instance from hot-press system. Third, application of isocyanateon the wood (wood is hygroscopic materials) needs very short assembly time. The preliminary research on the thermal properties using DSC (different scanning calorimetry) of isocyanate showed addition of wood powder in the isocyanate decreased the peak temperature. The more addition of wood powder, the low of peak temperature of isocyanate is. The conclusion of this study is thermal properties of isocyanatedepend on the type of isocyanate adhesive-system used whether as a cross-linker, block isocyanate, or isocyanate alone.

Keywords: isocyanate, thermal properties, wood-adhesive system

IW-BE-13



182

Selected Properties of Vertically Glued Laminated Bamboo Lumber

Ignasia Maria Sulastiningsih*, Jasni, Dian Anggraini Indrawan1

1Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan, Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5. Bogor, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

This study was carried out to investigate the potential of laminated bamboo

lumber (LBL) as an alternative material for wood substitute, with particular focus on the effects of bamboo species on the physical and mechanical properties of LBL. The bamboo species used were D. Asper, D. Giganteus, D. Latiflorus and G. Levis. Laboratory scale LBL with the dimension of 60 cm x 16 cm x thickness were fabricated by assembling 26-28 bamboo strips and vertically arranged side–by-side and wide-glued using water based polimer-isocyanete (WBPI) adhesive. The glue spread and cold pressing time applied were 250 g/m2 and one hour, respectively. Results showed that the physical and mechanical properties of LBL were significantly affected by bamboo species. The density, thickness swelling, MOR and compression strength of LBL varied from 0.59 -0.85 g/cm3, 2.39 -3.16%, 727.4 - 1466.2 kg/cm2 and 463.4 -719.7 kg/cm2, respectively. The LBL made from D. Asper had the highest density and mechanical properties compared with three other bamboo species. Vertically glued laminated bamboo lumber made from D. Asper had comparable strength to wood strength class I whereas those LBL made from D. giganteus, D. latiflorus and G. levis had comparable strength to wood strength class II. Vertically glued LBL provides an alternative source of wood substitute especially for furniture material.

Keywords: laminated bamboo lumber, bamboo species, isocyanate, physical and mechanical properties

IW-BE-14


183

Effect of Heat Treatment on Hardness Properties on Three Tropical Fast Growing Wood Species

Lina Karlinasari1*, HandangTegar Perbani1, Sri Dewi Anggraeni1, Trisna Priadi1

1Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia


Wood modification through heat treatment is known as an effective method to improve some wood properties.In this study, the effect of heat treatment on hardness properties of three fast growing wood species were examined. The samples of sengon (Paraserianthesfalcataria), jabon (Anthocephlauscadamba), and mangium (Acacia mangium) were obtained from community plantation forest at Darmaga district. Two pre-conditions were subjected by drying the samples using fan in conditioning room and heating oven at 50 C to obtain initial condition of moisture content about 15% and 8%, respectively. Each sample group was then heated at 120 C, 140 C, and 180 C for, 2 and 6h in a heating oven. The hardness were tested by embedded a ball with the projected area was 1 cm2 referring to ASTM D-143. The result revealed that there are some differences in degree of change of hardness properties on wood samples with increasing temperature treatment and treatment times.

Keywords: heat treatment, hardness properties, fast growing species, pre-condition

IW-BE-15


184

Changes Characteristics of Commercial Mat-formed Panels over Cyclic-humid Treatment

Sahriyanti Saad1,2*, Hikaru Kobori1, Yoichi Kojima1, Shigehiko Suzuki1

1Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan 2Hasanuddin University, Jl Perintis Kemerekaan KM. 10 Makassar, Indonesia


Mat-formed panels for structural application are often subjected to moisture

change in the building environment. Such condition initiates board properties degradation and influence durability performance of the product. It is necessary to observe properties changes of mat-formed panels subjected to cyclic-humid exposure in order to clearly describe board behaviors in the service life. Commercially manufactured phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin bonded particleboard, diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) resin bonded particleboard, melamine modified urea formaldehyde (MUF) resin bonded medium density fiberboard (MDF) and MDI resin bonded MDF were prepared into 300 mm by 50 mm specimen then exposed to fifteen cycles of humid and dry condition alternately. The humid condition lasted for 120 hours and dry condition for 48 hours at each cycle. Thickness change, weight change, panel density change, surface change were evaluated during aging treatment at each condition to characterize physical changes. At the same occasion, dynamic Young’s modulus (Ed) was determined by the vibration method to characterize mechanical properties changes. Internal bond strength was also determined after completed the treatment. In the cyclic-humid treatment, thickness swelling increased with increasing number of cycle treatment while panels’ density were decreasing. All panels showed decreasing weight in similar propensity and surface degradation of MDI resin bonded panels were smaller than that of formaldehyde bonded panels. The Ed in term of bending resistance of panel was found to be greater than that of the Ed of material itself under the treatment.

Keywords: mat-formed panels, cyclic-humid treatment, durability performance

IW-BE-16


185

Wood Endurance Against Dynamic Compression Stress

Naresworo Nugroho1* and Effendi Tri Bahtiar1

Faculty of Forestry Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Dynamic load generate fatigue on wood when applied during several period.

Wood identification proved that the wood used as structural component of Star Energy Geothermal (Wayang Windu) Ltd cooling tower is Douglas Fir. Wood structural component of cooling tower received dynamic load which is risen by motor and gearbox of huge fan on the top. The vibration level is increasing following the stiffness decreasing of structural component because of creep and fatigue. The dynamic analysis on compression should be conducted to estimate the wood strength against dynamic load. The dynamic test was conducted on 18 samples (nine samples were collected from 23 years old used wood and nine samples were spare wood which were placed in the warehouse). The load were given in 16 Hz frequency and several magnitude for 8 hours maximum period. The test were stopped when the failure occur or the maximum period was over. If the failure could not be visually seen, the analytical methods were implemented to predict whether the samples would fail or not. This study results a mathematical model with generated Goodman line. Goodman line connects the endurance limit value and ultimate stres value line. According to that graph, the endurance limit value for used wood is 6.30 N/mm2 and for the spare wood is 8.12 N/mm2.

Keywords: cooling tower, dynamic load, fatigue, wooden structure

IW-BE-17


186

Wood Quality Evaluation of Certified Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) for Geothermal Cooling Towers

Effendi Tri Bahtiar1, Kurniawan Wicaksono2*, Dede Hermawan1, Naresworo Nugroho2

Departement Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University e-mail : [email protected]

Cooling Tower is a semi-enclosed device for evaporative cooling of water by

contact with air. Construction of the cooling tower structural frame at Star Energy Geothermal, Ltd. uses Douglas fir wood species (Pseudotsuga menziesii). This study is conducted to identify the wood species, to measure ACQ preservatives penetration, and to determine the allowable stresses of wood that have been imported for geothermal cooling tower components. Macroscopic and microscopic method was applied to identify the wood species. The penetration of ACQ preservatives is measured by copper and xantoproteat components present in wood. The allowable stress is calculated based on ASTM D-2915 procedure. Identification proves that timber who was ordered for cooling tower components at Star Energy Geothermal (Wayang Windu) Ltd. is Douglas fir. One specimen 14 cm × 4 cm sized and three specimen 9 cm × 4 cm sized of copper penetration test does not meet the requirement according to CTI Standards. Two specimen sized 9 cm × 4 cm of xantoproteat penetration test does not meet the requirement according to CTI Standards. The results of mechanical testing indicate that the spesimen allowable stress is higher than the NDS 2005 requirement and CTI Standard for flexural strength, Emin and shear strength. There are 12 specimen that meet the standard tensile strength parallel to strain, while 2 specimen are not eligible. The average E value and compressive strength perpendicular to strain are still less than standard. Total of 13 specimen are not meet the standard E values, and all specimen have a lower compression perpendicular to grain than the standard.

Keywords: ACQ preservative, cooling tower, Douglas fir, preservative penetration, wood allowable stress

IW-BE-18


187

Partial Purification and Characterization of Laccase produced by Trametes versicolor KALT GK in Liquid State Culture of Rice Husk

Fermentation

Syamsul Falah*, Esatri Rosetaati, Suryani Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia


Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) is one of extracellular enzymes which are able to degrade lignin and other phenolic compounds, widely used in the industries process such as biobleaching, biopulping, as well pollutan bioremediation of synthetic dyes from paper, pulp and textile industries. One of laccase producing microorganisms is white rot fungi Trametes versicolor. The focus of this study was isolation, partial purification, and characterization of laccase from Trametes versicolor KALT GK grown in rice husk liquid medium. Laccase was characterized its optimum pH and temperature, metal ions effect, as well Km and Vmax values. The enzyme was precipitated by addition of ammonium sulphate up to 80% saturation. Laccase was well precipitated at ammonium sulphate 0-20% saturation with specific activity of 21.33 U/mg, 1.9-fold purification, and a yield of 66.28%. The purified laccase had optimum activity at pH 6.0, temperature 60 oC. Addition of 1 mM metal ions Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ act as activator, otherwise 1 mM of Fe2+ and EDTA act as inhibitor againts laccase activity. The Km and Vmax values of laccase from Trametes versicolor were 1.00 mM and 0.30 U/mL respectively. The Km value in this study was relatively lower indicating that laccase from Trametes versicolor KALT GK has a high affinity and was reactive to the substrate.

Keywords: laccase, trametes versicolor, rice husk, extracellular enzyme, lignin degradation

IW-BE-19


188

Formulating of Drying Condition on Convective Dryer for Jack- Fruit Wood (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Grown Artificially in

Cangkringan Community Forest District

Yustinus Suranto*

*Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta e-mail: [email protected]

Formulating drying condition of certain wood in accordance with it’s drying property is a first important step for wood drying. The best practice of wood drying is the a main key of proper wood processing. In line with basic wood properties, this proper wood processing will produce best qualities and quantities wood products which are having long live services, besides produce also a side-product in the form of a small quantities of wastes. These status of wood products in turn will stimulate the enhancement of carbon dioxide sinking and decreasing the degree of global warming.

Jack-fruit which is produced by the famous jack-fruit plant grown artificially in community forest area at Cangkringan, Sleman, Yogyakarta Special District Province, is used by wood working industry to produce building and furniture component. Proper utilization of this wood depends on mainly to the proper wood drying practices, because the basic properties and durability of this wood were excellent. The objective of this research was to formulate the drying schedule of jack-fruit wood. The drying schedule was decided by the result of the quick drying test which is elaborated based on Terazawa method.

Result of the research showed that initial moisture content was 60.12% and specific gravity on oven dried basis was 0.56 g/cm3. Optimum drying schedule was 50oC as an initial temperature and 77oC as a final temperature. Wet bulb depression for initial step of drying was 3.6oC and for the end step was 30oC, while the range of relative humidity were 80 % to 12 %. Average drying duration was estimated 12 days.

Keywords: jack-fruit wood, drying schedule, terazawa method

IW-BE-20


189

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Glulam Made From Fast- Growing Species

Andi Sri Rahayu Diza Lestari1*, Yusuf Sudo Hadi1, Dede Hermawan1, Adi Santoso2

1Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia 2Forest Products Research Institute


Glue laminated lumber (glulam) product has long been known as building construction materials both nationally and internationally. Recently, the use of fast- growing wood species that produce small-diameter logs (less than 30 cm) has been intensively explored in the context of glulam manufacture. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Pine (Pinus merkusii), Jabon (Antocephalus cadamba), and Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) from fast-growing species using methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate (MDI) in terms of its physical and mechanical properties. Each glulam made from three layers of lamina with dimension 3 × 6 × 120 cm in thickness, width, and length, respectively. The physical and mechanical properties of the glulams were tested based on Japan Agricultural Standard (JAS) 234-2007. The result shows that the three types of fast-growing wood species using MDI was effective for glulam manufacture.

Keywords: glulam, fast-growing species, methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate

IW-BE-21


190

The Effect of Different Consentration NaOH on Chitosan Deacetylation Degree of The Shell Shrimp as Bioadhesivefor

Producing Particleboard

Dwi Wahyu Ningsi1*, Ainun Ade Putri K1, Ismawati Amsul G. Saparigau1, Suhasman1

1Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. PerintisKemerdekaan Km. 10.Tamalanrea, Makassar, Indonesia


The shrimp shell that rich compounds of chitin can be converted to produce

polysaccharides called chitosan. Chitosan are obtained from deacetylation of chitin. The chitosan can be utilized as bioadhesive for substitute chemical based adhesive for producing particleboard. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentration of chitosan deacetylation degree and physical and mechanical properties of the produced particleboard. There are three stages in conversion process from shell shrimp to chitosan namely demineralitation, deproteination and deacetylation. This research focused on optimization of deacetylation process using NaOHin different concentration such as 40%, 45% and 50%. Particleboard with size of 25 cm x 25 cm x 0.7 cm with 10% and 12% adhesive content, target density 0.75 g/cm3 were produced using pulai wood particles (Alstonia sholaris). The processing condition were180°C in temperature during 12 minute with pressure of 25 kg/cm2. The result showed that increasing concentration of NaOH causes decreases deacetylation degree of chitosan. The value of deacetylation degree are 76.31%, 71.16% and 68.78% respectively. The produced particleboard that using chitosan as bioadhesive is potentially to be develoved.

Keywords: chitosan, deacetylation, NaOH concentration, particleboard

IW-BE-22


191

Ductility Aspects of Single Shear Connection Using Bolt on Some Indonesian Wood Species

Evalina Herawati12*, Sucahyo2, Naresworo Nugroho2,Lina Karlinasari2

1Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr. T. Mansyur No. 9,Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia 2Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jl Raya Dramaga,Bogor, Indonesia


Ductility describes the ability of a structure to undergo large deformation in

the plastic range before its collapse. Ductile behavior is preferable in timber structures and especially important for structures in seismic regions. In this study, ductility of single shear wood connection using bolt was determined as the ratio between ultimate and yield displacement. It was obtained from load-displacement curves resulted from testing of wood connection according to ASTM D5652 Standard Test Methods for Bolted Connections in Wood and Wood-Based Products. Six Indonesian wood species namely light and heavy red meranti (Shorea spp), mersawa (Anisoptera spp), kapur (Dryobalanops spp), merbau (Intsia spp) and bangkirai (Shorea laevis Ridl) were used with specific gravity ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 and some combinations of element thickness and bolt diameters (1/2, 5/8 and 3/4 in). The results showed that ductility of wood connections ranged from 1.69 to 7.43. Ductility was influenced by combinations of element thickness, bolt diameters and wood species. Ductility increased with increasing the combinations of element thickness of wood connection and decreasing the bolt diameters. Otherwise, ductility varied on various specific gravity of wood.

Keywords: bolt, ductility, single shear, wood connection

IW-BE-23


192

Mechanical and Physical Behaviour of Sugarcane Bagasse rHDPE Composite Modified Using Nanosilica Filler

Adlin Sabrina Muhammad Roseley1 and Qamariah Nor Hidayah Salleh2*

1Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia

2Department of Forest Production, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia


The objective of the development of composite materials reinforced with

natural fibre is to produce a product with mechanical and physical performance that has the positive attributes of both plastic and natural fibre. The composites were made using post-consumer recycled high-densitypolyethene (rHDPE) and bagasse fibre under laboratory condition by melt compounding and compression moulding. Fabrication of the panels were made using maleatedpolyethene (MAPE) as coupling agent and nano-silica (SiO2) at various contents (2 and 4wt%) as filler to improve the properties of the composite. The influence of fibre loading rates (30, 50 and 70 wt%) on the composites mechanical and physical properties were also investigated. The results indicated increase in fibre loading and nano-silica contents led to increase often sile and flexural moduli and decreased of impact strength value. It is also found that composites of nano-silica 4% shows similar impact strength value in comparison to the neat rHDPE specimen. The thickness swelling and water absorption of the sugarcane bagasse rHDPE composite slightly increased as the fibre loading increased. The result of these study demonstrates the positive effect of waste fibre material and nano-silica particle on mechanical and physical properties of the composite in which both properties were highly influenced by the fibre and filler content.

Keywords: bagasse fibre, rHDPE, nano-SiO2

IW-BE-24


193

Effect of Plasticizer on Thermo-mechanical Properties of Biocomposites Based on Polylactic Acid Cellulose Fiber from

Sugarcane Bagasse

Yuliati Indrayani1*, Lisman Suryanegara2, Saeri Sagiman3, Lilik Astari2

1Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Imam Bonjol, Pontianak 78124 2Pusat Penelitian Biomaterial - LIPI, Cibinong, Bogor

Faculty of Agriculture, Tanjungpura University, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak 78124


Polylactic acid (PLA) is a versatile polymer made from renewable agricultural

raw materials, which are fermented to produce lactic acid.The drawbacks of PLA are brittle and low heat resistance limit its application for industrial purposes. The aims of this study is to evaluate the effect of plasticizer on the thermo-mechanical properties of biocomposites based on polylactic acid and cellulose fibers from sugarcane bagasse. Cellulose fibers was isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) by delignification process using sodium chlorite and removing hemicellulose using potasium hydroxyde 5% w/v. Amorphous PLA was blended cellulose fibers at a fiber content of 10% and triacetine content of 10%, 20% and 30%, stirring them in a beaker using acetone as solvent. The mixture was dried at room temperature, followed by vacuum-drying, and a kneader (Labo plastomill, Toyoseiki) was used to obtain a homogeneous compound, which was hot pressed into films. The thermal properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the mechanical properties were evaluated by Universal Testing Mechine (UTM). The results showed that mechanical properties PLA improved by adding cellulose fibers and the presence of plasticizer increased the crystallization speed of PLA reduced its glass transition temperature (Tg).

Keywords: biocomposites, cellulose fibers, plasticizer, Polylactic acid, sugarcane bagasse

IW-BE-25


194

Effect of Press Temperature on Bonding Properties of Sucrose- Citric Acid for Nipa Palm Fronds Particle Board

Mahdi Santoso1*, Ragil Widyorini2, Tibertius Agus Prayitno2 & Joko Sulistyo2

1Post Graduate Student of Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Agro 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

2Lecturer of Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Agro 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia


The development of natural adhesive for particleboad has still limited. Sucrose

was one types of natural materials with the potential to be developed as an eco- friendly adhesive and replace the formaldehyde base syntehtic resin. One of sucrose weakness was has the dimensional stability very low, and adding citric acid can resolve that problem. The bonding between sucrose and citric acid very depending by pressing temperature, since the degradation temperature of them play as important role. This research investigated the bonding quality of the nipa fronds particleboard bonded with sucrose and to know the effect of the increasing pressing temeparture and citric acid adding.

This study aims to determine the quality of the nipa frond (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) particleboard bonded with sucrose/citric acid 100/0, 87.5/12.5, 75/25 and 0/100, pressing temperature 180°C and 200°C, resin content 20%, pressing time 10 minute and specific pressure 3.6 MPa. Particleboard was made measuring 25 × 25 × 1cm and the target of density 0.8 g.cm-3. The physics and mechanics properties of particleboard was tested by standard JIS A 5908:2003 and surface roughness using Hiziroglu (1996) method.All infrared spectra were obtained using the KBr disk method and recorded by means of an average of 10 scans at a resolution of 16 cm-1.

The results showed that the press temperature and citric acid adding affects on the properties of the nipa fronds particleboards. The optimal condition found on the particleboard bonded with sucrose/citric acid 87.5/12.5 at the press temperature 200ºC, and all of the properties meet the standards JIS A 5908: 2003. The properties of particleboard was density 0.84 g.cm-3, moisture content 5.23%, thickness swelling 1.43%, water absorption 23.03%, internal bonding 0.28 MPa; modulus of rupture 12.25 MPa, modulus of elasticity 4.18 GPa and surface roughness 7.18 μm. The results also indicated that the peak intensity of C=O ester group and C-O-C hemiacetal group increased with increasing pressing temperature and addition of citric acid.

Keywords: sucrose, citric acid, natural adhesives, particle board, nipa frond

IW-BE-26


195

Penetration and Adhesion Strength of Phenol-Tannin- Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives for Bonding Three Tropical

Woods

Jessica Hendrik1*, Yusuf Sudo Hadi1, MuhYusram Massijaya1, Adi Santoso2 and Byung-Dae Park3

1Department of Forest Products, Forestry Faculty, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia

2Forest Products Research Institute, Bogor, Indonesia 3Department of Wood and Paper Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566,

Republic of Korea e-mail: [email protected]

Phenol-tannin-formaldehyde (PTF) resins were prepared by adding bark

tannin extracts from mangium (Acacia mangium), to phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin adhesive for bonding three tropical and fast growing woods such as Mangium, Jabon (Anthocephaluscadamba), and Mindi (Meliaazedarach). The impact of tannin extract content on the penetration and adhesion strength of PTF resin adhesives was studied at two differenttannin contents (10% and 20%). These resin penetration into wood tissues of three tropical wood species was quantitatively measured at the bond-line, using light microscope (LM). Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was also used for detecting the resin penetration into wood tissues. The adhesion strength of these PTF resins was also determined by measuring tensile shear strength of three-ply parallel plywood from three tropical woods. As the tannin content increased, the depth of resin penetration increased for Mangium and Jabon wood, but it decreased for Mindi wood. By contrast, the bond-line thickness decreased with an increase in the tannin content for all three wood species. The adhesion strength of plywood was improved as the tannin content increased. All plywood bonded with PTF resins using 20% tannin met the requirement of EN 314- 2 standard. These results suggest that the addition of tannin extract into PF resin improve the adhesion performance, and partially replace phenol in PTF resins.

Keywords: mangium tannin, phenol-tannin-formaldehyde resin, resin penetration, adhesion, plywood

IW-BE-27


196

Drying of Oil-palm Lumber Using Air-force Drying Method

Muhammad Nadzim1*, Edi Suhaimi Bakar1,2, Mojtaba Sultani1, Lee Seng Hua1

1Department of Forest Production, Faculty of Forestry, 2Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400

Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *corresponding author: [email protected]

An air-force drying method was employed for drying the oil palm lumber (OPL). The drying process consisted of employment of high speed air flow in a closed area. The green OPL with dimensions of ?? x ?? cm (length x width) were prepared and segregated based on the position in the trunk (Inner Parts, MC= 200-450% and Outer parts, MC=100-200%) where it was extracted. The prepared OPL with different thicknesses (3 and 5 cm) were stacked in 4 separate stacks and subjected to high speed air flow by industrial fans. The drying rate and defects were recorded every day until air-dried moisture content of 5-10% was achieved. The results revealed that the air-force drying method had significantly facilitated the drying rate and minimized the drying defects of the OPL. A reduction of 50% in drying time was recorded in air-force drying compared to that of air-drying. No serious defects were found in 5 cm samples regardless oftrunk positions (inner and outer parts). However, a minor collapse was observed in3 cm samples especially forthose of inner parts. Overall, itcan be concluded that the air-force drying method could serve as anefficient method for drying green OPL.

Keywords: oil palm lumber, air-force drying method, drying defects, drying rate

IW-BE-28


197

Bamboo Grading based on its Compressive Strength and Capacity Parallel to Grain

Effendi Tri Bahtiar1, Dede Hermawan1,Naresworo Nugroho1, Alif Puguh2*

1Faculty member at Forest Product Departemen , Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricurtural University

2Undergraduate Student at Forest Product Departemen , Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricurtural University


Bamboo is a good material for green constructions. It is ready to harvest at the age of 3-6 years. Indonesian people traditionally use bamboo for construction materials because it is easily worked using simple tools. Bamboo has very large potential for construction materials (e.g: pole or column).When bamboo culm will be used for pole or column in modern construction design, the compression strength must be measured and calculated. The aim of this study is to measure the compression strength of three species of bamboo culm (andong, hitam, and tali), then determining the potential classification parameters for bamboo grading based on its compression properties. ISO 22157-1: 2004 procedures is followed to calculate the design characteristic value as well as statistical (confident band) methods. The best predictor is chosen among several candidate predictor (Diameter, linear mass, weight to diameter ratio, culm density, wall density, moisture content, eccentricity, and ovality) based on their correlation to compressive strength. Besides the compressive strength, the compressive capacity, that is the maximum load which can be resisted by the culm, is measured too. The predictor selection is also conducted to justify the best parameter for compression capacity grading of the culm of the three bamboo species.

Keywords: allowable stress, bamboo grading, mechanical properties, structural design, wood engineering

IW-BE-29


198

Moisture-Content-Based Basic Drying Schedule of 15 Indonesian Wood Species

Efrida Basri* & Karnita Yuniarti1

1*Center for Forest Product Research and Development Jl. Gunung Batu 5, Bogor 16610

E-mail : [email protected]

Many wood industries, which own drying kiln, does not have a skilled kiln

operator who can also determine proper drying schedule. Therefore the drying process applied usually takes long period and/or results in decreased wood quality. A moisture-content based basic drying schedule provides general guidance in determining the changes in temperature and humidity which is based on the average moisture content level of the wood being dried. The research aims to obtain the basic drying schedules for 15 wood species based on their drying characteristics. The research is initiated by drying all 15 species at temperature of 100 oC. The criterion used is the worst defect develops in each wood such as initial checks (end and surface), honeycomb defects, and deformation on the width of wood. The result shows each wood species has different response to high temperature drying. The best drying properties is observed in meranti wood (Shorea hopeifolia), jaha wood (Terminalia arborea) and bambanglanang wood (Madhucaas pera). In contrary, Ki acret (Spathodea campanulata), kikipasang (Prunus javanica), and bira-bira (Fragaea crenulata) have the worst drying properties. Based on their drying properties, all 15 species can be grouped into 5 drying schedules.

Keywords: drying properties, time, quality, temperature, humidity

IW-BE-30


199

Concentration Variation in Initial Treatment before Densification Process to Wood Quality Improvement of Gmelina Wood (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) and Pine Wood (Pinus merkusii)

Nur Ra’aena Dewi S.1*, Kidung Tirtayasa P1, Andi Detti Yunianti1, Suhasman1, Ira Taskirawati1, Agussalim1

1Faculty of Forestry, Hasanuddin University. Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Makassar, Indonesia.

e-mail : [email protected]

Fast-growing species generally has a low at strength, it is necessary effort to

increase the strength. Densification is one of many effort to improving wood quality especially their strength. Processdensification was determined by method in particular to initial treatment.The preliminary study have been done, the result was modified an initial treatment with immersion of wood used acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with concentration 25% and 50% be able to increase the density and permanent fixation occurred but the strength tend to decrease. Therefore, the aim of this researchwas to obtain its concentration which one was very optimal to improving wood quality of Gmelina wood and Pine wood. Wood quality is mean’s not only about to increasethe density but also to increasethe strength. This research modified an initial treatment with immersion of wood used CH3COOH and H2O2 with concentration 15%, 25%, and 30% for 24 hours on water bath with temperature 800C. The board with measured 24 cm (F) x 20 cm (L) x 2 cm (T) then devided into two part, part one with measured 24 cm (F) x 4 cm (L) x 2 cm (T) as control and part two with measured 24 cm (F) x 16 cm (L) x 2 cm (T) as densification wood. Densification was employed at a pressure of 35 kg/cm2, temperature of 1500C for 15 minute. Then the parameters measured, calculated and tested are physical properties (density, specific gravity, and permanent fixation) and mechanical properties (MOE and MOR) refer to ASTM D 143-94. The result showed that concentration 20% better than the others concentration. The initial treatment has been given on Gmelina wood before densification be able to increased the density and MOE also permanent fixation was occurred but in Pine wood was tended to same as three different concentration was tested.

Keywords: acetic acid, densification, density, hydrogen peroxide, MOE

IW-BE-31


200

Structural Grading of Gigantochloa apus Based on Its Flexural Properties

Nurmadina1*, Naresworo Nugroho2, and Effendi Tri Bahtiar2

1Master student at Faculty of Forestry – Bogor Agricultural University 2Faculty member at Faculty of Forestry – Bogor Agricultural University

* e-mail: [email protected]

Indonesian people traditionally use Gigantochloa apus as structural materials.

For modern building design, structural grading should be conducted on bamboo culm to get its design characteristic values. Non-destructive assessment on each culm condition, dimension, and geometric were conducted to predict the flexural strength and capacity of the member. Diameter (D) is a potential grading parameter that provide strong evidence to predict flexural capacity. Non-destructive test which deals with measuring linear mass ratio (q) is simple method that refers to density and has strong correlation with stiffness (EIapp, EItrue) and flexural capacity (Mmax). The measurement of D, q, and its combination are proper indicating variables to predict the capacity of G. apus. The grade of structural bamboo could be developed by D and q classification based on ISO 22156 and confident band method. Confident band methods resulted more conventional value than ISO 22156 thus it is more safe and reliable. The cubic of diameter is the best predictor for estimating the stiffness among another power of diameter, while the square of diameter is the best one for estimating Mmax. Additional predictors in multiple regression improve the adj-R2, but it is still unreliable for estimating MOE and MOR of G apus culm, thus bamboo structural grading should use capacity grading rather than strength grading. In capacity grading, additional measurement of Ec,c,w, Mc, and Ovpredictors significantly improve the model rather than single predictor, but EIp, ta, and s addition into the model didn’t give significant contribution.

