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Connected RoadwaysSolution Overview

A deep dive into connecting intelligent transportation systems

Solution OverviewNon-confidential

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Immediate benefits• Enhanced safety through fewer

accidents and collision-related deaths, faster incident response, and automated real-time weather and traffic alerts

• Improved mobility through traffic incident management and intelligent traffic signals that can optimize vehicles’ fuel/energy efficiency by prioritizing directional right-of-ways

• Increased efficiency through fewer human error and update delays with automated software actions

• Curtailed carbon emissions from mitigating idling time and passenger commute time as well as increasing fuel efficiency through smart intersections

• Lower total cost of ownership through incorporating existing infrastructure and eliminating redundant, proprietary systems with limited or no interconnectivity

IntroductionRoads help us be more productive. They help us get to work, see our family, and get more out of life. But even with its advantages, wouldn’t we want our roads to be more efficient and safer?

The good news is that recent advances in technology now make this possible. In fact, Cisco Connected Roadways helps secure and connect intelligent transportation systems, allowing vehicles, roadways, travelers, and traffic management centers to all communicate with each other in real-time. Smart intersections can facilitate traffic easier, reducing congestion and improving fuel/energy consumption. Emergency vehicles can respond to traffic accidents sooner, saving lives. Digital signage above roads can update in real-time, warning drivers of impending accidents or dangerous fog ahead. Even secondary effects are noteworthy – reducing congestion would alleviate secondary accidents and carbon vehicle emissions could be drastically reduced thanks to traffic signal efficiency, smart parking, and the sharing of third-party applications which can help in dynamic re-routing, such as TomTom.

Cisco® Connected Roadways allows cities and transportation agencies to gain insightful advantages to simplify operations and maintenance without necessarily replacing existing legacy infrastructure. The solution is based on a proven architecture and provides a secure, converged, standards-based infrastructure that can simul-taneously replace redundant, proprietary, and single-application solutions with limited or no interconnectivity. Consequently, operators can optimize both capital and operating expenditures for their network infrastructure. Moreover, it grants agencies the extra benefit of reducing traffic congestion and accidents, both of which would help make our roads more efficient and safer.

Primary drivers, trends, and risks affecting roadway infrastructure investmentTo correctly evaluate whether investment in roadway infrastructure is needed, it’s important to understand the primary drivers that shape its demand, including societal, technological, economic, and general transportation trends, as well as major risks. (Note: See the Appendix for full details on the drivers, trends, and risks.)

Table 1. Main risks affecting roadway infrastructure investment

Risks Drivers Initial conclusions

• Cybersecurity threats• Data privacy• Outdated, proprietary

networks

• Rise in potential entry breach points from the IoT

• Ownership of data drives revenue and results

• No interoperability

• Many transportation agencies lack security essentials and interoperabiity requirements and are thus unprepared for IoT infrastructure expansion

• Gathering and protecting data is a prerequsite to data monetization

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Initial, individual conclusionsTrends

Socioeconomic

Technology

General Transportation

Drivers

• Connected, autonomous vehicles (CAVs)

• Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS)

• Telemetry and data monetization

• Electric vehicles (EVs)

• Car sales vs. car ownership

• Vehicle miles travelled (VMT)

• Urbanization

• World GDP/trade growth

• Consumer/worker behavior

• Rise in global congestion, collision, and roadway deaths• More potential investment for infrastructure• Global GDP/trade continues to rise• Home grocery delivery, streaming TV, working remote, etc. cause

more people to stay home

• Rise in global congestion, collision, and roadway deaths and slight decline in those of the U.S.

• Acceleration of roadway infrastructure that communicates with CAV’s• More connected, autonomous vehicles (CAVs) as a percentage of

cars on the road• Global car sales and VMT will continue to surge in the next five years

while U.S. car sales and VMT will continue to slightly decline

Table 2. Main drivers/trends affecting roadway infrastructure investment

• Slight decline in global and U.S. congestion, collision, and deaths• CAV technology such as emergency brake assist (EBA) and lane

change assist (LCA) enable travelers to drive safer• Data monetization leads to new revenue streams• Telemetry sensors allow DoT’s to enhance monitoring and enable

predictive maintenance of roadside/bridge conditions

• U.S. congestion, collision, and roadway deaths will naturally decline slightly as total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and new car sales continue to slide. However, transportation agencies will still need to work to meet satisfactory goals. An infrastructure that connects and communicates with connected, autonomous cars through vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) technology will be necessary.

• Global congestion, collision, and roadway deaths will continue to increase, even with connected, semiautonomous safety and mobility technology. The reason for this increase is the growing number of new car purchases globally and the increase in VMT, especially due to e-commerce. Roadway technology infrastructure that helps agencies meet safety and mobility standards will be required in the near future.

• Investment in roadway architecture in large cities is likely to get a boost through public-private partnerships, especially through private investment in developed countries where urbanization has a massive effect.

• Roadway technology infrastructure will allow transportation companies to create new revenue streams, such as data monetization, and achieve a lower total cost of ownership, simplified and predictive maintenance, and full communication between legacy systems.

• Cybersecurity threats and breaches will increase exponentially with the rise in the Internet of Things (IoT), yet many transportation companies are already lacking needed security personnel and skills.

