confined space entry training by montana safety & health bureau
TRANSCRIPT
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Confined Space Entry
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Confined Space
(1) Large enough for an employee to bodily enter and perform work AND(2) Has limited or restricted entry or exit AND(3) Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy
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Permit Required Confined Space
A confined space that:(1) contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere OR(2) has the potential for engulfment OR(3) Has an internal configuration that could trap or asphyxiate OR(4) Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard
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Confined Space Question…
• Why are we entering this space?
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Limited Or Restricted Entry• Any space where an occupant
o Must crawl, climb, twisto Be constrained in a narrow openingo Follow a lengthy patho Exert unusual effort to enter or leaveo May become trapped
Entrance may become sealed or secured against opening from inside
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Confined Spaces
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Hazardous Atmosphere
• Potential exposure too Risk of deatho Incapacitationo Impairment of ability to self-rescue o Injuryo Acute illness
• If none of the aboveoDoes not apply to this standard
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Reclassify• Reclassify to a non-permit space if
o All potential for a hazardous atmosphere is eliminated AND
o All other hazards and potential hazards are eliminated/controlled
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Air & Oxygen• Air and oxygen are NOT synonymous.• Air contains
o 20.9% oxygeno 78.1% nitrogeno 1% argono Trace amounts of other gases
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Hazardous Atmosphere
• Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit (LFL)
• Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LFLo Or visibility 5’ or less
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Hazardous Atmosphere
• Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent
• Atmospheric concentration of any toxic substance for which a dose or a permissible exposure limit is published
• Any other atmospheric condition that is IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH. (IDLH)
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Delayed Threat• Cadmium vapor and hydrogen fluoride
oMay seem ok; immediate symptoms go away
oFatal 12 to 72 hours later
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Conditions That Can Cause Oxygen Deficiency
• Adsorption by porous surfaceso Activated charcoal
• Consumed by chemical reactionso Rustingo Fermentation
• Displacedo Inert gasses
Argon CO2 Nitrogen
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Conditions That Can Cause Oxygen Enrichment
• Poorly designed or malfunctioning O2 storage or dispensing equipment
• Leaks from oxy-acetylene welding or cutting equipmento Couplings, fittings hoses
• Ventilating with pure oxygen
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Flammable Atmospheres• Vapor burns, not liquid• Flammability based on
o Amount of vaporo Temperature
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Tank Residue• Explosions often caused by residue in
“empty” tanks or spaces
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Residue In Tanks 99% EmptyTANK SIZE (GALLONS)
50,00040,00030,00020,00010,0005,0002,5001,000
RESIDUE (GALLONS)500400300200100502510
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Upper & Lower Flammable Limits
AIR100% 0%
GAS0% 100%
LEAN RICHEXPLOSIVE
RANGE
LEL UEL
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Flammable Atmosphere: Propane
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Flammable Atmospheres
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Ignition Sources• Open flame• Electrical arcing• Hot surfaces
o Light bulbs• Static electricity• Frictional sparks• Chemical reactions
230o C
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Control Of Ignition Sources• Non-sparking tools• Approved electrical equipment• Purged & pressurized equipment• Intrinsically safe equipment• Explosion proof equipment• Vessel inerting
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Control Of Ignition Sources: Hot Work Precautions
• Hot work permits• Welding & cutting precautions
o Control of torches & control valveso Hoses & regulators
In good condition Inspected Minimal tape
o Fire prevention & protection
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Toxic Atmospheres
TOXIC:
• Harmful, destructive• Deadly• Poisonous
(THE AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY)
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Sources of Toxic Atmospheres• Products stored in space• Work being performed in space
o Painting, cleaning & degreasingo Welding, cutting & brazing
• Adjacent areas oToxins enter & accumulateoLeaching oChemicals dumped into sewers,
streams
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Toxic Gasses• Irritant Gas
o Serious effects may be delayedo Examples
Ammonia, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide
• Asphyxiate Gaso Smothers due to lack of oxygeno Two classes
Simple asphyxiates Chemical asphyxiates
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Simple AsphyxiatesDisplaces oxygen:• Acetylene• Argon• Ethane• Ethylene• Helium
• Hydrogen• LP gas• Methane• Neon• Nitrogen
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Chemical AsphyxiatesCause asphyxiation through biochemical reaction• Hydrogen sulfide• Carbon monoxide• Hydrogen cyanide
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Engulfment
"The surrounding and effective capture of a person" by• A liquid
• Finely divided (flowable) solid
OR
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Engulfment• Quicksand effect• Material drawn from bottom• Bridges created by air pockets
Air Pocket
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Mechanical Hazards• Manually isolate each piece of
equipmento Prevent vapor leaks, flashbacks, etc.
