University of Connecticut

Cooperative Extension System

Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture

MAINTAINING FARM VIABILITY PRESERVING OPEN SPACES

ENHANCING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY PROVIDING PEST CONTROL ALTERNATIVES

PROTECTING WATER QUALITY

CONNECTICUT

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

PROGRAM

2011-2012 Annual Report

CONNECTICUT

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

PROGRAM

2011-2012 Annual Report

University of Connecticut

Cooperative Extension System

Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture

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Table of Contents

Introduction ............................................................................. pg. 3

IPM Program Funding.................................................................... 4

IPM Program Partners ................................................................... 4

IPM Program Coordinator .............................................................. 6

Vegetable IPM Program ................................................................ 7

Greenhouse IPM Program ........................................................... 11

IPM for Ornamental Plants .......................................................... 14

IPM for Invasive Species ............................................................. 18

IPM Curriculum Project ................................................................ 22

Connecticut School IPM Coalition ............................................... 23

Nursery IPM Program .................................................................. 23

Fruit IPM Program ....................................................................... 24

Landscape & Turfgrass IPM ........................................................ 26

IPM Program Publications & Presentations ................................ 31

IPM Program Contacts ................................................................ 45

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Introduction The general public has a right to safe and affordable food and water, and an environment that is free from contamination. Certain chemicals employed in pest control have the potential to adversely affect human health and the quality of natural resources. History has shown that once environmental damage or contamination has occurred, it may be either irreversible or extremely costly to correct. Furthermore, when a single pesticide or other pest control strategy is used repeatedly, it can lose its efficacy in controlling pests as the pests develop resistance. A proactive approach to pest control that integrates diverse control methods is needed to achieve long-lasting pest control that poses minimal threat to human health and natural resources.

The goal of integrated pest management (IPM) is to reduce the dependence of agricultural producers, homeowners and schools on pesticides while maintaining or improving productivity, crop quality and quality of life. Since its inception in 1980, the Connecticut IPM program has made great strides in developing and implementing more sustainable methods for pest control throughout Connecticut. The IPM program has educated growers throughout Connecticut about the judicious use of pesticides and alternative pest control methods.

Each year, IPM training programs are conducted for vegetable, fruit, greenhouse, turfgrass, and nursery production. Information is also disseminated to growers through presentations, publications, pest information hotlines, and the IPM website at www.ipm.uconn.edu. In addition, the Connecticut IPM program educates the public and natural area managers on issues related to invasive species. Homeowners, teachers and students benefit from other program offerings such as conferences, web-based materials and the ongoing development of school curricula on IPM. Through such education, the IPM program has significantly increased the economic viability of agriculture and the green industries in Connecticut, while at the same time safeguarding human health and the environment.

In April 2012 the IPM team welcomed Mary Concklin as the new fruit IPM extension educator taking over Lorraine Los’ activities who retired from the program in October 2011. Lorraine Los served as the fruit IPM extension educator since 1982. She excelled in her role as the fruit IPM educator and was awarded the Connecticut Pomological Society Award of Merit in 2005 and the UConn College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Award of Excellence in Outreach in 2008. She also led several demonstration projects on IPM and served in the editorial team of the New England Tree Fruit Management Guide, New England Small Fruit Pest Management Guide and the UConn Extension Crop Talk Newsletter among others. The entire IPM team thanks Lorraine for all her contributions to the program and to the promotion of IPM in the state and region.

What is IPM?

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to managing pests. IPM practitioners base decisions on information that is collected systematically as they integrate economic, environmental, and social goals. IPM can be used within the context of both agricultural and urban environments, and is flexible enough to accommodate the changing demands of agriculture, commerce, and society.

IPM emphasizes the integration of many pest suppression technologies: · Biological control - use of beneficial organisms to manage pests.

· Cultural control – crop rotation, improved sanitation, and other practices that

reduce pest pressure. · Mechanical and physical control – for example, traps and cultivation.

· Chemical control – judicious use of selective pesticides.

· Host plant resistance – use of pest-resistant varieties.

· Regulatory control – state and federal regulations that prevent the spread of pests.

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IPM Program Funding

The IPM program is the result of a joint effort between the University of Connecticut Cooperative Extension System and the Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture. Several private, state and federal funding sources support the program. Among these funders are the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Section 319 Non-Point Source Pollution Prevention Grants Program, the Connecticut Department of Agriculture/USDA Specialty Crop Block Grant Program and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service continued to partner with the IPM program in order to provide IPM training to growers enrolled in the NRCS Environmental Quality Incentives Program. In addition, the IPM program staff acknowledges support from the following entities:

Grower donors throughout Connecticut

Hartford Vegetable Grower’s Association

Multi-state Hatch Project NE-1032

New England Vegetable & Berry Growers’ Association

Northeastern IPM Center (USDA)

New England Grows

Sustainable Greenhouse Health Maintenance Program, USDA NE SARE

Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (DEEP)

The Connecticut Department of Agriculture

The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station

The University of Connecticut

The IPM Institute of North America

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services

(APHIS)

USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Beginning Farmer & Rancher

Development Program

USDA Northeast Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education Program

USDA Northeast Region IR-4 Program

IPM Program Partners

A number of individuals, organizations and groups were instrumental in the success of many IPM program efforts. The IPM program staff is grateful for their cooperation and assistance. In addition, the IPM program team acknowledges the assistance of municipal staff (departments of public works, parks and recreation, conservation commissions, inland wetlands commissions, and Town Mayors /Managers/First Selectman) from a number of Connecticut towns.

AgriPoint, Nova Scotia All America Selections Audubon Society of Connecticut Candace Bartholomew, UConn Cooperative Extension Bartlett Arboretum Dr. John Bartok, Jr., UConn Emeritus

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Dr. Mark Brand Nelson Cecarelli, Cecarelli Farms, Northford, CT Richard Calarco Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Connecticut Association of Conservation and Inland Wetland Commissions (CACIWC) Connecticut Botanical Society Connecticut Department of Agriculture Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Connecticut Department of Transportation Connecticut Farm Bureau Connecticut Greenhouse Growers Association Connecticut Grounds Keepers Association Connecticut Horticultural Society Connecticut Invasive Plant Working Group (CIPWG) Connecticut Light & Power (CL&P) Connecticut Nursery and Landscape Association Connecticut Pomological Society Connecticut River Coastal Conservation District Silvio O. Conte National Fish & Wildlife Refuge Cornell University Cooperative Extension Dr. Bill Dest, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture Donny and Joe Dzen, Dzen Brothers Farm, Ellington, CT Eastern, North Central, Northwestern and Southwestern Connecticut Conservation Districts Rob Durgy, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Federated Garden Clubs of Connecticut John Gill of Gill Corn Farms Inc., Hurley, NY John Hand of Hand Melon Farm, Greenwich, NY Hartford Vegetable Grower’s Association Dr. Jason Henderson, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture Russ Holmberg of Holmberg Orchards, Gales Ferry, CT Invasive Plant Atlas of New England (IPANE) Jamie Jones of Jones Family Farm, Shelton, CT Rob Johanson of Goranson Farm, Dresden, ME Dr. Jim LaMondia, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Dr. Yi Li, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture Mad Gardeners, Inc. Maple Lane Farms, Preston, CT Dr. Robert Marra, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Massachusetts Tree Fruit Growers’ Association Dr. Richard McAvoy, Greenhouse Specialist, UConn Joyce Meader, UConn Cooperative Extension Fred & Stacia Monahan, Stone Garden Farm, Shelton, CT Nature Conservancy, Connecticut Chapter New England Invasive Plant Center New England Floriculture, Inc. New England Invasive Plant Group New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference Steering Committee New England Vegetable & Berry Growers’ Association New England Vegetable Management Guide Editing Committee New Jersey Department of Agriculture Mark Parlee of Parlee Farms, Tyngsboro, MA Penn State University Dawn Petinelli, UConn Soil Testing Lab Lorren Pogson of Mountain View Farm, Farmington, CT Dr.Carl Salsedo, UConn Cooperative Extension Logan Senack, Connecticut Invasive Plant Coordinator Tolland County Extension Council Tolland County Agricultural Center Trustees UConn Home and Garden Education Center UConn Master Gardener Program

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UConn Plant Diagnostic Clinic UConn Plant Science Research Farm UConn Soil Testing Lab University of Connecticut University of Delaware University of Maine University of Massachusetts University of New Hampshire University of Rhode Island University of Vermont USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Victoria Wallace, UConn Cooperative Extension Jim Wilson of Wilson Farms, Lexington, MA

IPM Program Coordinator Dr. Ana Legrand, IPM Coordinator, worked with funding agencies, administered state Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program funds, reported on IPM activities, and represented the IPM program at the Northeast Region Technical Committee on Integrated Pest Management (NEERA 1004). The IPM coordinator served as NEERA 1004 chair-elect and as chair and represented the region’s IPM coordinators in the Northeastern IPM Center’s Advisory Council and Steering Committee. The IPM coordinator developed presentations for public display about the IPM program, invasive insects, and insect natural enemies. Bug Bingo games were set up at local events for family education. General information about IPM, the Connecticut IPM program and its impacts was also presented at events such as the 2012 UConn Extension Legislative Reception, Ag Day at the Connecticut Capitol, 2012 Connecticut Conference on Natural Resources, Celebrating Agriculture Fair, Cornucopia Fest, local grange and school events. The Connecticut IPM program was also the topic for an invited presentation delivered by Dr. Legrand at the 7th International IPM Symposium.

Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture graduate students and USDA National Needs Fellowship

recipients visiting an orchard enrolled in the fruit IPM program.

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Vegetable IPM

Commercial Vegetable Crops Extension Program

Educating farmers in sustainable, profitable and environmentally-sound, food production practices benefits every man, woman and child in the country directly, on a daily basis by helping to maintain a safe and secure food source. Knowledge of effective IPM practices helps prevent excess application of pesticides by otherwise frustrated growers. The Commercial Vegetable Crops Program helps keep Connecticut’s producers current on some of the latest and most innovative ideas and technology, helps keep their farms profitable, and has a positive impact on their farms, families, products and the environment. The objective of this program is to provide Connecticut and New England vegetable farmers with cutting-edge solutions to their pest management and crop production problems and to help keep them competitive on the local, regional and national level. The program consists of the following components: the New England Vegetable & Small Fruit Conference and Trade Show, the Annual CT Vegetable and Small Fruit Growers’ Conference, Crop Talk - Commercial Vegetable and Fruit Crops Newsletter, The New England Vegetable Management Guide (updated biannually), special topic workshops, phone and farm consultations, All-America Selection variety trials (Official AAS Judge), and reduced tillage research and programming.

Twenty one growers participated in the weekly on-farm IPM training program led by Jude Boucher. Of these growers, 20 (95%) adopted new alternative pest management strategies to reduce crop damage from insects, diseases, weeds and other pests. Thirteen (62%) of the growers reduced their pesticide use and the other seven who did not had not used pesticides. A total of 8 vegetable growers participated in on-farm IPM field training led by Mary Concklin during the 2011 growing season. They received information and training in a number of topics including careful scouting of pests and damage, use of monitoring traps, biological controls, cultural controls, proper selection of pesticides and the use of resistant cultivars. The primary focus was on prevention of pest and disease problems by maintaining healthy plants by addressing soil fertility, providing adequate water and reducing competition from weeds. Pest and disease problems that did occur were addressed with natural enemies when possible and/or selecting pesticides that were the most effective while at the same time were least harmful to natural enemies and the environment. One goal of the IPM on-farm training is the reduction of pesticide active ingredient (a.i.) applied for the present season over the previous season. There are years when that would be possible and years, such as dry 2010 and then wet 2011, when it becomes a challenge to reduce pesticide a.i. and still produce high quality marketable crops.

All-America Selections Trial

University of Connecticut Plant Science Research Farm.