Main takeaways of drivers, trends, and risks discussed

After they consider these factors, the big question for transportation agencies should be “how do we ensure that we invest in the right infrastructure that meets our needs and helps us prepare for future, unforeseen problems?”

Architectures The Big Picture Solution Components Use Cases SummaryIntroduction

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U.S. DoT and Cisco Connected Roadways architecturesThe foundational U.S. Department of Transportation (DoT) architecture serves as an interoperability blueprint for how the different intelligent transportation systems (ITS) networks (i.e. vehicles, field, centers, travelers) ideally communicate (Figure 1). This architecture provides the starting point for any company looking to seek a solution in the space.

Figure 1. U.S. Department of Transportation Intelligent Transportation architecture

Travelers Centers

Vehicles Field

Travelers Centers

Wide Area Wireless (Mobile)Communications Fixed-Point to Fixed-Point Communications

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“IT is critical to running our roadways. Without a strong networking backbone, we cannot monitor traffic, detect incidents, control the motorway and our tunnels, or collect money from tolls.”

- Charalampos KiorpelidisSystems and IT Manager, Aegean Motorway

Proprietary systems and networks are, by definition, nonconverged and often inhibit communication between ITS networks, which violates the requirements set forth in the DoT architecture. Furthermore, these proprietary, legacy systems provide security only to their systems, if at all, leaving the rest of the network infrastructure to open to exposure. Unfortunately, this not only creates different levels of security between systems, but also causes massive headaches for roadway operators who must manage all these disparate platforms over multiple panes of glass.

To solve this issue and meet the DoT-stipulated architectural requirements, Cisco developed its Connected Roadways solution, which provides an end-to-end, converged, secure, standards-based network that can interact with existing legacy infrastructure and replace redundant, proprietary systems with limited or no interconnectivity. As a result, operators can optimize both capital (CapEx) and operating expenditures (OpEx) for the network infrastructure, lowering their total cost of ownership and simplifying maintenance requirements.

Aegean Motorway case study

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Figure 2 shows a more complete roadway reference architecture, including everything from the edge to the data center to the cloud. Figure 3 provides a consolidated, updated version of Figure 2 that covers some of the business use cases that make Connected Roadways valuable.

Figure 2. Cisco Connected Roadways and Intelligent Transportation Systems architecture

Cisco Connected Roadways and Intelligent Transport Systems

WAN Aggregation

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(DCNM)

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Systems (NCS)

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Identity Service Engine (ISE)

Network Analysis Module (NAM)

Collaboration Manager (CM)

Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)Fibre Channel Storage Links

Ethernet

Cisco Connected Rail – Reference Architecture © Copyright 2011-13 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cisco Security solutions protect assets and empowers the workforce. Context-

aware security provides high level intelligence, policy governance, and

enforcement capabilities. Significantly enhancing the accuracy, effectiveness, and

timeliness of any organisation's security implementation.

The Mobile TeleWorker gains flexibility and productivity. Cisco delivers a suite of teleworking solutions with a cost-effective approach that preserves business security and agility, increases productivity, and reduce costs by continuously connecting the TeleWorker, anytime, from every location at home or on the road.

Cloud Services can offer savings in IT resources such as computing storage and application services. “The Cloud” can provide theses services as elastic resources that are suitable for use in existing or new applications without a large investment in capital resources and ongoing maintenance costs. WebEx delivers online meetings and easy-to-use web collaboration tools to the entire workforce. Scansafe keeps malware off the corporate network and more effectively controls and secures web usage.

Cisco Unified Fabric Data Centre provides flexible, agile, high-performance, non-stop operations; self-integrating information technology, reduced staff costs with increased uptime through automation, and more rapid return on investment. It accelerates virtualisation and enables automation to extend the lifecycle of mission-critical resources to support evolving needs. Rail companies can reduce their total cost of ownership (TCO) and increase business agility—both critical to combating the server sprawl and inefficiency inherent in many data centres today.

Wide Area Application Services (WAAS) is a comprehensive WAN optimization solution that accelerates applications over the WAN, delivers video to the branch office, and provides local hosting of branch-office IT services. Cisco WAAS allows IT departments to centralize applications and storage in the Data Centre while maintaining LAN-like application performance.

IP/MPLS in the WAN enables converged secure link virtualisation. It reduces overall costs by supporting multiple logical networks across a single physical infrastructure.

ASR 1000 Router ASR 1000 Router

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Introduction The Big Picture Solution Components Use Cases SummaryArchitectures

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Figure 3. Cisco Connected Roadways - Digital Roadways architecture*

Introduction The Big Picture Solution Components Use Cases SummaryArchitectures

*Note: Figure is best viewed on desktop screen

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Focus on V2I infrastructureThis architecture specifically facilitates vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, setting the stage for connected, autonomous vehicles (CAVs) that require vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communication. Without V2I technology, cars might still be able to communicate with each other and might have their own autonomous safety features, but they would be unable to enhance overall mobility and safety. Here are some reasons why:• Vehicles need to be in sync with the timing of stoplight changes to safely prepare for an impending red

light or to know how much longer a light will stay green to optimize fuel/energy efficiency.• Although Waze and other route optimization software provides individual drivers with real-time

updates, future roadway infrastructure requires communication among multiple autonomous vehicles simultaneously. For example, the roadway infrastructure would count the cars on the highway in real time, access historical traffic patterns concurrently, and provide a cohesive set of directions that would reroute, say, 10 cars per minute off the freeway to prevent traffic bottlenecks.