Keywords: bamboo construction, best subset multiple regression, capacity grading, gigantochloa apus, mechanical properties, stiffness, strength grading, structural grading

IW-BE-32


201

Physico-Mechanical Properties of Thermal Modified Sesendok Sawn Timber by Direct Contact Thermal Modification Method

Hannafi Mohd Muktah1*, Edi Suhaimi Bakar1,2, Mojtaba Soltani1,3, Lee Seng Hua1


2Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

3Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University Chalous Branch, P. O. Box 46615/397, Mazandaran, Iran


The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Direct Contact Thermal Modification (DCTM) method on the properties of Sesendok (Endospermum diadenum) sawn timber. Clear specimens with green condition (70% moisture content) having three different thicknesses (1cm, 1.5cm and 2cm) x 70 mm width x 20 times of the thicknesses for its length were prepared and thermally modified by DTCM method using different temperatures (160oC, 190oC and 220oC) and times (30,40 and 60 minutes). After conditioning, some physico-mechanical tests such as water absorption, thickness swelling, colour change (ΔE), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) were conducted to assess the properties of the treated samples. Results showed that physical properties and dimensional stability of the treated Sesendok sawn timber were improved effectively by the DCTM. However, the MOE and MOR results revealed that the strengths of the samples were adversely influence by the heat treatment. In this study, the changes in physico-mechanical properties of Sesendok samples became more perceptible as the treatment temperature and time increased.

Keywords: thermal modification, direct contact method, physical properties, dimensional stability

IW-BE-33


202

Bamboo Grading with Flat Ring Flexure Test Pilot Study

Dwi Graha Pangestu1*, Naresworo Nugroho2, Effendi Tri Bahtiar2, Shawn L Platt3

1Undergraduate Student at Forest Products Department, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University

2Faculty member at Forest Products Department, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University

3Faculty member at Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh


Interest in non-timber forest products has recently gained attention in the search for alternative building materials. Bamboo is of particular interest due to its rapid growth (three times faster than most timber species), light weight, and easily worked using simple tools. Indonesia has more than 160 identified species of bamboo spread throughout all of its islands. Bamboo has been used by indigenous communities as a raw material for building construction for generations. Increased research during the recent years has conducted on various species investigating the mechanical and physical properties. Some of the past research have implemented testing methods such as bending, compressive, tensile, etc. To the author’s knowledge, very few of them capture the MOR and MOE without using very large samples and may be impractical for field testing. This current research intends to examine the potential application of a relatively new testing method named Flat Ring Flexure test (FRF). Samples in the form of rings with lengths limited to 0.2D of the bamboo culm are taken from the top, middle, and bottom along its length. Each sample is to be tested with a 5 ton capacity UTM and newly developed tools which position the samples for testing in flexure using four and three point loading arrangements.

Keywords: anatomy of bamboo, bamboo grading, building materials, flexure test, mechanical properties

IW-BE-34


203

The Effect of Bamboo Species and Particle Geometry on Physical Properties of Cement Board

Benoni Kewilaa1*, Mery Loiwatu1, Olga Nataly da Costa1

1Department of Forestry Faculty of Agriculture Pattimura Univrsity Jl. Ir Puthena Kampus Poka, Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia, 97233, Telp (0911)-322499,

322498 e-mail: [email protected]

Non-wood raw materials that are lignocellulosic include bamboo, it mostly

found in the tropics area such as asia, africa and america. The potential of bamboo in Maluku especially Seram Island is spread among others in Taniwel located in Buria village, and Kairatu sub district, where there are several types of bamboo such as bamboo petung (Dendrocalamus asper), bamboo jawa (Gigatocchloa atter) and bamboo suanggi (Bambussa vertillata) can be used as raw material of cement board. The cement board as well as the particle board, the particle shape for the cement board, among others, can be a flake, shaving, strand, splinter, wood wool (excelsior), fiber.and wood flour. This study used three species of bamboo as a factor A and particle geometry as factor B with each of them three levels and three replications, where the experimental design used was a completely randomized design. The result of the analysis showed that the particle geometry had a significant effect on the oven dry moisture content and had a hight significant effect on air dry density and oven dry density. The data show that the average air dry moisture content rate is 4,544%, oven dry of 8.482%, air dry density of 0.542 g / cm3, oven dry density of 0.547 g / cm3, water absorption of 21.15% and thickness swelling of 25.45 %.

Keywords: bamboo species, particle geometry, physical properties of cement board

IW-BE-35


204

Evaluation of the Effect of Fiber Volume Fraction on the Mechanical Properties of a Polypropilene Matrix Composite

Renny Purnawati1*, Fauzi Febrianto2, I Nyoman J. Wistara2, Siti Nikmatin3

1Graduate Student at Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680 2Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680 3Faculty of Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680


The possibility of utilization of the fibres made from kapok and balsa fruit fiber

as reinforcement in polyester matrix composite was evaluated. The various composite formulations were prepared using 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% fibres as the reinforcement. Tensile properties determination was performed with a Shimadzu Autograph AG-IS 1 kN (Japan) according to ASTM D882-75b at crosshead speed of 50 mm/min. Modulus of elasticity and elongation at break of the polypropilene resin matrix composite increase with the amount of kapok and balsa fibre up to a certain threshold and then begins to reduce with further increase in the amount of fibres. It was concluded that the kapok and balsa fibres are providing a reinforcement effect in polypropilene matrix composites.

Keywords : kapok fiber, balsa fiber, polypropilene

IW-BE-36


205

Sinking Carbon of Flamboyan (Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf.) Grown in Bantul Regency

Rizky Novita1, Andiar Yudha Rizki Darmawan1, Andhika Ibnu Sina1, and Sri Nugroho Marsoem1

1 Department of Forest Product Technology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro. No 1. Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia


Flamboyan (Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf.) is one of the fast growing plant that is abudantly grown in tropical area, including Indonesia. In the implementation of flamboyan tree is often used as an ornamental plant or for shade in the pattern of plantation at PERHUTANI. Whereas, this species can be used too as one of the plants of absorbing carbon emissions in nature. This research aims to quantify carbon sequestration on flamboyan.

This research uses four non defective flamboyan tree which grows in Sanden, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Carbon absorption measurements using the destructive sampling method, which includes aboveground biomass (leaves, twigs, branches, trunks) and underground biomass (root). The potential of carbon calculated using the assumption of 50% of the biomass.

The results of this research show the flamboyant wood with aged 5 years with a mean diameter of 25 cm and a mean height of 11 meters generate average values of biomass of 56, 439 kg and average value of absorption of carbon per year by 28, 219 kg/year.

Keywords : flamboyan wood, sinking carbon

IW-BE-37


206

Effects of Citric Acid-Arrowroot Starch Composition Ratio and Pressing Temperature

on Properties of Particleboard from Salacca (Salacca sp.) Frond

Ragil Widyorini1* and Ersadarita Sembiring B.1

1Forest Product Technology Department, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada E-mail: [email protected]

Study on utilization of citric acid as natural adhesive and its combination with

arrowroot starch was still limited. Differed properties of adhesive components can affect the optimal pressing temperature in the manufacture of particleboard. This study aimed to analyze the effect of pressing temperature and citric acid-arrowroot starch adhesive composition on properties of the particleboard from salacca frond. This research used completely random design with two factorials, i.e. composition of citric acid:arrowroot adhesive (100% : 0%, 75% : 25%, and 50% : 50%) and pressing temperature (140°C, 160°C, and 180°C). Particleboards was produced by hot pressing at specific pressure 3.5 MPa for 10 minutes, with the citric acid content was 30% and density target was 0.8g/cm3. Physical and mechanical properties of particleboard were performed according to JIS A 5908. The result showed that arrowroot starch could be reacted with citric acid to bond the salacca frond as particleboard. The composition of citric acid:arrowroot starch adhesive (%) 75 : 25 and pressing temperature of 180ºC produced the optimum properties of particle board with the density 0.93 g/cm3 thickness swelling 28.20%, water absorption 52.73%, modulus of rupture 8.83 MPa modulus of elasticity 1.96 GPa, and internal bond strength 0,33 MPa.

Keywords: particleboard, salacca frond, citric acid, arrowroot starch, adhesive composition, press temperature

IW-BE-38


207

Effect of Element Type on the Physical Phenomena during Hot Pressing of Wood-based Panel

Muhammad Navis Rofii1*, Shuto Kubota2, Hikaru Kobori2, Yoichi Kojima2, Shigehiko Suzuki2

1Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No. 1. Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Shizuoka, Japan


This study investigated the effect of element type on the physical phenomena during hot pressing of wood-based panels, related to the temperature and vapor pressure behaviors inside the mat. Four kind of element type such as strand, particle, fiber, and powder were utilized. The mats with moisture content of 15% were hot pressed with initial pressure of 3 MPa at press temperature of 180°C to make board with target density of 0.75 g/cm3 and board size of 340 x 320 x 10 mm. No resin was added in this experiment. A press monitoring system (PressMAN Lite, ARC) was used to monitor the temperature and vapor pressure behaviors in the center of the mats during pressing. To evaluate the air permeability of the mat, the simulation of density distribution in the horizontal direction was done. The results of this study indicated that element type affected temperature and vapor pressure behaviors. The smaller element from particle to powder resulted in a longer plateau time, a higher plateau temperature and a higher vapor pressure. Strand is the highest plateau temperature and maximum vapor pressure. The thicker element from powder to particle element resulted in lower maximum vapor pressure and larger density distribution.

Keywords: element type, physical phenomena, hot pressing, wood-based panel

IW-BE-39


208

Effect of Borate-Citric Acid Composition and Its Concentrations on Jabon Woods (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.) Treatment Against Dry Wood Termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.)

Faris Wichaksono1, Tomy Listyanto2, , dan Ragil Widyorini2

1Student of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada. 2Lecture of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada.


This study was aimed to determine the preservative effect of Borate-Citric Acid

Composition and its concentrations on Jabon woods (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.) Preservation Against Dry Wood Termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.). This research used jabon wood, which were treated by borate- citric acid. The composition of borate-citric acid were 1:0, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2, and 0:1). Treated sample were fed to dry wood termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light) for four weeks, whichrefers to no choice feeding test. Parameters measured were absorbtion, penetration, retention, termite mortality, and mass losses. The results showed that the interaction between concentration and composition affectedsignificanly at level 0,05on value of absorption, retention, penetration, and mortality. The composition of borate-citric acid with ratio of 3:2 and concentration 3% showed the best result with the value of absorption 136,45 kg/m3 and the retention of 18,44 kg/m3, penetration of 11,82 mm, termite mortality of 100%.

Keywords: borate, citric acid,concentration, compotition,jabon

IW-BE-40


209

TOPIC : BIOMATERIAL CONVERSION

210

High Quality Solid Fuel from Torrefied Oil Palm Trunk

Nyoman J Wistara1*, Anik Widarti1, Djeni Hendra2

1Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Kampus Dramaga IPB, Dramaga, Bogor – Indonesia 16680

2Forest Products Research Center, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Gunung Batu, Ciomas, Bogor-Indonesia


Oil palm trunk is an abundant feedstock potential for high quality renewable solid fuel. In this work, the quality of the fuel was improved by the method of torrefaction. The effect of various torrefaction temperatures on the energy quality of the resulted charcoal was studied. Oil palm trunk was divided into its bottom and middle division. The raw material was then chipped and torrefied at 200, 230, 260, and 290 ° C. It was found that the yield decreased with increasing torrefaction temperature. Thus, the highest torrefaction yield of 39% (bottom division) and 33% (middle division) was achieved with 200 oC torrefaction temperature. Charcoal with lowest moisture content, volatile matter, and highest fixed carbon was produced from torrefaction at 290 °C. The calorific value at this temperature was of 7325.55 and 6930.98 kcal / kg for the bottom and middle division, respectively. FTIR analysis indicated a significant change occurred in functional groups of the material due to torrefaction processes.

Keywords: bioenergy, charcoal, oil palm trunk, torrefaction

IW-BC-01


211

Production of Laminated Beam from Sago Bark and Two Less Used Wood Species from Papua

Wahyudi*

*Faculty of Forestry, The university of Papua Gunung Salju, Manokwari (98314) Papua Barat. Telp./Fax. +62986211065.

e-mail:[email protected]

Sago is palm producing carbodydrate that is endemic to the New Guinea Island covering Papua New Guinea and Papua. This palm species is a special plant to the forest dwelling-people to suplly their main staple food of carbohydrate, sources of building material and others. When extracting the carbohydrate from the Sago stem, the hard part or outer stem (bark) are damped as residual waste. Traditionally, these unprocessed bark, approximately 2 cm thick, is used for flooring purposes of their traditional houses. This research is designed to investigate mechanical properties of Sago bark and its laminated beam escpecially when it is combined with other less used wood species from Papua, Pulai (Alstonia scholaris) and Binuang (Octomeles sumatrana). Three layers of laminated beam of homogenous and heterogenous material were made, using three replicate to produce 51 sample in total. The laminated beam produce have dimension of 2.2 cm x 4.5 cm x 35 cm for thick, width and lenght, respectively. The results indicate that moisture content of beam are 17-19%. Density of single sago bark is 1.1 g/cm3, sago bark beam of 1.2 g/cm3, the combined beam of 0.7 g/cm3, Binuang of 0.38 g/cm3 and Pulai of 0.36 g/cm3. Single layer of sago bark produced the highest of flextural strenght (2482 kg/cm2), Sago bark beam of 1392 kg/cm2, and combined beams ranging from 281- 1132 kg/cm2.

Keywords: sago bark, laminated beam, flextural strength, and papua

IW-BC-02




212

The Termiticide Potential of Some Tropical Plant Extracts Against Coptotermes sp.

Astuti Arif1*, Musrizal Muin1 dan Syahidah1

1 Fac. of Forestry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan km. 10 Tamalarea


Coptotermes is a group of subterranean termite with almost all of the species caused damages in wooden structures and crop plants in the world, including in Indonesia. Bait system (bait system) using specific toxic for termites have been prevented the termite attack on the wooden structure of building. This study aims to determine the potential of plant extracts from the plant parts of various species grown in South Sulawesi as anti termite based on the subterranean termites response, Coptotermes sp. Specimens are collected from Teaching Forest of Hasanuddin University, namely: ketepeng leaf (Cassia alata), mahagony leaf (Swietenia macrophylla), puspa leaf (Schima wallichii), senduduk leaf (Melastoma malabathiricum), kirinyuh leaf (Chromolaena odorata), saliara leaf (Lantana camara), gamal leaf (Gliricidia sepium), tuba bark (Derris elliptica), and papaya seed (Carica papaya).The specimens are extracted using ethanol. The potential of the plant extract as anti-termite using extract-treated filter paper with four variations of concentration are tested. The results showed that all plant extracts have the potential to control termites based on the analysis of chemical components and are indicated by the increased value of termite mortality parameters.

Keywords: plant extract, anti-termite, coptotermes

IW-BC-03


213

Low Temperature Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lignocellulosic Biomass :A Review of Processes and Application

Ismail Budiman1,2*, Dede Hermawan3, Fauzi Febrianto3, Subyakto2, Gustan Pari4

1Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia 2Research Center for Biomaterials LIPI, JlRaya Bogor km 46 Cibinong. Bogor, Indonesia

3Forest Products Department, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia

4Forest Products Research and Development Center, Research Development and Innovation Agency, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jl. Gunung Batu Bogor,

Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) can be defined as a carbonization of

lignocellulosic biomass in water under autogenous pressure and temperature at the lower region of liquefaction process. HTC is an environmental friendly thermo chemical conversion process to convert lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products. Some of HTC process condition, such as temperature, residence time ,pressure, catalytic and non-catalytic hydrothermal will be described in this review article. Another thing that will be discussed is about the application of HTC products in some areas such as environment, energy, agriculture and the possibility of its use in other fields.

Keywords: hydrothermal carbonization, low temperature, lignocellulosic biomass, process condition, application

IW-BC-04


214

Suitability of Sawdust From Six Wood Species as Growing Media For Three Edible Pleurotus Spp.

Djarwanto1 & Sihati Suprapti*

1*Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan, Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5, Bogor. 16610. Telp. (0251)-8633378, Fax. (0251)-8633413

e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Sawdust from small-diameter wood logs that comprised six wood species, i.e. mahang (Macaranga pruinosa), medang (Litsea firma), bayur (Pterospermum diversifolium), balam (Palaquium gutta), merkubung (Macaranga gigantea), and rubber-wood (Hevea brasiliensis) typifies as one of the wastes generated from the wood-sawing process. As an attempt to utilize those wastes as mushroom growth- media, initially to the sawdust from each species were added consecutively rice bran (20%), calcium carbonate (1%), gypsum (1%), trisodiumphosphate (0.3%), and sufficient amount of distilled water. Afterwards, the media was sterilized; and further inoculated with the spawns of any of the three edible wood-rotting fungi (Pleurotus spp.), each at 4 months (B4) and 5 months (B5) old. Results revealed that the sawdust from those six species was each prospectively commendable as growth media for those three Pleurotus spp. The highest yield from the kinds of media was obtained from rubber-wood, followed in decreasing order by balam, medang, and bayur wood (as the lowest). The high biological conversion efficiency (BCE) values of the media that became mushroom biomass were obtained in mahang, merkubung, and balam woods, ranging about 67.60-69.10%. The average BCE value of the media inoculated with B-4 spawns was higher than inoculated with B-5 spawns. The highest mushroom biomass yield was obtained from P. flabellatus and P. sajor-caju; and conversely, the lowest from P. ostreatus.

Keywords: Wood sawdust, media, edible wood rotting fungi, mushroom biomass

IW-BC-05



215

Evaluation of Biopulping Process for Medang Wood Decayed by White Rot Fungus, Trametes versicolor

Wiwin Tyas Istikowati1*, Sunardi2, Budi Sutiya1, Futoshi Ishiguri3, Shinso Yokota3

1Faculty of Forestry, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, Indonesia 70714 2Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru,

Indonesia 70714 3 Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan

Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

The objective of this study is to clarify the mass loss and chemicalproperties of fungal (Trametes versicolor) decayed woods froma native fast-growing tree speciesfrom the secondary forest in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Small chips (0.2×3×3 cm) were prepared from medang (Neolitsea latifolia (Blume) S. Moore) wood. The chips were inoculated with T. versicolor and then incubated for 0, 1, 2, and 3 months in a culture room under certain conditions. Mass loss and chemical properties of woods were determined before and after decayed. The mass loss of medang wood decayed by fungi was 0.67%, 4.49%, 12.56%, and 19.20% for 0, 1, 2, and 3 months, respectively. The T. versicolor fungal treatment contributed to less extractive contents and lignin contents before 2 months and did not degrade holocellulose and α-cellulose contents. A treatment of 2 months appears optimal treatment in medang wood for biopulping process.

Keywords: biopulping, white rot fungi, Trametes versicolor, Neolitsea latifolia

IW-BC-06



216

Improvement Pyshical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Oriented Strand Board by Steam Pretreatment of Strands

Sena Maulana1*, Fauzi Febrianto1, I Nyoman Jaya Wistara1, Rita Kartika Sari1, Ihak Sumardi2, Adesna Fatrawana1

1Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia

2Forestry Technology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, InstitutTeknologi Bandung, JalanGanesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the OSB properties made from strand of andong (Gigantochloa psedoarundinacea) and betungbamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) with and without steam treatment. The strand was subjected to a steam treatment at 126 ° C for 1 hour at a pressure of 0.14 MPa. The extractive levels of bamboo strands before and after the steam treatment were analyzed referring to the TAPPI T 204 om-88 standard. Three layers of OSB were made of bamboo strands with a core layer perpendicular to the face layer and then glued using 8% phenol formaldehyde adhesive and added with 1% paraffin to the dry weight of the oven strandn. Physical and mechanical properties characterization refers to JIS A 5908: 2003 standard with modifications at the bold section. The steam treatment on bamboo andong and bamboo strand can decrease the level of extractives of hot water soluble extractive, cold water soluble extractive, NaOH soluble extractive, and ethanol-benzene soluble extractive. The steam treatment tends to improve the stability of the dimensions and the strength of the OSB which is made from bamboo andong or betung strand. In general, the dimensional stability and flexibility of OSB bamboo betung is better than OSB bamboo andong. However, the increase in IB values of the bamboo andong OSB is relatively higher compared to the OSB bamboo betung that occurs due to the greater amount of soluble extractive in the bamboo andong strand compared to the bamboo strand during the steam process.

Keywords: bambu, oriented strand board, steam, strand

IW-BC-07


217

Characteristics of Oil Palm Spathe Nanowhiskers Isolated by Ammonium Persulfate Oxidation

Lukmanul Hakim Zaini1*, Fauzi Febrianto1, I Nyoman Jaya Wistara1, Imam Busyro1

1Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jl. Raya Darmaga, Bogor, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

This study was revealed the characteristics of nanowhiskers isolated from oil palm spathe using simple and versatile method namely Ammonium Persulfate Oxidation (APS). Characterization techniquei.e. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XrD) analysis, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used in order to analyze the properties of resulted nanowhiskers. Morphology analysis shows that APS oxidation can effectively isolated nanowhiskers and rod-like particle can be seen in nanometer scale. A peak at 1735 cm-1 in the FTIR spectrum attributed to stabilization of carboxyl groups. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed thatthe crystallinity of nanowhiskers were increased compared to raw material. Thermally stable characteristic of resulted nanowhiskers can be concluded by thermogravimetric analysis.

Keywords: nanowhiskers, oil palm spathe, ammonium persulfate oxidation, characterization, isolation

IW-BC-08


218

Sembilang and Moso Bamboo

Se-Hwi Park1*, Min Lee2,Jae-Hyuk Jang2,Nyoman Wistara Jaya1, Nam-Hun Kim3,Fauzi Febrianto1 and Sang-Bum Park2

*1Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia 2Department of Forest Products, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455,

Republic of Korea 3College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon

24341, Republic of Korea e-mail: [email protected]

Bamboo is abundant natural resource in tropical and temperate regions. It has been widely used by daily supplies and construction materials in human life due to rapid growth rate and easy processing. Carbonization of bamboo is a useful technique for improving values of raw materials. In this study the carbonization properties of bamboo, which grown in tropical and temperate regions were analyzed in order to seek practical applications that could be beneficial for reality throughout combining bamboo and carbonization technique. Sembilang bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus) and Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) were selected as representative bamboo species for tropical and temperate climates, respectively. Samples were carbonized at 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1,000°C.As a result, the calorific value of Moso bamboo charcoal (carbonized at 600°C) showed the higher value (33.07 MJ/kg)than Sembilang bamboo charcoal (29.58 MJ/kg). Sembilang bamboo charcoal carbonized at 1,000°C contained14.19% ash content, and Moso bamboo charcoal showed 4.44% ash content. The higher water and oil retention values were observed on bamboo charcoals carbonized at 600°C.

Keywords: bamboo, carbonization, calorific value, ash content, water and oil retention value

IW-BC-09


219

Comparison of The Properties of White Charcoal from Traditional Kiln and Thermal Therapy Kiln

Yun-ki Kim1*, Woo-seok Jeon1, Wahyu Hidayat1,2, Jae-hyeok Jang4, Wae-jung Kim3, Nam-hun Kim1

1College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, South Korea 2Faculty of Agriculture, Lampung University, Indonesia

3The Institute of Forest science, Kangwon National University, South Korea 4Department of Forest Products, National Institute of Forest Science, South Korea


The charcoal industry in Korea is in crisis due to poor competitiveness

resulted from the increase of imported charcoal and material expense. In addition to charcoal production, traditional charcoal kiln can be used for thermal therapy using waste heat that can contribute on the additional benefits for the charcoal producers. But using traditional charcoal kiln for thermal therapy has problems such as safety and public health. Therefore in our previous research, we made a safe and pleasant charcoal kiln for thermal therapy. We compared some characteristics of the white charcoal made from thermal therapy kiln and traditional kiln. For evaluation both kilns anatomical and physical characteristics, calorific value and proximate analyses such as ash contents, volatile matter, fixed carbon, pH were conducted to compare the quality of charcoal. The results showed that white charcoal from thermal therapy had similar quality with the white charcoal from traditional kiln.

Keywords: charcoal kiln, thermal therapy, charcoal properties, white charcoal, proximate analyses

IW-BC-10


220

Development of A Modified Charcoal Kiln for Thermal Therapy

Yun-ki Kim1*,Woo-seok Jeon1, Wahyu Hidayat1,2, Jae-hyeok Jang4, Wae-jung Kim3, Nam-hun Kim1

1College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, South Korea 2Faculty of Agriculture, Lampung University, Indonesia

3The Institute of Forest science, Kangwon National University, South Korea 4Department of Forest Products, National Institute of Forest Science, South Korea

*email: [email protected]

Korean charcoal industry meets serious difficulty on high production cost and

labor shortage. Thermal therapy using waste heat after charcoal production is proposed to solve the problems. Traditional charcoal kiln has excellent performances for producing high quality charcoal, but it is not suitable for thermal therapy because of unsafe and unclean circumstance. Therefore, in this study we have developed a modified charcoal kiln for safety and cleanliness. The invented charcoal kiln has two doors for separating the entrance of charcoal production and thermal therapy. A noxious gas barrier structure was also installed between modified adjacent charcoal kiln for thermal therapy. In addition, a fine dust collector was installed to remove fine dust generated during the charcoal production. For the verification of this structure, noxious gas and fine dust were measured. The results of noxious gas and fine dust in the kiln meet the reference value of atmospheric environment conservation act of South Korea.

Keywords: charcoal kiln, thermal therapy, fine dust, noxious gas

IW-BC-11


221

Utilization of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Stem Waste for Activated Carbon

J. Pramana Gentur Sutapa1*, Denny Irawati1 and Esther Dyah Anggorowati1

1Dept. Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia


This research aims to utilize tobacco stem waste as a raw material for activated carbon, and to evaluate the impact of activation temperature in quality of produced activated carbon. Tobacco stem waste was carbonized at temperature of 300˚C for 3 hours. Then the carbon was activated at temperature of 725˚C, 775˚C, and 825˚C respectively for activation period of 90 minutes with five replications for each treatment . The result shown that the best activated carbon was obtained from activation temperature 825˚C. The activation process produced yield activated carbon of 65.144% and showed following quality parameters : moisture content 11.826%; ash content 14.390%; volatile compound 5.163%; fixed carbon 68.621%; methylene blue adsorption capacity 143.667mg/g; benzene adsorptive capacity 8.159%; and iodine adsorption capacity 752.701mg/g. Based those quality parameters tobacco stem waste can be utilized as raw material for activated carbon

Keywords: activated carbon, tobacco stem waste, activation temperature

IW-BC-12


222

Pulp Yield and Fiber Dimension of Shorea selanica BI. from Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta with Kraft Process

Erliana Chandra Rukmi1* dan Sri Nugroho Marsoem2

Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No. 1. Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia e-mail : [email protected]

Shorea selanica is one of fast growing species. Shorea can be harvested at 5 years and used for every product for example plywood. Because it has long fibers, it also can be used for pulp and paper’s material. The aim of this research is to learn about Shorea selanica as pulp material with sulfidity concentrate in different level, different cooking time, and both of that influence with yield, kappa number, and physical properties of pulp Shorea selanica.

This research use Completely Randomized Design method with two factors, it was sulfidity and cooking time. Its done 3 repetition with parameter sulfidity 20%, 22%, 24% and cooking time 2 hours.

The result of this research Shorea selanica with diameter about 30cm have long fiber. Screen yield of Pulp Shorea selanica between 30% until 36% and total yield between 35% until 50%

Keywords: shorea selanica, pulp yield, fiber dimension, kraft process

IW-BC-13


223

Efficacy of Tuba Leaves Extract (Derris elliptica) as a Natural Antitermite

Andi Achmad Rizaldy1*, Syarif Hidayatullah, Helmi Gracia1, Syahidah1

Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km.10 Tamalanrea, Makassar, Indonesia


Wood preservation is one way to enhance the durability of wood, especially

for low grade natural durable woods. The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of tuba leaves extract against the subterranean termite, Coptotermes sp. The leaves was milled and extracted with ethanol solvent to give it’s extracts. There were two kinds of antitermite test conduct in this study, namely direct test (stomach toxic test) and indirect test (respiratory toxic test). The mortality of termites and the weight loss of the paper discs were used to determine antitermite activity of the extract. The result showed that the higher concentration of the extract, the higher mortality of termites for both of the test. The concentration of the extract were 2, 4, 6% with the mortality 40%, 69.1% and 93.3%, respectively for direct test and 71.5%, 75.8% and 89.7%, respectively for indirect test. Moreover, the weight loss of paper discs of direct test were 5.29%, 3.07% and 1.94%, respectively.