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Another 494 growers attended 5 talks/workshops in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. Over 94 growers, researchers, Educators and students attended a farm tour for students in September and a July twilight meetings in S. Windsor. Over 1,500 copies of the updated 2012-2013 New England Vegetable Management Guide were sold and the guide is available free on the web (www.nevegetable.org). The UConn vegetable telephone/internet pest message provided (15) weekly reports throughout the growing season (over 4,000 calls/hits per year). The newsletter for commercial vegetable and fruit growers ‘Crop Talk’ reached 800 growers/educators quarterly. The UConn IPM Web Site (www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/) and many other events, publications, trials, demonstrations, one-on-one contacts and interviews helped teach growers and others about pest management and production solutions to improve vegetable farm profitability and sustainability in Connecticut.

2011 New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference and Trade Show

A record 1,654 people attended the New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference (NEVFC) and Trade Show in Manchester, NH on 13-15 December, 2011. The conference was organized by 32 people from 7 states representing Extension, farmers, industry and research. J. Boucher currently serves as General Chairman of the Steering Committee (2012-2016). The program featured 36 educational sessions with 150 individual presentations over 3 days. There were also 8 farmer-to-farmer discussion groups and 132 commercial and non-profit exhibit booths in the trade show. Total attendance was 1,654 people and 248 (15%) completed post-conference evaluations. Seventy two percent attended all three days of the conference. Of the respondents, 94% rated the educational sessions as excellent or good, and 93% said the trade show was excellent or good. In addition, 92% said that the information they obtained at the conference would help them improve cultural farming practices, 94% said it would improve pest management, 86% said it would improve soil and nutrient management, 70% said it would help improve farm profitability, and 52% said it would improve marketing or business management. A new source of information was obtained by 88% of respondents, and 77% said they would adopt a new practice in the following year as a result of attending the conference. Pesticide re-

“The help you guys have given us is really amazing. You gave us a lot of knowledge.”

Row covers and mowed annual rye

used as living mulch.

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certification credits were offered in 30 out of 36 sessions and 324 New England farmers and service providers received pesticide re-certification credits and Certified Crop Advisor credits. The 254-page conference proceedings summarizing 101 presentations was published and posted on the web (www.newenglandvfc.org/). Over 1,200 copies of the conference proceedings were sold.

Bringing Deep Zone Tillage to Connecticut & New England Vegetable Farmers

Reduced-tillage systems, such as deep zone tillage (DZT), help to minimize field preparation costs; reduce energy use; eliminate soil, nutrient and pesticide runoff; help restore soil health and fertility; provide farmers access to open space; reduce irrigation demands; and provide the ultimate climate change tool for a region that is forecast to become warmer and wetter. Deep zone tillage helps the soil retain moisture during dry conditions because the soil surface is protected by mulch, and allows plant roots to grow through the plow pan and fully explore the soil profile. In wet conditions, DZT helps prevent soil crusting which improves germination, prevents flooding in low wet areas which minimizes disease problems and increases productive ground (eliminates wet holes), allows crops to be planted on time even in wet fields, and allows growers to avoid standing water when preparing ground for planting. DZT saves time, fuel, fertilizer and reduces machine maintenance while improving yields.

In an effort to spread the word about deep zone tillage (DZT), reduced-tillage, soil health, cover crops, and crop rotation, J. Boucher and partnering growers/educators have made: 9 Extension presentations in 4 states (CT, ME, MA, NH) and Nova Scotia, and published 1 magazine, 3 proceedings and 3 newsletter articles (1 DZT farm case study). One Extension Fact Sheet on ‘Getting Started with DZT’ was written but not published until the fall of 2012, and a technical report to the CT legislature highlighting progress on DZT adoption was published. Presentations included: Co-organizing and Co-moderating a session on Reduced-tillage at the New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference with presentations by 4 DZT growers and 1 Extension Educator, 2 twilight meetings at

Shielded herbicide sprayer for weed control

in between plastic-mulched beds.

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DZT farms, participating in a panel discussion, and a DZT talk by a participating grower at a USDA Soil Health Workshop.

Two split-plot research experiments comparing DZT to conventional tillage on sweet corn and pumpkins were started at the UConn Plant Science Research Farm in 2011 and repeated in 2012. Results have been graphed, but not yet analyzed. DZT in an extremely wet season (2011) seemed to favorably influence crop earliness and ear size for sweet corn, while favorably influencing fruit size, handle quality and marketable yield for pumpkins. In 2012, with normal rainfall, crop yields, earliness and fruit quality were similar in tilled and DZT plots. In addition, preliminary Soil Health Tests (SHT) were conducted in 7 fields at two of the CT DZT vegetable farms. Four of these fields had SHT taken from in and out of wet holes to compare variations in soil health characteristics in flooded and dry conditions over time. We also conducted follow-up SHT on 1 farm in 6 fields (3 DZT/3 conventional-till) after 5 years using DZT. Other, post-adoption SHT will be conducted as farms complete 5 years using DZT.

The main goal of this program is to increase the number of DZT vegetable growers in New England. After communicating with Extension Educators from the other New England States in 2012, we determined that 8 additional (previously unreported) growers (1 CT, 3 MA, 1 NH, 2 ME, 1 VT) purchased new DZT machines for the 2011 and 2012 seasons, while 2 other CT vegetable growers have modified existing machines to achieve DZT on their farms (both have signed up to demo the dealer's rent-to-buy machine next spring). This brings the total number of growers that are known to be using this technology in New England to 31 (at least 5 are dairy farmers). Previously, one Connecticut grower measured the time and fuel it took to prepare and plant a measured acre using both conventional methods and DZT. Prep time was reduced 66-83%, depending upon whether the planter was attached to the zone tiller so that the field could be prepared and planted in a single pass, and fuel consumption was reduced by 72-77%. A second New York grower confirmed the calculations on over 1,500 acres of sweet corn and calculated that he also reduced his nitrogen application costs by 79%.

2012 Connecticut Vegetable & Small Fruit Growers’ Conference

A record 175 growers attended the annual CT Vegetable & Small Fruit Growers’ Conference in Vernon, CT in January of 2012. A total of 54 (37%) conference attendants returned conference evaluations. Of the respondents, 100% rated the conference program as Excellent (50%) or Good (50%). Ninety-six percent of the folks who answered said that they learned something to improve their crop production, marketing practices, and their farms' environmental quality, 98% said the program would help them improve their pest/bird management or crop quality, and 79% said that it would help them improve their farms' profitability. Most (84%) also said they would adopt one or more new practices as a result of attending the conference and listed 18 new practices they would adopt. Ninety-two farmers received pesticide recertification credits.

“The IPM program was way better than I would have

dreamed!”

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Greenhouse IPM

The Sustainable Greenhouse IPM program supports the Connecticut Greenhouse industry with information and education programs on sustainable production methods. Greenhouses are an important part of diversified farms in Connecticut. Connecticut farmers use greenhouses to grow potted herbs, vegetable bedding plants, greenhouse tomatoes, annual and perennial flowering plants (from both seed and cuttings), and potted holiday crops. Greenhouse-grown plants are sold to consumers for planting in gardens or landscapes and for use in mixed planters, hanging baskets or for indoor use. Greenhouse vegetables and herbs are sold retail at farmers markets and roadside stands, and wholesale to restaurants and through other markets. Many farmers in Connecticut have added greenhouse crops and/ or structures to their businesses to increase income and year round cash flow. The greenhouse industry is a significant part of the green industry (production, retail & landscape services) which is the number one sector of Connecticut agriculture. According to the Connecticut Greenhouse Growers Association, this is a one million dollar industry.

Critical issues for farmers wishing to adopt sustainable greenhouse production are prevention of cultural and pest problems (which are increasing due to industry globalization and pest invasion), early diagnosis, and early intervention. More growers are interested in employing biological controls because chemical resistance is making it harder to control many common greenhouse pests. Using biological control agents requires more knowledge compared to traditional chemical controls, so education is needed for growers to succeed. Additional sustainability issues relating to greenhouse crop production include energy conservation, labor management, crop production, nutrient management and business competitiveness which are addressed in cooperation with the state’s growers association (Connecticut Greenhouse Growers Association (CGGA)) and regionally in cooperation with other New England States (i.e. Northeast Greenhouse Conference and Expo), publications and web sites (New England Greenhouse Update).

Application of predatory mites for thrips biocontrol.

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Full Season Intensive Hands-on IPM Training in Connecticut Greenhouses

This project consists of intensive hands on educational training at participating greenhouse growers and retailer businesses. Additional growers are reached via email and phone consultations, and on farm visits to their operation. Information is also disseminated to growers by presentations, twilight meetings, conferences, and articles in national trade journals and the CGGA newsletter, Plugged In. Timely messages and photos are posted on the New England Greenhouse Update website (www.negreenhouseupdate.info) in cooperation with the University of Massachusetts with the goal of increasing the adoption of IPM, including the use of biological and cultural controls, and best management practices in order to improve crop quality and sustainability of the greenhouse industry. Factsheets are also posted on the UCONN IPM website (www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm). Increased use of best management practices helps growers and retailers protect water quality, and enhance environmental quality.

Nine businesses and 10 growers participated in the program. Twenty seven acres of intensive production was directly impacted which included 14.2 acres of greenhouse production and 12.8 acres of outdoor production. A total of 86 in field IPM training sessions were conducted at grower and retail businesses. This educational effort provided unbiased information that helped growers prevent problems as well as grow and maintain their greenhouse and outdoor crops using sustainable practices and products. Topics covered include: identification, biology and life cycles, monitoring and management of key insects and diseases, weeds, and cultural problems, identification of naturally occurring natural enemies, cultural and environmental management of greenhouse diseases, greenhouse sanitation, use of biological control agents, use of beneficial nematodes, and biological fungicides, scouting techniques, and prevention of weed problems. Pesticide selection and use for ornamental plants, vegetable bedding plants and herb bedding plants was discussed, plus use of pesticides compatible with natural enemies, pesticide record keeping and pesticide storage. Additional growers were reached via 60 on farm trouble-shooting visits and by individual consultations through e-mail and phone calls.

Pre and post program surveys were conducted to determine changes in pesticide use at participating farms. All participants increased their adoption of IPM practices and crop losses were reduced. Farmers selected more environmentally friendly and or biologically- based products with shorter reentry intervals, lessening worker exposure to pesticides. Of the participating businesses, 77% used biological control products including beneficial nematodes and biological fungicides thereby reducing pesticide use, improving worker safety, increasing plant quality and reducing environmental pollution. More selective, environmentally friendly insecticides were also selected for use on outdoor production to help conserve naturally occurring natural enemies.

Annual Spring Bedding Plant Meetings

Annual meeting updates are provided at the Bedding Plants - Spring 2012 meetings which were held at two locations in the state in order to reach more of the industry. The following topics were presented: Tales from the Field, What “Bugged You” in 2011, Leanne Pundt, University of Connecticut; Water Retention Ponds, Richard McAvoy, Extension Specialist, Greenhouse Crops, University of Connecticut; Update on Emerging Diseases & New Fungicides for Spring Crops, Wade

“This program works, we have used less sprays, used less harmful sprays and more biologicals (i.e. beneficial insect-killing nematodes).”

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Elmer, Plant Pathologist, CT Agricultural Experiment Station and the Safe Use of Pesticides to Protect the Environment, Sarah Bailey, Pesticide Safety Educator, University of Connecticut. Eighty three persons attended with 97% rating the program as useful to very useful and 91% stated that they thought they would benefit economically as a result of the program.

CT Greenhouse Pest Message

IPM information was provided via email pest messages to Connecticut greenhouse growers. Twelve messages were sent in the spring growing season, ‘Tales from the Field’, to update growers on pests and diseases observed on greenhouse crops in the state.

New England Greenhouse Update Website

Six hundred growers, retailer, industry representatives in New England increased their knowledge on the use of biological controls, and best management practices through the New England Greenhouse Update website, a joint venture between University of Massachusetts and University of Connecticut. Timely, up-to-date information was posted on the website (www.negreenhouseupdate.info) with approximately 48,000 visitors per year.

Dr. Wade Elmer showing the use of

Agdia testing kits to detect tospoviruses.