• Smart parking, which would communicate empty parking locations across a city, could easily direct multiple cars to different parking locations, solving potential time, energy, and congestion inefficiencies from multiple cars vying for the same space.

Open-standards platformThe Cisco Connected Roadways architecture and validated network designs are built on open standards, which facilitate interoperability and data exchange among an organization’s different devices, systems, and applications. Because of this, transportation agencies can use much of their existing infrastructure while simultaneously implementing essential technology that will enhance both safety and mobility initiatives. Limited training is needed, and operators can rely on functional systems that they’re comfortable with and have found to work well. This reduces error, improves performance, and helps increase reliability between systems. Additionally, since many redundant, proprietary applications that don’t interconnect with others will be removed, operators can save time, money, and wasted effort. The end result is a reduction in total cost of ownership and a platform on which transportation agencies can grow and scale their future business.

Cisco Validated Designs In broad terms, Cisco Validated Designs (CVDs) provide the foundation for systems design based on common use cases or current engineering system priorities. They incorporate a broad set of technologies, features, and applications to address customer needs. Each design has been comprehensively tested and documented by Cisco engineers to help ensure faster, more reliable, and fully predictable deployment. It also provides organizations with a faster time to market and a reduction in lengthy proofs of concept (PoCs). Cisco created a CVD for Connected Roadways, testing its components under strict, real-life scenarios. Cisco was then able to validate the solution’s efficacy, durability, and reliability, giving the solution an edge in the marketplace.

“Using the data from our networks, we want to provide travel times and even predict traffic issues for a smoother travel experience.”

- Bernd DatlerManaging director, tolling company at ASFiNAG

ASFiNAGcase study

Introduction The Big Picture Solution Components Use Cases SummaryArchitectures

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The big pictureTo extract full value from the IoT, transportation agencies should look beyond the immediate advantages of unified connectivity and communication through a consolidated, open-standards network. Many other layers need to be considered before roadway technology infrastructure can start affecting society the way it’s intended to (Figure 4).

Figure 4. A layered approach to a complete IoT solution

Long term benefits

• Improved decision making for both 10-year and 30-year transportation investment plans from corroborated data derived from sensors, applications, and systems

• Enhanced cybersecurity from protection against security breaches that could negatively affect traffic flow and safety

• Flexible, scalable network infrastructure from a secure connection of disparate, existing infrastructure, improved interoperability requirements based on connected vehicles, and ability to bridge the gap between smart cities and intelligent transportation systems to properly prepare for CAVs

• New revenue streams from Wi-Fi connectivity fees for drivers along main roads, a more reliable collection of parking revenue with smart parking, and an ability to monetize roadway data and sell it back to interested parties, such as automobile OEM’s (Tesla), hotels and quick-service restaurants (McDonalds), and tire companies (Firestone)

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Analytics and Applications

Business Processes Vertical-SpecificSolutions

Insights andAutomation

Fog Compute

Network as an Enforcer

Open-Standards Network

End-to-end securityManaging the growing number of endpoints in roadway infrastructure can quickly become overwhelming, especially considering that each endpoint represents a different point of entry for a security breach and that the majority of transportation agencies say they have fewer than 30 employees dedicated to security.1 To put the effects of a poor security strategy into perspective, consider that the repercussions of a security breach include an average 22 percent loss in customers, a 29 percent decline in revenue, and, for the majority of companies, public scrutiny following the breach.2 With Cisco’s security expertise and solutions, transportation organizations can ensure comprehensive OT and IT security without having to hire advanced personnel or spend an excessive amount on training. Instead, the network should have the intelligence to automate and enforce security policies itself.

Managing data from the edge to the cloudFog computing will also help transportation agencies considerably, especially since 50 percent of data is predicted to be processed at the edge by 2022.3 Instead of managing all the IoT data gathered in the cloud, operators can save time and reduce future errors by automating policies and processes at the source. Further, it also reduces backhaul bandwidth consumption, preventing stalls. But the network needs to do more than just pass data – it needs to take action on it.

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Analytical insight and applicationsTransportation agencies need to do more than just collect data and compute it at the edge – they need to extract insights. Predicting traffic patterns to alleviate future congestion, gauging the traffic efficiency of stoplight changes, and tracking how quickly bridges freeze over are just three examples of insights that agencies can gain with readily available data. As more insights are discovered, additional policies can be deployed throughout the roadway network, exponentially scaling safety, mobility, and efficiency updates and alleviating the need to invest in new systems.

Integrated business processesWith proper roadway technology infrastructure, data and insights for one sector (roadways) could improve communication with another (such as railways). Transportation agencies can also incorporate their data and insights to synergize smart city initiatives (see examples on pages 11-14). For instance, roadway operators could get instant notification of a fire-hydrant burst and redirect passenger traffic and mass transit vehicles away from the incident.

