conference perspectives for e-mobility in brazil€¦ · power – (discharge/charge) – 315 w/...
TRANSCRIPT
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CONFERENCEPERSPECTIVES FOR E-MOBILITY IN BRAZIL
AUGUST 21 – 23, 2019, São Paulo
Dr. Roland PlatzFraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBFwww.lbf.fraunhofer.de
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Test and reliability research for e-mobility at Fraunhofer LBF
FUTURE MOBILITY – BATTERY TECHNOLOGY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES
[FEV Europe GmbH]
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[Foster, 2011]
[Hergersberg, 2011]
ice drilling core
Temporal evolution of CO2 and climate forcing
[Foster, 2017 ]
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[Boden, 2015]
Annual global fossil-fuel carbon emissions
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[BP-Report, 2018]
World primary energy consumption
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modern renewables: e.g. solar, hydro, wind, and biofuels (canola)
modern renewables other than electricity, e.g. geothermal
[Zervos, 2018]
transportation
powerheat
sector 1 sector 2 sector 3
Renewable energy in total final energy consumption
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over-ground, 100% renewable
under-ground, predominantly
fossil
over-ground, 100% renewable
global primary energy consumption in EJ/a *
*E = Exa, 1018
1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kg·m 2/s 2
Biomass Water
Water
Biomass
Energy efficiency
year
Time frame primary energy consumption
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[Sterner, 2017]
Examples of basic electric energy storing technology
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primary batteries – discharging only once secondary batteries – multiple charging/ discharging (≥ 1.000 cycles)
Primary and secondary batteries
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Understanding today’s basic electric car concepts
[electrikcars.in]ICE – internal combustion engine
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Areas of e-mobility – pursued mix
[General Electric]
reliability check at
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Scope
- Li-ion chemistry
- Performance
- Degradation
- Packaging and cooling
- Reliability testing
- Conclusion
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Scope
- Li-ion chemistry
- Performance
- Degradation
- Packaging and cooling
- Reliability testing
- Conclusion
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Brief history
*from the frog
*
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[Wikipedia]
Element Lithium
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[Wikipedia]
Element Lithium
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Li-ion cell – set up and function, discharging condition
[IKT, 2015]
electron applianceanode cathode
LiMO2 layergraphite layer Li+-ions
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Li-Ion battery design
[IKT, VDE, DKE]
cell module
pack/system
- temperature
- voltage
- current
- cooling temp.
battery management
system
BMS
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Li-Ion battery design
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Scope
- Li-ion chemistry
- Performance
- Degradation
- Packaging and cooling
- Reliability testing
- Conclusion
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Technical criteria
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[Buchmann, The Battery University]
Power tools vs. kitchen clock
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[Sterner, 2017]
composite anode (-)
current collector (-)
micro porous separator, electrolyte
composite cathode (+)
current collector (+)
Layers of electrodes in Li-ion cells
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Technical criteria
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[IKT, 2015]
h
h
min.
min.
time for 2000 mA (theor.) current per hour
example: Li-Ion cell with nominal capacity of 2000 mAh
C-rate in relation with time and current
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Technical criteria
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charging cycles
lifet
ime
in y
ears
long
rath
er sh
ort
cell phone, MP3
medicine devices
BEV
stationary batteries
emergency systems
SOC 20 -90 %
[IKT, 2015]
Lifetime for different applications without and with restriction of SOC
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[IKT, 2015]
charging cycles
resid
ual c
apac
ity in
mAh
Decrease of residual capacity for different currents
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[IKT, 2015]
char
ging
cyc
les
remaining residual capacity of 70% after 500 cycles if fully used (1.000 cycles if restricted to DOD 80%)
Cycles if restricted to state of charge (SOC) and depth of discharge (DOD) to a residual capacity of 70%
[IKT, 2015]
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[IKT, 2015]
Properties of different cell types for Li-ion batteries, material combination with respect to the cathode
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Scope
- Li-ion chemistry
- Performance
- Degradation
- Packaging and cooling
- Reliability testing
- Conclusion
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[Broussely,2005]
Degradation and aging
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[barre2013]
Illustration of aging effects on battery negative electrode: the capacity fade and the SEI raise
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Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
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inductive behavior
ohmic internal resistance
SEI-layer
charge transfer
diffusion
lowest frequency:
highest frequency: 4 kHz
impedance spectrum: T = 25° C, SOC = 3%, Idc = 200mA, Iac=400mA
[Keil, 2012]
Identifying physical and electrochemical effects –characteristic areas in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
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SOC increasing
impedance spectra to 10 mHz when charging with Idc = 500 mA and Iac=400mA
[Keil, 2012]
Modelling dynamic behavior for battery characteristics
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[CEA, 2017]