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IPM for Ornamental Plants

Environmental Horticulture is the largest agricultural commodity in Connecticut. It is imperative that we address both the concerns of the industry members and the requests by the public to keep businesses that are involved in this industry strong and thriving by continuing to provide the latest in ornamental horticulture education. The Environmental Horticulture Industry in Connecticut, which includes over 3,350 businesses that are involved in production (nurseries, greenhouses, herbs, turfgrass, cut flowers), retail (garden centers, florists), and landscape services (landscape design, installation, maintenance, lawn and tree care), generated $1.022 billion in gross income. These firms provide jobs for 48,000 people in landscape and tree services, retail, and wholesale production, and sales. Plant production and plant sales generated more than $583 million for the Environmental Horticulture Industry. The industry keeps more than 46,000 acres of land in agricultural use (CNLA, 2009). Businesses need to grow healthy plants that are free of plant pests, and customers demand healthy plants for their landscapes. Training is needed for those in Environmental Horticulture who grow and sell plants so they can gain knowledge and make informed decisions about ornamental plant pests and how to reduce pest damage on ornamental crops.

March Farms used biological control agents for insect pests and improved ventilation for disease management.

Thus, they were able to sell the tomatoes as pesticide free.

“I just wanted to thank you. We haven’t had such a uniform and productive tomato crop in 20 years. As of late July, our production is up 20,000 lbs and we are still producing. We also have been able to sell to more retail markets (such as New Morning in

Woodbury, CT)”

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Results from a 2012 survey conducted by the National Gardening Association showed an increase in lawn and garden activities and sales on a national level, with 3 million additional households participating in gardening and lawn activities during 2011. Throughout the US, homeowners spent $29.1 billion in 2011 on their gardens and lawns (National Gardening Association, 2012). The general public has a broad interest in gardening, and there is a need to provide educational programs so they can obtain relevant information and gain knowledge about garden design, plant selection, and garden maintenance.

IPM Conferences Highlight Outreach Education

Two major plant conferences, the Perennial Plant Conference for Landscape and Horticultural Professionals, and the Garden Conference for garden enthusiasts were planned and presented by the UConn Ornamental Plant Extension Team in March 2012. Members of the Ornamental Plant Extension Team included Donna Ellis, Richard McAvoy, Dawn Pettinelli, Leanne Pundt, and Victoria Wallace from the Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture and the Department of Extension. The Ornamental Plant Extension Team held a number of planning meetings throughout the year to prepare for both conferences. Two additional planning meetings were convened by the Team in August 2011, with participation by members of the green industry for the Perennial Plant Conference and several Master Gardener Program affiliates for the of the Garden Conference. The two annual conferences were developed and presented to address the needs of Connecticut’s Environmental Horticulture Industry and to provide outreach education to stakeholders and the general public. With increasing interest in gardening among homeowners, the conference goals were to meet the needs of professionals involved in commercial horticulture and landscaping as well as garden enthusiasts who can benefit from outreach education on horticultural topics. We continue to experience full attendance at both conferences year after year and are pleased that we have the opportunity to promote Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture and Cooperative Extension programs and to showcase the College and the University by hosting the conferences on the UConn Storrs campus.

Perennial Plant Conference: The full-day conference for professional horticulturists was presented at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT by the Ornamental Plant Extension Team (Donna Ellis, Richard McAvoy, Dawn Pettinelli, Leanne Pundt, and Victoria Wallace). Professional horticulturists, including landscapers and designers, nursery and greenhouse producers, and retail garden center operators attended the Perennial Plant Conference on March 15, 2012. The attendees traveled from ten states in New England, Iowa, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. The total attendance was 315. One hundred and fifteen attendees completed the 2012 Perennial Plant Conference evaluation form (37% response rate). A summary of the responses appears below:

98% rated the Perennial Plant Conference as good to excellent. The conference attendees gave high ratings to all of the speakers.

100% thought they would benefit economically as a result of the conference.

95% stated that the conference was the same or better than similar conferences that they attend.

95% responded that they would recommend this conference to others.

98% learned new information by attending the conference.

94% replied that they were now more prepared to improve the sustainability of the landscapes and gardens in which they work after attending the conference. The practices and changes listed included planting more native plants, increasing plant diversity in their landscapes,

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growing and selling more edible plants, and learning about new varieties of plants and new techniques by which to grow them.

79% stated that they were more prepared to make changes to their business operation by participating in the conference. The business operation changes listed included getting more involved with social media, appealing to older gardeners, using native plants more often, continuing to share and educate their clientele, and using permaculture.

Comments from attendees at the Perennial Plant Conference included:

Very well organized; good topics and speakers (many of the evaluations included this comment).

Good diversity of subject matter.

Enjoyed immensely.

Well done; very well executed.

Business enrolled in the IPM program for

nurseries and garden centers.

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Garden Conference: The Garden Conference on March 16, 2012 was presented by the Ornamental Plant Extension Team (Donna Ellis, Richard McAvoy, Dawn Pettinelli, Leanne Pundt, and Victoria Wallace) at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT. The full-day conference was attended by 300 gardening enthusiasts, who traveled from the New England area, Iowa, New York, and Virginia. The attendees included gardeners of all levels, from the casual gardener to the Advanced Master Gardener. A total of 173 Garden Conference attendees completed the evaluation form (58% response rate). Evaluation results included the following:

99% rated the Garden Conference as good to excellent.

100% stated that they thought the conference compared as favorably or more favorably than similar conferences that they attend.

100% stated they would recommend this conference to others.

99% stated that they learned new information at the conference.

99% of the respondents felt more prepared to improve the sustainability of their home landscape or garden after attending the conference.

When asked how much they typically spend on their gardens annually, approximately half of the respondents indicated that they spend between $200 and $500, and 25% spend between $500 and $1,000.

Comments from attendees at the Garden Conference included:

Excellent conference (many of the evaluations included these comments).

Thank you! Keep up the great work – well organized, great speakers.

I love the mix of design, plant variety lists, and philosophy.

Excellent mixture of topics.

All presenters were most knowledgeable and imparted their expertise very well.

Fantastic learning experience.

Thank you for doing such a great job for gardeners.

My second conference – both wonderful and so informative.

Loved it!

This was well worth the trip from New Jersey!

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IPM for Invasive Species

Invasive Plants

Non-native invasive plants are a problem because they establish easily and grow aggressively, disperse over wide areas, displace native species, and reduce biological diversity. These plants invade not only terrestrial habitats but water bodies as well, where they can grow and proliferate undetected for many years. Some invasive plants are more familiar to the public because of their beauty (purple loosestrife), their poisonous traits (giant hogweed), or homeowner frustrations trying to control them (Oriental bittersweet and Japanese knotweed). The push to control invasive plants is becoming common nationwide. The estimated cost of environmental and economic impacts by invasive plants and efforts directed at their control surpassed $122 billion in the U.S. Integrated pest management (IPM) methods can be used to control invasive plants and plant pests (other weeds, insects, plant pathogens) in backyards, communities, and in natural landscapes. IPM technologies include the use of biological, mechanical, cultural, and chemical controls.

The Connecticut General Statutes now include regulations on invasive plants. The Connecticut Invasive Plants Council was established in 2003 to address invasive plant issues. The Council published the Connecticut Invasive Plant List in January 2004 and reviews the list on an annual basis. The list was last updated in October 2012. A total of 80 of the 97 plant species on the official state list are prohibited from sale, purchase, movement (except for the purposes of research, education, or eradication), import, cultivation, distribution, or transplanting. Increasing educational awareness of

Mile-a-minute vine, an invasive plant in Connecticut, and beneficial weevils causing feeding damage

to Mile-a-minute leaves.

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invasive plants through identification, control, and the use of alternative, non-invasive plants is the focus of this program.

The Connecticut Invasive Plant Working Group (CIPWG) is a consortium of individuals, organizations, and agencies whose mission is to promote awareness of invasive plants and their non-invasive alternatives. CIWPG meetings are held 1 to 2 times per year to collaborate and share information on the presence, distribution, ecological impacts, and management of invasive plants affecting Connecticut and the region and to promote uses of non-invasive ornamental alternatives. The working group includes federal, state, and municipal staff, researchers, nursery growers, educators, master gardeners, community members, and interested citizens. Donna Ellis (University of Connecticut Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture) and Penni Sharp (CT Botanical Society) serve as CIPWG Co-chairs.

Since 2002, CIPWG has hosted biennial invasive plant symposia. These events attract audiences of up to 475 people for a day of workshops, lectures, and discussions about invasive plants, their impacts on the environment, and non-invasive alternatives. CIPWG’s news and events list serve has approximately 780 members. The CIPWG website (www.cipwg.uconn.edu) provides information on invasive plant topics that include identification, management, the Connecticut list of invasive plants, images of invasives, invasive plant alternatives, resources, legislative updates, and much more. The CIPWG list serve and website reside on the University of Connecticut server. Online reporting forms for mile-a-minute vine, giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum), and purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) allow website visitors to report potential new invasions or provide distribution information on these species.

The number of visitors to the Connecticut Invasive Plant Working Group (CIPWG) website (www.cipwg.uconn.edu) increased this year to 12,324 during the reporting period. The increase in website visits was attributed to overall awareness of invasive plants that continues to rise as a result of

Donna Ellis speaking on biological control of

invasive plants at the NOFA Organic Land Care Program.

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the educational outreach that we are conducting. The CIPWG website migrated to a new UConn server this year. New features and additional materials on invasive plants and their alternatives continued to be added to expand the site. In preparation for a fall 2012 CIPWG invasive plant symposium, program and registration materials were developed and posted on the website.

Educational materials on invasive plants and their alternatives were developed, disseminated, and presented to a wide audience with diverse affiliations. The CIPWG terrestrial and aquatic exhibits were displayed and invasive plant educational materials were disseminated at more than 70 local, statewide, and regional events.

Donna Ellis conducted volunteer training, served as Principal Investigator on two USDA APHIS invasive plant projects, served as Program Coordinator for the statewide Purple Loosestrife Biological Control Program (www.purpleloosestrife.uconn.edu), and was the invasive plant instructor for the Master Gardener Program. Ms. Ellis supervised Logan Senack, the Connecticut Invasive Plant Coordinator, and several research technicians. Ms. Ellis served on planning committees to develop and present educational programs to area citizens and professional organizations and gave 46 presentations on ornamental plants, plant pests, and invasive species. The presentations included 20 invasive plant training workshops and other related activities. As part of the training workshops, four invasive plant pulling parties for control of mile-a-minute vine occurred in Sprague, CT during the summer months of 2011 and 2012, which were attended by 60 volunteers and project coordinators. Mile-a-minute vine (Persicaria perfoliata) is a highly invasive, non-native annual vine first recorded in Connecticut in 2000. The vine, which is capable of growing up to six inches per day under ideal conditions, outcompetes and overgrows other vegetation, crowding out native species and interfering with seedling establishment in forest regeneration.

Invasive Insects

Invasive, exotic insects such as the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), the emerald ash borer (EAB) and the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) are new pests of concern for Connecticut and the region. Although ALB has not yet been found in the state, this destructive pest was first detected in MA in 2008, just 10 miles from northeastern Connecticut. EAB was confirmed in Connecticut on July 16, 2012 in New Haven County. Both insect pests kill trees quickly over a few years and have significant negative impacts to state forests, agriculture (forestry, the maple sugar industry, the green industry, tourism) and homeowners as infested trees are removed from the landscape. The BMSB is currently considered a nuisance pest in the state and there are no documented cases of BMSB damage to any crops in Connecticut unlike the severe problems it has caused in other states. Outreach education is necessary to alert municipalities, tree wardens, arborists and other green industry businesses, and Connecticut citizens about these invasive exotics, as well as other new insect pests of concern to the state.

A volunteer network of UConn Master Gardener Interns, Certified Master Gardeners, and Advanced Master Gardeners was developed to conduct exotic pest educational outreach. Donna Ellis prepared and disseminated resource materials for the volunteers. Together with the educational outreach conducted by Ms. Ellis, 61 Master Gardener volunteers participated in outreach activities that reached approximately 76,300 Connecticut citizens.