Cisco Connected Roadways solution componentsFigure 5. Key elements the Cisco Connected Roadway solution

IP/MLPSDomain

ASR 903

ASR 903

ASR 903 ASR 903

ASR 903

ASR 903ASR 907 ASR 907Transport

Traffic Management

Center

Yard

VehicleVehicle

Roadside

CAD/AVL VLU CAD/AVL VLU

IR 829 IR 829

DSRC OBU Wi-Fi WGB

CAT 3850

IW 3700

DSRC RSU

IW 3700

IW 3700 IW 3700

IW 3700

IW 3700

IE 4000IE 4000CiscoKinetic EFM

TSC/TSPTSC/TSP

DSRC RSU

CiscoKinetic EFM

DigitalSignage

Cisco Nexus®Switch

ASR 1000 ASR 1000

Cisco Nexus®Switch

Cisco Nexus®Switch

Cisco Nexus®Switch

ASA 5500-Xwith Firepower

Traffic Operations Davra RuBAN

Core andAggregation

“With solutions from Cisco and the Internet of Everything, we could quickly dispatch vital equipment and people and communicated no matter where I was. The impact of this system has been amazing.”

- Jeff RussellDalton Area Superintendent

Alaska DoTcase study

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Cisco product Description

• Vehicle router connect onboard systems to wireless DSRC onboard unit (OBU) and roadside unit (RSU)

• Ruggedized Ethernet switches provide transport connectivity to the roadsdie equipment components

Cisco® Catalyst 3850 Series Switches • Hub switches for maintenance yard networks

Cisco ASR 900 Series Aggregation Services Routers

• Provides scalable and resilient Unified MPLS transport infrastructure and interconnectivity between roadside, yard, data center, and operations center networks.

Cisco IE 4000 Ethernet Series Switches

Cisco 829 Industrial Integrated Services Routers

• Provides hub routing functionality management of mobility for and communications to and from vehicles

Cisco Nexus® switches• Network foundation of the Cisco Virtualized Multiservice

Data Center (VDMC) solution, which provides the data center platform for all Connected Roadways back-office and centralized systems

Cisco Kinetic †

• Makes it easy to connect distributed devices (“things”) to the network, then extract, normalize, and securely move data from those devices to distributed applications. Consists of three modules: - Gateway Management Module (GMM): provides cloud- based management and provisioning of the IR 829 gateways - Edge Fog Module (EFM): Open architecture platform that enables immediate procesing of data from the fog to the edge of the network - Data Control Module (DCM): Enforces policy and is responsible for getting the right data to the right apps at the right time

Table 3. Cisco product components of its Connected Roadways solution

† Cisco Kinetic has been used in many Cisco Connect-ed Roadways solutions but it has not yet been validated through our Cisco Validated Designs program because it was only recently released.

Case study• Situation: One US state’s DOT faced

ongoing safety issues as rapid development of fog caused hazardous driving conditions. Also its fog sensors and terminal servers caused ongoing maintenance issues – they missed fog events, couldn’t control the fog gates reliably, and often required manual intervention.

• Solution: Cisco produced a solution that used much of the state’s DOT existing infrastructure while still delivering expected results. The solution included industrial- grade routing and switching, Cisco IoT Field Network Director to manage the gateway, Cisco Prime® Infrastructure to simplify management of the network, and Cisco Kinetic™ Edge Fog Module (EFM) as a management platform.

• Results: Since then, the DOT has seen a reduction in vehicle collisions and deaths, simplified management through a “single- pane-of-glass” interface, and real-time automation of previously manual processes. Cisco Kinetic EFM enabled processing and analytics to be computed at the edge, both automating digital signage in real-time based on fog density policies and closing ramp gates to prevent vehicles from driving on the highway at night during thick fog. Additionally, Cisco Connected Roadways helped eliminate high-maintenance, unreliable equipment and the need for ongoing, often emergency, maintenance. Note: Products shown above are hyperlinked for your convenience

Read the full story

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Cisco ASR 1000 Series Aggregation Services Routers

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Vehicles and onboard network systemMany V2V technologies are being installed in today’s vehicles to help individual drivers become safer and more efficient in their travels, but for overall safety and mobility initiatives to be reached, transportation organizations need to adopt V2I technology as well. Vehicles need to communicate with traffic signals, pedestrian walkway signals, roadway sensors, etc. To do so, vehicles need a vehicle logic unit (VLU) providing computer-aided dispatch (only for transportation agency and mass transit vehicles) and automated vehicle location, a mobile router, a DSRC onboard unit, and a Wi-Fi work group bridge (WGB) that can communicate with the Cisco Industrial Wireless (IW) 3700 Series access points in a yard network, if necessary. Cisco’s solution includes support for onboard vehicle networking via IR 829 routers, VLUs, WGBs, and DSRC onboard units that automatically setup secure and reliable communication over a DSRC 5.9 GHz radio (5.8 GHz for EMEA) to DSRC roadside units. The road side network is then connected to the city metrowide transport network over Ethernet or fiber.

