CONNECTORS AND LINKERS- coordinating, concessive -

To join elements within a sentence or sentences within a text we use conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs and adverbial expressions called “connectors” or “linkers”.

• and / both ..... and ..... Join two or more elements of a sentence. And is also used at the end of a list.

I play the piano and I sing in the choir.My mother can both speak and write in Arabic.

In my room, there is a bed, a wardrobe, a desk and a chair.

• or / either ..... or ..... Propose an alternative.

You can have a sandwich or a cake.Either you do it now or you will never do it.

• neither ..... nor ..... Excludes both elements.

Neither Susan nor Simon can go.

• butBut contradicts two sentences or two elements of a sentence.I like her hat but it doesn’t go well with her dress.

I had no choice but to accept their offer.• on the other hand ....

Balances two different ideas. It can be preceded by on the other hand...I would like to get a degree, but on the other hand, I don’t feel like studying for so many years.

• however / though (informal use) However and though are adverbs. However can be placed either at the beginning or end of a sentence. Though is placed at the end of the sentence.

He looks like a tough guy. He is quite shy, though.The film was good. A bit too long, however.His story is true. However, I wouldn’t trust him.

• although / thoughAlthough and though introduce a clause that nakes the statement in the main clauseseem surprising or unexpected.

Although / Though he’s a very young writer, he’s already won an important award.

• even thoughEven though refers to a real fact, as opposed to even if that is used to make a hypothesis.

I went to the beach even though it was raining. We’ll go to the beach, even if it’s raining.

• despite / in spite of ( + noun or verb in –ing form, often precededby a possessive adjective)

I am going to buy that house in spite of its price.I couldn’t eat any of that food despite (my) being very hungry.

also: ..... Even though I was very hungry.

• however (+ adjective or adverb)However hard you may try, the boss will never be satisfied with your work.

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