Keywords: tuba leaves extract, preservative, natural antitermite, mortality, weight loss

IW-BC-14


224

Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties of Oriented Strand Board Prepared From Steam Modification Bamboo Strand-

Treated Against Weathering and Powder Post Beetle

Muhammad Anchu Kastian Asmur1*, Fauzi Febrianto1, Elis Nina Herliyana2 ,Sena Maulana1, Muhammad Qola Ariansyah Damanik1, Adesna Fatrawana1

1Departement of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Dramaga campus, Bogor, 16680, Indonesian

2Departement of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Dramaga campus, Bogor, 16680, Indonesian


Bamboo OSBhas better physical and mechanical properties compared to wood

OSB. As structural composite OSB can be utilized for purposes both indoors and outdoors. Outdoor utilization of bamboo OSB will exposure directly with weather factors that will affect to heat stability, mold resistance, moisture resistance, and ultraviolet (UV) stability. The aim of this study was to examine the physical, mechanical, and durability properties of bamboo OSB prepared from steam modification bamboo strand against the effect of long exposure of OSB boards and powder post beetle. Strand bamboo betung (Dendrocalamus asper) was steamed at temperature 126°C pressure 1.4 MPa for ± 1 hour. The steam bamboo strand was rinsed with 1% NaOH. The size of strand bamboowas 70 mm, 20 mm and 0.6-0.8 mm (length, width, thickness) respectively. OSB was done with three layers by the core layer perpendicular orientation to the front and back layers. The face, core and back ratio were 1:1:1.The adhesive of OSB was fenolformaldehid with 8% concentration and paraffin 1%. OSB was manufactured at 135° C for 9 minutes with aspesific pressure 25 kg cm-2. Physical and mechanical properties according JIS A 5908: 2003. Powder post beetle evaluation referring to SNI 01.7207-2006 The result was OSB with steam and rinse 1% NaOH has the best physical, mechanical, and durabilityproperties than others treatment board after 3 months exposure against weathering and powder post beetle.

Keywords: bamboo, oriented strand board, steam modification, weathering

IW-BC-15


225

Chemical Composition, Physico-Chemical Properties, and The Antioxidant of Seed and Leaf of Amomum cardamomum Willd Oils

Rini Pujiarti* & Sigit Sunarta Forest Product Department, Faculty of Forstry, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Jl. Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur, Sleman, Indonesia 55281 E-mail: [email protected]

Essential oil of cardamom seed can be used as drugs, antibacterial, anti-

inflammatory, antioxidant, spices, food flavorings, and perfumes. In additional the rhizomes and the leaves of cardamom also contain essential oils. The aims of this study to elucidate the yield, chemical composition, physico-chemical, and antioxidant of local cardamom (Amomum cardamomum Willd) oils from seeds and leaves which obtained by water distillation and water-steam distillation methods. The results showed that A. cardamomum oils have wet yield of 0.99 to 4.52% and dry yield of 4.50 to 5.30% with the highest yield on cardamom seed oil which obtained by water distillation. Cardamom seed oil were obtained by water-steam distillation methods gave the optimum physico-chemical values, 1,8-cineole content, and antioxidant. The main compound contained in these A. cardamomum oils is 1,8-cineole (36.42 to 92.10%), where the highest content of 1,8-cineole were obtained from cardamom seed oil which obtain by water-steam distillation. A. cardamomum oil in this study also possess mild antioxidant with IC50 values of 2.22 to 4.92 mg/ml and IC90 of 17.05 to 30.25 mg/ml.

Keywords: Amomum cardamomum, distillation, chemical composition, physicochemical, antioxidant.

IW-BC-16


226

Utilization of Solid Waste Cajeput and Gondorukem as Raw Material in Biopellet of Environmental Friendly Energy

Sofia Mustamu1*, Dede Hermawan2, Gustan Pari3

1Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia

2Forest Products Department, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia

3Forest Products Research and Development Center, Research Development and Innovation Agency, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jl. Gunung Batu Bogor,


Biopelet is a solid fuel which is the result of forging a cylindrical biomass and

can be used as an alternative energy. Waste of Cajeput and gondorukem has the potential to be used as a biopellet. Burning biomass directly can cause respiratory distress due to CO, SO2 and particulate deposits. In contrast to biomass fuels in the form of biopellets have better heat quality than direct biomass combustion. The purpose of this study is to determine the particle size and temperature to produce the best and environmentally friendly biopellet quality. This research begins with preparation of raw materials of Cajeput waste and gondorukem to produce powder. The powder was then sieved using a sieve of 20, 40, 60 and 80 mesh. From each powder mesh size weighed 30 g for molded with 70% cajeput solid waste and 30% gondorukem. Biopellet printing was performed using a pressurized hydraulic press machine of 526,48 kg/cm2 with a temperature of 120, 150,180, 200, 230 and 260°C. The results showed the biopellet with the size of 40 mesh and temperature 230°C is the best quality of biopellets. Physical properties resulting from 40 mesh pellets 230°C include moisture content of 1,905%; Ash content 3,955%; vollatile matter 72,189%; fixed Carbon is 21,949%; calorific value of 5097,5 kcal/kg and pressure strength is 53,746 kgf /cm2.

Keywords: biopellet, cajeput, gondorukem, calorific value

IW-BC-17


227

Sigit Sunarta Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Jl. Agro No. 1, Bulaksumur, Sleman

IW-BC-18

228

Anti-termite Activity of Several Components of Teak Extractive Against the Subterranean Termite Retulitermes speratus Kolbe

Ganis Lukmandaru*

*Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Agro No. 1, Bulaksumur, Sleman


In natural condition, teak wood is not toxic but merely deters the subterranean termites. Therefore, antitermite activity of main extractive components of teak (tectoquinone, tecomaquinone, deoxylapachol, squalene, and β-sitosterol) was evaluated against the subterranean termite Retulitermes speratus Kolbe with no- choice tests. The activities of these compounds were evaluated in several cconcentrations and mixtures in actual natural conditon. Tectoquinone, possessing anthraquinone ring in the molecule showed the highest toxicity whereas deoxylapachol, with a naphtaquinone structure exhibited the highest antifeedancy. Tecomaquinone adn squalene had no toxic effect but exhibited antifeedant properties. As the most abundant constituent in the apolar fraction of teak extractives, the effect of squalene to tectoquinone efficacy was also evaluated. It was observed that by various concentrations, squalene reduced the effectivity of tectoquinone linearly.

Keywords: teak, tectoquinone, antifeedant, squalene, anti-termite

IW-BC-19


229

Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Tropical Wood in Pulse Current Apparatus for Liquid Fuel Production

Joko Sulistyo1*, Toshimitsu Hata2, Sensho Honma3, Takashi Watanabe2, Sri Nugroho Marsoem1, Ganis Lukmandaru1 and Tsuyoshi Yoshimua2

1Dept. of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, INDONESIA

2Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, JAPAN.

3Hokkaido Research Organization Forest Product Research Institute, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, JAPAN.


Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) is rapid and promising method to generate

inexpensive fuels and aromatics including benzene, toluene and naphthalene. The generation of liquid fuel and green aromatics production from fast growing trees biomass requires a fast heating following by immediate cooling which is possible to be performed by pulse current apparatus. It is expected that heat transfer to biomass material inside the reactor of pulse current apparatus is important process. The objective of this study is to find the influence of different characteristic heating process related the using of different material of reactors i.e. copper, titanium and quartz at various reaction temperatures. Catalytic fast pulse current pyrolysis produced high amount of liquid product up to 70.4% which was influenced by ratio of wood and ZSM-5 catalyst and L-shape tube. Aromatic compounds including 1H- Indene, 1 methyl and Naphthalene, 1-methyl from lignin were observed due to catalytic effect during the fast pyrolysis. Oxygenates and phenolics group also were observed from the decompositions of carbohydrates and lignin, respectively.

Keywords: catalytic fast pyrolysis, pulse current apparatus, tropical wood biomass, liquid fuel, ZSM-5 catalyst

IW-BC-20


230

Chemical composition of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell stemwood from Natural Forest in Malind District, Merauke

Rizki Arisandi1*, Tatsuya Ashitani2, Koetsu Takahashi2, Ganis Lukmandaru1

1Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No.1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia +6274 550541

2Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-855, Japan


Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell (E. pellita) is one of the fast growing species, which is being developed as one of major species in industrial tree plantation (HTI) as a raw material for pulp and paper. The objectives of this research were to determine the content of its extractives and cell wall components. The samples (2 stemwoods) of E. pellita trees were obtained from natural forest in Malind district, Merauke. Bark, sapwood, and heartwood parts then were cut at middle parts of the trees. Extractive content were successively extracted by dichloromethane, ethanol, and hot water. Lipophilic components were analysed by GC-MS and GC-FID from dichloromethane extracts. The results of extractive content measurements of dichloromethane (KED), ethanol (KEE), and hot water (KEAP) were ranged 0.17 – 0.47 %, 2.55 – 3.16 % and 0.75 – 1.51 %, respectively. KEE values were the most abundant group of extractives which it ranged from 68.32-71.04 %, based on dried extract. Phenol and flavanol content from ethanol and hot water soluble extracts were ranged from 179.5-570.35 mg GAE/ g dried extract and 52.5-301.25 mg CE/ g dried extract, respectively. The highest of phenol contents were found in sapwood part, as well as, the flavanol contents in heartwood part. The analysis of the lipophilic contents showed that fatty acids and steroids were the major components, as some components such as squalene (triterpenoid), and glycerol (triglycerides) were predominant components. With regard to cell wall components, the content of holocellulose, α-cellulose, and lignin were 68.33-69.47 %, 45.63-47.27 %, 32.31- 32.80 %, respectively.

Keywords: Eucalyptus pellita, extractives, phenol, lipophilic, wood chemistry

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231

TOPIC : GENERAL FORESTRY

232

Antioxidant Activity and Fractionation of Star Gooseberry Fruit (Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeel) Methanolic Extract

Dimas Andrianto1*, Waras Nurcholis1, Giovann Hanif Fauza1

1Departemen Biokimia, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Gd. D, Lt. 5, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia 16680


Oxidative stress, which was triggered by free radicals, is the cause of many

diseases that recently happening such as inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neural disorder diseases. Star gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeel), namely ceremai in Indonesia, was a potential source of antioxidant. The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract and its fraction needs to be tested. Fruit’s methanolic extract was purified by fractionation with solvents i.e n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water. Antioxidant activity from extract and its fractions was tested by DPPH method. Purity of potent antioxidant fraction analyzed with HPLC. Dichloromethane fractions have the strongest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 85.548 μg/mL. Statistically, antioxidant activity of methanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction were not statisticaly different (p<0.05) with dichloromethane fraction (IC50 values of 106.908 μg/mL dan 102.450 μg/mL, respectively). Chromatogram from HPLC analysis showed that dichloromethane fraction was still a mixture of several compunds.

Keywords: star gooseberry fruit, fractionation, antioxidant, DPPH, HPLC

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233

Ganoderma applanatum, The Feeding Habits of Mycodrosophila sp.

Ira Taskirawati1*

1Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl.Perintis Kemerdekaan KM.10 Makassar, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Sporocarps of fungi provide habitat for the wealth of non-insect micro-

arthropods and abundance of insect. Insects use fungi as food or as a breeding site does not necessarily destroy the host spores. When a spore formation is not disturbed, and not all spores are consumed, there is a possibility that the insects will disperse host spores. Fungivorous insects are viewed as polyphagous, especially since most fungal fruiting bodies are the unexpected source. Polyphagy of fungivorous insect is mainly indicated for the insects associated with fungi. This study will explore the abundance of Mycodrosophila sp. that visit each sporocarp of Ganoderma. Several Ganoderma applanatum in Kanazawa city, Ishikawa prf. beeing located to collect data for spore release and insect visit for two years. Seven species of Mycodrosophila sp. found visiting sporocarp. In total 138 flies gathering on 13 sporocarps G. applanatum were collected. M. shikokuana is the most common insects found visiting sporocarp either in Kakuma or town. All Mycodrosophila sp. make spores as feeding habits. M. gratiosa detected consume ganoderma spore more than others.

Keywords: ganoderma, feeding-habits, Mycodrosophila

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234

Illiteracy Eradicating in Forest Community at Manipi Village, West Sulawesi

Vega Jessica*, Ardian Halis, DwiWahyu Ningsi, Ghita Firsty Virginia, Syahidah Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Tamalanrea, Makassar,


lliteracy is one of the basic issue that hinder the quality of human resources. In

order to improve the quality of human resources, one of the fundamental things that must be fulfilled is eradicate illiteracy of community. Manipi Village is one area in West Sulawesi that relatively have abundant natural resources, such as wood and non-wood forest product. On the other hand, this area also relatively isolated due to it’s difficult accessibility. Therefore, the resident also unable to access education so that illiteracy rate is quite high. Illiteracy eradicating in this study were arrange in cooperation with PKBM Harapan Bersama, an NGO that focused in illiteracy eradicating. Literacy of resident before and after this program were measured by a pre test and a post test. The age of the participant were 17-59 years with total 55 participant. The program divided into three steps, namely reading, writing and counting steps. Every step refers to the teaching module and conducted with the attractive ways. The result showed that literacy of participant increased from 11% to 70%, writing increased from 9% to 70%, while for the counting increased from 15% to 71%.

Keywords: illiteracy, literacy, community, manipi village, human resources

IW-GF-03


235

Forest Tenure Reform Implementation: Perspectives from National and Sub-National Government Officials in Multiple

Setting

Tuti Herawati1,2*, Esther Mwangi3, Iliana Monterosso4, Baruani Mshale3, Anne Larson4, Nining Liswanti2

1Forestry and Environmental Research, Development and Innovation Agency (FOERDIA) Ministry of Environmental and Forestry of Indonesia, Bogor-Indonesia

2Centre for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR Situ Gede, Bogor Barat 16115, Indonesia,

telp +6251 8622622, fax +6251 8622100 3Centre for International Forestry Research Nairobi, Kenya

4Centre for International Forestry Research Lima, Peru E-mail: [email protected]

A Few studies have attempted to systematically document the conditions facing government agency implementers in multiple settings in their efforts to implement tenure reform. This study generates insights into the underlying processes and factors that influence tenure reform implementation from the perspective of individual implementers in government agencies at national and sub- national levels in three countries: Indonesia, Peru and Uganda. These three countries introduced reforms in their forestry sectors in the late 1990s, which shifted greater rights and responsibilities to sub-national actors and local communities. Preliminary analysis of data generated from interviewing up to 90 government officials indicate that reform implementation has been effective or somewhat effective in protecting community rights to access, use, manage and benefit from forests. Main constraints to implementation are inadequate budgets and insufficient manpower to execute tenure-related activities. Divergent priorities between national and sub-national/local levels and changes in government that redistribute personnel are additional factors that hinder reform implementation. The main tenure needs facing communities include frequent conflicts related to unclear boundaries as well as illegal expansion of settlements and illegal timber harvesting. Paradoxically, most officials did not think it was their responsibility to resolve tenure-related conflicts. Overall, respondents agree that reforms are only partially implemented due to technical and institutional constraints such as inadequate budgets and staffing levels, which in turn influence the extent to which collaboration/coordination among actors can be achieved and the extent to which community tenure needs such as conflict management and resolution can be addressed.bstract written in English (300 words maximum) : It should be a single paragraph. It should provide a clear view of the content of the manuscript with a brief description of the main results and conclusions.

Keywords: tenure reform, policy implementation, government officials, forest governance

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236

Characteristics of Exposed Cavity in the Trunk of Urban Trees in South Jakarta Landscape and Its Treatment

Nandika D*, L Karlinasari1, IZ Siregar1, AT Lestari1, MYS Nababan1

1Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Trees in Jakarta landscapes have aesthetic and recreation values and are

important components in improving the ecosystem function such as cleaning the air, modifying temperature extremes, noise reduction, and sufficient micro-climate. Trees in this urban areas also provide the habitat for fauna in the city. In order to optimize the function of these urban trees, they must have a healthy and vigorous appearance. However, the information regarding their health condition is very limited. A study was conducted to determine the characteristics of exposed cavities on the trunk of 83 urban trees at Sudirman Central Business District (SCBD) landscape, South Jakarta. The position and number of exposed cavity, as well as dimension, were recorded. Each exposed cavity than filled by polyurethane foam, followed by wound dressing using colored resin. One month after filling process, the reliability of the filled cavities was measure using micro-drilling resistance technique. The results show that most of the exposed cavities were found at the main trunk (48.84%) followed by primary branches (41.86%), stem base (6.98%), and secondary branches (2.32%). In addition, most of exposed cavities has a deep of 10 cm -30 cm (41.86%), followed by 5 cm – 10 cm (25.59%), 3 cm – 5 cm (18.60%), 30 – 50 cm (9.30%) and >50 cm (4.65%). The filled exposed cavity using polyurethane foam has shown good reliability.

Keyword: exposed cavity, polyurethane, urban trees, south jakarta

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237

Designing Marketing Strategy by Using Business Model Canvas and IFAS-EFAS for Palm Sugar Business development

Makkarennu*, Asar Said Mahbub1, Ridwan1

1Hasanuddin Universitas, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Tamalanrea, Makassar, Indonesia


The aim of this study was to analyze the business model of the palm sugar

business at the community around the Forest Education of Hasanuddin University Makassar. The research framework is adapted from Osterwalder’s business model framework (Business Model Canvas) with the nine elements (customer segments, value propositions, channels, customer relatonship, revenue streams, key resource, key activities, key partnerhip, and cost structure). In-depth interviews method was select to identify the business model in the nine elements. To ensure business development strategy, internal factor (Internal Factor Analysis Summary-IFAS) and external factor (External Factor Analysis Summary-EFAS) were calculated. The analysis of the Business Model Canvas and IFAS-EFAS indicates that maintaining good relationship with the customer is a key to success. However, it is important to propose a unique value proportion according to the actual needs of consumers.

Keywords: business model canvas, IFAS, EFAS, marketing strategy, palm sugar

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238

Evaluation of Termite Biodiversity on Batam Island

S. Khoirul Himmi１,*, Bramantyo Wikantyoso1, Titik Kartika1, Anis Sri Lestari1, Maya Ismayati1, Deni Zulfiana1, Ni Putu Ratna Ayu Krishanti1,

Fahriya Puspita Sari1, R. Permana Budi Laksana1, Apriwi Zulfitri1, A. Heru Prianto1, Sita Heris Anita1, Maulida Oktaviani1, Sudarmanto1,

Sulaeman Yusuf1, Yoko Takematsu2, Tsuyoshi Yoshimura3

1Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Raya Bogor km. 46 Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia

2Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753- 8515, Japan

3Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan


Termite’s biodiversity is known to be strongly affected by disturbance, particularly urbanization. We evaluated termite biodiversity in the botanical garden on Batam Island. Termites play a major beneficial role through promotion of essential ecological processes in ecosystems, such as soil modification and rehabilitation, and decomposition of lignocelluloses, as well as their well- established role as pests for vegetation. Therefore, biodiversity evaluation of termite is essential for sustainable management and area planning of the botanical garden. The standardized protocol of the belt-transect method was applied in three different landscapes: arboretum, mangrove forest, and forest. A 2 m x 100 m transect was divided into 40 sub-transects (1 m x 5 m), in which one sub-transect was surveyed for 30 minutes by one person. Total 207 termite specimens were collected. Preliminary results suggested that the order of termite biodiversity was forest > arboretum> mangrove forest.

Keywords: termite, biodiversity, batam botanical garden

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239

Design and Development of Automated V Grooving Machine for Bamboo Flattening Production

Tajul Adli Abdul Razak1*, Edi Suhaimi Bakar2, B.T. Hang Tuah Baharudin1

1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia



Considered as a material of the future, bamboo has the right characteristic such as fast growing, an environmental-friendly species, comparable material properties to wood and high aesthetic value to be the alternative for timber. Different methods are used in bamboo processing to convert the hollow cylindrical form into various raw materials before it is engineered into designated purpose. Split squaring is one of the methods that widely use as a process that split the bamboo into strips and square it into strip piece prior binding it together into Laminated Bamboo Timber (LBT). V-grooving method however, is a new innovation that could enhance this process and has been proven to be more effective compare to split squaring in conversion recovery aspect. The research work, a continuity of innovation to the bamboo process was conducted to develop an automated V- grooving machine for bamboo capable of performing multi groove at calculated depth, groove angle, groove number and groove cease based on inserted bamboo diameter in a single instruction. Fundamental design analysis, simulation and calculations were carried out in order to determine the accurate fabrication and system assembly thus ensuring the functionality of every connected systems of the V- groove machine. The machine is designed to perform the V-groove process on a meter long bamboo as required by industry. The machine is also designed to be able to perform V-groove process on various size of bamboo ranging from diameter 80cm to 150cm. Testing and tuning has been performed onto the prototype machine with the result showing the advantage in cycle time compare to the previous study. The paper concludes that there are still area to improve for machine to have better performance and finishing of V-grooved bamboo based on the analyzed information from testing result.

Keywords: machine process, V-grooving machine, bamboo culms, bamboo flattening,

V-grooving method

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240

Micro Propagation of Ramin (GonystylusbancanusMiq. Kurz): The High Value Tree Species

Putri, Asri Insiana*

Center of Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement (CFBTI), Forestry Research and Development Agency,

Ministry of Forestry, Jl. PalaganTentaraPelajar Km. 15, Purwobinangun, Pakem, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55582-Indonesia.


Ramin (GonystylusbancanusMiq. Kurtz) has been called jewel of the peat swamp forest seeing it has a high price in international market, distributed throughout South-East Asia area with the majority found in Borneo and Sumatera, Indonesia. The high value of this species is caused by the versatility, workability, luxurious appearance and the high quality. In natural population, ramin has been decreasing sharply due to over exploitation, and nowadays has been leading to extinction. To ensure the sustainable use and living of ramin, effective planning and management of this tree is important. The lack of propagation technique informationis among the reasons why there has not been enough initiation to develop ramin plantation yet. This research was conducted to ramin micro propagation study by Center of Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement (CFBTI), Forestry Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Forest in cooperation to Asia Pulp and Paper (APP). The aim of this study was the effect of growth media on the shoot initiation and growth oframin in vitro. The ramin explants were from auxiliary shoot seedling. Research design of this study was used Complete Randomized Designed with 5 treatments and 50 replications. Five compositions of growth media used Murashige-Skoog media with benzyl-amino- purine (BAP), 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin/K)and napthalene-acetic-acid (NAA). BAP 3 mgl-1 : K 0,15 mgl-1 : NAA 0,5 mgl-1 (H1); BAP 3 mgl-1 : K 0,15mgl-1 (H2); BAP 3 mgl-1 : NAA 0,5 mgl-1 (H3); K 0,15 mgl-1 : NAA 0,5 mgl-1 (H4) and control (H5). The result showed that medium H1 (1.79 + 0.0141) that has BAP, NAA and Kinetin combination was significantly highest in proliferation coefficient. During 6 months’ time periods, the percentage of axeniccultures was not significantly different for all medium treatments and it was very low. H1 (47.48 + 0.0683) was also the highest in percentage initiated explants but not significantly different with H2. H1 (15.56 +0.2830) were not significantly different with H3 (17.67 + 0.1694) and H4 (14.27 + 0.2210) for percentage roots initiated, these all medium contain NAA.

Keywords: micro propagation, ramin, auxiliary shoots, axenic culture

Acknowledgements: Cooperation Project, Center of Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement (CFBTI) with Asia Pulp and Paper (APP)

IW-GF-09


241

Evaluating Genetic Relationship of Jabon Merah from Sulawesi Provenances Based on Microsatellite Markers

Larekeng, Siti Halimah 1*, Restu, Muh. 1, Gusmiaty1, Millang, Syamsuddin2, Bachtiar, Budirman 2

1)Biotechnology and Tree Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, Unhas 2)Silviculture and Tree Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, Unhas

Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Tamalanrea, Makassar, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Jabon merah (Anthocephalus macrophyllus Roxb) is an endemic tree to

Sulawesi having high economic value. It has rarely been investigated, either in genetic population or genetic consevation aspects. The information regarding genetic diversity is very important in order to gain more understanding for breeding and conservation strategies. Genetic diversity is used as material selection of expected genotype. The study was aimed to determine genetic diversity of Jabon merah from Sulawesi provenances that will be used in further development of this species. Leaf samples were collected from 108 families of Jabon merah belong to Sulawesi provenances. Four out of ten microsatellite markers that had high polymorphism were used for amplifying the 108 DNA samples. Results showed alleles number and mean of allele were 3 to 4 alleles and 3,5, respectively. Moreover, PIC mean of the evaluated loci was 3,7. The analysis of genetic relationship showed that the 108 families had moderate level of genetic diversity. The four loci used in this research are informative, thus they may be used for analyzing genetic diversity of other jabon merah provenances.

Keywords: Anthocephalus macrophyllus Roxb, genetic relationship, microsatellite

marker, Sulawesi provenance.

IW-GF-10


242

Which Household Play Gender Equity? A Case From Peatland-based Community in Riau Indonesia

Tuti Herawati1,2, Dede Rohadi2*, Mamat Rahmat3, Bondan Winarno3, Eno Suwarno4

1Forestry and Environmental Research, Development and Innovation Agency (FOERDIA) Ministry of Environmental and Forestry of Indonesia, Bogor-Indonesia

2Centre for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR Situ Gede, Bogor Barat 16115, Indonesia,

telp +6251 8622622, fax +6251 8622100 3Balai Litbang dan Inovasi Lingkungan dan Kehutanan Palembang

4Universitas Lancang Kuning, Pekanbaru-Riau e-mail: [email protected]

Gender role in peatland-based community livelihood is an important factor for its vulnerability due to the challenging characteristic on conducting agriculture practice in this area. This article report on the study of gender roles distribution from the peatland-based community in 7 villages within 3 districts in Riau Province, with aiming at identifying significant attributes that determining gender equity in household level. The data was collected through a structured interview with in- depth interview and Focus Group Discussion for verification and validation. The research indicated that in general gender roles in agriculture activities is significantly dominated by man, while woman play a more significant role in domestic activities. Both man and woman share an equal contribution in the social community aspect, indicating that woman role in participation and group membership is equal to man. The poor family is tend to have higher gender equity in agriculture activities rather than the rich, indicating that woman in poor should allocated more direct contribution on income generation. The role of women in more welfare household is not in physical contribution on agriculture activities but mostly transformed into decision making role. This condition shows that women have a significant role in family livelihoods for both poor and rich families, but in different forms.

Keywords: gender role, peatland, household, welfare, equity, livelihoo

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243

Aulia Hasanusi, N. Sugi purwanto Center of Research and Development PERHUTANI

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244

ABSTRACTS FOR POSTER PRESENTATION

245

PRWAC

246

Species and Age Estimate of Fossil Woods Origin Merangin Regency,

Jambi

Andianto1*, Agus Ismanto1, Ratih Damayanti1 & Hanny Oktariani2

*Email: [email protected]

1) Forest Products Research and Development Center

2) Museum of Geology Bandung

Jambi is one of the provinces in Indonesia that is famous for its geodiversity, among

others are fossil woods. The anatomical features on transversal, radial and tangential

sections were observed using Carl Zeiss Axio Imager-A1m microscope to determine

species of seven samples of fossil woods from Bangko-Merangin Regency, Jambi. Anatomy

description refers to IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. The

age estimate of the fossil woods based on geological map of Sarolangun quadrangle,

Sumatra. The result shows that all fossil woods are member of Dipterocarpaceae family,

i.e. Shoreoxylon sp. (Meranti), Dryobalanoxylon sp. (Kamper), Cotylelobioxylon sp.

(Giam/Resak), and Hopeoxylon sp. (Merawan/Hopea). The age of fossil woods have

variation, i.e. Late Permian/Perem age (254-252 million years old); Late Miocene age

(7,24-5,33 million years old); Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene age (3,60-2,58 million

years old); and Holocene age (11.700 years old - present).

Keywords: fossil wood, Bangko, Shoreoxylon, Dryobalanoxylon, Cotylelobioxylon,

Hopeoxylon

PRWAC-PO1


247

Study on the Fiber Length Characteristics of Platinum Teak Wood and

Its Relation to Mechanical Properties

Danang Sudarwoko Adi1;2, Ismadi2, Wahyu Dwianto2, Sung-Wook Hwang1, Junji Sugiyama1;3

1 RISH, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan 2 RC Biomaterials-LIPI. Jl. Raya Bogor km 46, Cibinong 16911 Indonesia

3 Nanjing Forestry University. Longpan Rd, Xuanwu Qu, Nanjing Shu, Jiangsu Sheng, China

Utilization of fast growing or shortening growth rotation of wood for structural

application was raising, but it need more attention for its properties since there might be high content of juvenile wood. The aim of research was to observe the fiber length of young-aged Platinum Teak wood and its correlation to some mechanical and physical properties. One 5 years-old and three 8 years-old trees harvested in Cibinong Science Center, Indonesia was used for this study. The analysis were done at radial position of the wood. The fiber length measurement indicated that 5 years-old wood was certainly immature in comparison to 8 years-old wood. The result also suggested that mechanical properties, such as MOE, MOR showed similar trend with fiber length, while some of physical properties were not.