Table 4. Third-party product components of the Connected Roadways solution*

Third-party product Description

• DSRC hardware for both onboard and roadside unit roles, to provide wireless communications between vehicles and roadside equipment for V2I services

Dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) radios

• Provides automated traffic control signal and management. Cisco Connected Roadways can integrate with any traffic signal controller (TSC)

Advanced Traffic Controller (ATC)

• Provides traffic signal prioritization (TSP) integration with legacy TSC’s that cannot implement TSP

Iteris TransitHelper Processor

Davra RuBAN Management System• Provides a comprehensive network management system,

as well as a data analytics and management platform for monitoring vehicle performance and metrics

Vehicle Logic Unit (VLU) • Provides computer-aided dispatch (CAD) and automated vehicle location (AVL) functions for vehicles

*Third-party components listed have been tested as part of the Cisco Validated Designs forConnected Roadways, but are provided by and supported by the partners listed for specific components. Services supported in Cisco Connected Roadways are TSP and wireless bulk data transfer (WBDT).

Smart city integration #1 - Streetlight management

Streetlight management can improve monitoring and control of dimming and usage. By converging the city infrastructure with Connected Roadways, transportation agencies can enable this application without having to build a separate network. It is layered on a converged city or statewide infrastructure and requires the installation of smart devices on light poles to provide continuous power to devices such as Wi-Fi access points and video cameras.

Want more on Smart Cities?

For more information about Cisco Smart Cities, visit www.cisco.com/go/smartcities

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Roadside devices and infrastructure*The roadside infrastructure gives organizations the ability to connect multiple devices at signalized intersections, such as traffic light controllers, video cameras, loop detectors, LiDAR, and more. From these sources, sufficient bandwidth is required. In addition, the intersection needs to broadcast signal phase and timing (SPaT) data and geometric intersection description (MAP/GID) data. SPaT data informs drivers about the current status and change of traffic signals ahead, as well as when the next signal stage will change. MAP/GID data, on the other hand, is detailed, accurate map data that conveys the geometric layout of the associated intersection and provides positioning data that allows the correlation of the signal and map data. Both have a positive effect on traffic flow. Further, each roadside intersection has a DSRC roadside unit connected to a Cisco IR 829 Industrial Router along with a traffic signal controller (TSC) and a traffic signal prioritization (TSP) processor (only in the case that the TSC can’t implement TSP itself). These are all connected to the metrowide transport network through an Ethernet connection, and, when connected specifically to a Cisco Industrial Ethernet switch, the devices can connect directly to the access nodes of the transport network. Additional roadside equipment, such as IP video surveillance cameras or wireless access points, can be connected to the infrastructure network for enhanced security, safety, or mobility initiatives. Lastly, telemetry data streams from roadway sources that roadway operators can use to automate policies through Cisco Kinetic. Those sources can detect changes in a road’s surface, the weather (for example, fog density), a bridge’s structural strength, the number of cars lined up at a light, etc. Cisco Kinetic eliminates human error and provides real-time safety and mobility updates to travelers by quickly processing data at the edge.

Yard and operations facilities networksCisco engineers and architects have found that the wireless bulk data transfer (WBDT) application is best linked with Wi-Fi via Cisco IW 3700 Series access points to provide maximum effectiveness. Doing so will support software downloads and video upload capabilities. The yard network would have a Cisco Catalyst 3850 Series Switch, which would also offer sufficient security measures against cyber threats.

Traffic management center or data centerData centers house several of the application servers used in the Cisco Connected Roadways solution, including the Back Office Server (BOS), the Video Surveillance Manager (VSM), and any other data center servers. The Virtualized Multiservice Data Center is also used to provide a high-speed, reliable data center network. When aggregated information reaches the central data center and shows up at the operation center in real time, a big data lake at the central data center stores and analyzes the data to recognize patterns and forecast similar situations. The network infrastructure used in the data center comprises Cisco Nexus switches, and the ASR 1000 Series would sit inside the WAN aggregation in the traffic management controller (TMC) for traffic aggregation and security functions. Cisco ASA with FirePOWER services provides the security to protect against malware and other threats.

Smart city integration #2 - Smart parking for citizen vehicles

Smart parking for citizen vehicles can be layered onto Connected Roadways. A city installs sensors on sidewalk curbs, for example, to monitor in real-time whether a parking spot is occupied and paid for. Video cameras with embedded analytics monitor zones and send the data to a centralized control, where city administrators can respond to parking needs, such as making the space available on no-contact payment apps.

Introduction Architectures The Big Picture Use Cases SummarySolution Components

*Note: Some of the transit signal prioritization and efficiency use cases mentioned are applications that are currently being developed.

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Smart city integration #3 - Smart parking for business vehicles

Transportation agencies can also provide smart parking capabilities for business vehicles, such as delivery vans and service vehicles. Since unauthorized vehicles often park in business and loading zones, business vehicles are forced to double-park, blocking traffic and raising safety concerns. If business vehicles are equipped with identity markers that are transmitted through the Connected Roadways networks, video cameras with analytics can then provide a virtual sensor function to ensure that only authorized vehicles are able to park in those zones.