Lily leaf beetle (Lilioceris lilii) is a serious pest of many herbaceous ornamental plants, including many species of ornamental lilies. Connecticut’s natural areas contain a number of native lilies, and many businesses in the green industry grow and sell ornamental lilies. Nurseries and garden centers have reported problems with the lily leaf beetle damaging wholesale and retail host plants, and private landowners have reported increasing levels of damage by this exotic insect pest in recent years. The

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introduction and establishment of biological control agents to reduce populations of lily leaf beetle will provide a sustainable method of managing this important plant pest, which will help protect Connecticut agriculture. Donna Ellis serves as Principal Investigator for a new USDA APHIS biological control project for lily leaf beetle. The project began in September 2011 and continued during 2012. She supervised a UConn undergraduate student, and together they recruited private landowners and businesses that grow or sell lilies to participate as release and control site locations for the applied research project. All release and control sites were monitored for feeding damage by adult and immature lily leaf beetles during the project period. Two species of lily leaf beetle biological control agents (parasitic wasps) were introduced onto lilies during site visits to 9 release sites in 5 Connecticut counties during June and July 2012. Post-release data were gathered in July and August 2012 and larvae were collected to determine if parasitism had occurred.

The presence of BMSB in the state was first confirmed in December 2010. This stink bug is of Asian origin and it is found in 33 states and the District of Columbia. This insect has a wide host range that includes many vegetable and fruit crops. It has also been reported to feed on a number of ornamental landscape plants. The BMSB is considered a nuisance pest in Connecticut because BMSB adults enter houses and other buildings during September and October to pass the winter. BMSB populations are currently considered very low but monitoring efforts are ongoing to detect any problems. During the 2011 growing season, Lorraine Los, Jude Boucher, Mary Conklin, Donna Ellis and Ana Legrand conducted a monitoring effort for BMSB using pheromone pyramid traps set at a number of locations throughout Connecticut. Traps were deployed in orchards, vegetable farms, nurseries and landscapes. In addition, black light traps were set at the UConn Research Farm and other locations.

Brown marmorated stink bug pyramid trap.

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Connecticut Curriculum for Integrated Pest Management

The Connecticut Curriculum for Integrated Pest Management is a science-based curriculum that teaches the concepts and methods of IPM to school children and 4-H youth. The IPM Curriculum is broad-based in terms of pests and crops that are addressed. It engages students, their families, and other citizens in learning about pests, including insects, rodents, weeds and invasive plants, and diseases that are potential threats to plants, humans, and other animals in and around homes, public buildings, agricultural lands, and natural areas. The curriculum also provides information on beneficial organisms, such as ladybugs and other biological control agents. The importance of selecting non-pesticidal tactics to manage pests and protect the environment is stressed. A diversity of crops is addressed in the IPM curriculum, whether the crops are part of a backyard vegetable patch, a town butterfly garden, or other type of residential, community, or natural area. Widespread implementation of the IPM Curriculum will result in a citizenry that is better prepared to make decisions to safeguard the environment. Citizens will understand the role of IPM in protecting the environment and will appreciate the contribution that farmers and other growers make to protect the environment. It is likely that private landowners and gardeners will apply IPM principles when faced with pest management needs in their own homes or in their daily lives.

The UConn IPM and Environmental Science curriculum for grades K/1, 2/3, 4/5, and 7/8 continues to be disseminated to educators in the state and the region. Curriculum lessons and supplemental materials are also available on the UConn IPM website at http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/ and the State of Maine IPM Education website at http://www.maine.gov/agriculture/pesticides/school-ipm-curriculum/index.htm. Educators who use the IPM curriculum teach their students about important pest and beneficial organisms in and around homes, public buildings, agricultural lands, and natural areas; how to make decisions to reduce populations of the pests; and how to protect the environment.

IPM Curriculum

Grades 7 and 8.

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Connecticut School IPM Coalition

The State of Connecticut has banned the use of pesticides on K-8 school grounds and requires IPM plans for use of pesticides on High School grounds and athletic fields. This requires new methods of pest management in school grounds and athletic fields. The UConn members of this coalition are Candace Bartholomew, Donna Ellis, Victoria Wallace, Jason Henderson, Carl Salsedo, and William Dest. It is the objective of this group to provide educational opportunities, via training workshops for school grounds and athletic field managers and their staff, on maintaining grounds and fields without using pesticides. We are also developing educational tools and methods to assess the impact of the law on the management and quality of school grounds and athletic fields. An Ornamental Plant Management Workshop was designed to teach school grounds managers how to maintain ornamental plants in the school landscape without the use of pesticides. The emphasis of the workshop was about sustainability, planting plants in the right place, controlling weeds, understanding soils and fertility, plant health maintenance, integrated pest management for ornamental plants, recognizing and controlling invasive plants. Training on using a turf assessment tool was also conducted.

One hundred and thirteen persons attended the Ornamental Plant Management Workshop. Results from the all day workshop indicated that: of 99 respondents 64 got new information about the legislation and what can be used to control pests on school grounds, 23 had their knowledge confirmed, 46 of 92 individuals learned something new about landscape sustainability and 26 had their knowledge confirmed, 57 of 87 learned something new about controlling weeds without using herbicides and 20 had their knowledge confirmed, 39 of 87 learned something know about soils and plant fertility and 29 had their knowledge confirmed, 54 learned something new about Integrated Pest Management for ornamental plant pests and about common invasive plants on school grounds and 25 had their knowledge confirmed. Comments about how the new knowledge would be used included: "to help better my skill level as well as teach other employees" and “to develop more sustainable management policies and procedures”.

Nursery IPM

The Environmental Horticulture industry in Connecticut, which includes over 3,350 businesses that are involved in production (nurseries, greenhouses, herbs, turfgrass, cut flowers), retail (garden centers, florists), and landscape services (landscape design, installation, maintenance, lawn and tree care), generated $1.022 billion in gross income. These firms provide jobs for 48,000 people in landscape and tree services, retail, and wholesale production and sales. Plant production and plant sales generated more than $583 million for the Environmental Horticulture Industry. The Industry keeps more than 46,000 acres of land in agricultural use (CNLA, 2009). Businesses need to grow healthy plants that are free of plant pests, and customers demand healthy plants for their landscapes. Training is needed for those in Environmental Horticulture who grow and sell plants so they can gain knowledge and make informed decisions about ornamental plant pests and how to reduce pest damage on ornamental crops.

Donna Ellis conducted full-season IPM programs for Connecticut nurseries and garden centers, providing hands-on training for those who grow and sell ornamental crops. Site visits to nurseries and garden centers occurred on a bi-weekly basis during the growing season, inspecting crops for plant pests (insects, pathogens, and weeds) and cultural problems. Plant pest problems, management decisions for control, and overall plant health were discussed with growers and their staff. Plants were inspected during 23 regular IPM site visits to diagnose plant pests and cultural problems. The participants learned new information about relevant insect pests, weeds, and pathogens affecting their crops, when these pests are of most concern during the growing season, how to scout for pest damage on their crops, and the best strategies for control. Pesticide application records were maintained by the growers and reviewed during each site visit.

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FRUIT IPM

According to the Connecticut Department of Agriculture, there are a total of 90 commercial orchard farmers with approximately 3500 acres of tree fruit crops with a combined value of over $14 million. There are also approximately 350 farms that produce berries on at least 700 acres with a value of approximately $5 million. Educational programs in fruit IPM for Connecticut tree fruit and small fruit growers were developed. Educational programs include on-farm IPM training, demonstration plots, publications and presentations at grower meetings. In addition, applied research projects are conducted for specific pests when more information is needed on monitoring, action thresholds or alternative control methods.

A total of 21 growers from 20 tree fruit and small fruit farms, conventional and organic, with just over 400 acres participated in on-farm IPM field training during the 2011 growing season. Eleven growers on 10 of farms were also enrolled in the Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) through USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. IPM training was conducted by Lorraine Los and Mary Concklin. They received information and training in a number of topics including careful scouting of pests and damage, use of pheromone traps and other monitoring traps, biological controls, cultural controls, mating disruption, proper selection of pesticides and the use of resistant cultivars. In the post season survey, 100% of the

Green pug feeding on

apple bud.

Business enrolled in the IPM program for

nurseries and garden centers.

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EQIP IPM growers rated the program as Excellent or Good and all would recommend the program to other Connecticut growers. Growers indicated that their usage of IPM would be much greater (87%); somewhat greater (13%); or about the same (0%). Weather stations were monitored at five orchard locations. These provided temperature, leaf wetness and rainfall data which were used to determine infection periods and forecasting for several major fruit diseases including apple scab, fire blight and sooty blotch/flyspeck disease complex. An applied research project targeting peach tree borers and lesser peach tree borers used mating disruption at several locations. Fruit IPM information was provided in via e-mail and included pest, environmental and cultural practices information. Articles were also included in the University of Connecticut Crop Talk newsletter.

Spotted wing Drosophila, a new invasive insect pest of berries and other soft fruits, arrived in Connecticut in the late summer of 2011 devastating late season strawberries, fall brambles, late season blueberries and some grape varieties. Monitoring of pest populations was conducted weekly, beginning in June 2012, at 12 farms around the state. The information was disseminated state-wide to growers via e-mail alerts.

.

Spotted wing Drosophila monitoring trap.

“Your updates are a wealth of interesting and informative data.”

“I really like all the detailed information you send out!”

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Landscape & Turf IPM

The objectives of the Landscape & Turf IPM program are to develop improved methods of controlling ornamental plant and turfgrass pests and to provide continuing education to the green industry and consumers. The focus of current projects led by Ana Legrand, Piyumi Obeysekara (Ph.D. student associated with the IPM Program) and Laura Eckman (Master’s student associated with the IPM Program) has been on scarab beetles such as the Japanese beetle, oriental beetle, Asiatic garden beetle, and European chafer. These insects in their immature stages, known as white grubs, are considered the most damaging pests of turf. Moreover, they are also considered important pests of many of our common landscape plants. Conventional insecticides continue to be the major tool to manage these turfgrass pests in sod production areas, recreational areas and private settings. However, distress about the use of pesticides in urban areas, particularly where children are likely to come into contact with pesticide materials has energized the demand for pest management programs that rely less on chemical insecticides. Examples of such public concerns is the recent legislation that bans the use of lawn care pesticides on the grounds of any public or private school with students in grade eight or lower. Thus, this program provides information to the public about the use of biologically-based alternatives for pest management. One area of work deals with two species of parasitic wasps that attack the Japanese and the oriental beetles. These parasitic wasps are the Spring and Summer Tiphia. These parasitoids feed on white grubs with the Spring Tiphia attacking the 3rd instars during spring and Summer Tiphia attacking 2nd or 3rd instars during late summer. Field surveys by A. Legrand indicate that parasitism rates in Connecticut can reach 61% in some locations and are comparable to earlier records. In addition, the Spring Tiphia is also inflicting mortality on oriental beetle populations with a parasitism rates ranging from 7% to 33% in low-density Oriental beetle populations. Other workers have found similar rates on oriental beetles in nursery settings. On-going work seeks to better understand how to use ornamental plants to attract these parasitoids and enhance their survival and their parasitism levels. Moreover, research is also conducted on their host search behavior in turfgrass systems. A second area of work focuses on the plant feeding preferences of the Asiatic garden beetle which is another pest problem for vegetables, ornamental plants and turfgrass. Educational efforts have delivered information from the aforementioned work in addition to information about landscape IPM and insect pests. Dr. Legrand delivered presentations on topics such as identification of greenhouse

Ana Legrand teaching a workshop on the use

of beneficial nematodes for the CNLA Summer Field Day.

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insect pests (bilingual presentation); use of beneficial nematodes for insect management (bilingual presentation); use of entomopathogenic nematodes for turf insect pest management; and on biological control of white grubs. In addition, Dr. Legrand assembled a viability check kit for beneficial nematodes and an associated mini-guide available in English and Spanish versions. These kits have been distributed at presentations and during public events. Dr. Legrand also worked on the UConn Turf Field Day 2012 preparations to give an insect management workshop and organized the day-long program in Spanish for the 2013 Connecticut Nursery and Landscape Association Winter Symposium. Increased knowledge of IPM tactics will contribute to a reduction in conventional chemical pesticide use and to an increase in adoption of biologically-based tactics and cultural controls. For example, the public is generally unaware of the existence and impact of Spring Tiphia wasps on Japanese and oriental beetle pests. Integrated pest management guidelines need to suggest methods to conserve and enhance populations of these beneficial insects. The program developed a fact sheet for this purpose and the information provided will assist the public in selecting plants that will attract and conserve these wasps. Information on landscape/turf IPM and on insect pest management was presented to 280 persons.