Teak wood is one of major timbers which is used for structural material in tropical region since its good durability and mechanical strength. However, Teak wood has slow growth rate and should be harvested at around 60 years old. This situation became a problem for stock supply while the demand remained high. Nowadays, development of tissue culture and genetic improvement for shortening the growth rotation is increased. One of them is Platinum Teak wood, which is developed by LIPI. In general, wood properties has correlation with the age and maturation. The older the wood, the higher the proportion of mature wood resulted. Fast growing wood or wood resulted from shortened rotation may contain high proportion of juvenile wood and may be limited for structural application. Therefore, recording the properties from young age trees is important not only for knowing the properties itself, but also for guidance in the management of plantation. Fiber length characteristic is one of the parameters to analyze the maturation, physical and mechanical properties. The aim of this study was to observe the fiber length of Platinum Teak wood and its correlation to some mechanical and physical properties.

Platinum wood samples with two different ages were investigated, one 5 years-old and three 8 years-old trees harvested in Cibinong Science Center, Indonesia. Trees were cut in the radial direction, bottom part for 8 years-old, and bottom, middle, and top part for 5 years-old Platinum Teak wood. Mechanical properties such as static bending, compression parallel and perpendicular to the grain were measured according to the British Standard Method 373 (1957). Basic density and shrinkage were used as parameters to analyze the physical properties. Then, block from each sample was used for maceration as well as making sections for analysis of fiber length, vessel diameter and distribution, and so on.

The fiber length measurement indicated that 5 years-old trees were certainly immature in comparison to 8 years-old trees. The trends for 8 years-old trees seems to reach a plateau from central pith region toward the bark, while trend for 5 years-old trees from three different height levels did not show any flattening. It was suggested that the maturation has started in at least the bottom part of a Platinum Teak wood after 5 years. The mechanical property measurements, such as MOR and MOE also showed similar trend with fiber length, while for physical properties was not. T/R ratio of Platinum Teak wood investigated (a magnitude of shrinkage ratio between T and R directions) often showed significantly larger value than 2, which indicates that the wood is not as stable to the moisture change as matured teak wood.

PRWAC-PO2

248

(a) (b) 1mm (c)

Seasonal Changes of Leaf Photosynthetic Rate, Stored Starch and Vessel Formation in Shoots and Tree Stems of Two Deciduous Broad-

leaved Tree Species.

Eri Nabeshima1, Kayo Kudo2, Wakana Azuma3,4, Hiroaki Ishii4, Ryo Funada5. 1 Ehime Univ., Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan, 2 Akita Pref. Univ., Noshiro, Akita, Japan, 3 Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan, 4 Kobe Univ., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan, 5 Tokyo Univ. Agr. & Tech., Fuchu, Tokyo,

Japan

We investigated seasonal changes of leaf development, photosynthetic rate, localization

of stored starch and differentiation of vessel elements for one-year shoots and tree stems of

Quercus crispula and Fagus crenata. The timing of leaf development and differentiation of first

vessel elements was contrasting in two species. However, there is a similar seasonal pattern

in the levels of stored starch in the pith of one-year shoot during leaf development. After the

leaves had fully developed, the stages of vessel differentiation progressed in both species,

suggesting that physiology related to carbon sources and anatomy associated with vessel

formation is closely related with each other.

The early phase of earlywood growth is expected to depend on stored carbohydrates in

deciduous broad-leaved trees when the photosynthetic activity is low. However, the seasonal

timing when carbon sources for earlywood production shift from stored carbohydrates to

current photosynthetic sugars has not yet been cleared. We investigated seasonal changes of

leaf development and photosynthesis, the localization of stored starch, and the differentiation

of vessel elements in shoots and tree stems for the canopy trees of Q. crispula and F. crenata

in order to clarify whether these seasonal patterns relate with each other or not.

From April to early September in 2014, microcores were collected from the stem at

breast height of each tree for light microscopic observation. We also accessed the crowns of

each tree using single rope and arborist-style techniques to sample branches from the sunlit

crowns for the microscopic observation of one-year shoot and the measurement of leaf

photosynthetic rate. The sampled branches were immediately re-cut under water,

transported to the laboratory, and measured light-saturated maximum rate of net

assimilation rate. Differentiation of vessel elements and localization of starch were observed

for both one-year shoots and tree stems using

light microscopy.

Bud burst occurred earlier in F. crenata

trees than in Q. crispula trees. Photosynthetic

rate of Q. crispula trees reached the maximum

after the deposition of secondary wall in first

vessel elements, suggesting that first vessel

elements were necessary for sufficient water

supply for active photosynthesis of ring-porous

trees. The levels of stored starch in pith of one-

year shoot showed a similar pattern between the

Fig.1: Light micrographs of starch granules in a 40-mm thick section stained with I-KI for

one-year shoots of Q. crispula. The specimens show seasonal pattern along with leaf development: (a) bud burst, (b) leaf

development, and (c) fully developed.

two species during leaf development: it was high at first, then decreased to almost none, and

again increased (Fig. 1). This pattern implies that the shift of phloem translocation and carbon

source occur from upward with stored starch to downward with photosynthetic sugars

during leaf development. After the leaves had fully developed, transition from earlywood to

latewood occurred in Q. crispula and the differentiation of first earlywood vessels started in

F. crenata. This suggests that vessel differentiation might be closely related with the shift of

carbon source in both species.

PRWAC-PO3

249

Relationship Between Growth Characteristics and Wood Properties in Four Shorea Species Planted in Indonesia

Futoshi Ishiguri1, Haruna Aiso1, Imam Wahyudi2, Shinso Yokota1

1 Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan

2 Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia

Shorea is an important commercial timer species in Southeast Asian countries. In the

present study, growth characteristics and wood properties were investigated for four Shorea

species, S. leprosula, S. parvifolia, S. johorensis, and S. macrophylla planted in Central Kalimantan,

Indonesia were investigated. Among four species, the largest mean stem diameter (31.6 cm) and

tree height (23.8m) were observed in S. macrophylla. Stress-wave velocity of stem, basic density,

and compressive strength parallel to grain at green condition were almost the same values for

four species. The largest vessel diameter was found in S. parvifolia.

Wood from Shorea species is one of the important wood resources in Southeast Asian

countries, because it is suitable for raw material of plywood and related products. The wood has

mainly harvested from natural forests. However, amounts of the Shorea wood from natural forests

has been declining due to reduction of the natural forests. On the other hand, establishment of

Shorea plantation has been trying. Thus, it is important to know the wood properties of plantation-

grown Shorea. In the present study, growth characteristics and wood properties were investigated

for 12-year-old trees of four Shorea species planted in Indonesia. From obtained results, the

relationship was discussed between growth characteristics and wood properties.

In the present study, 12-year-old trees were used on S. leprosula, S. parvifolia, S. johorensis,

and S. macrophylla planted in Central Kalimantan (0°57’-01°00’S, 112°21'E). Stem diameter, tree

height, and stress-wave velocity of stem were measured for 30 trees in each species. Based on the

results of stem diameter, total six trees with slower, medium, and faster radial growth in each

species were selected for analyzing the wood properties and anatomical characteristics. The core

samples with 5 mm in diameter were collected from the selected trees. The following wood

properties and anatomical characteristics were determined: basic density, compressive strength

parallel to grain at green condition, vessel diameter, vessel frequency, vessel element length, fiber

diameter, fiber wall thickness, and fiber length.

Among the four species, the largest mean stem diameter (31.6 cm) and tree height (23.8m)

were observed in S. macrophylla. On the other hand, S. leprosula showed inferior growth

characteristics among four species (stem diameter = 16.2 cm, tree height = 18.6 m). Stress-wave

velocity of stem ranged from 3.12 (S. macrophylla) to 3.30 (S. leprosula). Basic density and

compressive strength parallel to grain at green condition showed almost the same values among

four species. The largest and smallest vessel diameters were found in S. parvirolia and S.

johorensis, respectively.

Table 1. Stem diameter (D), tree height (TH), stress-wave velocity (SWV), basic density (BD),

compressive strength (CS) parallel to grain at green condition, and vessel diameter

(VD) of four Shorea species

Note: Values in parentheses indicate standard deviation. The mean values and standard

deviation in D, TH, and SWV were calculated from the data on 30 trees in each species.

These values in BD and CS were calculated from the data on six selected tree

PRWAC-PO4

Species Growth character Wood property D (cm) TH (m) SWV (km/s) BD (g/cm3) CS (MPa) VD (µm)

S. leprosula 16.2 (1.7) 18.6 (3.5) 3.30 (0.23) 0.31 (0.04) 21.9 (3.0) 201 (42)

S. parvifolia 21.1 (1.3) 19.8 (4.8) 3.22 (0.21) 0.29 (0.03) 19.7 (2.5) 233 (49)

S. johorensis 25.2 (1.2) 22.5 (3.2) 3.17 (0.22) 0.31 (0.03) 21.3 (2.5) 194 (43)

S. macrophylla 31.6 (3.8) 23.8 (4.8) 3.12 (0.20) 0.29 (0.02) 21.0 (2.1) 220 (42)

250

Reaction Wood Characteristics in Vessel-Less Angiosperms Haruna Aiso1, Futoshi Ishiguri1, Shinso Yokota1

1Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan

Anatomical and chemical characteristics in reaction woods were investigated for vessel-less

angiosperms, Sarcandra glabra and Tetracentron sinense, to clarify the factors contributing to the

diversity in reaction wood type in angiosperms. Cell morphologies, tracheid wall structure, lignin

distribution, and lignin content were examined for normal wood, and upper and lower sides of inclined

samples in both species. Based on the results of changes in anatomical characteristics and lignin

distribution by reaction wood formation, S. glabra and T. sinense can form reaction wood on the lower

and upper sides of inclined stems, respectively. These differences in reaction wood type in vessel-less

angiosperms might relate to lignin composition in the cells functioning for mechanical support.

It has been considered that reaction wood in angiosperms could be classified into the following

three types based on the anatomical and chemical characteristics: 1) tension wood, 2) ‘tension-wood-

like-reaction wood’, and 3) ‘compression-wood-like-reaction wood’. However, contributing factors to

reaction wood diversity in angiosperms have not been fully clarified yet. The aim of this study is to

clarify the factors contributing to the diversity in reaction wood type in angiosperms by using two

vessel-less angiosperms, Sarcandra glabra and Tetracentron sinense.

Seedlings were used for the study in each species. Of the five coppiced stems in S. glabra, two stems

were fixed straight as normal wood, and the remaining three stems were inclined at 50° from the

vertical to form the reaction wood. In T. sinense, one straight and two inclined parts in a stem were

used for this study. For both species, cell morphologies and secondary wall structure of tracheid were

observed. In addition, the following items were also measured: microfibril angle (MFA) of the S2 layer

in tracheid, lignin content, and absorbance spectra of tracheid walls after lignin color reactions.

In S. glabra, compared to normal wood, a relatively larger surface-released strain and an

increased MFA of the S2 layer of tracheids were found on the lower side of the inclined samples. In

addition, after lignin color reactions, guaiacyl lignin increased in tracheid walls due to reaction wood

formation. These results suggest that reaction wood in S. glabra is formed on the lower side of inclined

stems, and its anatomical characteristics and lignin distribution are similar to those of compression

wood in gymnosperms. On the other hand, in T. sinense, tracheid on the upper side of a leaning stem

was characterized by the lack of an S3 layer, a decrease in MFA of the S2 layer, and a decrease in lignin

content, as compared to normal wood and wood on the lower side of inclined samples. These results

suggest that T. sinense forms ‘tension-wood like’ reaction wood. Factors contributing to the diversity

in reaction wood type in vessel-less angiosperms were also discussed. In addition, reaction wood

characteristics in Trochodendron aralioides obtained by previous reports1), 2) were also compared to

those in S. glabra and T. sinense. Based on the results, the diversity of reaction wood type in vessel-less

angiosperms might relate to lignin composition in the cells functioning for mechanical support.

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251

Ultrastructural Change on Cell Wall of Lignocellulosic Biomass by

Thermochemical Pretreatment

Jo-Eun Kim1, Jae-Won Lee1 1 Department of Forest Products and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences,

Chonnam National University, Gwang-ju, 500-757, South Korea

In this study, we investigated degradation mechanism of pretreatment depending on

acid catalyst in terms of ultrastructure of cell wall. Also, properties of enzyme adsorption on

biomass were analyzed using various microscope techniques. To observe the adsorption

characteristics of enzymes depending on the distribution of components in cell walls will

enable to explore the factors affecting the accessibility of the enzyme, which can be controlled

by pretreatment conditions.

The lignocellulosic plant cell walls consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin which

is recalcitrant material due to complex arrangement and distribution of heterogeneous

components. Therefore, it is difficult to degrade from polysaccharide to low molecular weight

compounds. Dilute acid pretreatment is an attractive method to overcome the recalcitrant

barriers for enzymatic conversion of polysaccharides. The effects of oxalic and sulfuric acid

pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass have been reported by many researchers. However,

the ultrastructural effects on biomass and degradation mechanism of dilute acid pretreatment

are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated degradation mechanism of

pretreatment depending on acid catalyst in terms of ultrastructure of cell wall. Also,

properties of enzyme adsorption on biomass were analyzed using various microscope

techniques. This results will provide useful information to explain the pretreatment reaction

mechanism and enzyme hydrolysis mechanism. In addition, it will contribute to the

development of pretreatment methods depending on biomass and improving the glucan

conversion.

Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) chips were used as raw material in this study.

Prior to pretreatment, the biomass was cut into small blocks, approximately 1.5×1.5×1.5 mm

to use FE-TEM (Field emission transmission electron microscope) and CLSM (Confocal laser

scanning microscope). Also, we obtained thin sections (50 um) from biomass to use ToF-SIMS

(Time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometer). Pretreatment was performed in an oil bath

with temperature and time control. To provide the same acidic condition (pH 1.3), acid

concentrations were 100 mM for oxalic acid and 70 mM for sulfuric acid. The reaction

temperature and time were 170℃and 17 min, 31 min, 55 min, respectively, corresponding to

2.0, 2.25, 2.5 of combined severity factor (CSF).

Microscopic analysis was performed to observe lignin degradation characteristics in the

cell walls. In order to CLSM, Semi-thin sections (0.5 um) were treated with 0.0001%

acriflavine for 10 min for lignin staining. Confocal images were obtained using an argon laser

with an excitation wavelength of 495 nm and an emission wavelength of 550 nm. Ultra-thin

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252

(100 nm) sections were treated with 1% potassium permanganate for lignin staining and

analyzed on a FE-TEM with an acceleration voltage of 200 kV. For ToF-SIMS analysis, surfaces

of thick transverse sections (50 um) were irradiated using a Bi3++ primary ion beam, while

secondary-ion images were obtained using surface-ejected ions collected by a TOF analyzer.

The change of lignin structure in biomass was analyzed by nitrobenzene oxidation. Biomass

(30 mg) and 4 mL of 2 M NaOH were mixed with 250 uL nitrobenzene, and the mixture was

reacted at 170℃for 2 h. 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde was used as an internal standard.

The reaction products were trimethylsilylated with 100 uL pyridine and 100 uL of N,O-bis

(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), at 60℃for 2 h. The mixture was analyzed by gas

chromatography.

For enzymatic hydrolysis, 0.1 g of pretreated biomass was mixed 5 mL of 50 mM sodium

citrate buffer (pH 4.8). The mixture was stirred at 30℃with 100 rpm and sterilized. Cellic

CTec2 was added to the mixture. The reaction was carried out in a shaking incubator at 50℃,

100 rpm for 24 h. The fermentable sugar in hydrolysate was analyzed by HPLC. Properties of

enzyme adsorption in the cell wall were analyzed by ToF-SIMS.

The sugar and inhibitor concentrations in hydrolysate of oxalic acid were similar with that of

sulfuric acid. No significant difference existed on the contents of glucan and lignin in

pretreated biomass depending on catalysts.

From CLSM image, we observed that the lignin degradation pattern of secondary cell

wall (SCW) in oxalic acid treated biomass was changed to smooth-radiating-irregular patterns

with increasing pretreatment time. In contrast, the lignin degradation pattern of SCW in

sulfuric acid treated biomass was changed to irregular-cracking-consecutive patterns with

increasing pretreatment time. The primary cell wall (PCW) of the oxalic acid pretreated was

significantly degraded compare to SCW. The split in PCW was observed on oxalic acid

pretreated biomass. In contrast, the SCW of sulfuric acid pretreated is considerably degraded

than PCW. The condensed spot of lignin degradation products were observed in SCW of

sulfuric acid pretreated biomass. The S-lignin in wood fiber was preferentially degraded

during oxalic acid pretreatment. In contrast, the G-lignin in vessel was easily degraded by

sulfuric acid pretreatment (Figure 1).

The phenolic monomers in the oxidation products (G-, S-type monomers) varied

depending on acid catalysts. We identified that ether bond (ß–O-4 linkage) was selectively

cleaved during sulfuric acid pretreatment. The S/G ratio on pretreated biomass decreased

compare to raw material. In particular, sulfuric acid catalyst more easily lead to degradation

of S-lignin during pretreatment compared to that of oxalic acid.

253

The degree of enzyme adsorption was high in the middle lamella of oxalic acid pretreated

biomass. In contrast, that of sulfuric acid pretreated biomass was high in the secondary cell

wall.

(a: untreated biomass, b-d: oxalic acid pretreated biomass, e-g: sulfuric acid pretreated biomass, (b,e): 17 min, (c,f): 31 min,

(d,g): 55 min)

Figure 1. S/G ratio of specific cell on tissue types in dilute acid pretreated biomass.

254

Orientation of Lignin in Tracheid Secondary Walls in Cryptomeria

Japonica as Revealed by Polarized Raman Microscopy.

Kei Ariizumi1, Arata Yoshinaga1, Keiji Takabe1

1 Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University,

Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan

Wood cell wall is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The distribution

and orientation of these components in S2 layers of softwood tracheids determine wood

physical characteristics since the S2 layers occupy about 80 % of the cell wall. Polarized

Raman microscopy is an effective technique to elucidate in situ distribution and

orientation of cell wall components. In this study, we employed polarized Raman

microscopy to clarify the orientation of aromatic rings in lignin in S2 layer of softwood

tracheid. In compression wood, the orientation of cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) changed

and lignin content drastically increased. Thus we compared orientation of aromatic rings

in lignin in S2 layers of tracheid in normal and compression woods.

Normal wood samples were cut from a 24-year-old Cryptomeria japonica tree. Wood

discs were cut from breast height and stored in 70% ethanol. Small blocks (1 mm (R) x 3

mm (L) x 5 mm (T)) were collected from the wood disc and embedded in methyl

methacrylate resin. The blocks were sliced with a rotary microtome equipped with a

diamond knife so as to cut perpendicularly to the axis of CMFs in S2 layer of latewood

trachied. Then, the blocks were rotated at 90° to slice S2 layers parallel to the long axis of

CMFs. Sliced sections were observed under a FE-SEM to confirm the orientation of CMFs

in the S2 layers.

Compression wood samples were cut from a 20-year-old Cryptomeria japonica tree

that was artificially inclined for about 5 years. Small blocks were prepared from

developed compression wood and embedded in methyl methacrylate resin. Since it is

known that microfibril angle is almost 45° in the S2 layers in compression wood tracheids,

the block was inclined at 45° to cell axis in tangential direction and then sliced. Sliced

sections were observed under a FE-SEM to confirm that one side of S2 layer is cut parallel

to long axis of CMFs, and another side is cut perpendicular to long axis of CMFs. The blocks

were soaked in acetone over night to remove the resin and dried. The blocks in normal

and compression woods were fixed on the glass slide with carbon double-sided tape and

oil-based clay. The surfaces of S2 layers that were cut either perpendicular or parallel to

the orientation of CMFs were used for the polarized Raman microscopy.

Polarized Raman microscopy was performed with a Raman microscope (Horiba Join

Yvon LabRam-350V). Change in the relative intensity at 1096 cm-1 (due to pyranose ring

of polysaccharides) and 1600 cm-1 (due to C=C of aromatic ring in lignin) was investigated

in relation to the rotation angle of a polarizing plate. Raman system was equipped with a

PRWAC-PO7

255

633 nm laser and integration time as 20 s x 2. Python codes were developed to collect

baseline of the raw spectra and analyze relative intensity of each Raman bands at every

direction of rotation angles.

In normal wood, the relative intensity at 1096 cm-1 of the cell wall surface that was

cut parallel to the orientation of CMFs changed with the rotation angle of a polarizing plate

and showed a distinct maximum in the direction parallel to the orientation of CMFs.

Interestingly, the relative intensity at 1600 cm-1 also showed a weak maximum in the

direction parallel to the orientation of CMFs, suggesting that a part of aromatic rings of

lignin orientates parallel to the orientation of CMFs in longitudinal direction.

In compression wood, the relative intensity at 1096 cm-1 of the cell wall surface that

was cut parallel to the orientation of CMFs also showed a distinct maximum in the

direction parallel to the orientation of CMFs. Although the relative intensity at 1600 cm-1

also showed a weak maximum in the direction parallel to the orientation of CMFs, its

extent was lower than that in normal wood.

At the cell wall surface that was cut perpendicular to the orientation of CMFs both

in normal and compression woods, the relative intensities at 1096 cm-1 and 1600 cm-1 did

not change with the rotation of a polarizing plate, suggesting that aromatic rings of lignin

show no specific orientation around CMFs in the transversely cut surface.

These results suggest that a part of the lignin aromatic rings is orientated parallel to

CMFs in the longitudinal direction along long axis of CMFs in S2 layers of both normal and

compression wood tracheids. Atalla and Agarwall (1985) and Agawall and Atalla (1986)

indicated the lignin orientation in S2 layer of softwood tracheid cut transversely to cell

axis (cut obliquely to the orientation of CMFs). Our present supports their results and

reveals more detailed information about the molecular orientation and structural

composition of lignin. In addition, the degree of orientation of the lignin aromatic rings in

compression wood might be lower than that in normal wood. This may be due to the space

between CMFs in compression wood larger than that in normal wood.

256

Visualization of water conducting pathway in secondary xylem of

Ginkgo biloba

Kenji Sasaki1, Kayo Kudo1, Satoshi Nakaba2, Ryo Funada2, Katsuhiko Takata1

1 Institute of Wood Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan

In this study, we observed the distributions of water and injected dye at cellular

level in order to reveal the characteristics of water conduction in the secondary xylem of G. biloba. We visualized the distribution of water by cryo-SEM and the distribution of injected dye by fluorescence microscope. In the secondary xylem of G. biloba, there were two different types of tissue; the stained tracheids with water in lumina and the non- stained cells without water. The latter cells appear to have no role in water conduction by nature. Our results suggested that G. biloba might have a unique water-conducting pattern

in secondary xylem.

The xylem tissue of most gymnosperms comprises a single water-transporting cell type, tracheid, however, Timell (1978) reported that there were two different types of cell in the xylem of G. biloba; wide tracheids with numerous bordered pits and narrow tracheids with few or none. A recent phylogenetic study confirmed that Ginkgo biloba forms an early diverging clade within the gymnosperms, and is a sister to a clade of conifers (Wu et al., 2013). These reports indicate that the water-conducting pattern in the secondary xylem of G. biloba might be different from those of conifers. In this study, in

order to reveal the characteristics of water conduction in the secondary xylem of G. biloba, we observed the distributions of water and injected dye at cellular level.

Experiments were carried out using three trees of Ginkgo biloba (3~6 years old) in July 22, 2016, in Akita pref., Japan. We introduced a solution of dye into the stems to visualize the pathways of water conduction before sampling. After injection of dye, the samples frozen by liquid nitrogen were taken from the stems. We observed the distribution of water in the current year’s and the previous year’s xylem at cross section

by cryo-SEM. After that, the samples were freeze-dried and embedded in epoxy resin. We cut cross sections with 7 µm thickness by a rotary microtome and observed the distribution of the stained cells by fluorescence microscope.

There were two different types of tissue in the xylem apparently; the stained

tracheids with water in lumina and the non-stained cells without water. It should be

noteworthy that the latter cells were observed even in the area adjacent to differentiating

zone. So, it occurred to us that these cells have no role in water conduction by nature. In

the first cell-row faced to the ring boundary, all of the cells were stained and lumina of

them were filled with water. This result indicated that the cells formed at the beginning

of growth season play a significant role in water conduction. Our results suggested that G.

biloba might have a unique water-conducting pattern in secondary xylem.

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257

Functional anatomy of the Erythrina variegata decline after the

inoculation with a candidate pathogen belonging to Fusarium solani

species complex

Kuya Takashina1, Takeo Kihara1, Chiaki Goto1, Izumi Chuma1, Keiko Kuroda1

1 Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

The defoliation and mortality of Erythrina variegata L. is increasing in the southern islands of Japan. The same type of decline of Erythrina spp. has been increasing in the world, especially tropical area form 2000s. Although infestation by Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim has been thought as the cause of Erythrina decline, the role of the gall wasp in the process of hosts' decline has never been investigated. We focused on the contribution of other microorganisms, and Fusarium sp. within F. solani species complex (FSSC) were dominantly detected from discolored xylem and necrotic phloem of declining E. variegata trees (Kihara, 2016). Inoculation experiments were conducted with those fungi, and one of the strains induced defoliation, necrosis of phloem and wilt. Re-isolation of the inoculated strain was successful. From the results, the inoculated strain of FSSC was judged to have a pathogenicity to E. variegata.

The defoliation and mortality of Erythrina variegata L. is increasing in the southern islands of Japan including Okinawa Island. The same type of declining of Erythrina spp. has been increasing in the world, South East Asia, East Asia, and North America from 2000s. Although infestation by Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim has been thought as the cause of Erythrina decline, the role of the gall wasp in the process of hosts' decline has never been investigated. As a causal factor of the decline, we focused on the contribution of microorganisms. Some fungi belonging to FSSC were dominantly detected from discolored xylem and necrotic phloem of declining E. variegata trees (Kihara, 2016). To check the pathogenicity of those fungi, inoculation experiment was conducted.

Among two strains, A and B of FSSC, isolated dominantly from declining specimens harvested at University of Ryukyu, Nishihara Virage, and Peace Memorial Park, Itoman City, Okinawa Pref., strain A was used for the inoculation experiment in 2016. Nine seedlings (one to two-year-old) were used for the fungal inoculation, and three were used as control for inoculation with sterilized agar. On July 20, 2016, mycelia were inoculated from 4 small holes at the base of the lower stems. Symptoms were observed every day or at two day intervals for 10 weeks. For the microscopic observation of fungal hyphae, parts of sections were stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and toluidine blue O (Feder and O’Brien 1968). The death of the inoculated seedlings was judged by the complete defoliation and no formation of new leaves. Small tissues from inoculated and control specimens were cultured on PDA in order to check the re-isolation of inoculated fungus. Among nine seedlings inoculated with strain A of FSSC, three seedlings died after the sudden defoliation (Fig. 1). As symptom development, leaves drooped and yellowing occurred prior to the defoliation in all inoculated seedlings. Fluid

Fig.1 Symptom of defoliation progressed on the seedlings of E. variegata inoculated with strain A of FSSC and control three seedlings without the symptom

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exudation from stem surface and necrosis of phloem and cortex with odor were observed on the stem of inoculated seedlings. On the crosscut surface of the stems with symptoms, xylem discoloration that was observed in the naturally declined trees was detected. Under the microscope, hyphae were observed in the high density in the discolored xylem. Inoculated fungus was re-isolated from all inoculated specimens. On the other hand, three control seedlings indicated no symptoms and without isolation of strain A. These results demonstrated the inoculated fungus caused the symptom development similar to the decline under the natural environment, has the pathogenicity to E. variegata, and may be a causal agent of the Erythrina decline.

259

Fig. A light micrograph of a radial

section, stained with acetocarmine,

showing nuclei (arrowheads) of

nearby new phellogen in Quercus

serrata.

IB: Inner bark, Pg: Phellogen. The left

side of the micrograph corresponds to

the side of the cambium.

Sequential analysis of rhytidome formation in Cryptomeria japonica,

Quercus serrata and Cercidiphyllum japonicum

Megumi Ohse1, Ryo Funada1, Satoshi Nakaba1

1 Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan

Rhytidome formation is essential to keep protecting the circumference of trees from

various external influences such as feeding damages and wounds. In order to clarify the

mechanism of rhytidome formation, we observed process of the periderm formation and

the changes in secondary phloem in three species. In this study, we revealed the

differences in sequential order of the events such as cell death of phloem parenchyma and

deposition of colored substances in secondary phloem that was located between

developing and previous periderms among species. Our observations suggest that the

formation of periderm and the changes in secondary phloem might progress

independently during rhytidome formation.

Rhytidome is the important tissue as a protective layer of trees. Successive

rhytidome formation is essential for growth and survival to keep protecting the

circumference of trees from various external influences. In order to clarify the mechanism

of rhytidome formation, we observed process of the periderm formation and changes in

secondary phloem such as cell death and deposition of colored substances in Cryptomeria

japonica, Quercus serrata and Cercidiphyllum japonicum.