End goal

Table 5. Use cases for Cisco Connected Roadways

Use case

Communication between the traffic management center and onboard devices relies on a redundant, bidirectional communications network spanning from the traffic management center to the roadside. The hierarchical design of the transport network provides a resilient communications path between the field devices and the data center. This includes ruggedized Ethernet switching at the edge and a multipath unified Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) transport network with subsecond reconvergence.

End goal

Safety

Efficiency

Safety / Mobility

Traffic signal prioritization

Digital signage management

V2V communication for DoT and fleet vehicles

Traffic incident managment

Smart parking

Streetlight management

Traffic signal efficiencyMobility/Efficiency

Smarter vehiclesSafety, Mobility, and Effiiency

• Allows mass transit or emergency vehicles to change traffic signals as they approach intersections and to alert nearby drivers of their presence

• Automates digital signage from roadway sensors, which can detect roadway and weather conditions

• Allows data sharing between future autonomous vehicles, emergency vehicles, city buses, and commercial fleets

• Enables better management of traffic congestion and reduces the time to detect, verify, and categorize incidents

• Monitors real-time parking needs and offer no-contact payment collection tools

• Ensures that only authorized vehicles park in business and loading zones, reducing potential traffic congestion and safety hazards

• Enables traffic signals to optimize intersections based on the number and location of vehicles

• Provides greater control of street light poles: individual vs. schedule-based control, maintenance, dimming, etc.

• Enables real-time mobility and weather data to be shared between disparate vehicle types, third-party applications such as GPS for dynamic re-routing, and transportation centers

• Connects multiple in-car sensors, manages security policies, and accesses downloadable content and cloud services

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Smart city integration #4 - Smart traffic incident management

In addition to making parking easier and more manageable, Connected Roadways solutions can improve traffic incident management by helping city and traffic officials verify the location and timing of incidents. First-responders can then quickly arrive on the scene and aid in emergency transport, if needed, clear traffic faster, and reduce secondary collisions.

Cisco Services*

*Cisco Services can help advise, implement, optimize, and support your solution from strategy to execution. Go to www.cisco.com/go/services to learn more.

Advise: Strategize and consultCisco Services help to set expectations clearly, create a roadmap for success, and determine a strategy for tracking outcomes and impacts. They also address any architecture and security gaps as well as plan for unforeseen technology trends that could negatively affect your operations. Implement: Reduce deployment riskCisco Services can also create a converged and secure IP-based network infrastructure, which includes an effective integration of an end-to-end solution. Project overruns and deployment risk are reduced with a thorough validation and testing process, which helps ensure that project requirements are met. This process includes factory acceptance testing, site acceptance testing, user acceptance testing, system integration testing, and/or commissioning.Operate: Optimize performanceFinally, our services continually amplify your infrastructure and applications, delivering superior server, storage, system, and network performance. Predictive diagnostics, real-time data, and analytics also aid in anticipating future issues for maximum effectiveness.

SummaryCisco Connected Roadways helps you facilitate immediate and future benefits in safety, mobility, and efficiency initiatives. It allows for a smoother flow of traffic, reducing congestion and secondary collisions as well as overall fuel/energy consumption, and paves the way for a foundation upon which connected, autonomous vehicles can communicate with their surrounding environment. It can help simplify operations through automated, real-time updates to digital signage based on roadway and weather conditions, as well as improve communication to first responders regarding traffic injuries and collisions. Lastly, Cisco Connected Roadways can lower your total cost of ownership, as you can incorporate existing infrastructure, eliminate redundant and proprietary systems, and scale rapidly for future additions and adaptions.

ImplementVision

& Strategy

OperateFigure 6. Cisco Services - Connected Roadways

AdviseBusiness

Justification Assessment Design andValidation

Deployment, Integration and Mirgration Optimization Product

Support

Connected TransportationConsulting Services

Connected TransportationAnalytics Consulting

Connected Transportation Next Generation IT Consulting

End-to-End CollaborationEnabled Transformation

Connected TransportationConsulting Services

Connected TransportationArchitecture Assessment

ServiceConnected TransportationArchitecture Planning and

Design Service

Connected TransportationArchitecture Strategy Service

Connected TransportationWireless Assessment

Connected TransportationSecurity Assessment

Connected TransportationInfrastructure Build-out

Connected Transportation

Solution Optimization

Service

Connected Transportation

Product Support

Want more on Connected Roadways?

For more information about Cisco Connected Roadways, visit www.cisco.com/go/connectedroadways.

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Appendix

Socioeconomic drivers and trends• Urbanization: By 2050, two-thirds of the world’s population will live in cities (100 percent growth since 1950), which means roughly 6 billion people will need a way to commute, especially on major

roads. An increased tax base associated with urbanization also will likely promote a growing base of private investment that can fuel public-private partnerships, which should allow for increased investments in roadway infrastructure.4

• World GDP/trade growth: According to the World Trade Organization, global trade growth should increase by two to four percent in 2018.5 Also, global GDP should continue to rise at least until 2022.6 Since nearly every product made or sold relies on surface transport at one or several points in its lifecycle, vehicle miles travelled (VMT) for retailers, parcel delivery companies, and freight and logistics companies should increase as the number of deliveries increases. Since returned e-commerce goods requiring reverse-logistics handling have jumped more than 200 percent from a total of 9 percent to 30 percent, delivery-service VMT will be exacerbated as well. Lastly, e-commerce and same-day delivery expectations continue to rise, motivating manufacturing and distribution centers to localize.7, 8 This results in more frequent trips and supports the assertion that total VMT should escalate, both in the U.S. and globally.

