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Connective tissue proper Ivan VARGA Institute of Histology and Embryology March 12, 2020

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Page 1: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Connective tissue

proper

Ivan VARGA

Institute of Histology and Embryology

March 12, 2020

Page 2: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

On-line documents for histology

lectures: introductory notesDear students,

until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible

on-line form on the website of our faculty and there has been a good reason for that. The

most important elements of each one of the histology lectures are high quality schematic

pictures, drawings and photomicrographs. The source of these didactic materials is

commonly some internationally acceted textbooks, however, any further spread of these

materials to wider public requires a consent from the publisher/copyright owner. Therefore,

the lecture you will obtain is a version with significantly reduced number of figures. The only

graphic materials I have been able to use come from a textbook which I co-authored, so I

have the "copyright" to share them. Only other option has been to use free-access

documents from the web. It is important to point out that any figure without proper

commentary loses its educational value, so for the purpose of your self-study, I must refer to

other textbooks we have written for you. Please feel free to contant me via an e-mail if you

have any other queries. I hope, that the epidemiological situation will allow us to continue the

in-person education as soon as possible, so we can get back to "classic" lectures followed

by discussion, which represent the highest form of teaching and manifestation of creativity

within the university education.

With best personal wishes, prof. RNDr. Ivan Varga, PhD. [email protected]

www.fmed.uniba.sk/en/science/

mailto:[email protected]
https://www.fmed.uniba.sk/en/science/
Page 3: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Connective tissue

Consists of cells and extracellular matrix

(fibers and ground substance),

Classification :

Connective tissue proper,

Cartilage,

Bone,

Blood and lymf (as liquids)

Page 4: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

General characteristics

The cells are separated from one another,

and have different types and functions,

The fibers are collagen (strong and not

elastic), elastic (strong and elastic), or

reticular (create thin network). These

fibers are products of cells

Page 5: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Differences among types of

connective tissue

Connective tissue proper: the matrix is either

watery and soft, may be vascular

Cartilage: the matrix is rubbery and firm, and is

always avascular (without blood vessels)

Bone: the matrix is hard and calcified, and is

highly vascular, contain only collagen fibers

Blood and lymf: liquid, no fibers

Page 6: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Embryological basis: mesenchyme

Most originate frommesoderm (middlegerm layer)

In head and neck isderived fromneuroectoderm(neural crest derivedmesenchyme)

Mesenchyme = embryonic connectivetissue

Page 7: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Osteoclast

from bone

Microglia

from CNS

Osteocyte

from bone

Osteoblast

Chondrocyte

from cartilage

Endothelial cells

from blood vessel

BasophilEosinophil

Neutrophil

Erythrocyte

Megakaryocyte

Plasma cell

B- lymphocyte

T- lymphocyteMast cell

Monocyte

Macrophage

Osteoclast

Mesenchymal

stem cell

Fibroblast

FibrocyteMultilocular and unilocular

adipocytesBalko J, Tonar Z, Varga I. Memorix Histology. Prague: Triton 2018

Page 8: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Functions of connective tissue

Providing structural support

Medium for exchange of metabolic waste,

nutritionts and oxygen

Defense and protection of the body

(phagocytosis, antibodies, producing of

pharmacological substances)

Forming a site for storage of fat

Page 9: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Structure of connective tissue proper

connective

tissue

proper

cells

extracellular

matrix

fixed

free cells

ground substance

fibers

collagen fibers

elastic fibers

reticullar fibers

Page 10: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Fixed cells of connective tissue

Are a resident population of long-lived

cells

They developed and remain in place within

the connective tissue

Include fibroblasts, adipose cells, reticular

cells, pigment cells

Page 11: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Fibroblasts and fibrocytes

(or active and non-active form)

Most common cells in connective tissue,

Irregular shape, basophilic cytoplasm with

pale nucleus and prominent 2 nucleoli

The old, non-active form are called

fibrocytes with acidophilic cytoplasm and

dark nuclei

Page 12: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

FIBROBLAST FIBROCYTE

Active formNon-active

..

are two states of the same cells,

the former being the activated state, the latter the less active state,

• the most common cells of connective tissue,

• synthesizes the extracellular matrix and fibers,

• plays a critical role in wound healing

Balko J, Tonar Z, Varga I. Memorix Histology. Prague: Triton 2018

Page 13: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Ultrastructure of fibroblasts

The cytoplasm is rich in organells

responsible for protein synthesis (rough ER,

Golgi apparatus, secretory granules, ...)