Two trees of Cryptomeria japonica, Quercus serrata, and Cercidiphyllum japonicum

were used. Block samples containing phloem, cambium and xylem were collected from

the main stems at breast height during an active season of cambium. Samples were fixed

with a 5% glutaraldehyde solution. Radial sections of 40-µm thickness were cut with a

sliding microtome. Unstained sections were prepared

for the observation of colored substances in secondary

phloem. Suberin was detected by autofluorescence and

stained with a 0.3% solution of Sudan Black B in 70%

ethanol. In addition, sections were stained with a 1%

aqueous solution of acetocarmine for the

observation of nuclei. These sections were examined

under a light or fluorescence microscope.

In Cryptomeria japonica, the completion of cell

death of phloem parenchyma and the initiation of

deposition of colored substances in secondary

phloem between developing and previous

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260

periderms were observed after suberized phellem had been formed from new phellogen.

By contrast, in Quercus serrata, cell death of almost all phloem parenchyma between

developing and previous periderms had been completed and deposition of colored

substances had started before the suberized phellem was formed (Fig). In Cercidiphyllum

japonicum, no nuclei were observed in secondary phloem between developing and

previous periderms when we detected suberized phellem for the first time. In addition, at

the same area of secondary phloem, deposition of colored substances was observed.

In the present study, we revealed the differences in sequential order of the events

during rhytidome formation among species. Our observations suggest that the formation

of periderm and the changes in secondary phloem might progress independently during

rhytidome formation.

261

UPLC-ESI-QTOP/MS Analysis of Water Soluble Extract Obtained from

Rosa rugosa Fruit

Min Um1, Ji Woo Kim1, Jae-Won Lee1

Department of Forest Products and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,

Chonnam National University, Gwang-ju 500-757, Republic of Korea

Rosa rugosa (rugosa rosa) is one of halophyte shrubs that grow on coast as well as

on land. Thus, secondary metabolites including bioactivity can be expected. An ultrasound-

assisted extraction method was used for effective secondary metabolite extraction from

rugosa rosa. Solvent fractions were performed to detect single compounds involved in

antioxidant activity from crude extracts. The maximum antioxidant activity fraction was

obtained from water soluble fraction. The water soluble fraction was separated by open

column chromatography. Each fraction was analyzed by UPLC-ESI-QTOP/MS.

Rosa rugosa (Rugosa rosa), originated in East Asia, has resistant to sand, wind and

salt, and can grow both land and coast. In Asia, it has traditionally been used to treat

diabetes. Recent studies have shown that it is effective in antioxidant activity. Rugosa rosa

extract contains a large amount of phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and gallic acid.

Ultrasounds assisted-extraction (UAA) method can be used to obtain high-efficiency

antioxidant active compounds, which has advantages of low-temperature and short-time

extraction as compared with conventional hot water extraction. In this study, extract yield

from rugosa rosa increased by UAA, and a single compounds having high antioxidants

activity was analyzed using UPLC-ESI-QTOP / MS.

The UAA was carried out at 30°C for 30 minutes with 50% of ethanol. Then, the

extracts were separated by polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water). Each

sample was freeze dried before open column chromatography. Finally, the fraction

obtained from open column which has high antioxidant activity was analyzed by UPLC-

ESI-QTOP / MS.

The contents of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid compounds were

64.49 mg/g and 21.03 mg/g, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity fraction was

obtained on water fraction. It is implied that highly polar compounds have antioxidant

activity.

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262

Cellulose/PEO Nanofiber Obtained Using Electrospinning

Minzhi Chen1, Yuchong Huang1, Shuainan Jiang1, Xiaoyan Zhou1

1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Fast-

growing Trees and Agri-fiber Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China

In our research, electrospun nanofiber membrane with large loading of cellulose

was successfully obtained from alkali solution. The electrospinnability was evaluated on

viscosity, surface tension and conductivity. Decreased viscosity was considered

contributed the most to the formation of well-formed nanofibers. However, nanofiber

diameter obtained from our system turned out independent of the cellulose loading.

Further works need to be carried out to explore the mechanical and optical properties of

the membranes.

Nanofibers from natural materials have attracted many interests from industry and

academy, for their unique properties of friendly to environment and low-toxicity. As one

of the most abundant bio-resources, cellulose nanofibers are expected to have great

advantages in filtration, oxygen-permeated films, recyclable electronics and etc..

However, fabricating nanofibers with reasonable amount of cellulose remains a tough

work, due to the poor solubility of cellulose. Right now, many approaches have been made

to fabricate cellulose nanofibers using electrospinning. Some works presented well

distributed nanofibers from N-methylmorpholine N-oxide/water1, 2 or lithium

chloride/dimethylacetamide3, 4 solvent systems. However the obtained nanofibers have

to be collected from liquids, which

made the process difficult. In the

present work, cellulose was

dissolved in NaOH/PEO solvent

system, where PEO served both

dissolving agent and electrospinning

agent. Well-distributed cellulose

nanofibers were obtained

successfully from the solution.

All chemicals, including NaOH,

polyethylene oxide (PEO) and

cellulose, are commercially available,

and used as received. Preparation of

the electrospinning solutions are

carried out according to Yan. et al. 5, 6.

The electrospinning solution was

Fig. 1 relationship between PEO/cellulose ratios to

viscosities of the electrospinning solutions. The inserts are

the micro-morphologies of the electrospun membranes

collected using SEM.

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263

ejected from a 15-25 kV positive electrode, and the electrospun fibers were collected

using a rotary collector.

By increasing content of cellulose, the viscosity decreased from 580 mPa·s to 300

mPa·s, while conductivity and surface tension of the solutions kept almost unchanged.

The decreased viscosity indicated better electrospinnability of the solution. As shown in

fig. 1, the collected electrospun membrane presented well nano-fiber morphology both at

low and high cellulose loadings. Also, the fiber diameters and their distributions varied

little from pure PEO electrospun fibers to PEO/cellulose electrospun fibers.

264

Overview of Hygrothermal Recovery of Wood in Relation to Microfibril

Angle

Miyuki U Matsuo1, Kumiko Nohmi1, Keiichi Asaka1, Tsubasa Tsunezumi1, Masato

Yoshida1, Hiroyuki Yamamoto1

1 Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan

Hygrothermal recovery (HTR) is the irreversible dimensional changes of wood

induced by thermal treatment under the wet conditions (hygrothermal treatment), which

evokes both favorable and unfavorable changes in wood shape. The possible applications

of the study of HTR have been to understand the deformation of wood in the early stage

of kiln drying where the wood contains abundant water and to reduce the residual growth

stress of wood before wood processing. One possible interpretation of the HTR

mechanism is the long-term release of the viscoelastic component of residual growth

stress that remains in the cell wall. Heating under the wet condition accelerates the

release of the viscoelastic component of growth stress. This study detailed the

characteristics of HTR by applying various treatment conditions and by using various

types of wood samples to understand the HTR mechanism. Based on the previous studies

that the growth stress generation is controlled by the microfibril angle (MFA) of the cell

wall, we also investigated the relationship between HTR and MFA.

The result showed that the intensity of HTR varies depending on the radial position

in the stem, as well as the treatment conditions such as temperature and duration. The

wood containing tension wood and compression wood contracted and expanded much

more than normal wood, respectively. The HTR behavior showed time-temperature

dependency; the dimension changed faster and greater at higher treatment temperature.

The intensity of HTR had significant relationships with MFA, though the relationships

differed depending on wood species.

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Molecule Arrangement of Cellulose and Hemicellulose in the

Innermost Surface of the Cell Wall of the Developing Tracheids in

Chamaecyparis Obtusa.

Mizuki Sakurai1, Keiji Takabe1

1Laboratory of Tree Cell Structure, Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School

of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan

We attempted to reveal the relation of Cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) and

hemicelluloses in wood cell wall by observation of nanostructure of the innermost surface

of the developing tracheids in Chamaecyparis obtusa before and after hemicellulase

treatments. Both normal and compression wood, the innermost surface became rougher

after delignification treatment. In normal wood, the specimens treated with mannanase

or xylanase only showed no differences from delignification ones. However, many more

interstices were observed in the specimens treated with mannanase followed by xylanase

treatment and vice versa. Because combination of the treatments made differences in the

cell wall structure, only one enzyme treatment is seemed to cause some changes. In

compression wood, no differences were observed between delignification, mannanase,

xylanase, mannanase followed by xylanase, and xylanase followed by mannanase

treatments. However, in the specimens treated with galactosidase, many fine CMFs more

observed on the surface.

The nanostructural arrangement in which cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) are not only

closslinked but also covered with hemicelluloses is proposed in the wood cell wall model.

However, the direct evidences of the arrangement of cellulose and hemicelluloses are not

shown. In this study, we attempted to get more information on the arrangement of CMF

and hemicelluloses by observing the nanostructure of the innermost surface of

developing cell wall and comparing those before and after hemicellulase treatment.

Plant materials: Normal and compression wood of Chamaecyparis obtusa grown in

the Kamigamo Experimental station of Kyoto University (Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan) were used

in this study. Small pieces (40×8×2mm, L×R×T) containing differentiating xylem were cut

and fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde in 1/15M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) overnight at 4°C. The

pieces were stored in 30% ethanol after washing with buffer. For FE-SEM observation,

200µm thick radial sections were cut from the pieces. A part of the sections were used as

control. The others were treated with 2% NaClO2 in 1.5% acetic acid for 2h at 70°C for

delignification. Mannanase (M) treatment: The sections were treated with 50µL β-

mannanase (600U/mL) in 20mM acetic acid buffer (5mL, pH 4.5) for 2days at 40°C with

shaking. Xylanase (X) treatment: The sections were treated with15µL endo-1,4-β-

xylanase (1700U/mL) in 0.1M acetic acid (10mL, pH 4.5) for 2 days at 50°C with shaking.

Galactosidase (G) treatment: The sections were treated with 3µL β-galactosidase

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a b

(4000U/mL) in 0.1M acetic acid (5mL, pH 4.5) containing 0.5mg/mL BSA for 2days at

40°C with shaking. These hemicellulase treatments were applied alone or combination

such as M treatment followed by X (M to X) treatment and vice versa (X to M treatment).

G treatment was applied only to compression wood sections. After hemicellulase

treatments, all specimens containing control and delignified section were washed with

respective buffers and dehydrated in a series of graded ethanol followed by freeze-drying

using t-butanol. Suputter Coating and FE-SEM: All specimens were coated with Pt by using

ion sputter apparatus and observed under a FE-SEM.

We observed S1, S2, and S3 layers in normal wood, and S1, outer S2, and inner S2 layers

in compression wood. Because cell wall layers showed similar structural changes in both

normal and compression wood, we explain the changes of cell wall ultrastructure in S1

layer.

Normal wood: Control specimens showed little interstices between CMFs and very

flat inner surface. Although delignified specimens showed little differences about

interstices between CMFs, the surface of CMFs were rougher than control. There were

significant differences between delignification, M treatment, and X treatment specimens.

The M treatment specimens showed bigger and more interstices than the delignified

specimens. Each CMFs were distinguishable clearly and many fine CMFs were observed

after X treatment. The specimens treated with M followed by X treatment showed many

fine CMFs in addition to the bigger and more interstices. The specimens treated with X

followed by M treatment showed the more interstices in addition to many fine CMFs.

These results suggest that glucomannan fills up interstices between CMFs and xylan

crosslinks the fine CMFs to form thicker CMFs in normal wood cell wall.

Compression wood: As normal wood, delignification made CMFs clearer in

compression wood. The specimens treated with M, treated with X, treated with M

followed by X treatment, and treated with X followed by M treatment showed little

differences compared with the delignified specimens. However, many fine CMFs were

observed on the surface of cell wall after G treatment. It is generally accepted that

glucomannan and xylan decrease but galactan increases in compression wood cell wall.

The present results may suggest that galactan fills up interstices between CMFs and

crosslinks fine CMFs to form thicker CMFs in compression wood cell wall instead of

glucomannan and xylan in normal wood cell wall.

266 Fig. FE-SEM micrographs of the inner most surface of the

differentiating tracheids in Chamaecyparis Obtusa. a: Inner surface

of S2 after delignification. b: Inner surface of S2 after delignification

267

Ecological and Functional Strategy of Lianas Judging from

Distribution of Parenchyma and Tracheids in Wisteria and Actinidia

Spp.

Naoaki Myokai1, Keiko Kuroda1

1 Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

Wisteria floribunda and Actinidia arguta are lianas growing in deciduous forest in Japan.

As anatomical characteristics of lianas, very large vessels and thin walled wood fibers are

known. Large amount of water transport will be helpful for rapid shoot elongation and leafing

in the early spring. A. arguta must be avoiding extensive embolism by the distribution only

near the livers, and can survive over 100 years. On the other hand, W. floribunda grows under

the dried condition. We hypothesized W. floribunda may have a superior system of

rehydration. Anatomical and functional characteristics were compared between two species

especially focusing on the vessel size, distribution of axial parenchyma and tracheids, and

observed the recovery of water conduction after the artificial dehydration of vessels.

As anatomical features, lianas have many large vessels, which enables lianas to

transport large amount of water to their leaves in early spring. On the other hand, this

structure easily cause embolism and dehydration of the vessels. Ray, axial parenchyma, small

vessels and tracheids may have a role to prevent dehydration or help recovery of sap flow.

However, the detailed mechanism is unknown. W. floribunda and A. arguta are lianas growing

in deciduous forest in Japan. A. arguta must be avoiding extensive embolism by distributing

only near the livers. On the other hand, W. floribunda can survive under the relatively dried

condition. W. floribunda may have an effective system for rehydration. Objectives of the

present investigation are to check anatomical and functional characteristics of these two liana

species and to find the mechanisms of recovery of water conduction.

Observation of sap flow recovery in xylem: Stem segments of 40cm in length without

leaves were cut from long lianas of W. floribunda and A. arguta and were kept in the air at

room temperature for 30 minutes or longer to cause artificial dehydration in xylem. Then

those specimens were soaked in acid fuchsin solution, to check the pathway of water refilling.

Comparison of xylem structure: Sections about 25μm in thickness were made with sliding

microtome, stained with Safranin-Fast Green, and examined under a light microscope.

Anatomical characteristics were checked focusing on the vessel size, distribution of axial

parenchyma, small vessels and tracheids.

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In the fresh condition, fuchsin solution ascended much faster in the xylem of W.

floribunda than in A. arguta. In the case

of W. floribunda, small diameter cells

which distribute aggregating between

large vessels are dyed (Fig.1). In

contrast, only cell wall of large vessels

was dyed in A. arguta. A. arguta xylem

has two types of conduit which

contribute to the water transport, large

vessels and small numbers of

vasicentric tracheids. W. floribunda

xylem has a different type conduit, that

is, numerous small diameter vessels

that were stained by acid fuchsin (Fig.

Fig.1 Cross section of W. floribunda stained with acid fuchsin solution after drying, Arrow: stained area

1, arrow). This result suggests that the aggregation of these small vessels may enable W.

floribunda to survive under dried condition by keeping water after the dehydration of large

vessels. The mechanism of recovery of water conduction is under investigation.

269

Utilization of Wood Variation in Bale Daja Building Gianyar, Bali

David Sanjaya Simanjuntak1 Galih Ratna Sari1 Ni Made Rika Sukmaputri1

1Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro. No. 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

In building a house, people in Bali use Asta Kosala-kosali concept. This concept is the

rules to build a house according to anthropometry data of the owner and the species of

wood that was utilized. bale daja is a part of Balinese house that is built prior than others

and is located in northern of the house. bale daja has traditional function, profane

function, and sacred function. Bale daja is divided into three main parts, which are roof,

pole, and floor. Every component of the house is built with different kind of wood material.

The objectives of this research are to find out the utilization of wood variation to build

bale daja, the suitability with Asta Kosala-kosaliconcept, and the perception of society for

the utilization of wood to build bale daja building.

Information of wood utilization to build bale daja in Gianyar Regency, Bali were

collected by interview method. Samples of bale daja wood components were taken for

microscopic identification. Then, those samples were made into permanent slides. Those

slides were observed under a microscope. The result of this research was there were 9

kind of woods that were utilized to build bale daja, those are Tectona grandis,

Dipterocarpus sp., Arthocarpus heterophyllus, Dryobalanops champora, Shorea sp., Cocos

nucifera, Instia bijuga, Shorea laevifolia, and angkih. 54,9% people prefered to use Tectona

grandis, the other 13,72% prefered to use Cocos nucifera & Dryobalanops champora, and

other wood species were utilized by less than 10% of the research participants.

Table percentage utilization of wood variation in bale daja building

Wood Species

Pole Component

Roof Component

Ornament component

Quantity

Percentage (%)

angkih 1 1 - 2 1.96 Tectona grandis 23 11 22 56 54.90 Dryobalanops 2 6 6 14 13.73 Shorea sp 1 1 1 3 2.94 Intsia bijuga 2 - - 2 1.96 Arthocarpus 2 - 5 7 6.86 Cocos nucifera 3 11 - 14 13.73

Shorea laevifolia - 2 - 2 1.96 Dipterocarpus sp - 2 - 2 1.96

Jumlah 34 34 34 102 100.0

Keywords: asta kosala-kosali, bale daja, wood, traditional house, Bali

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Wood Anatomical Properties of Acacia decurens as Invasive Species

Infected by Ceratocystis sp. in Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi

Sri Rahayu1, Widyanto Dwi Nugroho1, Januar Mahmud1,Ramadhany Ayu Purnama1 1 Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro. No 1. Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Acacia decurens Willd. become an invasive species after Merapi eruption on October

2010. This species consider as a fast growing species that dominate the composition of

vegetation around Merapi Mountain, including in Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi

(TNGM). As an invasive species A. decurens strongly inhibit the growth and germinate of

other species, resulting slower succession process. The TNGM authority want to reduce

the population in order to prevent the social problem due to illegal logging.

One of potential natural enemy which likely able to suppress the A.decurens in TNGM

is Ceratocystis sp. fungus. The fungus are able to infect the trunk and branch, induce

gumosis and resinosis symptom then resulting wood discoloration and trunk cancers.

However, severe infected tree trunk with more than 70% cancers performance were not

kill the trees. In order to investigate the effect of Ceratocystis sp. infection to anatomical

properties of A. decurens, the study aimed to compare the anatomical properties between

infected and uninfected A. decurens trunk and branch. Based on the severity of the

symptom , selected trees were taken by drill in order to identify their anatomical

properties.

The result showed there were a modification on the anatomical between healthy

and infected A. decurens stem dan branch. The precentage of vessel’s cell were

significantly different (15,1%, 15,8%; 6,0%, 7,7%). The precentage of parenkim’s cell

were significantly different (7,3%, 7,8%; 15,9%, 17,7%). The precentage of fiber’s cell

were significantly different (70,3%, 70,5%; 54,5%, 56,1%). The diameter of vessel’s cell

were significantly different (110,4 μm, 79,4 μm; 71,6 μm,49,6 μm). The length of ray’s cell

were significantly different (1536μm, 94,7μm; 263,8μm, 199,4μm). Besides those data,

further research is needed to ensure the internal and external factors causing resistance

to the A decurrens infected by Ceratocystis sp in TNGM.

keywords: Acacia decurens, Ceratocystis sp., TNGM, wood anatomy

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Release on the web is prohibited by the presenters

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Isolation of the Golgi Vesicles from Differentiating Xylem of Poplar

Shiita Mugio1, Keiji Takabe1 1Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Hemicellulose is one of the main components of cell wall as with cellulose and lignin.

Hemicellulose is known to be synthesized in the Golgi apparatus and then transported to

the cell wall by exocytosis of the Golgi vesicles. However, little information on the

chemical structure of hemicellulose in the Golgi vesicles. In order to obtain knowledge

about the chemical nature of hemicellulose contained in the Golgi vesicles, we tried to

obtain the fraction derived from Golgi apparatus from poplar differentiating xylem

bydiscontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation.

Material: Differentiating xylem of an approximately 40-years-old hybrid popla （

Populus sieboldii × P. grandidentata）was scraped away. Microsomal fractionation:

The xylem tissue was homogenized and filtered. The filtrate was centrifuged at 45,000g

and then the pellet was collected as the microsomal fraction. It was fractionated further

into 4 membrane fractions by a discontinuous 0-50%（w/v）sucrose gradient

centrifugation. Sectioning: The membrane fractions were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde,

mixed with agarose at 60℃, and then cut into 1mm agarose blocks. The blocks were post-

fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated through ethanol series, substituted in

propylene oxide, and embedded in epoxy resin. We prepared thin sections（1µm

thickness）and ultrathin sections（80nm thickness）. Light Microscopy:

Thin sections were stained with the periodic acid-

schiff（PAS）reagents and toluidine blue O（TBO

）, and then observed by light microscopy.

Fluorescence microscopy: We applied the primary

antibody against xylan（LM11）and the second

antibody（AlexaFluor488）, and then observed by

fluorescence microscopy. Transmission electron

microscopy: We observed each membrane fraction

by negative staining with aqueous uranyl acetate.

We cut ultrathin sections and stained with aqueous

uranyl acetate and lead citrate or the periodic

acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate（

PATAg）. For the immunogold labeling, we

also

Fig. 1 Result of discontinuous

sucrose density centrifugation

applied LM11 for immunogold labeling of xylan. After these procedure, we observed the

sections using the transmission electron microscopy.

Sucrose gradient centrifugation separated the microsomal fraction into 4 different

PRWAC-PO19

0%/20% fraction

20%/30% fraction

30%/40% fraction

40%/50% fraction

275

density bands（Fig.1）. PAS staining and TBO staining suggested the existence of the

membrane structures in each fraction. As the result of fluorescence microscopy, the green

275

fluorescent light was found on the thin section of 20%/30% interface fraction. Negative

staining of each membrane fraction confirmed that each fraction included lots of

membrane vesicles and fragments whose diameters were less than 500nm. This is also

ascertained from the result of double staining of the ultrathin sections that we observed

the membrane showing round shape. From the result of PATAg staining of ultrathin

sections, some vesicles seemed to be stained positively in 20%/30% interface fraction.

PATAg staining indicated the presence of polysaccharides, suggesting the vesicles derived

from the Golgi vesicles. By immunogold labeling, gold particles were observed on the

membrane vesicles in the 20%/30% and 30%/40% interface fraction. This suggested the

membrane vesicles containing xylan. The above results suggested the possibility of the

Golgi vesicles to be fractionated into 20%/30% or 30%/40% sucrose density interface.

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Comparative Analysis of Structural Change of Lignin During Thermochemical Pretreatment Depending on Biomass

So-Yeon Jeong1,Jae-Won Lee1* 1Department of Forest Products and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,

Chonnam National University, Gwang-ju 500-757, Republic of Korea

In this study, we analyzed structure features of EFB (Empty fruit bunch) and Yellow

poplar depending on thermochemical pretreatment. Oxalic acid pretreatment (OAP) and

hydrothermal treatment (HT) conditions were selected according to the previous studies

results. OAP was performed at 160℃for 50 min with oxalic acid (82 mM). HT was

performed at 210℃for 10 min. As a result of analysis of biomass composition after

pretreatment, the contents of composition (lignin, xylan, and glucan) of the pretreated

biomass differed depending on biomass, while the degradation rate was not significantly

differed between biomass. It is due to the difference of structure on biomass and

degradation mechanism depending on pretreatment method.

The thermochemical conversion of biomass is a promising method to produce

energy and bio-chemicals. Lignocellulosic biomass consists of cellulose, hemicelluloses,

and lignin. The composition and structure of biomass differ depending on type of biomass.

Hydrothermal treatment (HT) is an eco-friendly pretreatment process, compared with

chemical pretreatment, because it uses only water for a reaction medium, without

additional chemicals. However, oxalic acid is used for oxalic acid pretreatment (OAP) as

acid catalyst. Therefore, OAP can be treated at lower reaction conditions than HT. In this

study, we investigated structure features of biomass using EFB (Empty fruit bunch) and

Yellow poplar depending on thermochemical pretreatment.

Biomass and pretreatment conditions: Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and

EFB (Empty fruit bunch) chips were used as raw material. The chips were ground and

then screened to a 20–80 mesh size. The pretreatment of the biomass was carried out in

an EMS reactor (Mode EMV-HT/HP 600, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). The ground biomass was

treated with 200 mL of oxalic acid solution or distilled water in a stainless steel vessel. .

The reactor was loaded with 25 g (dry weight basis) of biomass and solution (solid/liquid

ratio, 1:8) with stirring speed of 150 rpm. The reaction temperature and time for HT were

210°C and 10 min, respectively. The reaction temperature, time and acid concentration

for OAP were 160°C, 50 min, and 82 mM, respectively. The hydrolysate was separated

from the biomass and stored at 4°C.

Sugar and inhibitors analysis of the hydrolysate: The sugar and inhibitor

concentrations in the hydrolysate were determined using HPLC (Waters 2695 system;

Alliance, USA), outfitted with an Aminex HPX-87H column (300×7.8 mm, Bio-Rad,

Hercules, USA), and a refractive index detector (Waters 2414 system; Alliance, USA). The

analysis was performed with 5 mM H2SO4 as the mobile phase, at an isocratic flow rate of

277

0.6 mL/min. The total phenolic compounds (TPC) were estimated by the Folin–Ciocalteu

method.

Chemical analysis of the biomass: The chemical composition of the raw material and

pretreated biomass was determined using the NREL Laboratory Analytical Procedure

(Determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass).

Extraction of organosolv lignin: 25 g of extractive-free biomass was loaded on EMS

reactor with aqueous ethanol (65 %Ethanol v/v). The solid/liquid ratio was 1:8 (w/w)

and reaction was carried out at 180°C for 60 min with stirring speed of 150 rpm. The

treated samples were filtered and washed with 60°C ethanol/water (80/20 3*50 ml) and

then dried over the night (oven at 40°C/24 h). Three volumes of water were added to the

filtrate in order to precipitate the organosolv lignin (OL)

NMR analysis: 2D- HSQC NMR spectra were recorded at room temperature on a

Bruker AVANCE 600 MHz spectrometer. For NMR analysis, a 100 mg OL was dissolved in

0.5 ml dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6) and run at 25 °C for 18 h.

The chemical compositions of hydrolysate and pretreated biomass were shown in Table

1 and Table 2, respectively. The degradation ratio was not significantly differed

depending on pretreatment and biomass. The structural changes on biomass were shown

in Fig. 1.

Table 1. Sugar and inhibitors in hydrolysate during pretreatment (unit: g/L)

Table 2. Chemical compositions of the biomass (unit: %)

278

Fig. 1. 2D-HSQC spectra of the EFB organosolv lignin (EFBOL) and yellow poplar organosolv

lignin (YPOL) (a. side-chain region, b. aromatic region).

279

Characterization of Dendrocalamus latiflorus Culm Lignin by 2D-NMR

Wan-Shuan Chiang1, Ting-Feng Yeh1*

1 School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617,

Taiwan

* Corresponding and presenting author, [email protected]

Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) is the most widely distributed

bamboo species in Taiwan. It grows extremely fast and can reach about 25 meter in height

within one growing season. However, little is known about the lignin structural variations

of cell wall in ma bamboo during its growth. In this study, we use chemical analyses and

nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterize the structures and distributions

of lignin components from a thirteen-meter-high ma bamboo shoot at different growing

stages. The results indicated that the lignin contents of the bamboo culms accumulated

with growing stages. The bamboo lignin contains significant amounts of acylated p-

coumaric acid and minor amounts of ferulic acid. Ma bamboo’s lignin is a combined H/G/S

type lignin, with S/G ratio estimated by 2D-NMR to be 1.3-1.5. H lignin is a minor

component with the H/G ratio to be 0.1.

Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) is the most widely distributed

bamboo species in Taiwan. It grows extremely fast and can reach about 25 meter in height

within one growing season. However, little is known about the lignin structural variations

of cell wall in ma bamboo during its growth. In this study, we use chemical analyses and

nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterize the structures and distributions

of lignin components from a thirteen-meter-high ma bamboo at different growing stages.

Material: A 13-m bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) was harvested from the

Experimental Forest of National Taiwan University in Nantou County, Taiwan. The

bamboo culm was separated into top, middle, and base portions, representing different

developmental stages, with the top part being the youngest stage.

Lignin content determination: Klason lignin method was used to determine the lignin

contents of bamboo samples. Both acid soluble and acid insoluble lignin contents were

combined to give total lignin contents.

Preparation of cellulolytic enzyme lignins (CELs): Ma bamboo sawdust (40 – 60 mesh)

was extracted with ethanol/toluene, 1/2 (v/v). The extracted sawdust was then

extensively ball-milled, and further hydrolyzed by cellulases (Merck). The residues

were further dioxane-extracted and purified to obtain CELs.

NMR analysis: All 2D 1H-13C HSQC NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE 500

MHz spectrometer at 300 K using DMSO-d6 as the solvent. A total of 16000 scans were

collected.

