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Kingdom of Poland

Krlestwo Polskie, Carstwo Polskie(pl)

, (ru)

Korolevstvo Polskoye, Tsarstvo

Polskoye

Real union with the Russian Empire,incorporated in 1832 and integrated in 1867

18151867 or 1915[a]

Merchant Ensign Coat of arms

Motto

Z nami Bg!

!"God is with us!"

Anthem

Pie narodowa za pomylno krla

"National Song to the King's Well-being"

Map of Congress Poland (in German), coloured in lightgreen. Dark line shows borders of pre-partition Polish

Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Capital Warsaw

Languages Polish, Russian

Religion Roman Catholic,Eastern Catholic,Reformed, Evangelical,

Congress PolandFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Kingdom of Poland(Polish:Krlestwo Polskie[krulstfplsk]; Russian: , ,Korolevstvo Polskoye, TsarstvoPolskoye, Russian pronunciation: [tsarst polskje],Polish: Carstwo Polskie, translation:Tsardom ofPoland), informally known as Congress Poland(Polish:Krlestwo Kongresowe[krulstf knrsv] orRussian Poland), created in 1815 by the Congress ofVienna, was a personal union of the Russian part ofPoland with the Russian Empire. It was graduallypolitically integrated into Russia over the courseof the19th century, madean officialpart of the Russian Empirein 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the

Central Powers in 1915 with the theoretically existingRegency Kingdom of Poland.[a]

Though officially the Kingdomof Poland was a statewith considerable political autonomyguaranteed by aliberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors,generally disregarded any restrictions on their power.Thuseffectively it waslittlemore than a puppet state of

the Russian Empire.[1][2]The autonomy was severelycurtailed following uprisings in 183031 and 1863, as

the country became governedby namestniks, and laterdivided into guberniya (provinces).[1][2]Thus from thestart, Polish autonomy remained little more than

fiction.[3]

The territory of the Kingdomof Poland roughlycorresponds to the Kalisz Region and the Lublin, d,Masovia, Podlasia and witokrzyskie voivodeships ofPoland.

Contents

1 Naming

2 History

2.1 Initial independence

2.2 Uprisings and loss of autonomy

3 Government3.1 Executive Leadership

3.2 Administrative Council

Coordinates: 52.2333N 21.0167E
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wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Statute_of_the_Kingdom_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language


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Russian Orthodox,Judaism

Government Constitutionalmonarchy

Tsar (King)

- 18151825 Alexander I- 18251855 Nicholas I

- 18551881 Alexander II- 18811894 Alexander III- 18941915 Nicholas IINamiestnik

- 18151826 Jzef Zajczek (first)

- 19141915 Pavel Yengalychev (last)

Legislature Sejm- Upper house Senate- Lower house Chamber of Deputies

History

- Established 9 June 1815- Constitution

adopted 27 November 1815 - November

Uprising 29 November 1830- January Uprising 23 January 1863- Collapsed 1867 or 1915[a]

Area

- Varied 128,500 km(49,614 sq mi)

Population

- Varied est. 3,300,000Density 25.7 /km (66.5 /sq mi)

Currency Polish zoty,(18151841)

Polish rubel(18411915)

4 Administrative divisions

5 See also

6 Notes

7 References

8 Further reading

9 External links

Naming

Although the official name of the state was theKingdomof Poland, in order to distinguish it from other Kingdomsof Poland, it was sometimes referred to as "CongressPoland".

History

TheKingdom of Polandwas created out of the Duchy ofWarsaw, a French client state, at the Congress of Viennain 1815 when the great powers reorganized Europefollowing the Napoleonic wars. The creation of theKingdom created a partition of Polish lands in which the

state was divided among Russia, Austria and Prussia.[4]

The Congress was important enough in the creation of

the state to cause the new country to be named for it.[5][6]

The Kingdom lost its status as a sovereign state in 1831and the administrative divisions were reorganized. It wassufficiently distinct that its name remained in officialRussian use, although in the later years of Russian rule it

was replaced [7]with thePrivislinsky Krai(Russian: ). Following the defeat of theNovember Uprising its separate institutions andadministrative arrangements were abolished as part of

increased Russification to be more closely integratedwith the Russian Empire. However, even after this formalized annexation, the territory retained somedegree of distinctiveness and continued to be referred to informally as Congress Poland until the Russianrule there ended as a result of the advance by the armies of the Central Powers in 1915 during WorldWar I.