• Consumer/worker behavior: The rise of collaboration tools, remote workers, food and grocery delivery, and streaming TV provides a gateway for people to stay home in the U.S., potentially reducing the number of travelers on the road and thus total passenger VMT. However, two facts prevail: (1) People will still need to travel from place to place, and (2) as connected cars evolve into more autonomous cars, worker productivity and entertainment options will become compatible with travel. Thus, the total number of U.S. drivers as well as passenger VMT should decrease slightly with this trend.

Drivers, trends, and risks affecting roadway investment

General transportation drivers and trends• Electric vehicles (EVs): From 2010 to 2016, EV battery pack prices fell about 80 percent from approximately $1000 per kilowatt-hour to $227 per kilowatt-hour. As soon as battery costs dip below $100

per kilowatt-hour, EV’s should achieve cost competitiveness with conventional vehicles.9 Now consider that: (1) the historical, global compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of electric vehicles has been more than 45 percent since 2010,10 (2) an increasing number of brands are planning to enter the market by 2020, and (3) newer EV’s are incorporating connectivity services, such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, as well as autonomous functions, including emergency brake assist (EBA) and lane change assist (LCA). The end result is a market flooding of connected, semi-autonomous EV’s as a percentage of cars on the road.

• Car sales vs. car ownership: Although global car sales have jumped by more than 400 percent over the last four years as compared to the period between 2000 and 2013,11 U.S. car sales declined 1.8% year over year from 2016.12 Further, according to a report on www.DMV.com, all age groups, and not just the younger generation, are seeing a minor drop in the number of U.S. licensed drivers.13 This implies that many Americans are frequently resorting to ride sharing, carpooling, or different modes of transportation. As a result, U.S. roadway congestion, collisions, and deaths are likely to decrease slightly on their own, especially with the number of autonomous safety features (such as EBA) included in newer vehicles. Regardless, these impacts are not enough to significantly deter U.S. transportation agencies from implementing improvements, as the declining rate of collisions, congestion, and deaths will not be enough on its own. On a global scale, because of the rapid growth in car purchases, expectations of roadway congestion, collisions, and deaths are expected to continue to rise despite autonomous safety features. This should incentivize many transportation agencies worldwide to invest in roadway infrastructure that can alleviate the rising toll.

• Total vehicle miles traveled (VMT): Since 1994, the U.S. has seen a 1.36 percent CAGR in total VMT, including a huge jump from 2014 to 2016 (likely due to the growth of e-commerce).14 Yet with the rise in ride sharing (especially in urban areas) and the recent reduction in both licensed drivers and vehicle purchases in the U.S., transportation agencies should be cautiously optimistic about total VMT decreasing in the future despite delivery-service VMT increasing. However, while this declining rate of total VMT will curb congestion, collisions, and deaths, a significant reduction (more than 10 percent) in these factors is unlikely in the near future. Therefore, if agencies want to see a huge reduction in congestion, collisions, and deaths, they will likely need to invest further in resources. On a global level, with the surge in global vehicle ownership and e-commerce, global growth in VMT will likely outpace that of the U.S. Consequently, global transportation agencies need to prepare much more for the increase in congestion, collisions, and deaths they will experience, despite autonomous safety features included in new vehicles.

Technology drivers and trends• Connected, autonomous vehicles: As autonomous vehicle technology grows, safety and mobility functionality begin to compound on one another, significantly reducing the potential for congestion,

collisions, and deaths. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) technology is important, but vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication is more prevalent for safety and mobility interests and is a direct benefit of improvements in roadway technology infrastructure. It empowers multiple services, including route and rerouting optimization to relieve roadway congestion, the progression of smart intersections to help to improve the flow of traffic, and even automated safety alerts that can help drivers and semi-autonomous cars prepare for unexpected matters. Lastly, vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communication will allow vehicles to safely monitor other things, such as bicyclists, construction and roadside workers, debris on the road, etc.

• Mobility-as-a-service (MaaS): Uber, Lyft, and other ride-sharing apps offer travel options that are much safer and more efficient than historical methods. For instance, Uber drivers have a built-in incentive to drive safely by adhering to the law, as tickets can have negative repercussions. Moreover, road rage and drunk driving are mitigated with ride-sharing apps, as aggressive and intoxicated drivers are withdrawn from the road. Ride-sharing drivers also always have route and rerouting optimization software, such as Waze, open as they drive, helping to reduce congestion along main roads. Finally, ride-sharing apps are now offering “pooling” options, so drivers can pick up and drop off multiple riders simultaneously. Carpooling relieves congestion and the number of drivers on the road and helps to create a more efficient way for people to travel.