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Cell wall component analysis shows that lignin contents of the bamboo culms are

about 8.8 – 16.7% (Table 1). The acid insoluble lignin contents accumulated with the

growing time, however, the acid soluble lignin contents decreased with the growing time.

2D NMR spectrum (Figure 1) shows that lignin of the base culm contains significant

amounts of acylated p-coumaric acid and minor amounts of ferulic acid. The signal of

tricin can also be detected. Tricin might play roles in the lignification of ma bamboo cell

walls. Ma bamboo’s lignin is a combined H/G/S type lignin, with S/G ratio estimated by

2D-NMR to be 1.3-1.5. H lignin is a minor component with the H/G ratio to be 0.1.

281

Analysis of Anatomical Feature in Fagaceae Wood Species with

Computer Vision

Takahiro Kegasa1, Kayoko Kobayashi1, Junji Sugiyama1

1 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto

Fagaceae species have been used as materials since ancient time and possess various

anatomical features. Recently, computer vision system has been used in advanced technology as

image recognition technique. Also in a field of wood science, it is gradually beginning to be studied

to apply for wood recognition. In this study, we aim to capture anatomical features in Fagaceae

species using future extraction algorithm based on its system. The best result of classification

were achieved using the dataset extracted by Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) and

compressed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), by the Support Vector Machine (SVM) with

99.44% of the recognition rate. From this result, SIFT- LDA dataset can perceive difference of

anatomical structures between each species. At present, we attempted to some statistical

analyses; clustering and heat-map analysis. In these analyses, ecological and anatomical

characters might be expressed from the dendrogram made from the dataset. Henceforth, we are

going to perform dissection elaborate analyses about correlation between extracted features and

ecological, physical, anatomical characters.

Fagaceae plants grow within Japan naturally and these species are excavated from some

ruins. Therefore, it is conceivable that they had been used in dairy life since ancient time. Fagaceae

plants have various anatomical features such as porosity; porous-wood, diffuse-wood and radial-

wood, hence it is easy to classify by genus [1]. On the other hand, it is very difficult to identify

species because anatomical characteristics are quite similar among genus or subgenus. In recent

years, computer vision system is commonly used for face recognition and so on. Then wood

recognition using this system has been studied for the purpose of identification of tree species of

wooden cultural properties or safe trading of logs and timber [2,3]. In our study, our purpose is

to extract anatomical features of Fagaceae woods with computer vision and we refer to relation

between these features and taxonomical characters.

Wood samples of 18 Fagaceae species were collected from the xylarium at the Research

Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University. Cross sections of their samples were

cut with approximately 30 μm in thickness using a sliding microtome and were stained with

safranin. The microscopic images were obtained using an optical microscope (Olympus Bx50)

equipped with a digital camera (Olympus DP73). The Database consists of 540 microscopic

images, namely 30 images per 1 species. Features from the dataset were calculated by Scale-

invariant feature transform (SIFT) with a module in OpenCV run on Python 3.5.2 [4]. The features

were compressed to 17-dimensions by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) or principal component

analysis (PCA) and classification was implemented by k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) or Support

Vector Machine (SVM) using the compressed features with R 3.1.1.

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We obtained high accuracy as

99.44% with SIFT-LDA dataset

using SVM and the database is

likely to capture difference of

complex anatomical structures

such as porosity and arrangement

of vessels among Fagaceae species.

Moreover, the dataset might be

correlated to marcescence

because deciduous species and

evergreen species were separated

in scatter plot of the features.

While we carried out clustering

analysis with the dataset, the

formed clades were taxonomically

accurate at the subgenus and

section levels. In the dendrogram

(Fig.), Quercus phillyraeoides of

radial-porous wood belongs to

subgenus Quercus in which ring-porous

species dominate. It is because section Ilex

containing Quercus phillyraeoides and

section Cerris have similar arrangement of

Fig. Dendrogram made from SIFT-LDA

dataset by clustering analysis with ward’s

method.

vessels and axial parenchyma cells in latewood. Moreover, species of section Cerris have a

characteristic similar to not only section Ilex but also genus Lithocarpus, and subgenus

Cyclobalanopsis in heat-map analysis. In addition, some multivariate analyses are performed to

reveal correlation between calculated features and physical, ecological and anatomical characters.

283

Use of Tree Rings to Date Fraying Scars on Japanese Larch Caused by Sika Deer

Takao Momoi1, Suzuki Sawako1, Hara kentarou1, Ohbayashi Hiroya1

1Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan.

Planted stands of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) in Tokyo University of

Agriculture Okutama Practice Forest, located in Okutama, Tokyo, contained numerous

standing trees with fraying scars on their trunks caused by sika deer (Cervus nippon). In

this study, we surveyed fraying scars on all trees in two Planted larch stands in the

Practice Forest. In addition, we investigated the year of the annual tree rings containing

wound tissues caused by fraying scars. The year-on-year change in number of larch trees

with wound tissues suggests that fraying damage peaked in the 1990s.

Planted stands of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) in the Tokyo University of

Agriculture Okutama Practice Forest, located in Okutama, Tokyo, contain numerous trees

with fraying scars on their trunks caused by sika deer (Cervus nippon). Given the recent

increase in demand for larch as lumber, it is necessary to assess the impact of fraying

damage on larch wood and the frequency and change over time in occurrence of such

damage. Some studies have used tree ring information to elucidate trends over time in the

incidence of bark stripping damage caused by deer. In this study, we investigated the

presence or absence of fraying scars caused by sika deer on all trees in two Planted larch

stands in the Okutama Practice Forest. In addition, we attempted to elucidate the trend

over time in fraying damage incidence in the study area by assessing the year of annual

tree rings containing wound tissues.

We investigated the presence or absence and sizes of fraying scars caused by sika

deer on all trees (650) growing in two Planted larch stands in the Okutama Practice

Forest. Location information was also recorded at that time. From among the scarred

trees, we selected individuals with relatively large diameters at breast height and

extracted core samples (5 mm in diameter) using an increment borer. The cores were

collected from two or more radii on each tree starting directly above the scarring and

from a location without scarring. Image analysis software was used to measure ring

widths and to observe wound tissues caused by fraying scars in scanned images of the

core samples. Samples in which wound tissues was difficult to discern with the naked eye

were examined using a stereomicroscope.

PRWAC-PO23

284

Nu

mb

er o

f tr

ees

Fraying scars were observed in 190 of the 9

650 trees examined. Core samples were 8

collected from 98 of these scarred trees. 7

Although wound tissues could not be 6

discerned or was difficult to discern in 5

the xylem of some samples due to rot, we 4

were able to perform measurements for

63 cores. 3

Larch trees with wound tissues 2

were found dating back to the 1970s 1

(Figure 1). The number of such trees 0

increased in the 1980s and reached a

peak in the 1990s. Although the number

Year

has since declined, at present, new

scarring continues to appear at an

Figure 1. The year-on-year change in number of trees with wound tissues caused by fraying scars.

essentially constant rate. The observed trend is consistent with trends reported in other

studies on forest damage caused by sika deer in the Okutama area.

number of trees

5-year moving average

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

285

Effect of Surface Carbonization on Mechanical Properties of

Laminated Panel

Xuehua Wang1, Wenling Li1, Zhihui Wu1, Wei Xu1

1College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University

Monopetalanthus spp. Wood was heated under different temperatures(120°C,

160°C, 200°C, 240°C ), and then laminated as the surface of the laminated panel, bending

modulus of elasticity, bending strength and impact toughness of the laminated panel were

tested, the results shown that: 1) temperature has a small effect on MOE, MOE was

decreased firstly and increased later as heating temperature increasing, the MOE of the

laminated panel heated at 120°C, 160°C, 200°C, 240°C respectively accounted to 94.76%,

97.82%, 102.19%, 104.86% of the untreated sample; 2) as the heating temperature

increasing, bending strength of the laminated panel decreased, they amounted to 75.29%,

90.11%, 63.50%, 53.15% of the untreated sample when treated at 120°C, 160°C, 200°C,

240°C; 3) as the heating temperature increasing, the impact toughness decreased first and

then increased. When treated at 120°C, 160°C, 200°C, 240°C respectively, the impact

toughness was equal to 38.43%, 65.84%, 61.72%, 101.01% of the untreated one.

PRWAC-PO24

286

The Effect of Insect Defoliation on the Secondary Cell Wall Formation of Tracheids in Japanese Larch (Larix Kaempferi

(Lamb.) Carrière)

Yoko Watanabe1, Yasuyuki Ohono2

1Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 2Forestry Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, Bibai, Japan

Japanese larch is often defoliated by the outbreak of herviborous insects such

as gypsy moth and larch sawfly during growing season in Hokkaido, northern Japan. The insect defoliation is expected to affect wood formation. Light microscopic observation revealed that insect defoliation induced the decrease in the secondary cell wall thickness of latewood tracheids and the formation of unlignified tracheids in the secondary xylem. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and polarized light microscopy revealed that thickness of the S2 layer was mainly decreased and the S3 layer was not present for the thin-walled tracheids. Furthermore, our study found the effect of insect defoliation on wood formation of Japanese larch depends on the timing of insect defoliation as reported by the previous studies.

Recently Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière) is often defoliated by the outbreak of herviborous insects such as gypsy moth and larch sawfly during growing season in Hokkaido, northern Japan. The insect defoliation has been reported to induce the reduction of radial growth and change in wood structure. However, little information was available about the effect of insect defoliation on radial growth and wood structure in Japan. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of insect defoliation on wood structure in Japanese larch.

Core samples were taken from the breast height of eight Japanese larch trees that leaves were fed by gypsy moth from late June till early July in the year of 2009 (GM sample) and by larch sawfly on August in 2012 and 2013 (LS sample). Thick transverse sections (15 µm thickness) were cut with a sliding microtome, stained with safranin (1%, w/v) for 15 min and astra blue (1%, w/v) for 5 min for light microscopy and polarized light microscopy. After cutting transverse sections, these samples were cut into small species and embedded in Spurr resin for staining with KMnO4 and Epon 812 for PATAg staining. Ultra-thin transverse sections (about 70 nm thickness) were cut from embedded samples and were observed with a transmission electron microscope (JEM-100C; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) operated at an accelerating voltage of 80 kV.

In both GM and LS samples, thin-walled tracheids stained with safranin and thin-walled tracheids stained with astra blue were observed in the latewood formed in the defoliation year. This result indicates that insect defoliation would induce the decrease in secondary cell wall thickness of latewood tracheids and formation of the unlignified thin-walled tracheids. TEM observation revealed that these thin-walled tracheids had the abnormal secondary cell walls comprised of 1) thin S2 layer and 2) thick S1 layer and thin S2 layer in both GM and LS samples. We could not detect the S3 layer in thin-walled latewood tracheids.

Our results indicate that insect defoliation affects cell wall formation such as the deposition of cellulose microfibrils and lignin in latewood tracheids. In particular, the formation of the S2 layer and the S3 layer would be influenced by insect defoliation. Furthermore, we revealed that the effect of insect defoliation on wood structure in Japanese larch depends on the timing of insect defoliation.

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287

Species Ultrastructure of G-layer of differentiating tension wood fibers as revealed by freeze-fracture field emission scanning

electron microscopy

Masato Yokoyama1, Tatsuya Awano1, Keiji Takabe1 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto university, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan

Tension wood is a reaction wood found on the upper side of leaning stems or branches of many hardwoods species. In poplar tension wood, fibers develop G-layer which is a characteristic cell wall layer consists of large amount of cellulose and small amounts of hemicelluloses and pectins. The formation of G-layer is believed to be involved in tensile stress generation, but the precise molecular and morphological mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we aimed at revealing the relationship between matrix polysaccharides deposition and morphological changes during tension wood formation, with a focus on the localization of β-1,4-galactan and ultrastrucrue of macrofibrils. Immunolabeling of β-1,4-galactan was observed in entire G-layer in early stage of G-layer development, while labeling was limited to the boundary between S2 layer and G-layer in later stage. Macrofibrils of G-layer were observed by freeze-fracture field emission scanning microscopy (FF-FESEM). Fractured surface was mainly S2 layer, thus fractured surface of G-layer was hardly found. Occasionally, the outer surface of G- layer was exposed in small area where S2 layer was removed by fracturing. Macrofibrils on the outer surface of G-layer were thicker in the late stage of development than early stage, although there were no differences in β-1,4-galactan localization and porosity among developmental stages. These results imply that matrix substances other than β- 1,4-galactan may be accumulated on the surface of macrofiblils on the outer surface of G-layer during G-layer development. We successfully applied FF-FESEM to examine the G-layer formation, although the condition of fracturing should be optimized to expose the middle part of G-layer where the localization of β-1,4-galactan changed during G- layer development.

Tension wood is a reaction wood found on the upper side of leaning stems or branches of many hardwoods species. Tension wood have relatively higher tensile growth stress than the opposite wood, thus resulting in bending the stems or branches. In poplar tension wood, fibers develop a so-called G-layer which is a characteristic cell wall layer consists of large amount of cellulose aligned almost parallel to the cell’s axis and small amounts of hemicelluloses and pectins. The formation of G-layer is believed to be involved in tensile stress generation, although the precise molecular mechanism is still unclear.

In this study, we examined the localization of -1,4-galactan, which is a side chain of pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), during tension wood fiber development by immunolabeling with LM5 antibody. We also observed the ultrastructure of G-layer by freeze-fracture field emission scanning microscopy (FF-FESEM), especially focusing on macrofibrils (cellulose microfibril aggregates) and porosity, to reveal the relationship between morphological changes and matrix polysaccharides deposition during tension wood formation.

Induction of tension wood: A 6-year-old hybrid poplar (Populus carolinensis x P. nigra, I-214) grown in Kitashirakawa experimental station (Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University) was inclined at a 45º for 11 weeks to induce tension wood. Small blocks of tension wood including cambium and developing xylem were collected from a stem at breast height on 23 June 2016. Immunolabeling of -1,4-galactan: Some blocks of tension wood were fixed in 2.5 %

glutaraldehyde, dehydrate through a graded ethanol series and embedded in LR White

PRWAC-PO26

288

resin. Alternatively, serial tangential sections from a cambium, 100 µm thick, were cut from tension wood blocks. Each section was divided into small pieces. Some pieces were used for freeze-fracture FE-SEM, and the others were embedded in LR White resin as above.

Semi-thin sections (1µm) and ultra-thin sections were cut from an embedded block using ultra microtome. Sections were incubated with anti -1,4-galactan antibody

(LM5, PlantProbes), followed by incubation with either of the secondary antibodies: antibody labelled with Alexa fluor 488, for semi-thin sections, or antibody labelled with 10 nm colloidal gold, for ultra-thin sections. Semi-thin sections were observed under a

fluorescence microscope. Ultra-thin sections were stained with 2% aqueous uranyl acetate and followed by observation under a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

Freeze fracture field emission scanning electron microscopy (FF-FESEM): Tangential sections from tension wood were soaked in 50% ethanol. The sections were frozen by

either a high-pressure freezer (HPM100, Leica Microsystems) or a rapid- freezing apparatus (JFD-RFA, JEOL). Frozen sections were introduced into a freeze- fracture

apparatus (JFD-9010, JEOL) and fractured along the cell’s axis under high vacuum at low temperature below -150 ºC. Fractured sections were mounted on a liquid-

nitrogen-cooled brass block and transferred to a vacuum evaporator (JEE-4B, JEOL). Sections were freeze-dried under a high vacuum until the temperature reached to

room temperature. Sections were coated with platinum by an ion sputter coater (E- 1045, Hitachi High-Technologies) and followed by observation under a field emission

scanning electron microscopy (S-4800, Hitachi High-Technologies). Localization of -1,4-galactan in developing tension wood fiber: Immunolabeling

of LM5 were observed exclusively in G-layer in developing tension wood fiber. Labeling was observed in entire G-layer in early stage of G-layer development, while labeling was limited to the boundary between S2 layer and G-layer in later stage. These results indicate that pectins including RG-I are deposited in early stage of G-layer development and thereafter they would be removed from G-layer except for the boundary between S2 and G-layer. Alternatively, RG-I molecules could be modified in the course of G-layer development.

Ultrastructure of G-layer as revealed by FF-FESEM: In this study, we used the freeze-fracture technique to obtain smooth sections of G-layer because conventional sectioning without resin embedding produces rough surface with disordered microfibrils. In most fibers, however, S2 layer was mainly exposed by freeze-fracturing, thus fractured surface of G-layer was hardly found. Occasionally, the outer surface of G- layer was exposed in small area where S2 layer was removed by fracturing. The difference in tendency to fracture at low temperature would depend on the difference in physical properties at low temperature between lignified S2 layer and non-lignified G-layer.

Macrofibrils on the outer surface of G-layer were thicker in late stage of development than early stage, although there was no difference in -1,4-galactan localization among developmental stages. No difference was observed in porosity among developmental stages. These results imply that matrix substances other than - 1,4-galactan may be supplied and deposited on the surface of macrofibrils on the outer surface of G-layer during G-layer development.

In conclusion, we successfully applied FF-FESEM to examine the G-layer formation, although the condition of fracturing should be optimized to expose the middle part of G-layer where the localization of -1,4-galactan changed during G-layer development.

289

Anatomy and Hypothetical Experiments to Demonstrate the Role of Parenchyma and Tracheids to Keep Water Conduction in

Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl

Yuiko Noguchi1, Hiroaki Ishii1, Keiko Kuroda1 1 Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

Xylem sap tension becomes higher and embolism is occurring frequently in the water conduits associating with active transpiration during daytime. Dehydrated conduits are refilled with water again when the tension reduced but the refilling mechanism has not been clarified. We guessed that there are some anatomical traits for the support of water conduction in drought resistant species. Cinnamomum camphora is a tall evergreen tree and one of the drought resistant woody plants. We observed xylem structure from stem and branch of C. camphora. The distribution of axial parenchyma surrounding each vessel suggested that parenchyma cells have a role of protecting vessels from embolism and supporting rehydration. The amount of axial parenchyma in stem and branch varies within annual rings. During severer drought summer after rainy season, abundant parenchyma cells may support the water conduction in vessels. Further observations are needed to uncover the various functions of axial parenchyma of C. camphora.

Cinnamomum camphora is a tall evergreen tree up to 20-30m height, commonly growing in Japan with diffuse porous xylem. This species is often planted in parks and load sides because it is fast growing and resistant to dry and severe environment. It is known that vessels and tracheids are often embolized in a tree when transpiration is active and tension become high in xylem sap, but the mechanisms to refill embolized xylem has not been investigated in detail. We observed xylem structure of Cinnamomum camphora and consider how this species is resistant to dry environment from the perspective of functional anatomy. Specimens were extracted from a stem and branches of C. camphora tree with an increment borer, and sectioned with a sliding microtome. Three-dimensional sections (26-30µm thick) were stained with safranin-fast green and processed for microscopy. Sections were observed with a light microscope (Nikon ECLIPSE Ni-u). Digital microphotos were processed for the analysis of cell sizes and distribution with Photoshop SC6 (Adobe Systems Inc.) ．

The anatomical observation of branch and stem xylem showed that medium sized vessels are surrounded by axial parenchyma with oil cells. Parenchyma arrangement is vasicentric as indicated in Fig.1 (arrows, filled with orange color). The distribution density of parenchyma cells and tracheids per each vessel was higher in the outer part of one annual rings. This trait of parenchyma distribution was more distinct in the branch than in stem. There was a tendency that parenchyma cells surrounding larger vessels in the younger annual rings were abundant compared to smaller vessels in an older annual rings of branch xylem. The present observations suggest the vasicentric type parenchyma tissue observed in C. camphora may be protecting vessels from embolism when the tension becomes high in xylem sap by the abundant water in living cells. And the tissue may also help rehydration of embolized vessels. The dense distribution of parenchyma cells in the late wood seems helpful to protect water conduction during drought summer season.

PRWAC-PO27

Fig. 1 Vasicentric arrangement of axial parenchyma in C. camphora. A: cross section, B: tangential section. Arrows: parenchyma

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Diurnal and Seasonal Changes in Radial Growth and Trunk Diameter

Yuki MATSUMOTO 1, Takao MOMOI 1, Hiroya OHBAYASHI 1

1 Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan

Our objective was to investigate the relationship between radial growth and both diurnal and seasonal changes in trunk diameter. In this study, we investigated seasonal changes in radial growth and diurnal changes in trunk diameter using test indicator for measurement and a time-lapse camera for data logging. We measured the change in trunk diameter during both radial growth and non-growth periods. Diurnal changes were found to vary by season.

One method for measuring radial growth is the knife marking method, which involves marking xylem tissue with a knife or other sharp instrument. However, this method is problematic due to its substantial labor requirement, potential injury to the trees, and low temporal resolution. Methods using dendrometers equipped with automatic data loggers can reduce the amount of labor required. However, because such methods do not entail direct marking of xylem cells, they make it difficult to assess changes (i.e., resumption or cessation) in radial growth. Furthermore, trunk diameter data obtained using dendrometers are known to reflect seasonal and diurnal changes. It is believed that diurnal changes are primarily determined by transpiration and sap flow rates and, therefore, vary by season. We believe that this seasonality of diurnal changes can be used as an indicator of the resumption and cessation of radial growth.

Experiments were conducted in the Okutama Practice Forest, Tokyo University of Agriculture. Our samples consisted of four trees each of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), and Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi). Radial growth was measured with test indicator, and data were recorded with time- lapse cameras. Measurements were read from the captured images and recorded to the nearest 0.001 mm (1 m). Radial growth at the cellular level was also measured using the knife marking method. Knife marking was performed once every two weeks between March 17 and September 13, 2016. Cores containing the marked xylem tissue were collected on November 28, 2016. After the samples were cut with a microtome to observe cross-surface, images were captured with a CCD camera attached to a stereomicroscope. Total growth over the year and growth up to each marking were measured based on captured images of the samples.

Figure 1 presents changes in trunk diameter and diurnal range over time for hinoki cypress obtained using test indicator between January 1 and September 30, 2016. Measured values

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtuse)

Diurnal range

9-day moving average

of Diurnal range

Date

Measured values

250

200

150

100

50

0

remained essentially constant up to early April and then gradually increased. Trunk diameters were observed to increase rapidly from early May to early June and, thereafter, to increase more gradually. Meanwhile, diurnal ranges began increasing around March along with an increase in trunk diameter and peaked in end of May before gradually decreasing.

PRWAC-PO28

Figure 2. Changes in trunk diameter and diurnal range over time for hinoki cypress

Me

asu

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valu

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291

Histological Observation of Ochroma pyramidale Wood Decayed by Fomitopsis palustris and Trametes versicolor

Yus Andhini Bhekti Pertiwi1,2,3, Futoshi Ishiguri1, Haruna Aiso1, and Shinso Yokota1

1Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, 321-8505, Japan 2United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and

Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan 3Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia

In the present study, wood of fast-growing tropical tree species, Ochroma

pyramidale was decayed by a brown-rot fungus (Fomitopsis palustris) and a white- rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) for 30, 60, and 90 days, and then wood mass loss, histochemical changes, and changes of wood chemical components due to decay were investigated. No significant mass loss was observed after 30 days of incubation, indicating that the hypae might not degrade the wood components. Based on chemical and light microscopic observations, T. versicolor degraded lignin and holocellulose while F. palustris mostly degraded holocellulose.

Balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) plantations were established in particular locations in Indonesia, mainly in East Java. The wood is recognized as the lightest commercial wood and has been used for sandwich composites. As a natural material, balsa is prone to be attacked by fungi just immediately after harvesting and until the utilization as final products. The objective of the present study, therefore, was to obtaine basic knowledge on decay resistance of balsa wood by observing the histochemical changes on the balsa wood during decay by T. versicolor and F. palustris.

Wood specimens, 2 (T) × 2 (R) × 1 (L) cm, were prepared from 7-year-old O. pyramidale trees. The decay test was conducted according to Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) K1571-2004. A brown-rot fungus (Fomitopsis palustris) and a white- rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) were used in the present study. Wood mass loss was measured after 30, 60, and 90 days of incubation.

The chemical analysis was conducted based on the methods described by Istikowati et al. (2016). In addition, three representative wood blocks decayed by each fungus were cut into small blocks, and they were embedded into mixture solution of butane series and into paraplast (a tissue embedding medium) at 60°C for several weeks. The transverse sections of 10-25 µm in thickness were cut by a rotary microtome. Permanent slides were prepared by sections stained with or without safranine, and then they were observed under a light microscope. In addition, the some sections were stained with phloroglucinol-HCl to observe the lignin distribution.

Mass loss by both fungi tended to increase after 60 days of incubation, indicating that the mycelia of the fungi might deeply penetrate and degrade the wood components (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The vessels lumen were fully occupied by mycelia (Fig. 1). Decay by T. versicolor was more severe than that by F. palustris. In fact, T. versicolor simultaneously removed lignin and holocellulose (Table 1). However, F. palustris mostly decayed holocellulose, but not so much lignin.

PRWAC-PO29

292

Note: DP, degradation periode; ML, mass loss; 1, 1% NaOH extract; 2, ethanol-toluene extract; 3, lignin; 4, holocellulose. The same letter indicates that there is no significant difference between rows in the column by Tukey’s HSD test at 5% level for each fungal treatment. Chemical component contents (%) after decay are expressed as percentages of the original sound wood basis.

Fig.1. Transverse section of balsa wood

decayed by T. versicolor after 60 days of incubation.

293

Diagnostic Study For Conservation of Dalimo Ethnic Vernacular House in Sijunjung District at Sumatera Barat Province

Yustinus Suranto* and Titien Novita** *Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta

** Staff on Batusangkar Cultural Heritage Conservation Bureau, Sumatera Barat E-mail: [email protected]

Gadang House of Dalimo Ethnic is a wooden vernacular building which was

built based on traditional wisdom of Minang ethnic. The status of this vernacular

house is a cultural heritage. Due to the age factor, this wooden structures building

requires conservation because of some damages on the main collumn. According of

the Republic of Indonesia Law Number 11 year 2010 about Cultural Heritage,

diagnostic studies shall be carried out before any conservation activities were done.

Diagnostic studies was intended as an effort to maintain the building originality,

including the wood species originality of building elements. This study was aimed

to identify the wood species that serves as a main pillar element of the cultural

heritage buildings and to resume the wood properties.

Small wood sample used as a research material was taken by cutting on the

main pillar of this vernacular building. Determination of wood species was done by

identification method based on the wood macroscopic structure. The inventory of

wood properties was done by literature study.

The results are summarized in two points. First, the type of wood was Senna

siamea (Cacia siamea) or johar. Secondly, this wood in old and healthy condition

characterized by specific density of 0.84, compression parallel to grain of 768 kg /

cm2, the strength class rating of I-II, durability class of II - I, and the quality grade of

I-II. The status of this wood is a good to excellent wood.

Keywords: Identification, character, collumn, cultural haritage, gadang dalimo ethnic.

PRWAC-PO30


294

IWORS

295

Soil Burial Degradation of Oil Palm Shell (OPS) Nanofiller and Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) Resin-Impregnated Oil Palm Trunk

Lumber (OPTL): Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties

Anne Hadiyane1*, Rudi Dungani,1 and H.P.S. Abdul Khalil2

1School of Life Sciences and Technology, InstitutTeknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia

2School of Industrial Technology, UniversitiSains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected]

Phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin and oil palm shell (OPS) nanofiller was used

as a bulking agent (matrics) for impregnating OPTL. OPS nanofiller with different of concentration (1, 3, 5 and 10%) as a reinforcement for impregnation OPTL were realized. The ageing of the impregnated OPTL samples was investigated in soil burial for 6 and 12 months. The structure modifications of the polymer were followed by spectroscopy FTIR. The morphological changes were followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Changes in dimensional stability and mechanical properties were measured according to standards. The impregnation of OPTL helped to protect wood from microbial degradation during soil burial. The combination of impregnation with PF and filling with OPS nanoparticles greatly reduced the degradation caused by decay and water. The results also suggested that addition of 5% OPS nanofiller was sufficient to inhibit decay by microbes (bacteria and fungal).

Keywords: soil burial, PF-impregnation, nanofillers, oil palm shell, oil palm trunk

lumber

IW-P-01


296

The Effectiveness of Activated Charcoal of Wood Tumeh (Combretocarpus rotundatus (Miq). Danser) to Absorb Metal

Compounds From Peat Water

Renhart Jemi1*, Pintauli Samosir2, Sari Mayawati1, Wahyu Supriayati1, ErithaKristiana Fidara1

1Laboratorium Teknologi Hasil Hutan Jurusan Kehutanan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Palangka Raya

Jl. H. Timang Kampus Tunjung Nyaho Universitas Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya Kalimantan Tengah

e-mail :[email protected] [email protected]

This study aims to determine the ability of activated charcoal in adsorbing

metal compounds and neutralize pH in peat water. Wood Tumih as much as 2000 grams with moisture content of 15%, then pyrolysis at 500oC for 1 hour. The charcoal found was destroyed by 40 mesh with 60 mesh and activated at 8000C for 30 minutes. Reactivate again with KOH with concentration 0%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60%

for 24 hours. Activated charcoal is tested its characteristic and testing the content of metal compounds in peat water by using AAS. Data were analyzed by simple linear regression. To Know the functional truss and morphology surface of activated carbon using FTIR and XRD. The result of testing peat water of Sungai Sebangau river contains 1.941 mg / L, Mg 1,766 mg / L, Mn 0,005 mg / L, pH 4.05. Activated charcoal with 50% KOH activation and 60% decreased Fe 1,072 mg / L and 0,686 mg / L, Mg 0,3344 mg / L and 0,2345 mg / L, Mn 0,002 mg / L on activated charcoal without KOH on peat water. As well as its peat water pH can be neutralized to 7 - 9, on activated charcoal without KOH and KOH 30%.

