CONJUNCTIONSCONJUNCTIONS

A A conjunctionconjunction is a linking word, is a linking word, connecting words, word groups, connecting words, word groups, sentences, or sentence groups sentences, or sentence groups

CONJUNCTIONSCONJUNCTIONS

COORDINATING COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS(eşgüdümlü b.)CONJUNCTIONS(eşgüdümlü b.)

CORRELATIVE CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS(bağlılaşık b.)CONJUNCTIONS(bağlılaşık b.)

SUBORDINATING SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS(bağımlı yan cüm.)CONJUNCTIONS(bağımlı yan cüm.)

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSCOORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

FFOROR

AANDND

NNOROR

BBUTUT

OORR

YYETET

SSOO

ANDAND

Apples Apples andand oranges are very healty..( oranges are very healty..(nounnoun)) It is useful It is useful andand cheap.( cheap.(adjadj.) .) He came He came andand see me in my office.( see me in my office.(actionaction)) I want to quit I want to quit andand find a new job.( find a new job.(infinitiveinfinitive)) Diving Diving andand water skiing are my favourite water skiing are my favourite

sporting activities.(sporting activities.(gerundgerund)) She cooked the meal She cooked the meal andand I brought the I brought the

drinks.(drinks.(sentencesentence))

AND : AND : cause&effect-contrast-cause&effect-contrast-conditionalconditional

They have broken up recently,They have broken up recently,andand they they don’t want to see one another anymore.don’t want to see one another anymore.((cause & effectcause & effect))

He owns six companies, He owns six companies, andand I am just an I am just an ordinary worker.(ordinary worker.(contrastcontrast))

Do that again Do that again andand I will call the police. I will call the police.((conditionalconditional))

BUTBUT

It is good It is good butbut expensive.( expensive.(adjadj.).) He saw me He saw me butbut didn’t talk to me. didn’t talk to me.

((actionaction)) I like singing I like singing butbut not dancing.( not dancing.(gerundgerund)) The film was nice The film was nice butbut it was a bit long. it was a bit long.

((sentencesentence))

‘‘But’ with all,none,every, But’ with all,none,every, any,no…means except !any,no…means except !

Ex:Many young peole eat nothing Ex:Many young peole eat nothing butbut fast-food these days.fast-food these days.

Ex:I invited everybody Ex:I invited everybody butbut him to the him to the party.party.

Ex:None of the students failed Ex:None of the students failed butbut you.you.

YETYET

It was cold outside,It was cold outside,yetyet my Russian my Russian friend did not hesitate to go friend did not hesitate to go swimming.swimming.

She didn’t feel well,She didn’t feel well,yetyet she still went she still went to work.to work.

He drove the car fast He drove the car fast yeyet carefully.t carefully.

OROR

I need a hammer I need a hammer oror a piece of stone.( a piece of stone.(nounnoun)) I will watch a film I will watch a film oror read a book today at read a book today at

home.(home.(actionaction)) My wife was too nervous My wife was too nervous oror anxious when anxious when

she was taking the test.In the end she she was taking the test.In the end she failed.(failed.(adjadj))

To be To be oror not to be.That’s the question. not to be.That’s the question.((infinitiveinfinitive))

I prefer going out,I prefer going out,oror playing computer playing computer games in my free time.(games in my free time.(gerundgerund))

I will transfer the money to your account,I will transfer the money to your account,oror I will bring it today when you are in the I will bring it today when you are in the office.(office.(sentencesentence))

• OR = OTHERWISEOR = OTHERWISE• EX:You will leave my house right nowEX:You will leave my house right now or or I will call I will call

the police.the police.

SOSO His speech was full of technical terms,His speech was full of technical terms,soso

nobody understood anything.nobody understood anything. She didn’t feel well,She didn’t feel well,soso she didn’t go to she didn’t go to

work.work. They were making a lot of noise,They were making a lot of noise,soso their their

father came and hushed them up.father came and hushed them up. His company had been in the red for 2 His company had been in the red for 2

years,years,so so he commited suicide.he commited suicide.

FORFOR ( (reason cl.(not begining of the sent.)formalreason cl.(not begining of the sent.)formal ))The current economic figures have been The current economic figures have been updated recently,updated recently,forfor the economic trends the economic trends continually change.continually change.

She didn’t go to work,She didn’t go to work,forfor she didn’t feel she didn’t feel well.well.

The president yelled at the ministers,The president yelled at the ministers,forfor they were having an arguement.they were having an arguement.