Originally, the Kingdom had an area of roughly 128,500 km2and a population of approximately 3.3million. The new state would be one of the smallest Polish states ever, smaller than the preceding Duchyof Warsaw and much smaller than the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which had a population of 10

million and an area of 1 million km2.[6]Its population reached 6.1 million by 1870 and 10 million by1900. Most of the ethnic Poles in the Russian Empire lived in the Congress Kingdom, although someareas outside it also contained Polish majority.
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Kingdom of Poland, 1815-1830

Administrative division of the Kingdom ofPoland, 1831. This map represents theperiod 1816-1844.

The Kingdom of Poland largely re-emerged as a

result of the efforts of Adam Jerzy Czartoryski,[8]aPole who aimed to resurrect the Polish state inalliance with Russia. The Kingdom of Poland wasone of the few contemporary constitutionalmonarchies in Europe, with the Emperor of Russiaserving as the Polish King. His title as chief of

Poland in Russian, was Tsar, similar to usage in thefully integrated states within the Empire (Georgia,Kazan, Siberia).

Initial independence

Theoretically the Polish Kingdom in its 1815 formwas a semi-autonomous state in personal union withRussia through the rule of the Russian Emperor. The statepossessed the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland, one of

the most liberal in 19th century Europe,[8]a Sejm(parliament) responsible to the King capable of voting laws,an independent army, currency, budget, penal code and acustoms boundary separating it from the rest of Russianlands. Poland also had democratic traditions (GoldenLiberty) and the Polish nobility deeply valued personalfreedom. In reality, the Kings had absolute power and theformal title ofAutocrat, and wanted no restrictions on theirrule. All opposition to the Emperor of Russia was

suppressed and the law was disregarded at will by Russianofficials.[9]Though the absolute rule demanded by Russiawas difficult to establish due to Poland's liberal traditionsand institutions, the independence of the Kingdom lastedonly 15 years; initially Alexander I used the title of the Kingof Poland and was obligated to observe resolutions of theconstitution. However, in time the situation changed and hegranted the viceroy, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich,

almost dictatorial powers.[5]Very soon after Congress ofVienna resolutions were signed, Russia ceased to respect them. In 1819, Alexander I abolished freedom

of the press and introduced preventory censorship. Resistance to Russian control began in the 1820s.[3]Russian secret police commanded by Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev started persecution of Polishsecret organizations and in 1821 the King ordered the abolition of Freemasonry, which represented

Poland's patriotic traditions.[3]Beginning in 1825, the sessions of the Sejm were held in secret.

Uprisings and loss of autonomy

Alexander I's successor, Nicholas I was crowned King of Poland on 24 May 1829 in Warsaw, but hedeclined to swear to abide by the Constitution and continued to limit the independence of the Polish

Kingdom. Nicholas' rule promoted the idea of Official Nationality, consisting of Orthodoxy, Autocracy,and Nationality. In relation to Poles, those ideas meant assimilation: turning them into loyal Orthodox

Russians.[3]The principle of Orthodoxy was the result of the special role it played in Russian Empire, as
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Eagle of officer of theArmy of Congress Poland

Map (in Polish) from 1902

the Church was in fact becoming a department of state,[3]and otherreligions discriminated against; for instance, Papal bulls could not be readin the Kingdom of Poland without agreement from the Russiangovernment.

