connected: our social networks and how they shape our lives #1
DESCRIPTION
Nicolas Christakis and James Fowler offer a slide summary of the first chapter of their book Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks. Happiness is contagious. Your future spouse is likely to be your friend’s friend. Your friends’ friends’ friends can make you fat—or thin. We think we are individuals who control our own fates, but as Christakis and Fowler demonstrate, we are merely cells in the nervous system of a much greater beast. “If someone you barely know reads Connected,” says Daniel Gilbert, author of the bestselling book Stumbling on Happiness, “it could change your life forever. How? Read it yourself and find out." Your comments are appreciated.TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 1In the Thick of It
Dyads agglomerate to form
large interconnected webs
The simplest network is a dyad or pair
Node = a person
Line = a relationship between two people
“embedded”: the degree to which a person is connected within a network
more embedded = central
less embedded = periphery
Linear
Mutual ties (flow in both directions)
The Bucket Brigade
Photo from FEMA
Information is directional (inbound and outbound ties)
The Telephone Tree
Creates cascade effect
Reduces number of steps
Squad is more intra-connected
than inter-connected with other squads
The Military SquadTightly interconnected groups
Two-way tie between all members of squad
TermsA Social Network: consists of all the connections and ties within a group or collection of groups
A group is a collection of individuals defined by a common attribute (it need not contain information about connections)
TermsThe Shape of a network = its “structure” or “topology”
Terms• Contagion: what flows across ties (germs, money, violence, fashions, organs, happiness, obesity, etc.)
• Connection: who is connected to whom
(ties to family, friends, co-workers, etc.)
• Homophily: the tendency to associate with people who resemble ourselves
(“love of being alike”)
We shape our network1. We determine structure of our network:
how many people we are connected toThe average American has 4 close social contacts known as their “core discussion network”The same number of people can be arranged and connected in different ways, and have different topologies
We shape our network2. We influence the density of
interconnections between friends and family
we introduce friends from separate groups to one another
We shape our network3. We control how “central” we are within the
social network
Are you the life of the party? Or the wall flower?
TransitivityTransitivity: a relationship is transitive when all those involved know each other (form a triangle)
Those with high transitivity (e.g. person A) are deeply embedded within a single group
Those with low transitivity (e.g., person B) act as a bridge between different groups, connected with people who do not know one another
InfluenceContagion: what flows across ties (germs, money, violence, fashions, organs, happiness, obesity)
Dyadic Spread: the tendency of effects to spread from one person to their direct social ties
Hyperdyadic spread: the tendency of effects to spread from person to person to person (outside a person’s direct social ties)
What Are You Looking At?
Stanley Milgram’s sidewalk experiment exploring the importance of reinforcement from multiple people
• Planted actors or “stimulus crowds” of different size to stare up at a window across the street• Passersby are filmed to record reactions--stop and stare/glance up• Crowd of 1: 4% of pedestrians stopped• Crowd of 15: 40% stopped, 86% glanced up• Crowd of 5 induced almost the same effect as 15+!
Passersby were influenced in deciding to copy a behavior by the size of the crowd exhibiting it Photo by David Sim
Six Degrees of Separation
Photo by Dan Coulter
• A citizen in Nebraska was instructed to mail a letter to someone who they thought would know a particular business man in Boston
•The goal was to measure the number of steps for the letter to reach the business man
• On average, required six steps
• Replicated on global scale with same results!
It’s a small world after all
Stanley Milgram experiment showing that people are all connected by an average of six steps
Three Degrees of Influence
The influence of actions ripples through networks 3 degrees(to and from your friends’ friends’ friends)
You are affected by people you don’t even know!
Influence dissipates after 3 degrees because:
-Intrinsic decay: corruption of information (like the game telephone)
-Network Instability: social ties become unstable at 4+ degrees of separation
-Evolutionary Purpose: we evolved in small groups where everyone was connected by 3 degrees or less
Photo by Taro Taylor
Three Degrees of Influence
If we are connected to everyone by 6 degrees and influence those up to 3 degrees, then we can reach halfway to the whole world!
Photo by Wonderworks, Flikr
1 2 3