NORNOR ((nor + aux. +subjnor + aux. +subj))

He didn’t try apologizing to He didn’t try apologizing to me,nor did heme,nor did he care about it.care about it.

He doesn’t like He doesn’t like meat,nor does hemeat,nor does he like fish. like fish. She herself didn’t watch the She herself didn’t watch the film,nor did film,nor did

sheshe let us watch it. let us watch it. He refuses to take He refuses to take does hedoes he try to eat less. try to eat less.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSCORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Both..andBoth..and Not only..But alsoNot only..But also Either..orEither..or Neither…norNeither…nor Whether…orWhether…or

BOTH….ANDBOTH….AND

Ex:Ex:BothBoth the teacher the teacher andand the students were happy the students were happy with the exam results.with the exam results.

Ex:Today,I will Ex:Today,I will bothboth take my final exam take my final exam andand see see the doctor.the doctor.

Ex:It is very difficult to find a second-hand car that Ex:It is very difficult to find a second-hand car that is is bothboth good good andand cheap. cheap.

Ex:Ex:BothBoth the driver the driver andand the passengers were badly the passengers were badly injured.injured.

Ex:Yesterday I Ex:Yesterday I bothboth visited an art exhibition visited an art exhibition andand went to the cinema.went to the cinema.

NOT ONLY…BUT ALSONOT ONLY…BUT ALSO

Ex:Ex:Not onlyNot only his sister his sister but alsobut also his his friends his his friends were quite worried about him.were quite worried about him.Ex:Ex:Not onlyNot only his friends his friends but alsobut also his teacher was his teacher was quite worried about him.quite worried about him.Ex:He Ex:He not onlynot only stole a car, stole a car,but alsobut also had an had an accident with it.accident with it.Ex:Ex:Not onlyNot only the driver the driver but alsobut also the passengers the passengers were badly injured.were badly injured.Ex:I Ex:I not onlynot only visited an art exhibition visited an art exhibition but alsobut also went to the cinema.went to the cinema.

EITHER….OREITHER….OR EitherEither my father my father oror my friends are going to meet my friends are going to meet

you at the airport.you at the airport. EitherEither my friends my friends oror my father is going to meet my father is going to meet

you at the airport.you at the airport. You can call You can call eithereither the neighbours the neighbours oror the police the police

when you hear that strange noise.when you hear that strange noise. EitheEither my sister r my sister oror my friend or my mum must my friend or my mum must

have taken my book.have taken my book. Ex:She has Ex:She has eithereither fallen asleep fallen asleep oror gone gone

somewhere.somewhere. Ex:She can’t Ex:She can’t eithereither speak speak oror walk.( walk.(she can neither she can neither

speak nor walk…..speak nor walk…..

NEITHER…NORNEITHER…NOR

NeitherNeither Mike Mike nornor his parents were willing to stay his parents were willing to stay at home on New Year’s Eve.at home on New Year’s Eve.

I I neitherneither sent an email sent an email nornor talked to her on the talked to her on the phone about the new order.phone about the new order.

I can persuade I can persuade neitherneither my father my father nornor my brother my brother to go to Spain to watch the final match.to go to Spain to watch the final match.

Mum,I want Mum,I want neitherneither dinner, dinner,nornor conversation,nor conversation,nor a shower.I just want to go straight to bed.a shower.I just want to go straight to bed.

She phoned She phoned neitherneither that day, that day,nornor the next day. the next day.

WHETER…ORWHETER…OR

He asked me He asked me wheterwheter I preferred staying at I preferred staying at home home oror going out that night. going out that night.

She wondered She wondered wheterwheter I spent my money I spent my money oror put aside. put aside.

She wanted to know She wanted to know wheterwheter I read the I read the book book oror watch the film. watch the film.

I am going to visit my uncle in the hospital I am going to visit my uncle in the hospital wheterwheter you agree or not. you agree or not.

SUBORDINATING SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSCONJUNCTIONS

TIMETIME REASONREASON DIRECT CONTRASTDIRECT CONTRAST CONCESSIVE CONTRASTCONCESSIVE CONTRAST PURPOSEPURPOSE MANNERMANNER RESULTRESULT CONDITIONCONDITION

TIMETIME John will study abroad John will study abroad whenwhen he graduates he graduates John will have completed his project John will have completed his project by the timeby the time

the new academic year begins.the new academic year begins. John had cleaned the whole house John had cleaned the whole house beforebefore he he

went to the cinema.went to the cinema. John ran across an old friend of his John ran across an old friend of his whilewhile he was he was

driving to work yesterday.driving to work yesterday. He complains that it rains He complains that it rains wheneverwhenever he washes he washes

his car.his car. John has been working for an international John has been working for an international

company in Londoncompany in London since/eversince since/eversince he he graduated from university in 1999.graduated from university in 1999.