Aging – cyclic
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Scope
- Li-ion chemistry
- Performance
- Degradation
- Packaging and cooling
- Reliability testing
- Conclusion
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cylindrical cell
prismatic cell
pouch cell
Cell types
[IKT, 2015]
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Cell types
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Connecting in series and parallel
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Packaging and cooling in a HV-battery systemexample: development of a HV-battery system for a trailer at Fraunhofer LBF
[evTrailer – self-sufficient electric cooperative driving system for trailers, funded by the GERMAN FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR ECONOMIC AFFAIRS AND ENERGY]
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Specifications for HV-battery
basic idea
specifications, set by Fraunhofer LBF
cell
LG NMC (INR- 18650 HG2)
3000 mAh | 3,6 V | 213 Wh/kg | 1,3 C
module
224 cells | 8s28p | 84 Ah | 28,8 V | 2,42 kWh
module housing: thermoplastic resin (Polyamide PA-1200)
system
21 modules
4704 cells | 168s28p | 84 Ah | 604,8 V | 50,08 kWh
system housing: carbon-fiber-sandwich-compound
drag at kingpin, electric support, discharging
sensorickingpin
pressure at kingpin, recuperation, charging
Auxiliary electric powerUsable capacity
consumption reductionlifetime
redemption time < 4 years
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Cooling – with water-glycol
view
view
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forward and backward flow
Cooling – with water-glycol
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Module
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Module
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Module – spot welding for cell contact und busbars
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Module – spot welding for cell contact und busbars
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Module – spot welding for cell contact und busbars
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Module – spot welding for cell contact und busbars
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Module – spot welding for cell contact und busbars
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Module – spot welding for cell contact und busbars
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Module
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Module
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Modules
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Modules – system pack
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Module – integration and wiring
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Modules – cell sensor circuit (CSC)
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Modules – cell sensor circuit (CSC)
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Module – high voltage wiring
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Battery Management System BMS
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Battery Management System BMS
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Battery system – mechanical integration
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Battery system – mechanical integration
Lindapter®-Trägerklemmverbindungen
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Battery system – startup at FRAMO, May 27. – 29, 2019
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Battery system – startup at FRAMO, May 27. – 29, 2019
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Battery system – startup at FRAMO, May 27. – 29, 2019
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Battery system – startup at FRAMO, May 27. – 29, 2019
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Battery system – startup at FRAMO, May 27. – 29, 2019
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Battery system – startup at FRAMO, May 27. – 29, 2019
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Battery system – startup at FRAMO, May 27. – 29, 2019
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Battery system – startup at FRAMO, May 27. – 29, 2019
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Helping hands
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Scope
- Li-ion chemistry
- Performance
- Degradation
- Packaging and cooling
- Reliability testing
- Conclusion
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Fraunhofer LBF – car pool battery electric vehicles (BEV)
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Mechanical + thermal + electrical loading on high voltage battery
high voltage battery pack
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Mechanical + thermal + electrical loading data
high voltage battery pack
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Test rig for cell cyclization of cells at Fraunhofer LBF
Cell Cyclization device
Voltage – up to 6 V DC
Current – +20 A/ -40A
Power – (discharge/charge) – 315 W/ 160 W
Cell temperature measurement (cylindrical cells)
Climatic Chamber
Temperature range: -40 °C – 180 °C
Cooling down / heating up rate : 5 K/min / 3 K/min
Humidity : 10 - 98% (max) (Temp - +10 °C - +95 °C )
Dimensions: 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.4 m
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Mechanical, thermal and electrical testing at Fraunhofer LBF HF HST : High Frequency Hydraulic Simulation Table
Max. specimen weight :1000 kg
Frequency control band : 2 – 200 Hz (m < 350 kg)
Max. displacement: 100 – 120 mm (x,y,z)
Max. acceleration : 12 g (@1t)
Climatic Chamber
Temperature range: -40 °C – 80 °C
Cooling down / heating up rate : 4 K/min
Humidity : 95% (max)
Dimensions: 4 x 4 x 3.5 m (width depth high)
VES : Vehicle Energy System
Voltage range: 8 – 800 (DC)
Current range: -600 up to +600 A
Max.Power : 250 kW
Current output speed : -540 A to 540 A in 2 ms
Coolant device
Temperature range : -30 up to +120 °C
Resolution accurateness : ± 0.3 °C
Max. coolant flow : 60 l/min-ca
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Example test profile for battery systemte
mp
erat
ure
in °
C
time in min
stat
e o
f ch
arg
e SO
C in
%
time | temp.