Keywords: active charcoal, tumih, peat water, metal, KOH

IW-P-02





297

Decolorization of Textile Dyes by Newly Isolated Basidiomycetes Fungi Collected from Batam Botanical Garden

Maulida Oktaviani1, Riska Mardiyanti2, Sita Heris Anita1*, Anis Sri Lestari1, Fahriya Puspita Sari1, Raden Permana Budi Laksana1,Dede Heri Yuli Yanto1

1Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesia Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor

2Universitas Hasanuddin, JL. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Talmalanrea, Makassar e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Many reports have demonstrated that fungi, especially in Basidiomycetes

class, were able to decolorize textile dye solution by ligninolytic enzymes (laccase, manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase). In this study, decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), as a model of textile dye, was investigated using two isolates Basidiomyctes fungi collected from Batam Botanical Garden, Batam, Indonesia. The screening results showed that M3 and H18 isolates formed clear areas on solid media containing RBBR (pH 4.5) when grow for 7 days. The fungi isolates were also able to decolorize RBBR in liquid media (100 ppm) within 72 hours and showed varied levels of ligninolytic enzymes production during decolorization. The addition of inducers such as CuSO4 and MnSO4 increased their enzyme production and the rate of decolorization.

Keywords: Basidiomycetes, decolorization, ligninolytic enzyme, RBBR

IW-P-03




298

Exploring Material Properties of Vinyl Ester Biocomposites Filled Carbonized Jatropha Seed Shell

Tati Karliati1*, Rudi Dungani1, and H.P.S. Abdul Khalil2

1School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia ;

2School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected]

The study investigates the influence of carbon black from carbonized Jatropha

Seed shell as filler that was obtained by Furnace method at 600 oC on the material properties of vinyl ester based biocomposites. The biocomposites were characterized for mechanical, thermal and morphological properties. The mechanical properties showed enhancement in tensile strength at 10 wt% loading of filler material as compared to the virgin polymer and higher loading percentage. Flexural strength decreased with an increase in the carbon black loading percentage, while the tensile modulus and flexural modulus showed an opposite trend. Thermogravimetric analysis showed enhancement in the residual content of the composite materials, thereby ameliorates thermal stability. Glass transition and melting temperatures by DSC analysis were observed to increase with upto 10 wt % loading of filler but to decreases subsequently at higher loading percentage. The morphological analysis showed smooth morphology with intermittent lumps of agglomeration at higher loading percentages.

Keywords: carbon black, Jatropha, mechanical, vinyl estercomposites

IW-P-04


299

Antidiabetic Activities of Ethyl Acetate Fraction From Kina Ledger (Cinchona ledgeriana)

Wasrin Syafii1*, Rita Kartika Sari1, Anne Carolina1, Laela Nur Anisah1,2

1Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University 2Ministry of Environment and Forestry


To improve the efficiency of utilization of forest resources, the forest products industry should be able to apply the concept of the whole tree utilization, among others by utilizing logging waste such as leaves, bark, wood etc. On the other hand, diabetes is a metabolic disease which is becoming a major health problem in Indonesia. An increasing number of diabetics, the cost of expensive treatment and use of synthetic drugs whose side effects requires exploration efforts to discover and develop natural anti-diabetic compounds which are relatively cheaper and safer. The objectives of this study were to determine the yield extract from kina ledger (Cinchona ledgeriana), to analyze their antidiabetic activity by inhibition assay for -glucosidase enzyme activity and chemical analysis by using GCMS. The samples (leaves, bark and wood) were extracted by using ethanol 95%.The results showed that the yield of ethanol extracts in leaves, bark and wood were 16.22%, 14.03%, and 2.27%. Based on the antidiabetic activity bioassay test, the leaves ethanol extract was the most active extract by the IC50 value of 6.53μg mL-1. Phytochemical analysis of ethanol extracts showed that they contained alkaloid, flavonoid, quinone, saponin and tannin which were assumed have high contribution in antidiabetic activities. The leaves ethanol extracts was then successively fractionated by using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Each fraction were then exposed to antidiabetic bioassay test. The result showed that the ethyl acetate soluble fraction was the most active fraction (IC50 15.8 μg mL-1). GCMS analysis indicated that theethyl acetate soluble fractionacetic acid butyl ester, glycerin, levoglucosan, catechol, and (S)-(+)-5-sec-butyl-2pyrimidinolwhich were suspected have antidiabetic activity. These results strongly suggested that ethyl acetate soluble fraction of leaves from kina ledger was a potential natural sources for antiadiabetic agents.

Keywords: cinchona ledgeriana, antidiabetic, α-glucosidase, ethyl acetate fraction, IC- 50 value

IW-P-05


300

Korean pine (Pinus densiflora) Needle Extract Suppresses The Expression of iNOS, IL-6 and IL-1β, and Activation of Inflammatory

STAT1 and STAT3 Signaling Proteins in Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-challenged Murine Macrophages

Thamizhiniyan Venkatesan1, Young-Woong Choi; Jennifer Lee1, Young-Kyoon Kim*

1*Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02707, Korea e-mail: [email protected]

Background and the purpose of this study: Regulation of a persistently activated inflammatory response in macrophages is an important target for treatment of various chronic diseases. Pine needle extracts are well known to have potent immunomodulatory effects. We here investigated the effects of Pinus densiflora needle supercritical fluid extract (PDN-SCFE) on bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages.

Methods: Cytotoxic effect of PDN-SCFE was determined by 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) produced and the corresponding enzyme, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressed were quantified by Griess and immunoblotting methods, respectively. The levels of cytokines secreted were quantified using commercial ELISA kits. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was performed to assess the expression levels of iNOS and cytokines. To elucidate the mechanism of action, the involvement of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NFκB), the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathways were examined by an immunoblotting method. In addition, the cellular localization of NFκB was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining method.

Results: MTT assay results indicated that PDN-SCFE is non-toxic to RAW 264.7 cells up to a maximum assayed concentration of 40 µg/mL. The PDN-SCFE exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on LPS-induced NO production by down regulating the expression of iNOS. In addition, the extract suppresses the LPS- induced expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), but not tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα). Mechanistic study revealed that PDN-SCFE does not influence the NFκB and MAPKs pathways. However, it showed significant inhibitory effect on LPS-induced activation of STAT1 and STAT3 proteins in macrophages. Conclusion: The present findings revealed that the anti-inflammatory activity of PDN-SCFE in LPS-challenged RAW 264.7 macrophages is probably by causing the suppression of JAK-STAT signaling pathway.

IW-P-06


301

The Relationship of Sawing Patterns and Board Thickness Variations on Drying Schedule Development of Jabon

Bagas Bachtiar¹ and Tomy Listyanto² 1Student of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada. 2Lecture of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada.


This research aimed to find out the relationship among sawing patterns, board

thickness variations and wood density on jabon drying schedule development. Log of jabon were cut into two sawing patterns (flat sawn and quarter sawn) and two board thickness ( 2 cm and 4 cm ). Drying schedules were developed in accordance to Terazawa method which was modified. Developed drying then tested with chi square analysis to find out the relation of sawing pattern, board thickness, and wood density. The result showed that drying schedule of jabon varied into 6 variations. The Chi square analisys revealed that the thickness of jabon boards has relationship with drying schedule development. Drying schedule of jabon with thickness 2 cm can be dried start from temperature of 70 °C, wet bulb depression 70°C and late temperature of 105°C. For board with the thickness of 4 cm can be dried with early temperature of 90°C.

Keywords : jabon, board thickness, drying schedule, sawing patterns, terazawa

method

IW-P-07


302

Effect of Incising density and Vaccum Duration on Durability of Superior Teak Sapwood Impregnated by Permethrin Against Dry

Wood Termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.)

Fiyan Tangguh Pranawa1 , Tomy Listyanto2

1Students faculty of Forestry , Universitas Gadjah mada 2Lecture faculty of Forestry , Universitas Gadjah mada


The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of incising density and

vaccum duration on durability of Superior Teak Sapwood impregnated by permethrin against Dry Wood Termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.). Materials were sapwood of superior teak obtained from 10 years old trees at KPH Randublatung. Four incising density, which were 0 holes / m², 1000 holes / m², 2000 holes / m², and 3000 holes / m² were applied to the sample and then impregnated with permethrin for vacuum duration varied among15, 30 and 45 minutes. Dry wood termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) were used to test the durability of the treated sample. The observed parameters were absorption, retention, penetration of preservatives, termite mortality, weight reduction, and the degree of damage to the specimen.The results showed the range of the average yield on the parameters of absorption of 66.59 to 155.94 kg / m³, the retention value of 4.14 to 7.94 kg / m³, the penetration depth of 5.33 to 7.77 mm.Incising density significantly influence on the absorption, retention and penetration wahile vacuum durationaffect significantly on all parameters.

Keywords: incising, permethrin, teakwood, vacuum

IW-P-08


303

Bamboo Properties and Potassium Hydroxide Pulping of Four Bamboo Species in Indonesia

Teddy Kardiansyah12,*, Paryono1, Susi Sugesty1

1Center for Pulp and Paper, Ministry of Industry Republic of Indonesia Jl. Raya Dayeuhkolot no. 132 Bandung 40258, West Java, Indonesia

12Student Magister Program of Forest Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada e-mail: [email protected]

Bamboo has a disadvantage as pulp raw material, particularly a high mineral

content, so it will cause scaling on the installation of the recovery of chemicals and difficult to regenerate. Several studies have described one solution to overcome this problem by developing a new pulping method, ie using Potassium Hydroxide (KOH). Black liquor from the pulping process using KOH is contains relatively high potassium elements so that potential as a source of nutrients (fertilizer) or soil conditioner. The aim of this study was to determine the bamboo species that is potentially in the pulping process using potassium hydroxide. Bamboo is used in this study were four bamboo species was three years from research forest plantation Arcamanik Bandung, Indonesia.The four species of bamboo are Gombong (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinaceae), Duri (Bambusa blumeana), Temen (Gigantochloa atter) and Tali (Gigantochloa apus). Fiber morphology and chemical composition of four bamboo species has been determined. A potassium hydroxide, soda and kraft pulping of four bamboo species was investigated. Gombong, duri and tali bamboo has a better potential as pulp raw material compared with temen bamboo seen from the fiber morphology. Characteristics of the physical properties of duri bamboo pulp with potassium hydroxide pulping produces tensile and bursting index is higher than the other three species of bamboo. Black liquor from the potassium hydroxide pulping has a potassium content of 7.26%.

Keywords: black liquor, cellulose, fiber, kraft, soda

IW-P-09


304

Methodology Calculation Of Water Volume For Carbondioxide Absorptions By Plant

Herry Palangka Jaya1and Yetrie Ludang2

1PS Doktor IlmuLingkungan, Universitas Palangka Raya [email protected] 2Jurusan/PS Kehutanan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Palangka Raya -

[email protected]

The process of respiration and photosynthesis of plants can be used as a basis

for calculating the volume of carbon dioxide uptake by plants. The calculation method can use two basic options. The first option is to calculate the growth of plant biomass as a result of the net process of respiration and photosynthesis. The second option is the calculation of water requirements by plants for photosynthesis. This paper presents a second option as a faster methodology for predicting the volume of carbon dioxide uptake than the first option. The water volume calculation methodology is presented in graphical form as well as tabulation.

Keywords: water volume, methodology, tabulation, graphical forms

IW-P-10



305

Effect of Girdling on Durability of 12 Years Old Superior Teak Grown in Pemalang and Ngawi

Tomy Listyanto1, Hanan P. Putra2, Sugi Purwanto3, Ganis Lukmandaru1 and Joko Sulistyo1

1 Lecturer of Technology of Forest Product Department, Faculty of Forestry, UGM 2 Student of Magister of Forest Science, Faculty of Forestry, UGM

3 Centre of Research and Development, PERHUTANI.

The aim was to investigate the effect girdling duration on the durability of

superior teak. Sample were obtained from 12- years old superior teak grown in Forest Management Unit Pemalang and Ngawi, which own by PERHUTANI. Five girdling duration were 0 month, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months. Sample from heartwood and sapwood were tested against and dry wood termites for four weeks. Grave yard test was also conducted for six month. The observed parameters were mass loss and mortality. The data were then tested using variance analysis (ANOVA) with significantly level of 5 % and continued by Honestly Significant Difference Tukey to find the difference. The result showed that interaction of growth site and girdling time was significantly influence on mass loss of the graveyard test sample. In terms of durability against dry wood termites, girdling time influence on mortality. Grave yard test indicate that durability class of heartwood against dry wood termites among girdling duration of 0 month, 3 months, 9 months and 12 months at Pemalang were V, IV, II and II, respectively, while the sapwood one were V, V, V and IV, respectively. Durability class of the samples from Ngawi were slightly higher, which were III, II, II, and II for hearthwood respectively, while the sapwood were III, V, IV and IV, respectively. Regarding durability class against dry wood termites, sample from girdling duration of 0 month, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months were III, II, II and II for hearthwood, while the sapwood were III, II, II and III, respectively.

Keywords : durability, girdling, site, superior teak

IW-P-11

306

Stand Structure Model of Natural Forest in Gunung Gajah Abadi Concession, East Kalimantan

Sufie Bhaskara1,, Budi Prihanto2

1 Student of Magister of Forest Science, Faculty of Forestry, UGM 2 Lecturer of Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agriculture Institute.

The objective of this research was to arrange stand structure model of natural

forest in PT Gunung Gajah Abadi concession. Sampling units was selected by purposive sampling to represent various age classes of Logged Over Area (LOA). Selection of sample units was based on age classes LOA are LOA of RKT 2013 (1-5 years), RKT 2007 (6-10 years), RKT 2003 (11-15 years), RKT 1995 (16-20 years) and Virgin Forest. Category of stand was divide two, they are all of species group and dipterocarp group. Criteria of model selections were based on maximum likelihood function value and result of chi square test. The result showed that lognormal distribution model is the best among two models were tested although result of chi square test at RKT 2003 and virgin forest at all of species group have prediction density significantly different from actual density.

Keywords: forest, model, stand structure

IW-P-12

307

Bali at Glance

308

Bali at Glance Bali is one of the thousands of islands that togethar constitute the Republic of

Indonesia. Because of its unique features, Bali has become a primary destination for

tourists from all over the world, who have chosen to travel to the Asian tropics.

Geographical

The province of Bali is situated between 8°0340"-8°5048" of the

south latitude, and 114°2553"- 115°4240" of the east meridian.

Two volcanoes stood tall as landmarks of Bali among the

mountain range, namely Mount Batur (1,171 m) and Mount

Agung (3,140). The island of Bali is approximately 153 km wide

and 112 km north to south (95 by 69 miles, respectively), with a

surface area of 5,632 km²

Population Based on 2000 survey on Balis population, the island had

3,146,999 citizens.

Capital Denpasar

People Balinese (89%), Javanese (7%), Baliaga (1%), Madurese (1%)

Language

Balinese and Indonesian are native or bilingual proficiency.

English is a common third language and the primary foreign

language of many Balinese

Religion

Unlike most of Muslim-majority Indonesia, 93.18% Balines

Hinduism, Miniority religions include Islam (4.79%),

Christianity (1.38%), and Buddhism (0.64%).

Government

Bali has eight districts collectively called Kabupatens, which

comprise of Badung, Bangli, Buleleng, Gianyar, Jembrana,

Karangasem, Klungkung, and Tabanan. Among all these districts,

Badung is the most famous and highly populated one, with

Denpasar as its capital.

Climate

Bali has a climate that is tropical all year. The average

temperature hovers around 30 degrees Celsius year-round. There

are dry and wet seasons - dry from April to September and wet

from October to March. In general May to August are the best

months in Bali. At that time of year the climate is likely to be

cooler and the rains lightest.

309

Banking Hours Most states: Mon - Fri: 8.00am to 5.00pm. Sat & Sun: Closed (Selected banks and branches are open on Sat).

Post Offices Open from 8.00am to 5.00pm daily except the Saturday Open from 8.00am to 1.00pm, Sundays and public holidays.

Electricity

Voltage is 220 - 240 volts AC at 50 cycles per second. Standard 3-pin square plugs and sockets.

Telphones

Local calls can be made from public phones using coins or pre-

paid cards. International calls can be made from public phones

with card phone facilities or at any Telkom office.

Accomodation

Bali has a wide range of accommodation at competitive rates.

Five-star, medium range, budget hotels, youth hostels, beach

chalets and timeshare apartments are just some of the types of

accommodation available. Privately operated motor-homes are

also available for rent.

Major Holidays Galungan, Kuningan, Nyepi, Saraswati, Pagerwesi

Time Six hours ahead of GMT and 15 hours ahead of U.S. Pacific

Standard Time.

310

Art and Culture

Mandala Garuda Wisnu Kencana, or Garuda

Wisnu Kencana (GWK))

GWK is a cultural park covering

approximation 60 ha area located

in Ungasan, Badung Regency. It is devoted to

the Hindu God Vishnu, and his mount, Garuda, the

mythical bird who became his companion.

Currently, the statue of Vishnu is 23 metres

(75.5 ft) high, although the original plan was for a

120-metre (390 ft) gold-plated Vishnu riding

Garuda on top of an 11-storey entertainment

complex. Garuda wing span will be 64 metres

(210.0 ft) across.

Barong (symbol of good faith)

The dance also performs a few people who are in

trance and bring with them traditional weapon, keris. In the great battle where the Barong wins, the ending of the performance is marked by a priest

giving out the holy water.

Gamelan or Gong

Gamelan or Gong is traditional musical

instrument from Bali. It needs about 40 people

to play a Gong in a complete formation (Gong

Gede). Not only the men that could be the

gamelan players, in Bali women can also take

part of it.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ungasan&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badung_Regency

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda

311

Kecak Dance

Accapella’s music accompanies the dynamic

movement of Kecak’s dancers. The dancers form the border for the central dance performance of the Ramayana’s epic drama. Kecak is staged on some

places, such as Uluwatu and Tanah Lot before the sunset.

Legong Dance

Legong is one classic dance which is brought to

stage by two girls employing similar dresses and movements. Legong that highlights divine dance

movements and special costumes has been one famous icon of Bali’s art in the world.

Buyan Lake (Natural)

Buyan Lake at Pancasari Village, this lake is

used as an important spring, the second biggest

water source in Bali after Batur Lake. Buyan Lake is beautified with thick green forest that offers fresh and cool air for almost all day long

312

Tamblingan Lake (Natural)

Tamblingan Lake is located at a slope valley at

northern part of Mount Lesung, at Munduk

Village, Buleleng Regency. This lake is one of three similar lakes that is accommodated in one big caldera consisting of Buyan Lake, Batur Lake

and Tamblingan Lake. At it secures a location at high land with thick forest surrounding it, the lake offers clean and fresh air.

Goa Gajah

Gianyar Regency

The cave located in Bedulu Village is predicted

to be built in 11th century. The Goa Gajah highlights fresh air as it is surrounded by green paddy fields and Petanu River. Into the cave, you

will find 15 holes on the wall for meditation purposes. In the east hole, there is Trilingga and the

Ganesha on the other side.

Kerta Gosa Park

Klungkung regency

Kerta Gosa is a traditional building which partly

forms the complex of Semarapura Kingdom. Built in 1986 by Ida I Dewa Agung Jambe, Kerta Gosa

is consisted of Bale Akerta Gosa and Bali Kambang (surrounded by water futher called as Gili Park). The building has unique ceiling with

traditional painting of the famous Kamasan style.

Tirta Empul

Tirta Empul is an important temple

complex and holy mountain spring, located in

the village of Manukaya in central Bali. The site

serves as a legendary setting of a traditional tale

about good versus evil. It is also a national

cultural heritage site.

313

Besakih Temple

Besakih Temple, known as Bali’s ‘Mother

Temple’ for over 1,000 years, sits 1,000 metres

high on the southwestern slopes of Mount

Agung. Besakih is an artistic and unique

complex that comprises at least 86 temples

which include the main Pura Penataran Agung

(the Great Temple of State) and 18 others.

Besakih is the biggest and holiest of the island's

temples and is surrounded by breathtaking and

scenic rice paddies, hills, mountains, streams.

Tanah lot

Tanah Lot Bali is a sacred Hindu temple complex

situated on the rocky beach, west coastal side of

Bali Island. It is one of the famous tourist destinations in Bali located in Beraban countryy side.

Reference :

http://www.bali-indonesia.com


314

AUTHOR INDEX

315

IAWS

316

B

Burgert, Ingo

C

Causon, Valerio

Casdorff, Kirstin

H

Hanantyo, MPG

J

Jeong, Bora

K

Kumar, Narendra

Keplinger, Tobias

KIM, Yoon Soo

M

Mardiyati

P

Park, Byung-Dae

Prawisudha, Pandji

S

Singh, Adya P.

Steven

W

Willems, W.

Y

Yamamoto, Koichi

317

PRWAC

318

A

Adi, Danang Sudarwoko

Aiso, Haruna

Andianto

Apgaua, Deborah M.G.

Apriyanti, Dian

Arakawa, Izumi

Ariizumi, Kei

Asaka, Keiichi

Awano, Tatsuya

Azuma, Wakana

B

Baas, P

Bao, Shan Gao Zhenyu

Begum, Shahanara

Belleville, Benoit

Boonchai, Nareerat

Budi, Agus Sulistyo

C

CHA, M

Chen, Bingwei

Chen, Hong

Chen, Minzhi

Chiang, Wan-Shuan

Chu, Fuxiang

Chuma, Izumi

Cipta, Hairi

D

Damayanti, Ratih

Daniel, Geoffrey

Darmawan, Andiar Yudha Rizki

Dewi, Listya Mustika

Dickson, Alan

Dwianto, Wahyu

F

Fauzielly, Lili

Fei, Benhua

Felhofer, Martin

Funada, Ryo

G

GAO, J

Gao, Jie

Gierlinger, Notburga

Gifary, OpuAffan

Goto, Chiaki

Gupta, Sangeeta

Guo, Juan

H

Hadi, Yusuf Sudo

He, Tuo

Hiroya, Ohbayashi

Horikawa, Yoshiki

Huang, Yuchong

Husien, Nani

Hwang, Sung-Wook

I

Ilic, Jugo

319

Imai, Tomoya

Ishida, Atsushi

Ishida, Françoise Y.

Ishiguri, Futoshi

Ishii, Hiroaki

Ismadi

Ismanto, Agus

J

Jebrane, Mohamed

Jeong, So-Yeon

Jiang, Jiali

Jiang, Shuainan

Jiang, Xiaomei

Jiao, Lichao

K

Kamada, Yutaka

Kegasa, Takahiro

Kentarou, Hara

Kihara, Takeo

Kim, Ji Woo

Kim, Jo-Eun

Kim, Jong Sik

KIM, Y S

Kobayashi, Kayoko

Kudo, Kayo

Koga, Shinya

Kogawa, Wakana

Kojima, Miho

Kuroda, Keiko

L

Laurance, Susan G.W.

LEE, K H

Lee, Jae-Won

Lee, Won-Hee

Li, Wenling

Lim, Seng Choon

Liu, Bo

Lott, Terry

Lyu, Jianxiong

M

Mahmud, Januar

Manchester, Steven R.

Marsoem, Sri Nugroho

MATSUMOTO, Yuki

Matsuo, Miyuki U

Mehrotra, R.C.

Ming, L

Mlahjie, Abubakar

MOMOI , Takao

Mugio, Shiita

Myokai, Naoaki

N

Nabeshima, Eri

Nagai, Satoshi

Nakaba, Satoshi

Nanayakkara, Bernadette

Nohmi, Kumiko

Noguchi, Yuiko

Noothong, Peerada

Novita, Rizky

Novita, Titien

320

Nugroho, Widyanto Dwi

O

OHBAYASHI , Hiroya

Ohono, Yasuyuki

Ohse, Megumi

Okochi, Takayuki

Oktariani, Hanny

Oribe, Yuichiro

Ozarska, Barbara

P

Pan, Biao

Pari, Gustan

Peng, Hui

Pertiwi, Yus Andhini Bhekti

Prats-Mateu, Batirtze

Purnama, Ramadhany Ayu

Putro, Gudiwidayanto Sapto

Q

Qio, J

R

Rahayu, Sri Rahman, Md Hasnat

Rattanarat, Jantira

Rodriguez-Reyes, Oris

Ruspandi

S

Sakurai, Mizuki

Saiki, Shin-tairo

Sanjaya

Sano, Yuzou

Sari, Galih Ratna

Sasaki, Kenji

Sawako, Suzuki

Sellier, Damien

Shanbhag, Rashmi Ramesh

She, Ya’nan

Shibui, Hiromi

Shirai, Tatsuya

Siam, Nordahlia Abdullah

Silva, Cesar

Simanjuntak, David

Sina, Andhika Ibnu

Srivaro, Suthon

Srivastava, Rashmi

Suhasman

Sugiyama,Junji

Sukmaputri, Ni Made Rika

Sundararaj, R.

Suranto, Yustinus

T

Takabe, Keiji

Takashina, Kuya

Takata, Katsuhiko

Tang, Caiyun

Tang, Xin Jie

Tashiro, Naoaki

Tay, Yong Haur

Tazuru, Suyako

Terziev, Nasko

321

Tng, David Y.P.

Tsunezumi, Tsubasa

U

Um, Min

Utsumi, Yasuhiro

V

Vinden, Peter

W

Wahyudi, Imam

Wang, Lihai

Wang, Siqun

Wang, Xuehua

Watanabe, Yoko

Wheeler, E. A.

Wiedenhoeft, Alex

Winantris

Wu, Jiamin

Wu, Yan

Wu, Zhihui

X

XU, F Xu, Wei

Y

Yamagishi, Yusuke

Yamamoto, Hiroyuki

Yamashita, Manami

Yasuda, Yuko

Yasue, Koh

Yazaki, Kenichi

Yeh, Ting-Feng

Yin, Yafang

Yokota, Shinso

Yokoyama, Masato

Yoshida, Masato

Yonekawa, Tsubasa

Yoshinaga, Arata

Yu, Min

Yuan, Cheng

Yue, Xiaoquan

Yunianti, Andi Detti

Z

Zhai, Shengcheng

Zhang, Wenfu

Zhou, Xiaoyan

322

IWORS

323

A

Abdullah, AH. Dawam

Adi, Danang Sudarwoko

Agussalim

Augustina, Sarah

Alamsyah, Eka Mulya

Amin, Yusup

Andrianto, Dimas

Anggia, Aprily

Anggorowati, Esther Dyah

Anggraeni, Sri Dewi

Anisah, Laela Nur

Anita, Sita Heris

Arif, Astuti

Arifin, Yuyu Rahayu

Arinana

Arisandi, Rizki

Ashaari, Zaidon

Ashikin, S. N.

Ashitani, Tatsuya

Asmur, Muhammad A. K.

Astari, Lilik

Ayata, Umit

B

Bachtiar

Bachtiar, Bagas

Bahanawan, Adik

Baharudin, B. T. Hang T.

Bahtiar, Effendi Tri

Bakar, Edi Suhaimi

Basri, Efrida

Bawon, Paiman

Bhaskara, Sufie

Brodie, Graham Ian

Budiman, Ismail

Budirman

Busyro, Imam

B., Ersadarita Sembiring

C

Cakicier, Nevzat

Chalimah, Siti

Chin, Kit Ling

Choi, Young-Woong

Corpataux, Laurent

Costa, Olga Nataly da

Carolina, Anne

D

Damanik, Qola Ariansyah

Darmawan, Teguh

Darwis, Atmawi

Desiana, Diaz

Djarwanto

Dungani, Rudi

Dwianto, Wahyu

Damayanti, Ratih

Dewi, Listya Mustika

E

Efendi, M.

Esti, Prihatin

F

Falah, Syamsul

324

Fatrawana, Adesna

Fauza, Giovann Hanif

Febri

Febryano, Indra Gumay

Funabiki, Satoshi

Febrianto, Fauzi

Fidara, Eritha Kristiana

G

Ghani, Aizat

Gi Kim, Yun

Gracia, Helmi

Gurleyen, Levent

Gurleyen, Tugba

Gusmiaty

H

Hadi, Maryoko

Hadi, Yusuf Sudo

Hadiyane, Anne

Halis, Ardian

Hapsari, Betalini Widhi

Harahap, Idham Sakti

Harris, Gerry

Hata, Toshimitsu

Hendra, Djeni

Hendrik, Jessica

Herawati, Evalina

Herawati, Tuti

Herliyana, Elis Nina

Hermawan, Dede

Hidayat, Wahyu

Hidayati, Fanny

Hidayatullah, Syarif

Himmi, S. Khoirul

H'ng, Paik San

Honma, Sensho

Hua, Lee Seng

Horikawa, Y.

