connection with what you know
DESCRIPTION
Superconductivity * Work on Worksheets * Superconductivity Lecture * Video “Race for Absolute Zero” Some material from Dr . Tim Lynch Funded by: HTS State Outreach Centers: DE-PS36-03GO93001-11. Connection with what you know. Three types of bonds: Covalent Ionic Metallic You remember - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Superconductivity
* Work on Worksheets* Superconductivity Lecture* Video “Race for Absolute Zero”
Some material from Dr. Tim Lynch
Funded by: HTS State Outreach Centers: DE-PS36-03GO93001-11
![Page 2: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Connection with what you know.
Three types of bonds:– Covalent– Ionic – Metallic You remember
Name: Voltage = current X resistance– Ohm’s Law
Where does the resistance energy – Resistance lost as heat
![Page 3: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Superconductivity is an exciting field of physics! (Picture below is the levitation of a magnet above a cooled superconductor, the Meissner Effect, )
Source: University of Oslo, Superconductivity Lab
![Page 4: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Definition and Research Aim
• Superconductivity is • the flow of electric current without resistance • in certain metals, alloys, and ceramics • at temperatures near absolute zero,
– Research Aim: Get to temperatures hundreds of degrees above absolute zero = -273ºK. (at least to liquid nitrogen temperatures)
• Net: Keep it cold and resistance is zero.
![Page 5: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Comparisons of TemperaturesTemperatures F C K water boils 212.0 100.0 373.2 body temp 98.6 37.0 310.2 room temp 77.0 25.0 298.2 water freezes 32.0 0.0 273.2 mercury freezes -37.8 -38.8 234.4 dry ice -108.4 -78.0 195.2 liquid Oxygen -297.4 -183.0 90.2 liquid Nitrogen -320.8 -196.0 77.2 liquid Helium -452.1 -269.0 4.2 absolute zero -459.7 -273.2 0.0
![Page 6: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Discovery
Discovery by Onnes … zero resistance on a Hg wire at 4.2 K in 1911.
![Page 7: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
At 4.2K, the Electrical Resistance (opposition of a material to the flow of electrical current
through it)Vanished, Meaning Extremely Good Conduction of Electricity-Superconductivity
Source: A Teacher's Guide to Superconductivity for High School Students
![Page 8: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Key of Superconductivity
Superconductors have the ability to conduct electricity without the loss of energy.
When current flows in an ordinary conductor, for example copper wire, some energy is lost.
As much as 50% lost Cooling it down the resistance is lost
![Page 9: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
In Simpler Terms…
Source: Oxford University
Shaking the jungle gymKeeps children from movingQuickly through the gym
![Page 10: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cooper Pair: Two electrons that appear to "team up“
– Despite the fact that electrons have a negative charge and normally repel each other.
Below the superconducting transition temperature, paired e- form a condensate - a macroscopically occupied single quantum state - which flows without resistance
![Page 11: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
In Simple Term
Crowd makes it hard to move.
Imagine if a person lifts you up and you surf over the crowd
![Page 12: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Animation of Cooper pairs:
![Page 13: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Advantage….
Generators wound with superconductors could generate the same amount of electricity with smaller equipment and less energy.
Once the electricity was generated, it could be distributed through superconducting wires.
Energy could be stored in superconducting coils for long periods of time without significant loss.
![Page 14: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The key Scientific terms….
The superconducting state is defined by three very important factors: critical temperature (Tc), critical field (Hc), and critical current density (Jc). Each of these parameters is very dependant on the other two properties present• critical temperature (T ) The highest temperature at which
superconductivity occurs in a material. Below this transition temperature T the resistivity of the material is equal to zero.
• critical magnetic field (Hc ) Above this value of an externally applied magnetic field a superconductor becomes nonsuperconducting
• critical current density (Jc) The maximum value of electrical current per unit of cross-sectional area that a superconductor can carry without resistance.
![Page 15: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Science Becoming
Reality
![Page 16: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Emerging Applications
power transmission superconducting magnets in generators energy storage devices particle accelerators levitated vehicle transportation rotating machinery magnetic separators
Swiss Collider uses superconductivity
![Page 17: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cable – transmits 3 to 5 times more energy than copper wire
Source: Southwire
![Page 18: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Transformer- 2 times overload capacity without insulation damage and environmentally
friendly due to lack of oil used in operation.
Source: Waukesha Electric Systems
![Page 19: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
HTS Motor – requires half the space of copper based motors
Source: Rockwell
![Page 20: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy
Storage)
Source: American Superconductor
![Page 21: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Forecasted Market Penetration Curves
Source: Analysis of Markets and Future Prices for High Temperature Superconductors
![Page 22: Connection with what you know](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816195550346895dd13aae/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
This is why Search for Absolute Zero is key
Superconductivity is in your future