conference livelihood capacity and adative strategies...
TRANSCRIPT
SEACA, College, Lobanõs, Philippine
21 – 22 November, 2012
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security
LIVELIHOOD CAPACITY AND ADATIVE STRATEGIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE OF RICE – BASED FARMING
HOUSEHOLDS IN THE MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM
Le Canh Dung, Dang Kieu Nhan, Vo Van Ha and Vo Van Tuan
Mekong Delta Development Research Institute, Can Tho University, Vietnam
(Email: [email protected])
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Outline• Rationale
• Objectives
• Methodology
• Results & discussion– Livelihood capitals
– Main hazards & responses
– Rice variety – communication pathway & preference
• Conclusion & Implication
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pacts and Adaptation for Food and Environm
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Rationale
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pacts and Adaptation for Food and Environm
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Rice production in the Mekong Delta
Source GSO, Vietnam (2011)
- Export and Food security
- Small farmsize
- Climate change
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
<0.2 0.2-0.5 0.5 - 2.0 >2.0
National Red River Delta Mekong Delta
Ha
%
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
sown area Production
1,0
00
ha;
1,0
00
to
n
Vietnam
Mekong Delta
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pacts and Adaptation for Food and Environm
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Livelihood assessments – why ?
•Rice and rice-based farming being highly vulnerable to weather and/or hydrological extremes
•Farming activity = a component of household system:
• Improved adaption of farming activity = improved adaptation of household livelihood capacity
• Livelihood elements: household and community or higher level
•Livelihood assessments in the context of “CC”:
• Strengths ?
• Weakness ?
• Needs for further improvements ?
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pacts and Adaptation for Food and Environm
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OBJECTIVES
Livelihood assessments aim to:
• Identify the biophysical and socio-economic factors
that enable and constraint the capacity of farmers to
adapt to climate change
• Identify needs for adaptive livelihood strategies of
households
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pacts and Adaptation for Food and Environm
ental Security 2012
Methodology
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pacts and Adaptation for Food and Environm
ental Security 2012
Conceptual framework
Climatic and non-climatic extremes
Exposure
- Temporal
- Spatial
Livelihood and
capacityAdaptation
strategies
Risk Governance
Vulnerability
(own drawing based on Birkmann et al 2012)
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pacts and Adaptation for Food and Environm
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Selection of sites, farming systems and
households
Flood zone:
- 2 rice, 3 rice & 2
rice-vegetables
- 99 households
(HLS)
Alluvial zone:
- 2 rice, 3 rice, 2 rice-
fish & 3 rice-fish
- 139 households
(HLS)
Acidic zone:
- 2 rice, 3 rice, 2 rice-
vegetables, 2 rice-
fish & 3 rice-fish
- 137 households
(HLS)
Saline zone:
- 3 rice & rice-shrimp
- 78 households (HLS)
• 4 zones x 2 sites (favourable and unfavourable)
• 6 farming systems
• Household livelihood surveys (HLS): 480 households
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Data collection and analysis
Data analysis:
• 2-way ANOVA: zone x site
• Determinants of income and adoption of new technologies
Considered data related to:
• Household’s livelihood elements
• Communication pathway of new technology accessibility
• Risk management strategies to natural hazards
• Farming inputs and outputs
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Results & Discussion
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Household’s livelihood – human capitalLow availability of farm labour and low perception of
female on “CC”
• Household size: 4.4 members – delined !
• Family labour: 3 (2 engaged with farming)
• Low availability and poor accessibility of rural labour
new technologies: labour-extensive
• Poor perception of HH’s female on “CC” and adaptive
strategies
Increased participation of female in new technology
development
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• Relatively smaller farms in alluvial and acidic zones rice intensification pressure ? Farming diversification and improved resource uses in those
zones ?
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Flood Alluvial Acidic Saline
Fa
rm s
ize
(h
a)
Favourable
Unfavourable
Household’s livelihood – natural capitalSmaller farms in alluvial and acidic zones
Rice fields
sharing > 80% of
farm land
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• > 90% owning TV & phone
future extension channel
• <10% owning farm implements (tractor, rice harvester)
promote farm input services and farming organization
policies and institutions ?