Use of peonies to increase parasitism by the Spring Tiphia on white grubs The parasitic wasp Tiphia vernalis or Spring Tiphia attacks the larval or grub stage of Japanese and oriental beetles. These parasitoids feed on the 3rd instar grubs during spring. A state survey indicated that T. vernalis wasps are found in all counties and adult wasp numbers peak during the last week of May. T. vernalis adults have been observed feeding on honeydew deposits from soft scales or aphids and on nectar. Many parasitoid wasp species visit flowers to obtain nectar and/or pollen that provide essential nutrients. This in turn improves fecundity, longevity and increases rates of parasitism. Thus, one approach in conservation biological control is to provide food resources to these natural enemies either through food sprays or by incorporating flowering plant habitats that could provide food resources over a period of time. The objective of this study is to determine if the use of peonies in the landscape can lead to higher parasitism of Japanese and oriental beetle grubs in turfgrass. Peonies, Paeonia lactiflora, were selected for this study based on their production of extrafloral nectar. Peonies secrete extrafloral nectar through the calyx of unopened flower buds. In addition, previous research had determined their attractiveness to Tiphia wasps and their lack of susceptibility to Japanese beetle feeding. P. lactiflora cultivars selected for this study are ‘Big Ben’, ‘Bowl of Beauty’ and ‘Festiva’. Peony beds were set up in the middle of a Kentucky bluegrass field. During each year of the study, artificial infestations of Japanese beetle larvae are set up in 6x12 feet areas on each side of the peonies both adjacent to the peonies and at 98 ft away from the peony beds. Tiphia parasitism is scored the following year in June. This is a long-term project that has been recently established and results will be presented in the future.

‘Festiva’ peonies planted to attract beneficial Spring Tiphia wasps.

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Tiphia wasps respond to plant volatiles from white grub-infested plants

Two important Scarab beetle species, the Japanese beetle and Oriental beetle are considered as invasive species and have been reported as key pests of urban landscapes and various other agricultural settings in the Northeast. The larvae of Japanese beetles primarily feed on the roots of wide variety of plants, including all cool season grasses and most weeds that are commonly found in turfgrass sites. The root-feeding larvae of oriental beetles, are a major pest of blueberries, ornamental nurseries, and turfgrass. The Spring Tiphia Tiphia vernalis and the Summer Tiphia Tiphia popilliavora, were introduced as biocontrol agents against these beetles. Female Tiphia wasps, burrow into the soil and locate the soil dwelling grub host. Once a host is located, the wasp stings it, causing temporary paralysis. An egg is attached to the grub in a location that is species-specific and the wasp offspring feeds on the grub. White grubs tend to be patchily distributed in turf and it seems unlikely that Tiphia parasitoid females search randomly for such patches. The cues that the flying wasps may use to guide them to areas where white grubs are abundant are still unknown. In a previous study we evaluated the responses of female T. vernalis and T. popilliavora to grub-infested and healthy plants using Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. Tiphia wasps were highly attracted to volatiles emitted by grub-infested tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) over healthy grasses. In contrast, wasps did not exhibit a significant preference for grub-infested perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) as compared to the control plants. Thus the objective of the present study was to elucidate the volatile profiles of grub-infested vs. uninfested turfgrass species used in the bioassays to understand the wasps’ response to herbivore-induced plant volatiles. Plant volatiles were collected from Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass. For each grass species volatiles were collected simultaneously from a grub infested and a healthy plant. Volatile analysis was done by gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry. The compounds identified for both grub-infested and control plants of Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue include, β-myrcene, trans-β-ocimene, α-ocimene, and D-limonene. The terpene levels emitted by grub-infested Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue were greater than that of the control plants of the same species. The elevated levels of terpenes emitted by grub-infested Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue coincided with the attractiveness to the Tiphiid wasps. However, compared to Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue, relatively low levels of terpenes were observed for both grub-infested and control plants of perennial ryegrass. Low levels of terpenes might explain why Tiphiid wasps did not show a preference for either

Tiphia wasp kneading host grub with

mandibles in preparation to egg-laying.

Entomopathogenic Workshop at CNLA Summer Day

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infested or uninfested plants of perennial ryegrass. The results of this project concur with results from other studies. Typically, the result of herbivore induction of plant volatiles is a marked increase in the amount of terpenes produced by the plants, especially β-ocimene. Ocimene has been shown to attract a number of parasitic wasp species and predatory mites.

Searching for white grubs in a concealed environment In order to implement effective pest management strategies, it is essential to understand the host location behaviors of pest natural enemies such as parasitoid wasps. Tiphia wasps, burrow into the soil and locate the soil dwelling grub host. It is unknown whether Tiphiid wasps can detect trails, including grub frass and body odor, at some distance, or whether they can perceive trails only when in direct contact with them. Moreover, the response to direct host-cue contact while in the soil has been described only for the Spring Tiphia. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: 1) to examine whether female Summer Tiphia can respond to direct host-cues; and 2) to examine whether female Tiphiid wasps can detect host cues, including grub frass and body odor, at some distance in the soil. Dual-choice tests were conducted to test whether or not Tiphia wasps can respond to cues at varying distances. The soil including the cues was buried at a depth of 0, 2, or 5 cm from the junction of a glass Y-tube, and wasps were scored for successful discrimination of the arm containing cues. The ability of Spring Tiphia to detect cues at 2 and 5cm was examined whereas for Summer Tiphia the host cues were presented at 0, 2, and 5 cm deep. Third-instar Japanese and oriental beetle grubs were reared in separate cups for 2-7 days and the soil from those cups was used as the source of cues. The Y-tube was filled with autoclaved soil collected from a UCONN research farm field. Tests were conducted separately for soil cues obtained from Japanese and oriental beetle third-instar grubs. A total of 250 female Tiphiid wasps were tested. For these experiments, Spring Tiphia were collected during early May to mid June while Summer Tiphia were collected during August to early September. The study showed that at a depth of 2 cm both Tiphia species chose the arm filled with Japanese beetle cues more often than the arm without cues. This was not the case when the cues were buried deeper at 5cm. When the cues from 3

rd

instar Japanese beetles were buried at 2 cm depth, both Tiphia species showed a significant preference for the arm with the cue but they did not detect the oriental beetle cues in the same way. At depth of 0 cm, Summer Tiphia chose the arm containing cues (from Japanese and oriental beetles) significantly more often than the opposite arm. These results suggest that the distance from which Tiphiid wasps can detect their hosts by relying on direct host cues is relatively short. The wasps did not discriminate between test and control choices when the cues were buried at 5 cm. Moreover, it is noteworthy that Tiphiid wasps were better able to detect Japanese beetle host cues over oriental beetle cues when buried at 2cm. This report is also the first account regarding the direct host cues employed by Summer Tiphia in its host search.

Spring Tiphia larva feeding on white grub.

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Color preference of the Japanese beetle parasitoid Spring Tiphia

The Spring Tiphia occurs every spring during a time frame of 4-6 weeks with a peak in numbers around the last week of May. The presence of these wasps can be monitored by spraying a 10% sugar water solution on turfgrass areas or on low-lying branches of shrubs and trees. Information on the color preferences exhibited by this wasp, if any, would be useful for the development of monitoring tools and to better understand the wasp’s behavior. Thus, studies were conducted to determine which colors attract these beneficial Spring Tiphia wasps. Color cards were placed in a turfgrass field and cards were made of Navy blue, red, yellow and white poster board. The rectangular cards were 7.5 cm by 9.5 cm in size and were attached to green bamboo canes used as holders. Cards were placed at 70cm above the ground and were covered by plastic so that they could be sprayed with 10% sugar water at the beginning of each observation period. The wasps were attracted to all the color cards sprayed with sugar water and they were observed feeding on the liquid. However, card color produced a significant difference in the number of wasps recorded. Yellow cards attracted the highest number of wasps followed by white, blue and red cards. The time period when observations were taken did not have a significant effect on the number of wasps observed. Yellow cards placed in the field could be used as a monitoring tool since the wasps are highly attracted to this color and a person could spray sugar water on the cards instead of on the turfgrass or on plants. The 70 cm height for the card placement is important because a preliminary experiment had showed that wasps were not attracted to cards placed at ground level. Using yellow color and sugar water as baits in any monitoring device will aid in the detection of these wasps in an area or for collection of live specimens.

Spring Tiphia color preference test at the UConn Research Farm.

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Publications & Presentations

Vegetable IPM Program

Extension Manuals/Bulletins

Legrand, A., J. Boucher, M. Concklin, D. Ellis, L. Los and L. Pundt. 2012. Connecticut Integrated Pest Management Program 2010-2011 Annual Report. UConn Cooperative Extension System and Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture. 46 pp. www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/. Also delivered to CT legislators.

Boucher, J. 2011. Updates on Reduced Tillage, Row covers and Celery/Celeriac. In, 2012-2013 New England Vegetable Management Guide. J. Howell, Editor. New England Coop. Ext. Sys. Pub. 302 pp. www.nevegetable.org. 1,500 hard copies sold biannually to vegetable producers.

Proceedings

Boucher, J. 2011. Managing Pepper Maggots with OMRI-Approved GF-120 Fruit Fly Bait. Pages 98-100 in, New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference 2011 Proceedings. New England CES Pub. 254 pp. www.newenglandvfc.org.

Boucher, J. 2011. Pumpkin Disease and Resistance Management. Pages 51-52 in, New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference 2011 Proceedings. New England CES Pub. 254 pp. www.newenglandvfc.org.

Other Extension Publications (newsletter articles/web fact sheets)

Boucher, J., L. Los and M. Concklin (eds.). 2012. Crop Talk: Commercial Vegetable and Fruit Crops Newsletter. UConn Coop. Ext. Sys. & Dept. Plant. Sci. Pub. Vol. 1-8(1-4): 12 pp. Mailing list: 870 growers/educators.

Boucher, J. 2012. Welcome Mary Concklin as a New Fruit Crops IPM Extension Educator. Crop Talk: Commercial Vegetable & Fruit Crops Newsletter, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 1.

Boucher, J. 2012. Deep Zone Tillage for Small Organic Farms. Crop Talk: Commercial Vegetable & Fruit Crops Newsletter, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 3 & 11.

Boucher, J. 2012. USDA NRCS Ends Educational Component of EQIP IPM. Crop Talk: Commercial Vegetable & Fruit Crops Newsletter, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 4.

Boucher, J. 2012. Stewart’s Wilt Warning for Sweet Corn. Crop Talk: Commercial Vegetable & Fruit Crops Newsletter, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 5.

Boucher, J. 2012. Pumpkin Diseases and Resistance Management. Crop Talk: Commercial Vegetable & Fruit Crops Newsletter, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 8 & 10.

Boucher, J. Deep Zone Tillage (DZT) at the Dzen’s Farm, Ellington, CT: Case Study III. Crop Talk: Commercial Vegetable & Fruit Crops Newsletter, Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 1 & 5.

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Boucher, J. Lower Your Electric Bill with CoolBot. Crop Talk: Commercial Vegetable & Fruit Crops Newsletter, Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 2-3.

Boucher. J. 2011. Highlights: 2011 Spring & Summer Vegetable Crops Sustainable Ag/IPM Program. The Extension Express. Fall 2011 Issue, UConn Extension Pub.

Boucher, J. 2005-2012. Crop Weather (Newsletter and web site). USDA New England Agricultural Statistics. Report weekly on weather and crop interactions/conditions. April-October. Delivered to 700 people.

Magazines/newspapers/radio

Spiegel, J. E. 2012. (Based on interview with J. Boucher). Cut to Pest Control Program Leaves Farms Vulnerable this Summer. The CT Mirror & WNPR broadcast. 27 July. 2 pp.

Boucher, J. 2012. Pumpkin Diseases and Resistance Management. The Pumpkin News. Atticus Communications, Inc. , Greenwich, NY. Vol. 1, Issue 3.