REASONREASON The government had to take further steps The government had to take further steps

becausebecause the inflation had reached an alarming the inflation had reached an alarming level.level.

Now thatNow that you have completed the project,you you have completed the project,you can start thinking how to present it.(mademki)can start thinking how to present it.(mademki)

Since/AsSince/As she felt a bit ill,she decided to call the she felt a bit ill,she decided to call the doctor.(-den dolayı)doctor.(-den dolayı)

Seeing thatSeeing that he has fulfilled all the he has fulfilled all the requirements,he is very likely to be selecrequirements,he is very likely to be selectted by ed by the committee.(mademki)the committee.(mademki)

The traffic was totally congested The traffic was totally congested due to due to the fact thatthe fact that two lorries had crashed into two lorries had crashed into each other on the bridge.(-den dolayı)each other on the bridge.(-den dolayı)

In as much asIn as much as she is their teacher ,she is she is their teacher ,she is mainly responsible for the behaviour of mainly responsible for the behaviour of these students.(mademki,çünkü,-den these students.(mademki,çünkü,-den dolayı)dolayı)

DIRECT CONTRASTDIRECT CONTRAST

Some people believe that green Some people believe that green tea relaxes their muscles,tea relaxes their muscles,whereaswhereas others think it improves their others think it improves their memory.memory.

CONCESSIVE CONTRASTCONCESSIVE CONTRAST He was determined to attend the conference He was determined to attend the conference

althoughalthough he was very ill. he was very ill. Eventhough/ThoughEventhough/Though the government took some the government took some

measures,they failed to prevent the dollar from measures,they failed to prevent the dollar from falling down sharply.falling down sharply.

Despite the fact thatDespite the fact that the working conditions were the working conditions were unbearable,the young man continued to work in unbearable,the young man continued to work in the factory.the factory.

She won’t accept She won’t accept even ifeven if you give her a diamond you give her a diamond ringring

PURPOSEPURPOSE The speaker is showing some pictures The speaker is showing some pictures soso that/inthat/in

order thatorder that the participants can visualize what the participants can visualize what they have heard.they have heard.

My father gave me his credit card My father gave me his credit card so thatso that I could I could do shopping on holiday.do shopping on holiday.

We should buy another bottle of coke We should buy another bottle of coke in casein case your friend comes to dinner.your friend comes to dinner.

The authorities took more strict measures The authorities took more strict measures lest lest the problem of child labour should grow worse.the problem of child labour should grow worse.

The suspect can not go out The suspect can not go out for fear thatfor fear that the the police will see him.police will see him.

MANNERMANNER The young lady got divorced The young lady got divorced (just) as(just) as her her

parents had done years before.parents had done years before.

John looks John looks as ifas if he he is tired.( he he is tired.(real real situationsituation))

The dog sounded as The dog sounded as if/as though if/as though as it was as it was suffering.(suffering.(real situationreal situation))

You can’t talk to me as You can’t talk to me as if/as thoughif/as though I were I were your child.(your child.(unreal.sunreal.s))

RESULTRESULT The exam was The exam was so hard thatso hard that only a few only a few

students were able to pass.students were able to pass. The boy solved the problem The boy solved the problem so carefullyso carefully

thatthat he didn’t make any mistakes. he didn’t make any mistakes. It was It was such asuch a complicated situation complicated situation that that

nobody knew what to do.nobody knew what to do. It was It was such asuch a good weather good weather thatthat

everybody went out.everybody went out.

CONDITIONCONDITION IfIf you want to pass the prep class you have to you want to pass the prep class you have to

study harder.study harder. I will accept their job offer I will accept their job offer unlessunless the pay is too the pay is too

low.low. You can stay in my flat You can stay in my flat as long asas long as you share the you share the

expenses.expenses. I can lend you some money I can lend you some money providing thatproviding that you you

pay me back by next Friday.pay me back by next Friday. I am going to visit my uncle in the hospital I am going to visit my uncle in the hospital

wheterwheter you agree you agree oror not. not.