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Connecting People to PlaceAboriginal History in Cultural Context

Darlene Johnston, Professor of Law

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In the beginning …

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Kitchi-amik (Great Beaver)

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First Encounters with Europeans

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The BressaniMap of New France

Bressani Map

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Land between Lake Huron & Lake Erie

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A Contested Land

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Storm before the Calm

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Great Peace of 1701Marque des amikois or mark of the Beaver People: Chief Mahigan

Marque des saultersor mark of the Rapids People: Chief Wabanque

Marque des mississagues or mark of the Mississasugas

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Relationships with the British

“Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us! We are not your slaves.

These lakes, these woods and mountains, were left to us by our

ancestors. They are our inheritance; and we will part with them to none.”

Minavanana, 1761

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1763

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Treaty of Niagara, 1764

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Treaty of Detroit, 1764

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Lake Huron, 1788

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Initial British Requests for Land

“Children, I cannot too often imprint on your minds, the King’s paternal regard for all of you, and that the small piece of Land which he is now prepared to purchase is not for settling of his own People, but for the comfort and satisfaction of yourselves and all his Indian children.”

Alexander McKee, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 1796

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Families and Nations in 1790

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Cranes

Caribou

Beaver

Tribes of

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1790 Purchase

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1796 Purchase

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Initial British Requests Compared

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Displacement

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Lake Huron 1815

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Dispossession

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Map of 1819 Provisional Agreement

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Manuscript Map of 1819 provisional agreement

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1827 Purchase

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River aux Sables Indians

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Wapagas is the Chief of the River aux Sable Indians

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Wapagace, Caribou, Chief of the River Aux Sables

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1845 Census of aux Sable IndiansWapagas’ Band

Quakegwun’s Band

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CaribouBeaver

Beaver

BeaverBeaverBear

CaribouCaribouBeaverCaribou

Pike

BearBeaverCaribouCaribouEagle

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Port Sarnia Indians

Sable Indians

Walpole Island Indians

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Sable Indians – Head Chiefs of the Sable

Beaver Turtle PikeCaribou Eagle

Caribou

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Tending the needs of the Dead

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Graves and family marks

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Protecting the Dead

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