• 50 -60% having sanitation and safe water storage facilities
human health
agro-chemical uses and farm resources management for
future farming practices
Household’s livelihood – physical capitalHigh availability of communication but low availability of farm and sanitation facilities
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• > 80% household in debt favourable micro-credit
programs with in-kind loan going along with new technology
development poor farmers
Household’s livelihood – financial capitalBeing in debt and a need for favourable micro-credits
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Flood Alluvial Acidic Saline
De
bt (m
il V
ND
/ho
use
ho
ld) Favourable
Unfavourable
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Household’s livelihood – financial capitalNo and small saving amount of the small-land holder highly vulnerable need micro-finance program
for small farm holders
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Household’s livelihood – financial capitalFarm resources use efficiency being declined to the
downstream
50
100
150
200
250
Flood Alluvial Acidic Saline
Inco
me
(m
il V
ND
/ho
use
ho
ld)
Favourable
Unfavourable
20
40
60
80
Flood Alluvial Acidic Saline
Fa
rm in
co
me
(m
il V
ND
/ha
)
Favourable
Unfavourable
• Low household income in alluvial, acidic and saline zones
• In flood and saline zones, land use intensity strongly contribute to
household income
• Economic efficiency of farm resource uses being lower towards
downstream natural and human capital ?
more vulnerable to hazards ? 17
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20
60
100
140
2 ric
e
2 ric
e-fis
h
2 ric
e-ve
geta
bles
3 ric
e
3 ric
e-fis
h
rice-
shrim
p
Gro
ss m
arg
in (
mil V
ND
/ha
)
0.5
1
1.5
2
Be
ne
fit-
co
st ra
tio
Income
BCR
Household’s livelihood – financial capitalLand use intensity and sustainability of farming systems
0
50
100
150
200
2 ric
e
2 ric
e-fis
h
2 ric
e-ve
geta
bles
3 ric
e
3 ric
e-fis
h
rice-
shrim
p
Labour
inputs
(m
an-d
ays/h
a)
• Rice-vegetables:
promising BUT
labour and market !
• Rice-fish: the use of
dikes?
•3 rice: long-run
sustainable ?
•Rice-shrimp: improve rice
component?
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Household’s livelihood – social capital & communication pathways
• 17 - 33% participate in agriculture-related CBOs;
the percentages are lower:
- towards the downstreams
- in unfavourable sites
contributing to resources use efficiency?
• TV and neighbour: important chanels of accessing to
weather and new rice variety information
Role of informal institutions in increasing adaptive
capacity
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-
1
2
3
4
Hig
h te
mp
Extr
em
e fl
oo
ds
He
avy r
ain
s
Dro
ug
hts
Sa
linity
Inse
ct
Dis
ea
se
Pe
st
Hazards
Sco
re o
f im
po
rta
nce
Flood
Alluvial
Acid soil
Saline
• Flood zone: disease, pest, insect, flooding?
• Alluvial zone: flooding, disease and pests
• Acidic zone: flood, pest, disease?
• Saline zone: heavy rains, droughts, salinity
Main hazards by zones
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-
20
40
60
80
100
Hig
h te
mp
Extr
em
e
flo
od
s
He
avy r
ain
s
Dro
ug
hts
Sa
lin
ity
Inse
ct
Dis
ea
se
Pe
st
Hazards
% o
f co
resp
on
de
nts
Physical stress-tolerant crop varieties
Pest-resistant crop varieties
Irrigation management
Other good farming practices
No response/change
• Low response to harzards - coping rather than adaptation • More attention to rice “pests” and water on-farm managementWeaknesses in internal & external livelihood capacities?
Responses of households to hazardsCoping rather than adaptation
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• being inclined to short-growth duration, logging and “pest” tolerance
Adaptation perception, availability of and accessibility to information/services for rice variety?
Role of water management structures
012345
salinity
hig
h
tem
pera
ture
subm
erg
ence
short
-gro
w
dura
tion
loggin
g
"pests
"
Tolerance characteristics
Core
s o
f im
port
ance
flood
alluvial
acidic
saline
Farmers’ preference for future rice varietiesInclined to coping and intensification
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012345
salin
ity
hig
h
tem
pera
ture
subm
erg
ence
short
-gro
w
dura
tion
loggin
g
"pests
"
Tolerance characteristics
Core
s o
f im
port
ance
favourable
unfavourable
Farmers’ preference for future rice varietiestowards coping and intensification
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Conclusions and implications
• Farmers have encountered a combination of climatic and
non-climatic extremes.
integrated solutions to adapt to changes
• Climatic extremes: rains, droughts, salinity and flooding,
which are strongly influenced by water infrastructure and
land use types.
Structural investments and land use planning by the
government are of importance, which strongly determine
needs of technology innovation and adaptive capacity.
• Livelihood elements and institutions adaptive capacity:
weaknesses and strengths are site-specific
New technology development needs going along with
livelihood capacity building and institutions
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Conclusions and implications (cont.)
• The closer to the downstream the more vulnerable to hazards,
resulting from a combination of livelihood and biophysical
constraints
Priority actions in saline and acidic zones ?
• Improve land use intensity through rotational and/or integrated
farming systems could be an option for improved rice-based
farming systems
Considering:
• Output market
• Labour
• Organization and input services
• 3 rice cropping: short-term BUT not long-term
• Technological innovation uptake by farmers are strongly
influenced by both internal and external factors of household
system.25
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