The nucleus contains pale euchromatin and

1 or 2 nucleoli

Ultrastructural features are indications of

active protein synthesis

Page 14: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Functions of fibroblasts

3.5 milion molecules of tropocollagen / day

-Produce all types of fibers (collagen, elastic and reticular)

and the amorphous ground substance

Page 15: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Electron micrograph displaying a portion of a fibroblast and

the packed collagen fibers in the dermis of skin

Boháč M et al. European Journal of

Histochemistry 2018; volume 62:2873

Page 16: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Fibroblast cell culture

Fibroblasts grown under

controlled conditions, generally

outside of their natural

environment – „in vitro“.

Page 17: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Fibroblastic reticular cells

Stroma of secondarylymphoid organs(spleen,lymph nodes) and hematopoieticbone marrow

Manufacture reticularfibers

Balko J, Tonar Z, Varga I. Memorix Histology. Prague: Triton 2018

Page 18: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Spleen in scanning electron microscopePolák Š, Gálfiová P, Varga I.: Biologia. 2009; 64(2)

Page 19: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Adipose cells (fat cells, adipocytes)- unilocular adipocytes

Fully differentiated cells

Synthesis and storage of fat (lipids)

Rounded in shape and full of large central droplet of fat surrounded by a very thin ring of cytoplasm

Nucleus is peripheral and flattened

Page 20: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Multilocular adipocytes Unilocular adipocyte

Mesenchymal cell

Page 21: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Unilocular adipose cell contain single largecentral droplet of fat in their cytoplasm

Balko J, Tonar Z, Varga I. Memorix Histology. Prague: Triton 2018

Page 22: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form
Page 23: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Unilocular fat cells = white adipose tissue

Metabolic syndrome X„Type of pear“„Type of apple“

Distribution of white fat

in male and female

a disorder of energy utilization and

storage, diagnosed by a co-

occurrence of three out of five of

the following medical conditions:

• abdominal (central) obesity,

• elevated blood pressure,

• elevated fasting plasma

glucose,

• high serum triglycerides,

• low high-density cholesterol

(HDL) levels.

Metabolic syndrome increases the

risk of developing cardiovascular

disease and diabetes

Page 24: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Multilocular adipose cell contain numerous lipid

droplets and abundant mitochondria

Smaller, more polygonal

multiple small droplets in cytoplasm

Contain more mitochondria

Only in childhoodBalko J, Tonar Z, Varga I. Memorix Histology.

Page 25: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Multilocular adipose tissue (brown fat) – numerous mitochondria

dispersed throughout the cell

The higher number of (iron-containing) mitochondria, make it brown

Page 26: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Distribution of brown adipose tissue

THERMOGENESIS

It is especially abundant in newborns and in hibernating mammals. Its primary

function is to generate body heat in animals or newborns that do not shiver.

In newborn infants, brown fat makes up about 5% of the body mass.

It is of great importance to avoid hypothermia!!!

Page 27: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Brown adipose tissue in

hibernating animals, e.g. marmot

Source: internet

Page 28: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Free cells of connective tissue

Changing population of motile cells

Enter the connective tissue from theblood and wander through its groundsubstance

Page 29: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Free cells (transient or wandering)

Changing population of motile cells

Enter the connective tissue from theblood and wander through its groundsubstance

Originate mostly in the bone marow(from hemopoietic stem cell)

Include mast cells, plasma cells, lymphoctes, macrophages and otherleukocytes (white blood cells).

Page 30: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

leukocytes migrate from the blood stream to connective

tissue - DIAPEDESIS

Page 31: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Macrophages

Ingesting dead cells and cellular debris

The first line of defense against infections

Are derived from monocytes in blood

Balko J, Tonar Z, Varga I. Memorix Histology. Prague: Triton 2018

Page 32: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Macrophage in TEM

Page 33: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

he discovered phagocytosis

developed a theory that aging is caused by toxic bacteria in the gut and that lactic acid could prolong life. Based on this theory, he drank sour milk every day,

Mechnikov's work on phagocytes won him the Nobel Prize in 1908.