Technical Reports

McAvoy, R., J. Kerstetter, H. White, H. Freake, C. Auer, S. Swallow, J. Boucher, R. Anyah, and G. Risatti. 2012. UConn CANR Policy for Mentoring Junior Faculty. March 27, 9 pp.

Boucher, J. 2011. Bringing Deep Zone Tillage (DZT) to Connecticut & New England Vegetable Growers. Specialty Crop Grant Annual Report. CT DoAg. December, 2 pp.

Los, L., J. Boucher, D. Ellis and L. Pundt. 2011/2012. Quarterly Reports for Project 09-02 IPM/ICM, University of Connecticut. EPA 319 Nonpoint Source/CT DEP. Duration: 7/6/10-6/30/12. $69,000.

Publication reviewing/advising

Caldwell, B., E. Brown Rosen, E. Sideman, A. Shelton, and C. Smart. Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease Management 2nd edition. J. Boucher serving on advisory team for content. NYSAES Pub. (under revision)

Conference Organization/Judge

Boucher, J., General Chairman 2012-2016/Steering Committee 1993-2012. New England Vegetable and Fruit Conference & Trade Show. A New England Cooperative Extension System Consortium Effort. 35 member steering committee. 13-15 December, 2011. Manchester, NH (attendance 1,654; 132 booth trade show; 36 topic sessions; 156 presentations; 10 discussion groups; pesticide license re-certification credits; awards program; proceedings). Biannual/regional.

Boucher, J. (Chairman), L. Los, M. Concklin, R. Durgy, D. Ellis, L. Pundt, S. Bengtson, J. LaMondia, J. Martin and J. Bonelli. Steering Committee 2012. Annual Connecticut Vegetable & Small Fruit Growers’ Conference. 19 January, 2012, Vernon, CT (attendance 175 growers/service industry reps).

Boucher, J. (Judge), R. Durgy, A. Brown. 2004-2012. All-America Selection Trial Gardens. Test and judge new vegetable varieties for breeders for international All-America Selection Awards. Dept. Plant Science/Research Farm, Storrs, CT.

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Educational Session Organization/Moderator

Boucher, J. (Organizer/Moderator/Speaker). 2011. Pumpkin Production, Pollination and Protection. New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference. 13 December, Manchester, NH. Attendance: 190 vegetable growers.

Bornt, C., J. Boucher and L. McDermott. (Co-organizers/Moderators). 2011. Reduced Tillage. New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference. 13 December, Manchester, NH. Attendance: 134 vegetable growers.

Mangan, F and J. Boucher. (Co-moderator/Speaker). Eggplants & Peppers. New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference. 14 December, Manchester, NH. Attendance: 119 vegetable growers.

Internet Resources

Boucher, T. J. 1987-2011. "Vegetable Crops IPM Recorded Telephone/Web Site Pest Message" (http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/). Provides the latest pest data from traps and crop scouting around the state with cutting-edge crop management recommendations. Weekly updates provided May-September. (over 4,000 hits/calls annually).

Howell, J. (Editor). 2011. J. Boucher, editorial committee. 2012-2013 New England Vegetable Management Guide. New England Coop. Ext. Pub. pp. 302. Used as a reference guide for vegetable production and pest management issues on over 40 vegetable commodities. Includes color pictures and lists of registered pesticides for each pest. Updated biannually. www.nevegetable.org.

Boucher,J., M. Concklin, D. Ellis, A. Legrand, L. Los and L. Pundt. 1991-2011. UConn IPM Program Website, (www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/). Archives of fact sheets, newsletters, pest messages, events calendar, etc.

Jackson, T. L. (Editor). J. Boucher, General Chairman Steering Committee. 2011. Proceedings of the New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference 2011. pp.254. www.newenglandvfc.org. 1,200 CD/hard copies sold.

Extension Presentations

Boucher, J. 2012. Managing Cucurbit Diseases. New Hampshire Vegetable & Berry Growers’ Annual Meeting. 10 March, Boscawen, NH. Attendance: 95 vegetable growers.

Boucher, J. 2012. Insect Control in Tomatoes and Potatoes. Potatoes and Tomatoes: Best Practices for Late Blight, Soil Health, Insect and Weed Management Workshop. 1 March, Hadley, MA. Attendance: 25 vegetable growers/Extension Educators.

Boucher, J. 2011. Managing Pepper Maggots with OMRI-Approved GF-120 Fruit Fly Bait. . New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference. 14 December, Manchester, NH. Attendance: 119 vegetable growers.

Boucher, J. 2011. Pumpkin Disease and Resistance Management. New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference. 13 December, Manchester, NH. Attendance: 190 vegetable growers.

Cecarelli, N. and J. Boucher. 2011. Local Soil Health Experiences. Soil Health Workshops. USDA NRCS. Nov. 14., E. Windsor, CT. Attendance 65.

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Boucher, J., K. Stoner, P. Horan and F. Monahan. 2011. Panel Discussion: What’s the Difference Between Organic and IPM? Farm-To-Chef Program 5th Annual Meeting. 7 November, Shelton, CT. Attendance: 65 growers, chefs, government staff.

Boucher, J. 2011. Deep Zone Tillage for Vegetable Farms. Soil Conservation Workshop and Deep Zone Tillage Tour. AgriPoint Inc., 28 July, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada. Attendance (24 growers/educators/equipment dealers).

Boucher, J. 2011. Deep Zone Tillage for Dairy Farms. Soil Conservation Workshop. AgriPoint Inc., 27 July, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Attendance (11 growers/educators).

Boucher, J, L. Los. R. Cowles and D. Dzen. 2011. Twilight Meeting at the Dzen Brothers’ Farm. Annual CT Vegetable Growers’ Twilight Meeting Series. 14 July, South Windsor, CT. Attendance: 75 vegetable growers/industry reps.

Concklin, M. 2012. IPM in the Vegetable Garden. Garden Symposium sponsored by the Old Sturbridge Village. (57 attendees)

Greenhouse IPM Program Poster Displays Pundt, L. Poster Display. Greenhouse IPM. August 17, 2011. Griffin Greenhouse and Nursery Supply Grower Expo. West Springfield, MA. 575 attended. Pundt, L. Poster Display. Greenhouse IPM. Sept 28, 2011. WH Milikowski Open House. Stafford, CT 320 attended. Student Tours Pundt, L. and A. Legrand. Farm Tour. September 30, 2011. Graduate Students UCONN. Karabin Farms, Southington, CT 9 students. Extension Presentations Pundt, L. Key Insects and Diseases of Herbaceous Perennials. October 11, 2011. Herbaceous Ornamentals Course, Naugatuck Valley Community College. Waterbury, CT 24 horticulture students. Pundt, L. Managing Pests and Diseases of Herb and Vegetable Bedding Plants. October 19, 2012. Connecticut Greenhouse Growers Association Pesticides and Roast Beef Program. CT Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 35 attendees. Pundt, L. The Latest Techniques for Scouting Greenhouse Pests. January 5, 2012. Connecticut Nursery and Landscape Association/ Connecticut Greenhouse Growers Winter Symposium & Expo. Manchester, CT. 110 attendees. Pundt, L. Key Insects and Diseases of Herbaceous Perennials. April 2, 2012. Herbaceous Ornamentals Course, Naugatuck Valley Community College. Waterbury, CT, 21 horticulture students. Pundt, L. What Bugged you in 2011- Tales from the Field. February 7, 2012. Spring Bedding Plant Meeting – 2012. Vernon, CT. 45 attendees.

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Pundt, L. What Bugged you in 2011- Tales from the Field. February 14, 2012. Spring Bedding Plant Meeting – 2012. Torrington, CT. 38 attendees. Ornamental Plant Extension Team Programs Pundt, L. March 15, 2012 UCONN Perennial Plant Conference. University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT presented by the Ornamental Plant Extension team (Ellis, D., McAvoy, R., Pettinelli, Pundt, L. and Wallace, V). Program and registration on line at: http://www.2012perennial.uconn.edu 315 attendees who are members of the horticulture industry from garden centers, landscape design firms, landscape maintenance firms, retail and wholesale greenhouses, and wholesale nurseries. Pundt, L. March 16, 2012. UCONN Garden Conference, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT Presented by the Ornamental Plant Extension Team (Ellis, D., McAvoy, R., Pettinelli, Pundt, L. and Wallace, V) and UCONN Home and Garden Education Center. Program brochure online at: http:// www.2012garden.uconn.edu 300 attendees consisting of home gardeners and Master Gardeners. Publications Pundt, L., T. Smith and P. Lopes. 2011. Stress can cause crown buds on garden mums. Greenhouse Management. August 8, 2011. Pundt, L., T. Smith and P. Lopes. 2011. Check Garden Mum Roots for Stress. Greenhouse Management. August 1. 2011 Pundt, L. and T. Smith. 2011. Vegetable Transplant Production, p. 67-87 in, 2012-2013 New England Vegetable Management Guide. J. Howell & R. Hazzard, editors. New England Coop. Ext. Sys. Pub. pp. 302. Distributed at New England Vegetable and Fruit Conference, Dec. 2011. 1500 hard copies sold. Information also online at the web site http://www.nevegetable.org Pundt, L. 2011. Managing Pests for Grower/Retailers. GrowerTalks magazine. December 2011. National trade publication. See at http://www.ballpublishing.com/GrowerTalks/ViewArticle.aspx?articleID=18853&highlight=leanne+pundt

Legrand, A., J. Boucher, M. Concklin, D. Ellis, L. Los and L. Pundt. 2012. Connecticut Integrated Pest Management Program 2010-2011 Annual Report. UConn Cooperative Extension System and Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture. 46 pp. Pundt, L. 2012. Downy mildew confirmed in three Connecticut counties. 7/23/12. Greenhouse Management. Pundt, L. 2012. How to Handle Downy Mildew on Impatiens. CGGA Plugged In newsletter. Issue 1. 2012. Internet Resources New England Greenhouse Update Website: 600 growers, retailers, industry representatives and staff at other Universities increased their knowledge on the use of biological controls, and best management practices through the New England Greenhouse Update website. Provided timely, up-to-date information through website (www.negreenhouseupdate.info) with approximately 48,000 visitors per year. The following was posted to the website and e-mails were sent out to 600 greenhouse growers, retailers, industry representatives in New England and the Northeast.

Pundt, L, T, Smith and P. Lopes. Crown Buds on Chrysanthemums. 7/28/11 Pundt, L. T. Smith and P. Lopes. Chrysanthemums: Check roots and test soil. 7/28/11 Pundt, L and T. Smith. Whiteflies on Poinsettias. 8/29/11 Pundt, L and T. Smith. Weed Control in Empty Greenhouses. 8/29/11 Pundt, L and T. Smith: Leafminers on Garden Mums. 8/29/11 Pundt, L and T. Smith. . Pesticide Record Keeping. 11/ 17/ 11 Pundt, L. Springtails. 12/1/11

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Pundt, L and T. Smith. Protecting Cereal Aphids on Banker Plants from contamination from Aphidius colemanii. 12/5/11 Pundt, L and T. Smith. Inspect Incoming Plants. 2/2/ 12 Pundt, L and T. Smith. Thrips Biocontrol. February 9, 2012 Pundt, L and T. Smith. Handling Growing Media, Transplanting Tips. February 15, 2012 Pundt, L. and T. Smith. Pest Message, week of March 5th 2012 Pundt, L. and T. Smith. Pest Message, week of March 12th. 2012 Pundt, L. and T. Smith. Pest Message, week of March 19th 2012 Pundt, L and T. Smith. Pest Message, week of March 26th 2012 Pundt, L. and T. Smith. Pest Message, week of April 9th 2012 Pundt, L. and T. Smith. Hover flies. April 9, 2012. Pundt, L. and T. Smith. Pest Message, week of April 16th 2012 Pundt, L. and T. Smith. Pest Message, week of April 23rd. Pundt, L. and T. Smith. Pest Message, week of May 1st. 2012 Pundt, L. and T. Smith. Broad Mites. May 1, 2012. Pundt, L. and T. Smith. Pest Message, week of May 17th Pundt, L. and T. Smith. Pest Message, week of June 4th Pundt, L. and T. Smith. Powdery Mildew. June 28, 2012. Pundt, L. and T. Smith. Four lined Plant Bug. June 28, 2012.