• All pipes must be physically disconnected or isolation blanks bolted in placeo Closing valves not sufficiento Inspect & test for leakage
• Also consider steam valves, pressure lines, chemical transfer pipes
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Lockout - Tagout• Render ALL hazardous equipment
related to space inoperableo Including accidental startup by others
Refer to Lockout/Tagout Standard: 1910.147
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Control, Isolation Methods
• Lockout/tagout • Purging• Block & bleed• Inerting• Ventilating• Flushing
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Noise• Noise usually intensified in spaces
o Exposure may be higher than in open environment
• May disrupt verbal communicationo Especially with attendant
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Air Testing Instruments• Many different kinds of instruments• Results not instantaneous
o Delay for portable instruments 30-60 seconds
• Assure properly calibrated• Proper care & maintenance
o Per manufacturer
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Air Testing Instruments
• Understand use & limitationso Accuracy may be +/- 2%, 5%…o May be affected by extremes of
temperatureo May be affected by rich CO2 atmosphereo May only operate properly within certain
temperatures and relative humidity
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Air Testing• Test in order
o Oxygeno Flammableso Toxins
• Test at various levels• Test various places• Continuously monitor• Test around cover before opening
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Air Testing
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Alarm Devices• ”Alarm only" devices which do not
provide readings are not acceptable o For initial (pre‑entry) or o Periodic (assurance) testing
• Not enough information to establish acceptable entry conditions
• Combination units may be acceptable o Benefit of automatic alarming at
predetermined value.
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Ventilation Equipment• Wide variety of types of ventilation
equipmento Size & portabilityo Air volume capabilitieso Power sources
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Ventilation Only EntryRequired• Demonstrate: only hazard is actual or
potential hazardous atmosphere• Demonstrate: continuous forced air
ventilation alone is sufficient to maintain safe entry
• Develop monitoring and inspection data to support these demonstrations
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Hazard Control Hierarchy• Eliminate hazard
o Engineering controlso Process modification
• Substitute less hazardouso Materialso Methodso Techniques
• Personal protective equipment
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Personal Protective Equipment• Proper fit• Cleaning & maintenance• Replacement• Proper use• Will not interfere with movement within
space• Employee training
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Respiratory Protection• Vast selection
o Types, styleso Limitationso Specific uses
• Have selection made by qualified person
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Permit-required SpacesGeneral Requirements• Evaluate:• Identify all confined spaces• Evaluate to determine if any spaces are
permit required confined spaces.
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Permit-required SpacesGeneral Requirements
• Notify employees ofo Existenceo Location ando Danger
• Post signs
There, and there, and over there...
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Permit-required SpacesGeneral Requirements
• If employees will enter permit spaces:o Develop & implement a written permit space
program
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Written Program
• Ensure that EVERY confined space iso Evaluated as a possible permit spaceo Reevaluated when its uses or surroundings
change.
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Entry
“IS CONSIDERED TO HAVE OCCURRED AS SOON AS ANY PART OF THE ENTRANT'S BODY BREAKS THE PLANE OF AN OPENING INTO THE SPACE”
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Permit Required Confined Space Entry Team
• Entrant• Attendant• Entry supervisor• Rescuers
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Rescuers• 60% OF CONFINED SPACE VICTIMS
ARE WOULD BE RESCUERS (NIOSH STUDY)
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Dial 911 - ?• Must be informed of hazards• Must have access to all permit spaces• Must be trained• Should be available
o Make arrangements BEFORE need arises
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Non-entry Rescue• Use non-entry rescue whenever
possible• Use retrieval systems or methods
whenever an entrant enters a permit spaceo Unless the retrieval equipment would
increase the overall risk of entry or would not contribute to the rescue of the entrant
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Non-entry Rescue• A mechanical device
must be available for rescue for vertical type permit spaces more than 5 feet deep.
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Entry Permit
• Actual document• Contains specific required information
about entry• Provides history of entry• Retain for at least 1 year Enter
space #12
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QUESTIONS
????
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SANDRA A. MIHALIKSafety & Health SpecialistMontana Safety & Health
Bureau406.444.6418
e-mail: [email protected]