connecting girls’ agency and social norms’ change
TRANSCRIPT
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Connecting Girls’ Agency and Social Norms’ change: Implications for
Practice
SADHVI KALRA CARE USA
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TIPPING POINT
Tipping Point’s Approach – Girls’ Agency, Relations and Social Norms
CARE’sGenderEqualityFramework
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TIPPING POINT
Girls’ agency and Social Norms’ Measurement
Cluster-Randomized Control Trial
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TIPPING POINT
Research Partners
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TIPPING POINT
Mixed methods Research - Data Collection Tools
QuantitativeMeasurement QualitativeMeasurementSurveywithAdolescentgirls,BangladeshandNepal FocusedGroupDiscussionwithadolescentgirlsand
boysusingaVignetteApproachinNepal-SNAP
SurveywithAdolescentboys,Nepal FocusedGroupDiscussionusingaNormbyNormApproachwithadolescentgirls,boysandparentsinBangladesh
Surveyswithadultfemaleandmalecommunitymembers,BangladeshandNepal
In-depthInterviewswithadolescentgirlsandboys
Key-InformantInterviewswithcommunityleaders,governmentofficialsandschoolpersonnel
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TIPPING POINT
Social Norms’ Measurement
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ComponentsofaNorm
Definition ExampleResponsefromgirlsandcommunitymembers(CARETPBaseline)
EmpiricalExpectation WhatIthinkothersdo “Nogirlsridecycleandclimbonatreeascommunitypeopledonotlikeit”
NormativeExpectation
WhatIthinkothersexpectmetodo(whatIshoulddoaccordingtoother)
“BecauseIamagirl-sothatIcannotdoasaboydoes-that’swhytheywillsetbarriersforme.Icannotdoeverythingasaboy(can).Ihavetodoeverythingasagirl(isexpectedto).”
Sanction Expectedreactionofother(tothebehavior)–specificallyotherswhoseopinionsmattertome.
“Villagewomenhavetohear(tolerate)alotofthingsfromoutsidersandtheirhusbandsifthereisanygossipregardingtheirdaughters…Peopleexclaim,‘Whattypeofmotherisshe!”
SensitivitytoSanctions
Dosanctionsmatterforbehavior?Ifthereisanegativereactionfromothers(negativesaction),wouldthemaincharacterchangetheirbehaviorinthefuture?
“Theythinkthatanuneducateddaughtermayhaveaffairswithsomeoneaftershebecamegrownupanditcoulddamagethereputationofthefamily.Sotheyconducthermarriageattheearlyage”
Exceptions Underwhatconditions,itisokaytobreakthenorm?
Agirltoldhermother,“Don’tmarrymeoffyet.Myfatherhasdied.So,I’llstudymore,I’llbringupmybrother,andI’llfeedyou.”Shecontinuedhereducationandnowshehasbecomeanurse.Shedidnotmarryyet.Sheisagoodgirl…”
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TIPPING POINT
Findings from the Baseline Evaluation Girls contributing to decisions regarding their life
choices (e.g. Marriage and education)
47.6%girlsinNepaland55.87%inBangladeshsaidtheycouldrefusemarriageiftheydidnotdesireit
GirlsexpectedtohaveminimalsayinthemarriagePerceivedthreattogirls’sexualityheightensthesanctionsaroundmarriage
Girls’con
fiden
ceinse
lfRestrictiveSocialN
orms
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TIPPING POINT
Girls mobility and engagement in non-traditional activities like riding bicycle and playing sports
48.7%ofthegirlsinNepaland58.20%inBangladeshfeltthattheycouldnegotiatewiththeirparentsaboutfreedomtogotoplaces,ridebicycles
MobilitywasacceptableforstrictlyeducationalpurposesGirls’Mobilitytiedwithincreasedthreattogirls’sexualityStrongsanctionsexpectedbygirlsANDparentsforlettingtheirdaughters‘movearound’
Girls’abilitytonegotiate
Restrictivesocialnorms
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TIPPING POINT
Girls’ collective action
- Girls’ collective efficacy was measured by asking girls and boys (only in Nepal) their level of confidence in collectively acting to achieve girls’ rights, specifically preventing child marriage and responding to violence against girls.
- In both countries, the majority of girls ranged between ‘moderate’ to ‘high’ level of
confidence in engaging in collective action - However, most adolescent girls do not take part in collective action to demand their rights - Parents did not report any norms and expectations for girls’ collective action, neither
supportive nor restrictive - Adolescent boys predicted negative consequences from the community if girls engaged in
collective action to demand their rights.
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TIPPING POINT
Implications for Practice: Girls as change agents
TP catalyzing girls’ activism so that they can stand up for their rights and lead social norms’ change
MentorshipActivist
training
StructuredAllyshipofboysandparents
Self-monitoring
Weeklysessionswithgirlsonactivism
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TIPPING POINT
Case Study - A Girl-led movement building activity
• Girls organized Kabaddi, a local sport traditionally only played by boys
• Girls played in an open area, invited officials as well as community members
• Girls played in sports uniform, trousers and T-shirts, which was also against the norm, but they looked unified, drawing strength from each other.
• After the match, girls facilitated a discussion with the audience on girls’ aspirations, sports and mobility
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TIPPING POINT
Upcoming tools from Tipping Point
SocialNormsDataUseTool
SocialNormsDesignChecklist
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TIPPING POINTResources @
https://caretippingpoint.org/