Boucher,J., M. Concklin, D. Ellis, A. Legrand, L. Los and L. Pundt. 1991-2011. UConn IPM Program Website, (www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/). Archives of fact sheets, newsletters, pest messages, events calendar, etc.

Fruit IPM Program Publications: Boucher, J., L. Los and M. Concklin (eds.). 2012. Crop Talk: Commercial Vegetable and Fruit Crops Newsletter. UConn Coop. Ext. Sys. & Dept. Plant. Sci. Pub. Vol. 1-8(1-4): pp. 12. Mailing list: 870 growers/educators. Concklin, M. 2012. Spotted Wing Drosophila. Crop Talk: Commercial Vegetable & Fruit Crops Newsletter, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 6,7, 9. Concklin, M. 2012. Frost Protection Reminders. UMass Extension Fruit Grower list-serv. May Concklin, M. 2012. Spotted Wing Drosophila Chemical Control Chart. UMass Extension Fruit Grower listserv. June 20. Heidenreich, C. Long-necked Seed Bug- An Occasional Pest in Strawberries. New York Berry News, Vol 11, No. 6, p. 17. Photos provided by M. Concklin. Legrand, A., J. Boucher, M. Concklin, D. Ellis, L. Los and L. Pundt. 2012. Connecticut Integrated Pest Management Program 2010-2011 Annual Report. UConn Cooperative Extension System and Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture. 46 pp. Los, L. 2012 (editor of stone fruit chapters, co-editor of entomology and pesticide labels sections). 2012 New England Tree Fruit Management Guide. 260 pp.

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Presentations: Concklin, M. 2012. Small Fruit Production, UConn Master Gardener Program Class (212 students) Concklin, M. 2012. Tree Fruit Production, UConn Master Gardener Program Class (212 students) Concklin, M. 2012. Spotted Wing Drosophila Update. CT Pomological Society Twilight Meeting, Southington, CT (60 attendees) Los, L. 2011. Management of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug. CT Pomological Society Annual Meeting. December 6, 2011. Glastonbury, CT. Los, L. 2011. Development of Stone Fruit IPM Guidelines for the Northeast. 2011 New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference. Manchester, NH. Internet Resources Boucher,J., M. Concklin, D. Ellis, A. Legrand, L. Los and L. Pundt. 1991-2011. UConn IPM Program Website, (www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/). Archives of fact sheets, newsletters, pest messages, events calendar, etc.

Landscape & Turfgrass IPM Publications Legrand, A. 2012. Ornamental plants that attract Tiphia parasitic wasps of Japanese & oriental beetles. IPM Program Fact Sheet. University of Connecticut Cooperative Extension System. June 30, 2012. Legrand, A. 2012. Entomopathogenic nematode viability check guide. English and Spanish versions. IPM Program, University of Connecticut Cooperative Extension System. Legrand, A. 2012. Use of peonies to increase Tiphia vernalis parasitism on white grubs. Turfgrass Field Day Research Summaries. College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut. Legrand, A., J. Boucher, M. Concklin, D. Ellis, L. Los and L. Pundt. 2012. Connecticut Integrated Pest Management Program 2010-2011 Annual Report. UConn Cooperative Extension System and Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture. 46 pp. Obeysekara, P. and A. Legrand. 2011. Systemic release of herbivore-induced plant volatiles by cool season turfgrasses infested by root feeding larvae of Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) and oriental beetle (Anomala orientalis). 2011 Annual Turfgrass Research Report, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut. Obeysekara, P. and A. Legrand. 2011 The ability of tiphiid wasps to detect kairomones and frass from scarabaeid grubs at some distance in the soil. 2011 Annual Turfgrass Research Report, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut. Obeysekara, P. and A. Legrand. 2012. Do Tiphiid wasps use herbivore-induced plant volatiles for finding white grubs? 2012 Connecticut Conference on Natural Resources Proceedings. Storrs, CT. March 2012. Obeysekara, P. and A. Legrand. 2012. Systemic release of herbivore-induced plant volatiles by cool season turfgrasses infested by root feeding larvae of Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) and

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oriental beetle (Anomala orientalis).Turfgrass Field Day Research Summaries. College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut. Obeysekara, P. and A. Legrand. 2012. The ability of tiphiid wasps to detect kairomones and frass from scarabaeid grubs at some distance in the soil. Turfgrass Field Day Research Summaries. College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut. Presentations Legrand, A. 2011. Biological control of white grubs. Master Gardener Research Farm Tour. July 7, 2011. Legrand, A. 2011. Important summer insect and mite pests. CNLA Summer Field Day, Watertown. July 13

th, 2011.

Legrand, A. 2011. IPM Principles and Practice Webinar. Connecticut Partnership for Public Health

Workforce Development. October 27, 2011. Legrand, A. 2011. How Plants get Tiphia Wasps on the Go. Celebrating the career of Pedro Barbosa: a passion for insects and plants symposium. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Reno, NV. November 2011. Legrand, A. 2012. Identification of greenhouse insect pests. CNLA Winter Symposium, Manchester, CT. January 5, 2012. Obeysekara, P. and A. Legrand. 2012. Do Tiphiid wasps use herbivore-induced plant volatiles for finding white grubs?", 2012 Connecticut Conference on Natural Resources. March 12, 2012. Obeysekara, P. and A. Legrand. 2012. Do tiphiid wasps use herbivore-induced plant volatiles for finding white grubs? Entomological Society of America Eastern Branch 2012 Annual Meeting, Hartford, CT. March 17, 2012. Legrand, A., The Connecticut IPM Program: people, partners and perseverance. The 7th International IPM Symposium, National IPM Centers and University of Illinois. March 27, 2012. Legrand, A. UConn Integrated Pest Management Program. Presentation for Woodstock Academy. May 1, 2012. Legrand. A. 2012. Connecticut IPM Program. Coventry Grange Meeting. May 24, 2012. Internet Resources Boucher,J., M. Concklin, D. Ellis, A. Legrand, L. Los and L. Pundt. 1991-2011. UConn IPM Program Website, (www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/). Archives of fact sheets, newsletters, pest messages, events calendar, etc. Legrand, A. 2012. What does IPM do? IPM Program Website Introduction. Jan. 26 2012. Legrand, A. 2012. IPM: Management Practices. IPM Program Website Introduction. Jan. 26 2012.

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Exhibits Legrand, A. P. Obeysekara and L. Eckman. 2011. IPM Program Exhibit at the Celebrating Agriculture Fair, Woodstock Fairgrounds. September 24, 2011. Legrand, A. P. Obeysekara and L. Eckman. 2011. IPM Program Exhibit at Cornucopia Fest, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut. September 25, 2011. Legrand, A. and D. Ellis. 2012. IPM Program Exhibit for UConn Extension Legislative Reception, Hartford. April 25, 2012. Legrand, A., M. Concklin and V. Wallace. 2012. IPM Program Exhibit, Ag Day at the Capitol, Hartford, CT. March 21 2012. Legrand, A., L. Eckman and P. Obeysekara. 2010. IPM Program Exhibit for Celebrating Agriculture Fair, Woodstock Fairgrounds. September 2010. Legrand, A., L. Eckman and P.Obeysekara. 2010. IPM Program Exhibit and Bug Bingo Game for Cornucopia Fest, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Storrs, October, 2010. Legrand, A., P. Obeysekara and L. Eckman. 2012. IPM Program and Invasive Species Exhibit. Connecticut Conference on Natural Resources. University of Connecticut, Storrs. March, 2012.

Ornamental Plants and Invasive Plants IPM Refereed Journal Articles

Thammina, C., M. He, L. Lu, K. Cao, H. Yu, Y. Chen, R. McAvoy, D. Ellis, Y. Wang, D. Zhao, and Y. Li. 2011. In Vitro Regeneration of Triploid Plants of Euonymus alatus 'Compactus' (Burning Bush) from Endosperm Tissue. HortScience 46(8):1141–1147. Thammina, C., M. He, L. Lu, K. Cao, H. Yu, Y. Chen, R. McAvoy, D. Ellis, Y. Wang, D. Zhao, and Y. Li. 2012. Continuous biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) may be required for maintaining dormancy of isolated embryos and intact seeds of Euonymus alatus. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 108: 493-500. Extension Publications Legrand, A., J. Boucher, M. Concklin, D. Ellis, L. Los and L. Pundt. 2012. Connecticut Integrated Pest Management Program 2010-2011 Annual Report. UConn Cooperative Extension System and Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture. 46 pp. Conference Proceedings and Presentations Ellis, D.R. 2012. IPM – It’s Not Just for Farmers Anymore. Seventh International IPM Symposium, “IPM on the World Stage,” Memphis, TN, March 27-29, 2012. Short paper and abstract for proceedings. Television and Radio Interviews

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WFSB Channel 3 News reporter Dan Kain did a story on an invasive plant control event in Sprague, CT on May 31, 2012. The story was broadcast on the 6:00 p.m. news and posted on the WFSB website.

Several local, statewide, and regional television stations covered an introduction of beneficial weevils for biological control of the invasive plant mile-a-minute vine (Persicaria perfoliata) at a CL&P substation in Norwalk on June 15, 2011, including Channel 3 news, Channel 12, and WCBS 880 Radio. “Army of Weevils Attack Invasives.” Radio interview by Nancy Cohen for WNPR Public Radio and website on June 15, 2011. WILI AM 1400 radio, the Wayne Norman show, Willimantic, CT, February 8, 2011. The interview included discussions of two plant conferences held annually at the University of Connecticut, the Perennial Plant Conference and the Garden Conference. Newspaper, Internet, and other Articles (based on interviews with Donna Ellis or Logan Senack or regarding the programs that Donna oversees) “Plants Invading Rockland a Mile-a-minute.” Article written for Shore Publishing on June 10, 2012. “Volunteers Work to Weed Out Mile-a-minute Vine in Sprague.” Article written by Dan Kain for WFSB Channel 3 News on May 31, 2012 that was posted on the WFSB website. “Mile-a-minute Vine.” Article written for the Roxbury Land Trust Newsletter on May 29, 2012 that was posted on their website. “Commission Considers Plans to Address Invasive Plant Species in Newington”. Article written by Mark Spencer for the Hartford Courant on April 18,

2012.

“Multiple Sightings of Invasive Mile-a-Minute Vine Reported in Roxbury”. Article written for the Town of Roxbury newsletter Roxbury Today [Volume 15(1), Spring 2012, page 9]. “In Roxbury – Invasive Vine Commission Topic”. Article written by Bradleigh Huizinga for Voices on October 19, 2011. “Residents are asked to Report Siting of Invasive Mile-a-minute Vine”. Article published in the Easton Courier on October 8, 2011. “Mile-a-minute Vine Invades Connecticut”. Article written by Patrick Barnard for the Wilton Patch on October 6, 2011. This article was also published in the Greenwich Patch, the Ridgefield Patch, and the Trumbull Patch on the same day. “State Seeks Sightings of Invasive ‘Mile-a-minute Vine’”. Article written by Dwayne Gardner for the Ridgefield Press on October 4, 2011. This article was also published in the New Canaan Advertiser on October 2, 2011. “Irene Boosts Growth of Invasive Mile-a-minute Weed”. Article written by Adam Benson for the Norwich Bulletin on October 1, 2011. “State Asks Public to Report Sightings of Invasive Mile-a-minute Vine as Control Efforts Continue.” September 30, 2011 press release issued from the CT Department of Energy & Environmental Protection, in collaboration with the University of Connecticut. “State Asks Public to Report Invasive Mile-a-minute Vine Sightings”. Article published in the Stamford Plus on September 29, 2011.