I

Indrawan, Dian Anggraini

Indrayani, Yuliati

Insiana, Asri

Irawati, Denny

Ishiguri, Futoshi

Ismayati, Maya

Istikowati, Wiwin Tyas

Ito, Hirokazu

Istie, Rahayu

J

Jang, Eun-Suk

Jang, Jae-Hyeok

Jang, Jae-Hyuk

Jang, Sang-Sik

Jasni

Jaya, Herry Palangka

Jemi, Renhart

Jeon, Woo-Seok

Jessica, Vega

Jaya, Nyoman Wistara

K

K, Ainun Ade Putri

Kang, Chun-Won

325

Kang, Ho-Yang

Kardiansyah, Teddy

Karliati, Tati

Karlinasari, Lina

Kartika, Titik

Kartikawati, Aprilia

Kewilaa, Benoni

Khalil, H.P.S. Abdul

Khoo, Pui San

Khuschandra

Kim, Nam-Hun

Kim, Wae-Jung

Kim, Young-Kyoon

Kim, Yun-Ki

Kobori, Hikaru

Kojima, Yoichi

Krisdianto

Krishanti, Ni Putu R. A.

Kubota, Hikaru

Kusumaningrum, Wida B.

Kubota, Shuto

L

Laksana, Raden P. B.

Larekeng, Siti Halimah

Larson, Anne

Lee, Chuan Li

Lee, Jennifer

Lee, Min

Lestari, Andi Tri

Lestari, Anis Sri

Lestari, Eka

Lestrai, Andi Sri R. D.

Li, Chengyuan

Liswanti, Nining

Listyanto, Tomy

Loiwatu, Mery

Lukmandaru, Ganis

Lukmanul, Hakim

Ludang, Yetrie

M

Mahbub, Asar Said

Makkarennu

Maminski, Mariusz

Marbun, Sari Delviana

Mardiyanti, Riska

Marsoem, Sri Nugroho

Martono, Dominicus

Massijaya, MuhYusram

Maulana, Sena

Max, Simeon

Mayawati, Sari

Monterosso, Iliana

Millang

Mshale, Baruani

Muh.

Muin, Musrizal

Muktah, Hanna fiMohd

Mulyono, Imam

Murayama, Kazushige

Mustamu, Sofia

Mwangi, Esther

N

Nababan, MYS

Nadzim, Muhammd

326

Nandika, Dodi

Nazrin, Ahmad Raja

Nikmatin, Siti

Ningsi, DwiWahyu

Nirsatmanto, Arif

Nugroho, Naresworo

Nurcholis, Waras

Nurmadina

Nuryawan, Arif

O

Ogoe, Shinji

Okamoto, Masaki

Oktaviani, Maulida

Ozarska, Barbara

P

P, Kidung Tirtayasa

Pangestu, Dwi Graha

Pari, Gustan

Park, Byung-Dae

Park, Sang-Bum

Park, Se-Hwi

Paryono

Perbani, Handang Tegar

Platt, Shawn L

Pramasari, Dwi Ajias

Pratama, Ramadhan

Prayitno, Tibertius Agus

Priadi, Trisna

Prianto, A. Heru

Prihanto, Budi

Puguh, Alif

Purnawati, Renny

Purwanto, Sigit

Putra, Hanan P.

Prakasa, Esa

Pardede, Hilman F.

Pujiarti, Rini

Putri Pranawa, Fiyan Tangguh

R

Rahayu, Istie Sekartining

Rahmat, Mamat

Rauf, Aunu

Razak, Tajul Adli Abdul

Restu

Rianto, Yan

Ridwan

Rizaldy, Andi Achmad

Rofii, Muhammad Navis

Rohadi, Dede

Roseley, Adlin Sabrina M.

Rosetaati, Esatri

Rukmi, Erliana Chandra

Ruzanna, Fatin

S

S, Nur Ra'aena Dewi

Saad, Sahriyanti

Sagiman, Saeri

Salleh, Qamariah Nor H.

Samosir, Pintauli

Santoso, Adi

Santoso, Mahdi

327

Saparigau, Ismawati A. G.

Sari, Fahriya Puspita

Sari, Rita Kartika

Satyajaya, Wisnu

Seok Jeon, Woo

Siregar, IZ

Siruru, Herman

Solikhah, Mar'atus

Soltani, Mojtaba

Subyakto

Sucahyo

Sudarmanto

Sudaryono, A

Sugesty, Susi

Sugiyama, J.

Suhasman, S.

Suhaya, Yoyo

Sujatmiko, Wahyu

Sukartana, Paimin

Sulastiningsih, Ignasia M.

Sulistyo, Joko

Sultani, Mojtaba

Sumardi, Ihak

Sumertajaya, I Made

Sunardi

Sunarta, Sigit

Sunarti, Sri

Sunarya, Sopandi

Suprapti, Sihati

Supriyati, Wahyu

Suranto, Yustinus

Suryana, Jajang

Suryanegara, Lisman

Suryani

Sutanto, Riezky R.

Sutapa, J.P. Gentur

Sutiya, Budi

Suwarno, Eno

Suzuki, Shigehiko

Syafii, Wasrin

Syahidah

Syamani, Firda Aulya

Syamsuddin

T

Takahashi, Koetsu

Takematsu, Yoko

Taskirawati, Ira

V

Venkatesan, T.

Virginia, GhitaFirsty

W

Wahyudi

Wahyudi, Imam

Watanabe, Takashi

Waugh, Gary

Wayan, Darmawan

Wedatama, Soekmana

Weiss, Andrea Nicola

Wicaksono, Kurniawan

Widarti, Anik

Widyorini, Ragil

Wikantyoso, Bramantyo

Winarno, Bondan

328

Wirawan, Wilis

Wistara, I Nyoman Jaya

Witjaksono

Wichaksono, Faris

Wistara, Nyoman J

Y

Yahya, R.

Yanto, Dede Heri Yuli

Yokota, Shinso

Yoshimua, Tsuyoshi

Yunianti, Andi Detti

Yuniarti, Karnita

Yusuf, Sulaeman

Z

Zaini, Lukmanul Hakim

Zulfiana, Deni

Zulfitri, Apriwi

329

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT & SPONSORS

Supported by :

ASIA PULP AND PAPER

KEMENTRIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DAN KEHUTANAN

PERUM PERHUTANI

PT. NUSANTARA SAWIT PERSADA

MITSUI SUMITOMO INSURANCE GROUP

SERAYU GROUP

CV. PARTA WOOD

330

331

APRIL GROUP

PT. RAKABU SEJAHTRA

Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

333

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

ANNUAL MEETING OF IAWS

Bernadette Nanayakkara (Dr)

Scion, Forest Systems, Rotorua, New

Zealand

Brighton Chama (Mr)

ZAMBIA

Byung-Dae Park (Professor)

Department of Wood and Paper

Sciences, Kyungpook National

University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of

Korea

Geoffrey Daniel (Prof) Dept. Forest Products, Swedish

University of Agricultural Sciences,

SWEDEN

Harendrakumar Dave (Mr)

Ex Edith Cowan University,

AUSTRALIA

Jong Sik Kim (Dr)

Wood Science, Department of Forest

Products, Swedish University of

Agricultural Sciences, SWEDEN

Keiji Takabe (Professor)

Professor - Kyoto University, JAPAN

Lloyd Donaldson (Dr)

Scion, NEW ZEALAND

Muhammad Pramaditya Garry

Hanantyo (Mr)

Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi

Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Bandung,

Indonesia

Pieter Baas (Prof. Dr.)

Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Leiden

University

Tobias Keplinger (Dr)

ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz

Uwe Schmitt (Dr)

Thuenen Institute of Wood Research -

Leuschnerstr. 91d, Hamburg 21031,

GERMANY

Yoon Soo Kim

IAWS, SOUTH KOREA

Wim Willems (Dr)

Universiteit Leiden / Campus Den Haag

334


THE 9th PRWAC

Ahmad Alkadri (Mr)

Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie

Civil, équipe Bois, 860 rue de Saint-

Priest, Montpellier 34090, FRANCE

Andi Detti Yunianti (Mrs)

Hasanuddin University - South of

Sulawesi, INDONESIA

Andianto

Forest Products Research and Development Center, Bogor-Indonesia

Andiar Darmawan (Mr)

Departement of Forest Product

Technology – INDONESIA

Batirtze Prats-Mateu (Mr/Ms)

BOKU-University of Natural Resources

and Life Sciences, Vienna Department

of Nanobiotechnology, AUSTRIA

Bernadette Nanayakkara (Dr)

49 Sala Street, Whakarewarewa,

Rotorua 3046, New Zealand, Rotorua

3046, NEW ZEALAND

Brighton Chama (Mr)

Copperbelt University, Kitwe,

ZAMBIA

Danang Sudarwoko (Mr)

RISH, Kyoto University, JAPAN

Deborah Apgaua (Mr/Mrs)

Faculty for the Future Postdoctoral

Fellow, College of Science and

Engineering, James Cook University,

AUSTRALIA

Dian Apriyanti (Miss)

Sinarmas Forestry, INDONESIA

Elisabeth Wheeler (Professor)

N.C. State University, UNITED

STATES

Eri Nabeshima (Dr)

Ehime University, JAPAN

Futoshi ISHIGURI

Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya

University, Utsunomiya 321-8505,

JAPAN

Fuxiang Chu

Chinese Academy of Forestry

Gao Shan, Ph.D (Dr) College of Engineering and Technology

- Northeast Forestry University, CHINA

Geoffrey Daniel (Prof)

Dept. Forest Products, Swedish

University of Agricultural Sciences,

SWEDEN

Gudiwidayanto

Fakultas Kehutanan - Universitas

Gadjah Mada

Hairi Cipta (Mr)

RISH, Kyoto University, JAPAN

Hanny Oktariani (Mrs)

Geological Agency, KESDM, Jl.

Diponegoro No. 57 Bandung 40122

Harendrakumar Dave

Ex Edith Cowan University,

AUSTRALIA

Haruna AISO (Dr)


University, Utsunomiya 321-8505,

JAPAN

Hiromi Shibui (Miss)

Hokkaido University, JAPAN

Hiroya Ohbayashi (Professor Dr)

Professor Dr - Tokyo University of

Agriculture, JAPAN

335

Hiroyuki Yamamoto (Prof.)

Professor of Wood Physics, Nagoya

University, JAPAN

Hisashi Abe (Dr)

FFPRI

Hong Chen (Dr)

College of Furnishings and Industrial

Design, Nanjing Forestry University,

CHINA

Izumi Arakawa (Ms)

Doctoral Course Student - Department

of Symbiotic Science of Environment

and Natural Resources, The United

Graduate School of Agricultural

Science, Tokyo University of

Agriculture and Technology, JAPAN

Jae Won Lee (Prof)

College of Agriculture and Life

Sciences, fourth building, 315,

Chonnam National University, 77

Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju,

Republic of Korea, Gwangju 61186,

SOUTH KOREA

Jianxiong Lyu

Chinese Academy of Forestry

Jingquan Han (Prof)

Associate Professor - Wood Science

and Technology, Nanjing Forestry

University, CHINA

Jo-Eun Kim

Department of Forest Products and

Technology, College of Agriculture &

Life Sciences, Chonnam National

University, SOUTH KOREA

Jong Sik Kim (Dr)

Wood Science, Department of Forest

Products, Swedish University of

Agricultural Sciences, SWEDEN

Joseph Gril

Univ. Montpellier, FRANCE

Junji Sugiyama (Prof)

Professor - Kyoto University, Research

Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere,

JAPAN

Katsuhiko Takata (Prof)

Akita Prefectural University, JAPAN

Kayo Kudo (Dr)

Post-doctor Fellow - Institute of Wood

Technology, Akita Prefectural

University, JAPAN

Kayoko Kobayashi (Dr)

Research Institute for Sustainable

Humanosphere, Kyoto University,

JAPAN

Kei Ariizumi

Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of

Agriculture, Kyoto University, JAPAN

Keiji Takabe (Professor)

Professor - Kyoto University, JAPAN

Keiko Kuroda


Science, Kobe University, Kobe,

JAPAN

Kenji Sasaki (Mr)

PhD Student at Institute of Wood

Technology, Akita Prefectural

University, JAPAN

Kuya Takashina

Kobe University, Graduate school of

Agriculture, Laboratory of Forest

Resources, JAPAN

Listya Dewi (Ms)

Forest Product Research and

Development Center, Bogor,

INDONESIA

Lloyd Donaldson (Dr)

Scion, NEW ZEALAND

336

Martin Felhofer (Dr)

Institute of Biophysics, Department of

Nanobiotechnology, University of

Natural Resources and Life Sciences,

AUSTRIA

Megumi Ohse (Ms)

Master's course student - Depertment of

Natural Resources and Ecomaterials,

Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo

University of Agriculture and

Technology, JAPAN

Min Um


Sciences, Chonnam National

University, SOUTH KOREA

Minzhi Chen (Dr) College of Materials Science and

Engineering, Nanjing Forestry

University, CHINA

Miyuki U Matsuo

Assistant Professor of the laboratory of

biomaterials physics, Nagoya

University, JAPAN

Mizuki Sakurai (Ms)

Kyoto University, JAPAN

Nani Husien

University of Mulawarman,

INDONESIA

Naoaki Myokai

Kobe University, Graduate School of

Agriculture, Laboratory of Forest

Resources, JAPAN

Nareerat Boonchai (Dr)

The Palaeontological Research and

Education Centre, Mahasarakham

University, THAILAND

Ni Made Sukmaputri

Universitas Gadjah Mada, INDONESIA

Oris Rodriguez

Smithsonian Tropical Research

Institution, PANAMA

Pieter Baas

Naturalis Biodiversity Center,

NETHERLANDS

Rakesh Mehrotra (Dr)

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences,

Lucknow, INDIA

Ramadhany Ayu Purnama (Ms)

Universitas Gadjah Mada, INDONESIA

Rashmi Ramesh Shanbhag Researcher - Institute of Wood Science

and Technology, Bangalore, INDIA

Rashmi Srivastava

Scientist F - Birbal Sahni Institute of

Palaeobotany, Lucknow, INDIA

Ratih Damayanti (Dr)


Development Center, Bogor,

INDONESIA

Robert Evans (Dr)

IAWS, AUSTRALIA

Ryo Funada (Prof)

Tokyo University of Agriculture and

Technology, JAPAN

Sangeeta Gupta (Dr)

Scientist-in-charge - Wood Anatomy

Division, Forest Research Institute,

INDIA

Satoshi Nagai (Mr)

Hyogo Prefectual Technology Center

for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries,

JAPAN

Shengcheng Zhai (Dr/Prof)

Nanjing Forestry University, China

Shiita Mugio (Ms)

Kyoto University, JAPAN

337

So-Yeon Jeong (Ms)


Sciences, Chonnam National

University, SOUTH KOREA.

Stanley Ting-Feng Yeh, Ph.D.

Associate Professor - School of Forestry

and Resource Conservation, National

Taiwan University, TAIWAN

Suthon Srivaro (Dr)

Walailak University, 222 Thaiburi,

Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160,

THAILAND

Takahiro Kegasa (Mr) Graduate Student at Kyoto University,

JAPAN

Takao Momoi (Dr)

Tokyo University of Agriculture,

JAPAN

Tatsuya Awano (Dr)

Laboratory of Tree Cell Biology,

Division of Forest and Biomaterials

Science, Graduate School of

Agriculture, Kyoto University, JAPAN

Tomoyuki Fujii

FFPRI Fellow

Uwe Schmitt (Dr)

Thuenen Institute of Wood Research -

Leuschnerstr. 91d, Hamburg 21031,

GERMANY

Xiaoyan Zhou (Prof)

College of Materials Science and

Engineering, Nanjing Forestry

University - No. 159 Longpan Road,

Nanjing 210037, CHINA

Xin Jie Tang (Mr)

Forest Research Institute of Malaysia -

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman,

MALAYSIA

Xuehua Wang

College of Furnishings and Industrial

Design, Nanjing Forestry University,

CHINA

Yafang Yin (Dr)

Chinese Research Institute of Wood Industry - Chinese Academy of

Forestry, Beijing, CHINA

Yan Wu (Miss)

Nanjing Forestry University, China

Yoko Watanabe (Dr)

Research Faculty of Agriculture,


Yokoyama Masato (Mr)

Graduate School Agriculture, Kyoto University, JAPAN

Yong Haur Tay (Dr)

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman -

Centre for Computing and Intelligent

Systems, UTAR Sungai Long Campus,

Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, Kajang

43000, MALAYSIA

Yoon Soo Kim

IAWS, SOUTH KOREA

Yoshiki Horikawa

Tenure-track Associate Professor -

Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo

University of Agriculture and

Technology, JAPAN

Yuiko Noguchi


Science, Kobe University, Kobe,

JAPAN

Yuki Matsumoto

Tokyo University of Agriculture,

JAPAN

Yuko Yasuda (Ms)

Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu

University, JAPAN

338

Yus Andhini Bhekti Pertiwi


University, JAPAN

Yusuke Yamagishi


Yuzou Sano

Laboratory of Woody Plant Biology,

Research Faculty of Agriculture,


339


THE 9th IWoRS

Alif Imanullah (Mr)

Forest Products Departement, Faculty

of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural

University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.

Andi Achmad Rizaldy

Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis

Kemerdekaan Km.10 Tamalanrea,

Makassar, Indonesia.

Andi Sri Rahayu Diza

Forest Products Research Institute,

Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor

16680, Indonesia.

Andi Tri Lestari

Forest Products Research Institute, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor

16680, Indonesia.

Andrea Nicola Weiss

Bern University of Applied Science and

Consultant with Fairventures

Worldwide,

Jl. Keramat Kwitang 1 J C 5 RT

08/09Jakarta Pusat 10420, Indonesia.

Dr. Anne Hadiyane

School of Life Sciences and

Technology, Institut Teknologi

Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung

Indonesia.

Aprilia Kartikawati

Department of Forest Products

Technology, Bogor Agricultural

University, Bogor, Indonesia.

Dr. Arif Nuryawan


Technology, Faculty of Forestry,

University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri

Dharma Ujung No.1 Kampus USU

Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia.

Arinana M.Si

Forest Products Research Institute,

Environment and Forestry Ministry,

Bogor, Indonesia.

Astuti Arif

Facultas of Forestry, Hasanuddin

University, Makassar. Jl. Perintis

Kemerdekaan km. 10 Tamalarea,

Indonesia.

Aulia Hasanusi Center of Research and Development PERHUTANI

Benoni Kewilaa

Department of Forestry Faculty of

Agriculture Pattimura Univrsity Jl. Ir

Puthena Kampus Poka, Ambon,

Maluku, Indonesia.

Prof. Chun-Won Kang

Dept. of Housing Environmental

Design, Chonbuk National University,

Korea.

Dr. Dawam Abdullah

Research Unit for Clean Technology,

Indonesian Institute of Sciences,

Bandung, Indonesia.

Dr. Deded Sarip Nawawi

Department of Forest Products, Faculty


University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia.

Dr. Dimas Andrianto

Departemen Biokimia, Fakultas

Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan

Alam, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Gd. D, Lt. 5, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor,

Indonesia

Djarwanto

Forest Products Research and

Development Center, Jl. Gunung Batu

No. 5 Bogor, Indonesia.

340

Prof. Dr. Dodi Nandika

Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural

University, Bogor, Indonesia.

Dwi Ningsi


Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Tamalanrea,


Dwi Pangestu


Technology, Bogor Agricultural


Dr. Effendi Bahtiar

Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java 16680, Indonesia.

Efrida Basri

Center for Forest Product Research and

Development Jl. Gunung Batu 5, Bogor

16610, Indonesia.

Evalina Herawati

Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr. T.

MansyurNo. 9,Medan, Sumatera Utara,

Indonesia.

Erliana Chandra Rukmi

Department of Forest Product


Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro

No.1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281,

Indonesia.

Firda Syamani

Research Center for Biomaterial,

Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl.

Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Jawa

Barat, Indonesia.

Herman Siruru

Departement of Forestry, Faculty of

Agricultural, UNPATTI, Ambon,

Indonesia.

Herry Palangka Jaya

Department of Forestry, Faculty of

Agricultural Palangka Raya

Jl. Yos Sudarso, Palangka

Raya, Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia

Dr. Hikaru Kobori

Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka

University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku,

Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.

Ignasia Sulastiningsih



No. 5, Bogor 16610, Indonesia.

Dr. Ihak Sumardi



Bandung, GedungLabtek XI,

jalanGanesha 10, Bandung 40132, Jawa

Barat, Indonesia.

Prof. Imam Wahyudi

Bogor Agricultural University (IPB),

Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.

Ira Taskirawati

Faculty of Forestry, Hasanuddin

University. Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan

Km. 10 Makassar, Indonesia.

Ismail Budiman

Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural

University, Kampus IPB Dramaga,

Bogor, Indonesia.

Jeon Woo-Seok

College of Forest and Environmental

Sciences, Kangwon National

University, South Korea.

Jessica Hendrik

Department of Forest Products, Forestry

Faculty, Bogor Agricultural University,

Bogor 16680, Indonesia.

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palangka_Raya


https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan_Tengah

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia

341

Dr. Karnita Yuniarti

Center for Forest Products Research and

Development, Jl.GunungBatu 5 Bogor

16610 Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Kazushige Murayama

United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Shizuoka,

Japan.

Kurniawan Wicaksono

Departement of Forest Products,



Dr. Lina Karlinasari

Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural

University (IPB), Kampus IPB

Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.

Hanan P. Putra

Student of Magister of Forest Science,

Faculty of Forestry, UGM

Lukmanul Zaini


Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680,

Indonesia.

Mahdi Santoso

Post Graduate Student of Faculty of

Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl.

Agro 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281,

Indonesia.

Makkarennu

Hasanuddin Universitas, Jl. Perintis


Makassar, Indonesia .

Maryoko Hadi

Research Institute for Housing and

Human Settlements, Jl. Panyawungan,

Kab Bandung, Indonesia.

Muhammad Aizat Abd Ghani

Department of Forest Production,

Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra

Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor,

Malaysia.

Muh. Anchu Asmur

Departement of Forest Product, Faculty


University, IPB Dramaga campus,

Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.

Muhammad Nadzim Bin Mohd Nazip




Malaysia

Mohd Hanafi bin Mod Muktah




Malaysia

Dr. Naresworo Nugroho Faculty of Forestry Bogor Agricultural


Nur Ra’aena Dewi S.




Nurmadina Nurmadina

Master student at Faculty of Forestry –



Dr. Nyoman Wistara


University (IPB), Bogor 16680,

Indonesia.

Park Sehwi



Qamariah Nor Hidayah Salleh



Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang,

Malaysia.

342

Dr. Renhart Jemi

Department of Forest Product, Faculty

of Agricultural Palangkaraya

University,Jl. H. Timang Kampus

Tunjung Palangka Raya Kalimantan

Tengah, Indonesia.

Renny Purnawati S.Hut, M.Si



Ridwan Yahya

Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Bengkulu, Kota Bengkulu 38371.A,

Indonesia.

Riezky Sutanto Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Raya

Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia.

Rizki Arisandi





Indonesia.

Dr. Rudi Dungani


Technology, InstitutTeknologi

Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung,

Indonesia.

Dr. S. Khoirul Himmi

Research Center for Biomaterials,

Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),

Jl. Raya Bogor km. 46 Cibinong, Bogor

16911, Indonesia.

Sahriyanti Saad

Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-

ku Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.

Sarah Augustina




Sari Marbun




Sena Maulana

Departement of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural

University, IPB Dramaga campus,


Sigit Prabawa

Balai Penelitian Dan Pengembangan

Lingkungan Hidup Dan Kehutanan

Kupang

Jalan Alfons Nisnoni No. 7 B Kupang, Indonesia.

Sigit Purwanto Center of Research and Development PERHUTANI

Sihati Suprapti

Pusat Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Hutan

Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor 16610,

Indonesia.

Sita Heris Anita

Research Center for Biomaterials,

Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),

Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46 Cibinong, Bogor

16911, Indonesia.

Siti Nurul Ashikin Rosli

Universiti Putra Malaysia, Jalan Upm,

43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Sofia Mustamu

Forest Products Department, Faculty of

Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University,

Bogor, Indonesia.

Sufie Bhaskara

Student of Magister of Forest Science,

Faculty of Forestry, UGM

343

Suhasman




Syahidah

Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Tamalanrea,


Dr. Syamsul Falah

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of

Mathematics and Natural Sciences,

Bogor 16680, Indonesia.

Tajul Adli Department of Mechanical and

Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

43400 Serdang, Malaysia.

Dr. Tati Karliati



Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia.

Teddy Kardiansyah

Center for Pulp and Paper, Ministry of

Industry Republic of Indonesia

Jl. Raya Dayeuhkolot no. 132 Bandung

40258, West Java, Indonesia

Dr. Trisna Priadi


Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor

Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor,

16680, Indonesia.

Assist. Prof. Dr. Umit Ayata

Forestry and Forest Products, Oltu

Vocation School, Ataturk University,

Oltu/Erzurum, Turkey.

Vega Jessica




Dr. Wahyu Dwianto

Research Center for Biomaterials -

Indonesian Institute of Sciences,

Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16911,

Indonesia.

Wahyu Hidayat


Agriculture, University of Lampung,

Indonesia.

Dr. Wahyudi

Faculty of Forestry, The university of

Papua

Gunung Salju, Manokwari (98314)

Papua Barat, Indonesia.

Prof. Dr. Wasrin Syafii

Departement of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural

University (IPB), Bogor16680,

Indonesia.

Wiwin Tyas Istikowati

Faculty of Forestry, Lambung

Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru,

Indonesia.

Prof. Young-Kyoon Kim

Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro,

Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02707, Republic

of Korea.

Yuliati Indrayani

Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas

Tanjungpura, Jl. Imam Bonjol,

Pontianak, Indonesia.

Yunki Kim

College of forest and environment science, kangwon national university, 1,

kangwondaehak gil, chuncheon 24341,

Republic of Korea.

Yuyu Rahayu Arifin

University of Papua, Indonesia.

344

Prof. Dr. Ir. Yetrie Ludang, MP


Agricultural Palangka Raya

Jl. Yos Sudarso, Palangka

Raya, Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia

Dr. Adlin Roseley

Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest

Product (INTROP), Universiti Putra

Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang,

Malaysia.

Andi Detti Yunianti

Laboratory of Forest Product Utilization

and Processing, Faculty of Forestry,

Hasanuddin University, Makassar,

Indonesia.

Leonard Dantje Liliefna Master student at Faculty of Forestry –



Prof. Namhun Kim

Department of Forest Products,

National Institute of Forest Science,

Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea.

Dr. Park Sang-Bum

Department of Forest Products,

National Institute of Forest Science,

Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea.

Dr. Siti Larekeng

Biotechnology and Tree Breeding

Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry,

Hasanuddin University, Makassar,

Indonesia.

Victor Leo Nolly Kewilaa

Department of Forestry Faculty of

Agriculture Pattimura University, Jl. Ir

Puthena Kampus Poka, Ambon,

Maluku, Indonesia.

Krisdianto

Forest Products Research and


5, Bogor, 16610, Indonesia.

Nurul Muhlisah


University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan

Km. 10. Tamalanrea, Makassar,

Indonesia.

Prof. Yusuf Sudo hadi

Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada

University,

Jl. Agro no 1. Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta,

Indonesia.

Tuti Herawati

Forestry and Environmental Research,

Development and Innovation Agency

(FOERDIA) Ministry of Environmental

and Forestry of Indonesia, Bogor-

Indonesia.

Rahayu Isti

Faculty of Forestry – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor,

16680, Indonesia.

Dipta Dwi Pratiwi





Indonesia.

Dr. Yustinus Suranto





Indonesia.

Fanny Hidayati, S.Hut., M.Sc




No.1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.



https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan_Tengah

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia

345

Harry Praptoyo, M.P





Indonesia.

Dr. Joko Sulistyo, S.Hut





Indonesia.

Prof. Dr. Sri Nugroho Marsoem





Indonesia.

Prof. Dr. T.A Prayitno





Indonesia.

Dr. Tomy Listyanto





Indonesia.

Dr. Denny Irawati





Indonesia.

Dr. Rini Pujiarti





Indonesia.

Dr. Muhammad Navis R





Indonesia.

Dr. Ragil Widyorini





Indonesia.

Oka Karyanto, M.Sc





Indonesia.






Indonesia.

Dr. Sigit Sunarta





Indonesia.

Dr. Widyanto D. N.





Indonesia.

Dr. Ganis Lukmandaru





Indonesia.

conference committee - …woodconference.fkt.ugm.ac.id/9th-prwac/main/programbook_wood... · dr....

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