conflict within the tudor house
TRANSCRIPT
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Conflict within theTudor House
• Henry VIII– Divorce, Anglican Church, Heirs
• According to the Will of Henry VIII, the legal heirs to his throne were his children: Edward, Mary, then Elizabeth.
– By the principle of male primogeniture, sons always come first, even when they are younger than their sisters.
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Bloody Mary• An ardent Roman Catholic• She married Prince Philip II of Spain• Receives the title “Bloody” for her
ardent support of the Counter Reformation – Has over 300 Protestant burned at the
stake• Archbishop Thomas Cranmer
• No children– May have had a “hysterical pregnancy”
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Causes of the English Civil War
• The Death of Elizabeth at the age of 69• The coronation of James I• Policies of Charles I (son of James I)
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The Reign of Elizabeth• Maintained civility between the Protestants
and Catholics– Created hostility between Catholics and Puritans
• Puritans -- Bishops, Elaborate robes, Kneeling– Would be imprisoned for mass– Executed for converting others– 200 crimes were punishable by death 800 citizens
were hanged each year
• Diplomatically used Parliament• 25 years old when crowned Queen
– Offered marriage by Philip II– Killed Mary Queen of Scots for conspiracy to kill
her– Died without an heir to the throne
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James I
• “Royal authority came directly from God, and kings were answerable only to God, not to the people or Parliament”
• Puritans in the House of Commons want a less Catholic-Church of England
• Form of Apology and Satisfaction
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James I [r. 1603-1625]James I’s speech to the House of Commons:
I am surprised that my ancestors should ever be permitted such an institution to come into existence. I am a stranger, and found it here when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put up with what I cannot get rid of!
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Charles I
• Firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings• Costly Wars with Spain and France
– Parliament refuses aid -- dismissed – Forced loans from knights and nobles
• Refusal --- imprisoned– Quartered troops in homes at owners expense
• Parliament forces the signing of “The Petition of Rights”• Dissolves Parliament for 11years
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Petition of Rights
• Charles Agreed to– Not impose new taxes without Parliamentary
consent– Not to quarter troops in times of peace– Not to declare martial law– Not to imprison people without charges
• Charles’s reaction– Continues to tax & uses the Royal courts
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Charles Continued
• Chose William Laud to be archbishop and lead the Church of England -- secret Cath.
• Threatens the Presbyterians in Scotland– The Anglican Book of Common Prayer
• Parliament pass many laws restricting the Kings power
• Charles with 400 swordsmen stride into the House Of Commons
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The Problems of Charles I• Financial • Religious
– Constant pressure from Puritans for a less “catholic” Anglican Church
– What 3 decisions did he make which upset the Puritans and other Protestants in England and Scotland
• Appointed William Laud to the Archbishop of Canterbury– Favored a formal and ceremonial Anglican Church
• Imposed the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on the Scots• Married Henrietta Maria
– Catholic– French -- Cardinal Richelieu
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• Problems with Parliament– Parliament’s Authority
• June 15th, 1215 - “The Great Charter” was signed by King John
– King agreed not to collect any new or special tax without the consent of Parliament
– Promised not to take property without paying for it– Agreed not to sell, refuse or delay justice– Agreed to grant any accused person a trial by a jury of his
peers, or equals
• Consequence– Ultimate authority was essentially the law
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Abuses by Charles• Use of the Royal Courts
– No guaranteed civil liberties– Decisions were made in secret by judges not juries– Judges in the Kings pocket– Star Chamber - most egregious offenses– “The Case of the Five Knights” - applied for a writ of habeus
corpus and were refused• Taxation
– Raised money selling royal titles, monopolies and trading rights– Ship money - (traditional vs. Altered version)– Enclosure movement - selling off common land
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Ship Money Assessments, 1636[per square mile]
a A medieval tax for coastal cities for defense.
a Charles applied them to inland counties as well.
a This got him around the need to call Parliament into session.
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Long Parliament’s Response• Removed the King’s power to dissolve
Parliament• Parliament must meet once every 3 years• Declared many of kings taxes illegal• Abolished the Court of Star Chambers• Issued the Grand Remonstrance
– In response to Irish Rebellion– Parliament to take the military– Charles attempts to arrest the radical leaders
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Civil War• Royalists - Cavaliers
– Primarily Anglicans, Roman Catholics & Nobles• Parliamentarians - Roundheads
– Wanted to curb royal power– Presbyterians, Puritans & middle class
• Timeline– New Model Army defeats the King at Oxford
• Charles Fled to Scotland for support• Turned over to Parliament
– Negotiations between the King & (Presbyterians and Independents) fail• Charles escapes to be defeated again and a split in Parliament takes
place– 60 Independents remain in the House of Commons
• No Anglicans, No Presbyterians
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• Rump Parliament - the Independents left after Pride’s Purge (less then ½ of Long)– Charges Charles with treason and sentenced
him to death.– Beheaded Charles in 1649 (regicide)– Abolished the Monarchy– Abolished the House of Lords– Proclaimed England a Commonwealth
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Question
• Was the new Commonwealth a solution to England’s problems?
• Focus on the positive and negative aspects of the new government.
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The Commonwealth• Puritanical
– Your entire life should be dedicated to God and Glorifying God with hard work and dedication
• Closed theaters• Sports on Sundays was banned• Swearing was punished with a heavy fine
• Cromwell went to war with the Dutch, Spanish, Irish and Scottish• "[Cromwell] commanded the Speaker to leave the Chair, and told
them they had sat long enough, unless they had done more good, crying out You are no longer a Parliament, I say you are no Parliament
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The Restoration• Restoring the Monarchy
– Charles II - known as the Merry Monarch– Passed the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion
• Dealt with Parliament by compromise» Tried to pass laws lifting legal restriction on Catholicism» Making an alliance with France
• Extended the rights of People– Habeas Corpus Act - protected people from arbitrary arrest and
imprisonment
• Problems– Bubonic plague struck – Great Fire of London– Who would succeed him?
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Glorious Revolution• A Bloodless Revolution that brought William and Mary
to the Crown– Parliament secured more power with the signing of the Bill of
Rights• Why
– James II followed Charles II• He was Catholic• He married Mary of Modena a Catholic and had a son
– Both Tories (originally supported James) and Whigs (opposed a Catholic ruler) united against him
– Invited his Protestant daughter and her husband to rule England