The rule of Nicholas also meant end of political traditions in Poland;democratic institutions were removed, an appointedrather than elected

centralized administration was put in place, and efforts were made tochange the relations between the state and the individual. All of this led to

discontent and resistance among the Polish population.[3]In January1831, the Sejm deposed Nicholas I as King of Poland in response to hisrepeated curtailing of its constitutional rights. Nicholas reacted bysending Russian troops into Poland, resulting in the November

Uprising.[10]

Following an 11-month military campaign, the Kingdom of Poland lostits semi-independence and was subsequently integrated

much more closely with the Russian Empire. This wasformalized through the issuing of the Organic Statute of theKingdom of Poland by the Emperor in 1832, whichabolished the constitution, army and legislative assembly.Over the next 30 years a series of measures bound CongressPoland ever more closely to Russia. In 1863 the JanuaryUprising broke out, but lasted only two years before beingcrushed. As a direct result, any remaining separate status ofthe Kingdom was removed and the political entity wasdirectly incorporated into the Russian Empire. The formerlyunofficial name of Privislinsky Krai(Russian: ), i.e., 'Vistula Land', replaced'Kingdom of Poland' as the area's official name and the areabecame a namestnichestvounder the control of a namestnikuntil 1875, when it became a Guberniya.

Government

The government of the Congress of Poland was outlined in

the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815. TheEmperor of Russia was the official head of state, considered the King of Poland, with the localgovernment headed by the Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland (Polish:Namiestnik), Council of State andAdministrative Council, in addition to the Sejm.

In theory, Congress Poland possessed one of the most liberal governments of the time in Europe,[8]butin practice the area was a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The liberal provisions of the constitution,

and the scope of the autonomy, were often disregarded by the Russian officials.[6][8][9]

Executive Leadership

The office of "Namestnik" was introduced in Poland by the 1815 constitution of Congress Poland. TheViceroy was chosen by the King from among the noble citizens of the Russian Empire or the Kingdomof Poland. The Viceroy supervised the entire public administration and, in the monarch's absence,
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chaired the Council of State, as well as the Administrative Council. He could veto the councils'decisions; other than that, his decisions had to be countersigned by the appropriate government minister.The Viceroy exercised broad powers and could nominate candidates for most senior government posts(ministers, senators, judges of the High Tribunal, councilors of state, referendaries, as well as bishopsand archbishops). He had no competence in the realms of finances and foreign policy; his militarycompetence varied.

The office of "namestnik" or Viceroy was never officially abolished; however, after the January 1863Uprising it disappeared. The last namestnik was Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg, who served from

1863 to his death in 1874. No namestnik was named to replace him;[11]however, the role of namestnik

viceroy of the former Kingdom passed to the Governor-General of Warsaw[12]or, to be morespecific, of the Warsaw Military District (Polish: Warszawski Okrg Wojskowy, Russian: ).

The governor-general answered directly to the Emperor and exercised much broader powers than had thenamestnik. In particular, he controlled all the military forces in the region and oversaw the judicialsystems (he could impose death sentences without trial). He could also issue "declarations with the force

of law," which could alter existing laws.

Administrative Council

TheAdministrative Council(Polish:Rada Administracyjna) was a part of Council of State of theKingdom. Introduced by the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815, it was composed of 5ministers, special nominees of the King and the Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland. The Councilexecuted the King's will and ruled in the cases outside the ministers competence and prepared projectsfor the Council of State.

Administrative divisions

The administrative divisions of the Kingdom changed several times over its history. Over the nextseveral decades, various smaller reforms were carried out, either changing the smaller administrativeunits or merging/splitting various subdivisions.

Immediately after its creation in 18151816, the Kingdom of Poland was divided into departments, arelic from the times of the French-dominated Duchy of Warsaw.

On January 16, 1816 the administrative division was reformed from the departments of the Duchy ofWarsaw into the more traditionally Polish voivodeships, obwds and powiats. There were eightvoivodeships. On 7 March 1837, in the aftermath of the November Uprising earlier that decade, theadministrative division was reformed once again, bringing Congress Poland closer to the structure of theRussian Empire, with the introduction of guberniyas (governorate, Polish spellinggubernia). In 1842powiats were renamed okrgs, and obwds were renamed powiats. In 1844 several governorates weremerged with others, and some others renamed. Five governorates remained.