• Telemetry and data monetization: Telemetry data from roadway and bridge sensors can ideally help transportation agencies save millions of dollars per year through predictive maintenance and analytical insight. With this data, agencies can reduce roadway congestion by fixing a bridge issue, for example, at night before the problem gets worse and causes traffic backup. Agencies could also use roadway technical infrastructure to help them build new revenue streams and help them exploit more data that corroborates federal grant data used for the Highway Trust Fund. For instance, agencies can calculate the exact number of cars getting onto a highway onramp, which builds credibility when it’s time for state and local agencies to submit their Highway Trust Fund federal grants. In terms of building new revenue streams, transportation agencies can sell traffic data to a number of interested parties: quick-service restaurants (e.g. McDonald’s), hotels that might use the data to optimize planning for future locations, and even parcel delivery companies to enable them to make deliveries during times when there is less traffic.

Introduction Architectures The Big Picture Solution Components Use Cases Summary

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General risks to assess before investing in roadway architecture• Cybersecurity breaches: The IoT offers a lot of hope for transportation agencies globally to reduce congestion, collisions, and deaths, but one of the biggest obstacles is security. Currently, 35 percent

of transportation agencies see thousands of threats daily, with each sensor along the roadway network representing a potential point of entry. More importantly, close to 50 percent of transportation companies have fewer than 30 people dedicated to security, and about 30 percent lack the adequate personnel to handle advanced security threats. Thus, new roadway technology infrastructure can greatly exacerbate the threat of security breaches. For more information, read Cisco’s Security in Transportation e-book and learn how Cisco has used its IT security expertise for the OT realm.

• Data privacy: As data becomes more readily available, multiple parties will want to take ownership of, if not lease, data from others. For example, let’s say people think they own the telemetry data (for instance, fuel and gas usage, driving behavior, or engine speed statistics) for their own vehicles. Multiple stakeholders, including insurance companies, OEMs, tire companies, and more, will have a vested interest in gaining the data for their own purposes. Yet, currently it’s not clear as to who owns what data in the U.S. This could lead to a disastrous problem, and transportation agencies should be wary of how they control their data. In the EU, multiple bodies have proactively preempted this issue by passing the General Data Protection Regulation, which will “strengthen and unify data protection for all individuals within the EU.” 15 Its purpose is to simplify the regulatory environment and allow citizens to own their data.

• Outdated, proprietary networks: For many who have proprietary, legacy networks, the jump to a new roadway infrastructure platform can be a huge risk. All parts of the network architecture need to converge so that everything has the same reliability, a standards-based set of outcomes, and effective security prevention methods. For the Connected Roadways solution, Cisco helps converge the whole network, creating interoperability requirements between outdated, proprietary systems and applications. This allows Cisco to then provide a comprehensive security architecture that protects the entire network in an unparalleled fashion, bridging the IT/OT gap.

Sources1. Cisco 2017 Midyear Cybersecurity Report2. Ibid3. van der Meulen, Rob. “What Edge Computing Means for Infrastructure and Operations Leaders.” Gartner. 2017. https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/

what-edge-computing-means-for-infrastructure-and-operations-leaders/. 4. “World Urbanization Prospects: 2014 Revision”. United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2014. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/publications/files/

wup2014-highlights.Pdf 5. “Trade recovery expected in 2017 and 2018 amid policy uncertainty”. World Trade Organization: Trade Statistics and Outlook. 2017. https://www.wto.org/english/

news_e/pres17_e/pr791_e.htm6. “Global GDP (gross domestic product) at current prices from 2010 to 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars)”. Statista. 2018. https://www.statista.com/statistics/268750/

global-gross-domestic-product-gdp/7. “eCommerce Market Report”. Statista. 2018. https://www.statista.com/outlook/243/100/ecommerce/worldwide# 8. “Trends in the air-freight business”. The Economist. 2017. https://www.economist.com/news/business-and-finance/21720901-fewer-electronics-are-being-flown-

instead-planes-are-full-fresh-produce-trends9. Bouton, Shannon et al. “Infrastructure for the evolution of urban mobility”. McKinsey & Company. 2017. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/

sustainability-and-resource-productivity/our-insights/infrastructure-for-the-evolution-of-urban-mobility10. “Global Plug-In Sales for 2017-Q4 and the Full Year (prelim.)”. EVvolumes.com: The Electric Vehicle World Sales Database. 2017. http://www.ev-volumes.com/country/

total-world-plug-in-vehicle-volumes/11. “Number of cars sold worldwide from 1990 to 2017 (in million units)”. Statista. 2017. https://www.statista.com/statistics/200002/international-car-sales-since-1990/12. “Auto Sales: Overview Charts”. The Wall Street Journal: Market Data Center. 2018. http://www.wsj.com/mdc/public/page/2_3022-autosales.html13. “Number of Driver’s Licenses in U.S. in Decline, Study Finds.” DMV.com. 2016. https://www.dmv.com/blog/number-ofdrivers-licenses-in-us-in-decline-study-

finds-52311414. “FHWA Forecasts of Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT): Spring 2017”. Office of Highway Policy Information. Federal Highway Administration. 2017. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/

policyinformation/tables/vmt/vmt_forecast_sum.pdf15. “Proposal for: Regulation of the European Parliament and of the council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free

movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation)”. Council of the European Union. 2015. http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-9565-2015-INIT/en/pdf

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Introduction Architectures The Big Picture Solution Components Use Cases Summary