time | temp.
temperature
cooling water
SOC
flow rate cooling water 8 l/min
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Matching between specified and realized load spectra at Fraunhofer LBF – example
load power spectrum density load class limit exceedance
specified (target) load
realized load
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Scope
- Li-ion chemistry
- Performance
- Degradation
- Packaging and cooling
- Reliability testing
- Conclusion
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[Albemarle, 2019]
Li-Ion Battery Technology Evolution
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[BP-Report, 2018]
Lithium and Cobalt: reserves and production
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from left to right: material cost decrease
CopperLithium usability
Iron
Graphiteother electrode Materials
other Polymers
others
perc
ent o
f bat
tery
wei
ght
[IKT, 2015]
Usability of parts in a Li-ion battery with weight proportion in % each
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Summarizing notes
- 90% cell production in Asia
- Cell with 70% cost share in battery
- 90% recycling ratio Li
- Moor’s low is not valid, batteries with limited minimization
- 25% C02 by transport sector, highest potential for reduction
- 30% cost of BEV because of battery
- Next two years critical in Germany for cell production
- Digital and electrical transformation highest challenge
- Solid state not before 2025, 80% of liquid Li-Ion techniques are usable
- 55 EUR / kWh profitable
- 35 Mio t Li sources worldwide, 1 Mio t p. a. 35 years exploitation recycling
- 800 V charging voltage is goal to be similar to fueling ICE-cars today less current necessary that needs high cooling
- Remanufacturing (like in aerospace engineering during repair and maintenance) not as good due to difficult separation of cell components
[Notes from 7. Batterieforum Berlin, 2019]
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Literature
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Literature
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Thank You.
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[Sterner, 2017]
biomass Heat
year
gas from wind, solar
windwind
solar heat
solar power (PV, CSP)
geothermic (power, heat)
biomass power
water power
natural gas
nuclear power
coal
mineral oil
energy saving
energy efficiency
electro-mobility
heat pump
wind, solar, water
glob
al p
rimar
y en
ergy
cons
umpt
ion
in E
J/a
Time frame primary energy consumption prediction
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Li-Ion battery principle
[battery university]
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[IKT, 2015]
Element Lithium
[IKT, 2015]
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[Keil, 2012]
time in h
volta
ge in
V
Open-circuit voltage for Li-ion cell, discharging and charging in 25 steps each with 4h waiting time after each discharging or charging
Performance check
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terminal voltage
open-circuit voltage
Open-circuit voltage for Li-ion cell with respect to SOC
[Keil, 2012]
state of charge (SOC) in %
volta
ge in
V
charging steps
discharging steps
Performance check
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Open-circuit voltage for Li-ion cell, with respect to different C-rate and averaging
[Keil, 2012]
state of charge (SOC) in %
volta
ge in
V
charging 1,00 Cdischarging 1,00 Ccalculated open-circuit voltage 1,00 Ccharging 0,01 Cdischarging 0,01 calculated open-circuit voltage 0,01 C
Performance check
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[Sterner, 2017]
active material potential
vs. Li/Li+ [V]
max. useful spec. capacity [Ah/kg]
notes
Redox potential and maximum useful capacity
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potential vs. Li/Li+ [V]
Electrode potential of different active materials
[IKT, 2015]
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environmentsafety
nominal voltage in V
volumetric energy density in Wh/l
gravimetric energy density in Wh/kg
discharge current
lifetime (cycles)
costs for 18560 €/kg in (2014)
rel. costs for €/kg per cycle
application
[IKT, 2015]
Properties of different cell types for Li-ion batteries, material combination with respect to the cathode
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[Vetter, 2005]
Lithium-ion anode aging—causes, effects, and influences
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isolator
positive plate
positive temp. coeff. comp.
seal
housing
positive electrode
negative electrode
negative tab
separator
positive tab
pressure relief valve
safety device short circuit
[Sterner, 2017]
Properties cylindrical cell
AAA
18650
large size
large size
type diameter in mm
height in mm
nominal capacity in Ah
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Battery system – startup at FRAMO, May 27. – 29, 2019