The 1867 reform, initiated after the failure of the January Uprising, was designed to tie the CongressKingdom (now de factothe Vistulan Country) more tightly to the administration structure of the Russian

Empire. It divided larger governorates into smaller ones. A new lower level entity, gmina, wasintroduced. The existing five governorates were restructured into 10. The 1912 reform created a newgovernorateKholm Governoratefrom parts of the Sedlets and Lublin Governorates. It was split off

from the Vistulan Country and made part of the Southwestern Krai of the Russian Empire.[13]
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See also

Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland

Grand Duchy of Posen

History of Poland (17951918)

Grand Duchy of Finland (18091917)

Pale of Settlement

Great Retreat the withdrawal of Russian forces from Poland in 1915

Notes

a^Sources agree that after the fall of the January Uprising in 1864, the autonomy of Congress Polandwas drastically reduced. They disagree however on whether the Kingdom of Poland, colloquially knownas Congress Poland, as a state, was officially replaced by Vistula Land (Privislinsky Krai), a province of

the Russian Empire, as many sources still use the term Congress Poland for the post-1864 period. Thesources are also unclear as to when Congress Poland (or Vistula land) officially ended; some argue itended when the German and Austro-Hungarian occupying authorities assumed control; others, that itended with the creation of the Kingdom of Poland in 1916; finally, some argue that it occurred only withthe creation of the independent Republic of Poland in 1918. Examples:

Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geographical and Spatial Organization, p. 539, [3]

(http://www.igipz.pan.pl/wydaw/Monografie_5/Aneks.pdf)

(Polish)Mimo wprowadzenia oficjalnej nazwy Kraj Przywilaski terminy Krlestwo

Polskie, Krlestwo Kongresowe lub w skrcie Kongreswka byy nadal uywane, zarwno

w jzyku potocznym jak i w niektrych publikacjach.

(English)Despite the official name Kraj Przywilaski terms such as, Kingdom of Poland,

Congress Poland, or in short Kongreswka were still in use, both in everyday language and

in some publications.

POWSTANIE STYCZNIOWE (http://encyklopedia.interia.pl/haslo?hid=96853), Encyklopedia

Interia:

(Polish)po upadku powstania zlikwidowano ostatnie elementy autonomii Krlestwa Pol.(cznie z nazw), przeksztacajc je w "Kraj Przywilaski";

(English)after the fall of the uprising last elements of autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland

(including the name) were abolished, transforming it into the "Vistula land;"

Krlestwo Polskie (http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/15674,,,,krolestwo_polskie,haslo.html).

Encyclopedia WIEM:

(Polish)Krlestwo Polskie po powstaniu styczniowym: Nazw Krlestwa Polskiego

zastpia, w urzdowej terminologii, nazwa Kraj Przywilaski.Jednake w artykule jest

take:Po rewolucji 1905-1907 w Krlestwie Polskim...i W latach 1914-1916 Krlestwo

Polskie stao si....

(English)Kingdom of Poland after the January Uprising: the name Kingdom of Poland was
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_WIEM&action=edit&redlink=1http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/15674,,,,krolestwo_polskie,haslo.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedia_Interiahttp://encyklopedia.interia.pl/haslo?hid=96853http://www.igipz.pan.pl/wydaw/Monografie_5/Aneks.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1916%E2%80%931918)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Uprisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russian)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Settlementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Dictionary_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland


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replaced, in official documents, by the name of Vistula land.However the same article also

states:After the revolution 1905-1907 in the Kingdom of PolandandIn the years 1914-1916

the Kingdom of Poland became....

Krlestwo Polskie, Krlestwo Kongresowe (http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3927693),

Encyklopedia PWN:

(Polish)191518 pod okupacj niem. i austro-wgiersk; K.P. przestao istnie po

powstaniu II RP (XI 1918).