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“Report Sightings of Mile-a-minute Vine”. Article published in the New London Day on September 29, 2011. “Attention Gardeners: Be on the Lookout for Mile-a-minute Vine”. Article published in the Woodbury-Middlebury Patch on September 28, 2011. “State Asks Public to Report Sightings of Invasive Mile-a-minute Vine as Control Efforts Continue”. Article written by Chris Bosak for The Hour on September 28, 2011. “Volunteers Needed to Fight Invasive ‘Mile-a-minute Vine”. Article published in the New Milford Spectrum on September 14, 2011. “Asian Insects Battle with Invasive Vine”. Article written by Kendra Bobowick for The Newtown Bee on September 6, 2011. “More Natives, Less Work”. Article written by Theresa Barger for the Hartford Courant on August 19, 2011. Websites Managed Connecticut Invasive Plant Working Group, www.cipwg.uconn.edu. University of Connecticut website for information on invasive plants (identification, management, use of alternative plants, contact information, links to related websites). The statewide working group promotes awareness of invasive plant issues and convenes biennial symposia. Connecticut Purple Loosestrife Program, www.purpleloosestrife.uconn.edu. University of Connecticut website for information on the invasive plant purple loosestrife (identification, management, including biological control, use of alternative plants, contact information, links to related websites, etc.). Other websites Boucher,J., M. Concklin, D. Ellis, A. Legrand, L. Los and L. Pundt. 1991-2011. UConn IPM Program Website, (www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/). Archives of fact sheets, newsletters, pest messages, events calendar, etc. List Serves Moderated Connecticut Invasive Plant Working Group (780 subscribers) Connecticut Purple Loosestrife Program (345 subscribers) Courses Taught University of Connecticut SAPL 810, Plant Pest Control, fall semester, 2012, Storrs, CT. 6 students. Course content included general pest detection and control of insects, weeds, and pathogens. University of Connecticut SAPL 810, Plant Pest Control, fall semester 2011, Storrs, CT. 6 students. Course content included general pest detection and control of insects, weeds, and pathogens. Teaching – Other Ornamental and Turf Short Course, North Haven, CT, October 25, 2011. Invited speaker to teach entomology and Integrated Pest Management to students preparing for pesticide applicator license certification. 18 students.

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Ornamental and Turf Short Course, West Hartford, CT, January 31, 2012. Invited speaker to teach entomology and Integrated Pest Management to students preparing for Pesticide Applicator licenses. 21students. Master Gardener Training Program: February 24, 29; March 6, 19; April 5, 2012. Taught five full-day classes on invasive plants to the 2012 class of Master Gardener Interns at five Cooperative Extension System locations in Connecticut: North Haven, Norwich, Stamford, Torrington, and Vernon. Approximately 250 students. The Living Earth Environmental Studies School, Federated Garden Clubs of Connecticut, Inc., New Haven, CT, April 3, 2012. Invited speaker to teach a class on “Plants – Biodiversity” for Federated Garden Club members who are in training to become National Garden Club Environmental Consultants. Conferences, Symposia, and Workshops Planned and Presented 7

th International Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Symposium, “IPM on the World Stage”, Memphis,

TN, March 27-29, 2012. Presentation on the University of Connecticut IPM Curriculum, “IPM – It’s Not Just for Farmers Anymore” as part of a workshop presented by members of the Northeast School IPM Working Group entitled, “Educating the Next Generation: Strategies to Promote IPM Literacy”. The IPM Literacy workshop was one of 14 concurrent sessions presented on March 28

th and had the

largest attendance (70 people) of these sessions. The symposium was attended by approximately 650 people from all over the world. Northeast Invasive Plant Species Forum, “Building a Competitive Future for Invasive Plant Species Research in the Northeast”, Beltsville, MD, March 21-22, 2012. Served as a member of the Northeast Invasive Plant Species Working Group to plan and present the forum, which was attended by 32 scientists and extension professionals to discuss non-native invasive plant research and educational outreach collaborative opportunities in the Northeast for. I presented a summary of breakout session discussions to the forum attendees. University of Connecticut Garden Conference, Storrs, CT, March 16, 2012. Served as a member of the Ornamental Plant Extension Team (Team members: D. Ellis, L. Pundt, R. McAvoy, D. Pettinelli and V. Wallace) to plan and present the 10

th annual conference, which was attended by 300 garden

enthusiasts, which included Master Gardeners, garden club members, and home gardeners. Also presented an exhibit on invasive plants developed by the Connecticut Invasive Plant Working Group and answered questions from the attendees during the conference. University of Connecticut Perennial Plant Conference, Storrs, CT, March 15, 2012. Served as a member of the Ornamental Plant Extension Team (Team members: D. Ellis, L. Pundt, R. McAvoy, D. Pettinelli and V. Wallace) to plan and present the 17

th annual conference, which was attended by 315

professional horticulturists from garden centers, the green industry, landscape designers, landscape maintenance firms, retail and wholesale greenhouses, and retail and wholesale nurseries. Also presented an exhibit on invasive plants developed by the Connecticut Invasive Plant Working Group and answered questions from the attendees during the conference.

Adjusting to Pesticide Ban Legislation: K-8 School Grounds Ornamental Plant Management Workshop, West Hartford, CT, March 2, 2012. Planned and presented by the Connecticut School Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Coalition [D. Ellis, C. Bartholomew, V. Wallace, C. Salsedo, J. Henderson, W. Dest, D. Jorsey (CT DEEP), and R. Calarco (Town of Hebron Parks and Recreation)]. Invited speaker for presentation on Integrated Pest Management for ornamental plant pests and common invasive plants on school grounds. 122 attendees. Connecticut Vegetable and Small Fruit Growers Conference, Vernon, CT, January 19, 2012. Served as a member of the Steering Committee and assisted with registration during the conference. 155 attendees. Connecticut Nursery and Landscape Association Winter Symposium and Expo, Wallingford, CT, January 4-5, 2012. Served as a member of the Winter Symposium Planning Committee. Participated

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as a conference exhibitor; served as a moderator for one presentation, staffed exhibit on non-native invasive plants and their alternatives, disseminated literature, and answered questions. 569 attendees. Presentations (Most items listed below were conducted by Donna Ellis. Contributions by Logan Senack, who reports to Ms. Ellis, are indicated for a particular event.) Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) Program State Survey Committee meeting, June 8, 2012. Presentation to the CAPS State Survey Committee on exotic pest updates. 25 attendees. Joshua’s Trust and MassConn Sustainable Forest Partnerships Workshop, “Barberry, Bobolinks, and Board Feet”, May 19, 2012, Mansfield, CT. Invited speaker for presentation on invasive plants and their control, followed by an outdoor invasive plant class for land easement owners and others involved in land management. 35 attendees. Invasives 101 Forum, sponsored by the Town of Newington Conservation Commission, Newington, CT, May 1, 2012. Invited speaker to present a forum on invasive plants to Conservation Commission members and the public. The forum was broadcast live on Newington Community Television and the video was posted online. Nature Festival, Whiting Lane Elementary School, West Hartford, CT, April 26, 2012. Invited participant for presentation on the Purple Loosestrife Biological Control Program, including training of volunteer Beetle Farmers, invasive plants, and the IPM Curriculum. Also presented exhibits on purple loosestrife, the Beetle Farmer Program, non-native invasive plants, and the IPM Curriculum to students and their families. 200 attendees. Legislative Reception at the State Capitol Building, Hartford, CT, April 25, 2012. Informal presentations to Connecticut legislators, legislative aides, lobbyists, and the public on IPM and invasive plants. Also presented exhibits on non-native invasive plants, IPM for insects, weeds, and pathogens, and the IPM Curriculum. Approximately 150 attendees. Trout Unlimited Meeting, Bozrah, CT, April 17, 2012. Invited speaker for presentation, “Invasive Species – Update for 2012” on aquatic and land-based invasive species: issues, challenges, control, how members can get involved. 40 attendees. Connecticut Flower and Garden Show, Hartford, CT, February 23-26, 2012. Set up and staffed exhibit on non-native invasive plants and their alternatives and answered questions from the public. 35,000 attendees. Connecticut Flower and Garden Show, Hartford, CT, February 23-26, 2012. Invited speaker for the Flower Show Seminar Series to give a presentation on invasive plants. 25 attendees. Mile-a-minute Weed Biological Control Cooperators Meeting, West Trenton, NJ, February 16, 2012. Invited speaker for presentation to provide a Connecticut update on the biological control agents that are being introduced for invasive plant control. 80 attendees. New England Grows,, Boston, MA, February 2, 2012. Invited speaker for a presentation entitled, “IPM for Nurseries and Landscapes” in the Ask-the-Experts Series program. I also worked at the Great Ideas Pavilion. Approximately 15 people attended the presentation. This event attracts more than 15,000 people annually during the 3-day conference. West Hartford Garden Club, West Hartford, CT, January 5, 2012. Invited speaker for presentation on exotic invasive plants and native alternatives. 80 attendees. Connecticut Invasive Plant Working Group general meeting, Windsor, CT, November 10, 2011. Convened meeting as Co-chairperson of working group. 40 attendees.

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Connecticut Invasive Plant Working Group Steering Committee meeting, Windsor, CT, November 10, 2011. Convened meeting as Chairperson of Steering Committee. 14 attendees. Northeast School IPM Working Group Annual Meeting, Chester, CT, November 1-2, 2011. I currently serve as a member of the working group and presented an update on UConn IPM curriculum activities and outreach for calendar year 2011. 15 attendees. Conducted 46 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) bi-weekly training sessions from July through September 2011 and May through June 2012 with nursery growers and garden center managers in Waterford, CT. Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) Program State Survey Committee meeting, October 17, 2011. Presentation to the CAPS State Survey Committee on exotic pest updates. 25 attendees. Tolland Garden Paths Garden Club, Tolland, CT, September 29, 2011. Invited speaker for site walk and presentation on identification and control of annual and perennial weeds and exotic invasive plants. 15 attendees. Cornucopia-Fest 2011, Storrs, CT, September 25, 2011. Question-and-answer sessions on Integrated Pest Management and exotic invasive plants and insects. Approximately 5,000 attendees. Connecticut Invasive Plants Council meeting, Hartford, CT, September 13, 2011. Presented an update on running bamboo with several colleagues at the council meeting. 15 attendees. Rocky Hill Garden Club, September 8, 2011. Invited speaker for presentation on exotic, invasive plants. 20 attendees. Plant Science Day, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, August 3, 2011. Staffed exhibit on invasive plants and their alternatives and answered questions during day-long event. 1,000 attendees. Four invasive plant pulling parties for control of the invasive plant mile-a-minute vine were planned and conducted in Sprague, CT on July 6, and 27, 2011, May 31, 2012 and June 13, 2012. Approximately 60 volunteers and project coordinators attended the three events. Connecticut Nursery and Landscape Association Summer Field Day, Canterbury, CT, July 13, 2011. Staffed exhibit on invasive plants and answered questions during day-long event. 370 attendees. Organic Invasive Removal and Control, Bridgeport, CT, July 8, 2011. Invited speaker for presentation on biological control of invasive plants sponsored by NOFA’s Accredited Organic Land Care Professionals. Also conducted an invasive plant walk and biological control demonstration during the program. 30 attendees. Master Gardener Summer Tour, Storrs, CT, July 7, 2011. Presentation and tour on Integrated Pest Management and invasive species. 75 attendees. (Invited speaker for program convened by statewide organization.)

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Contributors to this report and IPM Program contacts: IPM Coordinator Ana Legrand 860-486-0869 ana.legrand@uconn.edu Vegetable IPM Jude Boucher 860-875-3331 jude.boucher@uconn.edu Mary Concklin 860-486-6585 mary.concklin@uconn.edu Greenhouse IPM Leanne Pundt 860-626-6240 leanne.pundt@uconn.edu Ornamentals & Nursery IPM Donna Ellis 860-486-6448 donna.ellis@uconn.edu IPM for Invasive Species Donna Ellis 860-486-6448 donna.ellis@uconn.edu Ana Legrand 860-486-0869 ana.legrand@uconn.edu IPM Curriculum Donna Ellis 860-486-6448 donna.ellis@uconn.edu CT School IPM Coalition Candace Bartholomew 860-570-9067 candace.bartholomew@uconn.edu Fruit IPM Mary Concklin 860-486-6585 mary.concklin@uconn.edu Landscape & Turf IPM Ana Legrand 860-486-0869 ana.legrand@uconn.edu This report was edited by Ana Legrand, IPM Program Coordinator. Additional copies are available through: Ana Legrand Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture College of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Connecticut 1376 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT 06269 (860) 486-0869