Page 34: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Macrophage Development and Distribution

System of phagocytic cells = mononuclear phagocyte cells

Arise from common stem cell in the bone marrow, precursors are monocytes

posses numerous lysosomes,

are capable of phagocytosis

Page 35: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Stem cell in monocytes from macrophages in tissues

bone marrow bloodstream or organs

Connective tissue proper – macrophages

Liver – Kupffer cells

Lungs – dust cells (alveolar macrophages)

Placenta – Hoffbauer cells

Thymus, spleen, lymphnode– different macrophages

Nervous tissue, brain – microglia

Bone – osteoclasts

Skin – Langerhans cells

Mononuclear phagocyte cells

Page 36: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Mast cells

oval or round cells, 20-30 μm in diameter,

very rich in basophilic secretorygranules

they content heparin and histamine(contraction of smooth muscles, dilatation of blood capillaries, increasepermeability of blood cappilaries -important in inflammantion)

Page 37: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Mast cells and metachromatically

staining

These granules are metachromatically

stained with methylene blue (the granules stained purple)

the granules changes the color of applied dye

Page 38: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Clinical significance of mast cells

Page 39: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Plasma cells

Rounded in shape with eccentric nucleus

The condensed peripheral chromatine give the nucleus a clock-face appearance

Develop from B-lymphocytes of the blood, produces antibodies (immune response)

Page 40: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Balko J, Tonar Z, Varga I. Memorix Histology. Prague: Triton 2018

Plasma cell

Clock face nucleus

Page 41: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Source: internet

Page 42: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Cooperation of cells of immune system

Monocyte

Macrophage as

antigen-presenting

cellB- lymfocyteT- lymphocyte

(helper)

Plasma cell

Antibodies

Balko J, Tonar Z, Varga I. Memorix Histology. Prague: Triton 2018

Page 43: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Collagen fibers

Have mechanical importance

They strongly resist a pulling force and they are flexible but not elastic

Staining: aniline blue (part of trichromestaining)

Page 44: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Collagen types – about 20 different types of collagen fibers are known

Type I. – connective tissue proper, bone, dentin, cementum

Type II. – in hyaline cartilage

Type III. – reticular fibers

Type IV. – lamina densa of the basal lamina

Type V. – in the placenta

Type VII. – attaching the basal lamina to the lamina reticularis

Page 45: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Collagen fibers – collagen type I.

(staining aniline blue)

Page 46: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Elastic fibers :

composed of protein

elastin and microfibrils,

these fibers are highly

elastic and may be streched

up to 150% of their resting lenght,

in the walls of some blood vessels we

can find not only fibers, but nonfibrillar

form as fenestrated membranes,

elastic fibers stained brown or red with

orcein staining

Page 47: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Elastic fibers in arteries and lungs

Page 48: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Elastic mambranes in aorta

(orcein - staining)

Page 49: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Reticular fibers

They cannot seen by H-E stain, they appear black by silver staining (impregnation methods, argyrofilic = affinity for silver salts)

Are thin collagen fibers type III

Form delicate network in lymphatic and endocrine organs

Page 50: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Reticular fibers in lymph node

(impregnation by silver salts)

Page 51: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Intercellular ground substance

is highly hydrated, complex mixture of

glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and

glycoproteins,

the substance is colorless and transparent

Page 52: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Types of connective tissue proper

Collagen

Loose connective tissue

Dense connective

tissue

regular

irregularElastic connective tissue

Reticular connective tissue

Mucous tissue

Adipose tissue

White adipose tissue

Brown adipose tissue

Page 53: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Loose (areolar) connective tissue

Most common

cells are

fibroblasts,

collagen fibers are

most prominent

Page 54: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

loose connective tissue

Source: Gray´s Anatomy

Page 55: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Dense regular connective tissue

Collagen fibers are

arranged in a regular

parallel pattern

The cells found are

fibrocytes with

minimal matrix

Can withstand stretch

in one direction

tendo

Balko J, Tonar Z, Varga I. Memorix Histology. Prague: Triton 2018

Page 56: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Dense irregular connective tissue

The collagen fibers are

arranged in an arregular

pattern

There is little ground

substance and the cells

are mainly fibroblasts

Can withstand stretch

from several different

directions

Balko J, Tonar Z, Varga I. Memorix Histology. Prague: Triton 2018

Page 57: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Mucous connective tissue

Abundant ground

substance and fine

collagen fibers

It is found in the

umbilical cord

(as Wharton´s jelly)

Source: internet

Page 58: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Adipose connective tissue

Dominated by fat cells

White adipose tissue is widely distributed

in the body

Fat cells contain large fat droplet which

occupies most of the cytoplams

Primary site of fat metabolism

Page 59: Connective tissue proper · lectures: introductory notes Dear students, until now, it hasn´t been our custom to publish any of histology lectures in freely accessible on-line form

Thank You !

[email protected]


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