(English)[Congress Poland was] under German and Austro-Hungarian occupation from

1915 to 1918; it was finally abolished after the creation of the Second Polish Republic in

November 1918

References

1. ^a

b

Nicolson, Harold George (2001). The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity, 1812-1822(http://books.google.com/books?

vid=ISBN080213744X&id=qm5BNjqrGsUC&pg=PA171&lpg=PA171&dq=Congress+Poland+puppet&sig=Q

eOuv98IrRQBMjDxV-SSShnqHlY). New York: Grove Press. p. 171. ISBN 0-8021-3744-X.

2. ^ abPalmer, Alan Warwick (1997). Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis

Joseph (http://books.google.com/books?

visbn=0871136651&id=d_rlZKhgaekC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=Congress+Poland+puppet&sig=mWBTlU5r

-93pZ3zW6lCaP3iePE4). Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-87113-665-1.

3. ^ abcdefAgnieszka Barbara Nance,Nation without a State: Imagining Poland in the Nineteenth Century,

Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The University of Texas at Austin, pp. 169-188

4. ^Henderson, WO (1964). Castlereagh et l'Europe, w: Le Congrs de Vienne et l'Europe. Paris: Bruxelles.

p. 60.

5. ^ abMiosz, Czesaw (1983). The history of Polish literature (http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0-520-

04477-0&id=11MVdBYUX5oC&pg=RA1-PA196&lpg=RA1-

PA196&dq=congress+constitution+Poland+liberal&sig=vWZzxP8z_z2ELTF98k81ShrdJ3I). Berkeley:

University of California Press. p. 196. ISBN 0-520-04477-0. Retrieved 2008-04-10.

6. ^ abcNicolson, Harold George (2001). The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity, 1812-1822

(http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN080213744X&id=qm5BNjqrGsUC&pg=PA179&lpg=PA179&dq=congress+Poland+constitution&si

g=SR2BlLsFWhYKpKPuj_PRDDMKO44). New York: Grove Press. pp. 179180. ISBN 0-8021-3744-X.

Retrieved 2008-04-10.

7. ^"Kingdom of Poland"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20060902090436/http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/111/111469.htm). The

Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia (18901906). Archived from the original

(http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/111/111469.htm) on 2006-09-02. Retrieved 2006-07-27. (Russian)

8. ^ abcdLudwikowski, Rett R. (1996). Constitution-making in the region of former Soviet dominance(http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0822318024&id=qw8o0_c0m74C&pg=RA1-PA12&lpg=RA1-

PA12&dq=congress+constitution+Poland+liberal&sig=mtu3Xp979Whlawu_ee2lP75c_QM). Durham, N.C.:

DukeUniversity Press. pp. 1213. ISBN 0-8223-1802-4.

ab
http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3925264http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWNhttp://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3925264http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1802-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?visbn=0822318024&id=qw8o0_c0m74C&pg=RA1-PA12&lpg=RA1-PA12&dq=congress+constitution+Poland+liberal&sig=mtu3Xp979Whlawu_ee2lP75c_QMhttp://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/111/111469.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efronhttp://web.archive.org/web/20060902090436/http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/111/111469.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3744-Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN080213744X&id=qm5BNjqrGsUC&pg=PA179&lpg=PA179&dq=congress+Poland+constitution&sig=SR2BlLsFWhYKpKPuj_PRDDMKO44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Nicolsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04477-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?visbn=0-520-04477-0&id=11MVdBYUX5oC&pg=RA1-PA196&lpg=RA1-PA196&dq=congress+constitution+Poland+liberal&sig=vWZzxP8z_z2ELTF98k81ShrdJ3Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82oszhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87113-665-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?visbn=0871136651&id=d_rlZKhgaekC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=Congress+Poland+puppet&sig=mWBTlU5r-93pZ3zW6lCaP3iePE4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Warwick_Palmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3744-Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN080213744X&id=qm5BNjqrGsUC&pg=PA171&lpg=PA171&dq=Congress+Poland+puppet&sig=QeOuv98IrRQBMjDxV-SSShnqHlYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Nicolsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWNhttp://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3927693


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Further reading

Davies, Norman. God's Playground. A History of Poland. Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present(Oxford

University Press, 1982) pp 306-33

Getka-Kenig, Mikolaj. "The Genesis of the Aristocracy in Congress Poland,"Acta Poloniae

Historica(2009), Issue 100, pp 79-112; covers the transition from feudalism to capitalism; theadjustment of the aristocracy's power and privilege from a legal basis to one of only social

significance; the political changes instigated by the jurisdictional partitions and reorganizations of

thestate.

Leslie, R. F. (1956).Polish politics and the Revolution of November 1830

(http://books.google.com/books?id=LGcZAAAAMAAJ). Greenwood Press.

Leslie, R. F. "Politics and economics in Congress Poland,"Past and Present(1955), 8#1, pp. 43

63 inJSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/649777)

External links

Media related to Congress Poland at Wikimedia Commons

Retrievedfrom "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congress_Poland&oldid=628753031"

Categories: Former monarchies of Europe Former countries in Europe Former vassal statesStates andterritories established in 1815 Congress Poland

States andterritories disestablished in 1867 Former Slavic countries 19th century in Poland

Lesser Poland 1815 establishments in Poland 1867 disestablishments in Poland

. r es wa o s ego p: ency ope a.pwn.p as o.p p = . ncy ope a .

Retrieved 2006-01-19. (Polish)

10. ^Janowski, Maciej; Przekop, Danuta (2004).Polish Liberal Thought Before 1918

(http://books.google.com/books?visbn=963-9241-18-

0&id=ieF7NYaEqQYC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&ots=LA_l36F5os&dq=Poland+constitution+November+uprisi

ng&sig=JBLgctLDj-10Zbg4D4GyLzw-4rc). Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 74. ISBN 963-

9241-18-0. Retrieved 2008-04-10.

11. ^Hugo Stumm,Russia's Advance Eastward, 1874, p. 140, note 1. Google Print [1]

(http://books.google.com/books?vid=0bDaNmNRYggGiGLW&id=Rq0BAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-

PA140&lpg=RA2-PA140&dq=namestnik+Poland)

12. ^Thomas Mitchell,Handbook for Travellers in Russia, Poland, and Finland, 1888, p. 460. Google Print [2]

(http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC34730101&id=AenSXGLDulUC&pg=RA9-PA460&lpg=RA9-

PA460&dq=namiestnik+Poland)

13. ^Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland, Columbia University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-231-

12819-3, Print, p. 278 (http://books.google.com/books?

id=9Tbed6iMNLEC&pg=PA531&dq=God%27s+Playground+1912&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U3vzQDskhc2RDZQ7aO05qXue7YPuQ#PPA278,M1)
http://books.google.com/books?id=9Tbed6iMNLEC&pg=PA531&dq=God%27s+Playground+1912&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U3vzQDskhc2RDZQ7aO05qXue7YPuQ#PPA278,M1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231128193http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davieshttp://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC34730101&id=AenSXGLDulUC&pg=RA9-PA460&lpg=RA9-PA460&dq=namiestnik+Polandhttp://books.google.com/books?vid=0bDaNmNRYggGiGLW&id=Rq0BAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA140&lpg=RA2-PA140&dq=namestnik+Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9241-18-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Universityhttp://books.google.com/books?visbn=963-9241-18-0&id=ieF7NYaEqQYC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&ots=LA_l36F5os&dq=Poland+constitution+November+uprising&sig=JBLgctLDj-10Zbg4D4GyLzw-4rchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWNhttp://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3925264http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congress_Poland&oldid=628753031http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Congress_Polandhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/649777http://books.google.com/books?id=LGcZAAAAMAAJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1867_disestablishments_in_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1815_establishments_in_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lesser_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_Slavic_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1867http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Congress_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1815http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_vassal_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies_of_Europe


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