conservation & rehabilitation of lakes

8/7/2019 Conservation & Rehabilitation of Lakes

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CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION OF

LAKES IN UTTARAKHAND

Presented by

Dr. A.P. Sharma

Dean, College of Fisheries, GBPUA &T, Pantnagar



Problems of Lacu strine wa ter bodies

� Lakes and reservoirs are main water resourcesof Uttarakhand

� Natural lakes probably contain a greater varietyof animals than do artificial man made lakes

� The water quality of these water bodies hasbeen deteriorating due to disposal of garbage,religious offering, sewage, recreational andconstructional activities in the catchment's area

� The deterioration of surface water quality hasincontestably brought a massive increase in fishmortality



Problems of Lacu strine wa ter bodies

� About 10% of world population lives inmountain near lakes

� Increasing human pressure hasresulted in fast rate of eutrophication

� Addition of waste materials by humanto the water alters its chemical

composition, temperature & microbialcomposition such an extent that harmto resident organisms



Lak es of U tt a r akha nd

� There are 31 main

natural lakes in

Uttarakhand spread

over 297 ha water area in districts

Chamoli, Uttarkashi,

Tehri and Nainital

District Lake Area (ha)

ChamoliDeoria tal

Brahma tal

Jal Tal

Bhikal tal

Sukha tal

Dev tal

Vasuki tal

1.60

0.80

2.00

1.00

1.00

2.00

4.00

UttarkashiDuodi tal

Nachiketa tal

3.50

2.00

TehriMasar tal

Maarinen tal

Jaral tal

Chadyar tal

Badhani tal

Nakhree tal

0.85

1.25

0.40

0.75

0.40

0.30

NainitalNaini tal

Bhim tal

Sat tal

Naukuchia tal

Loharkhol tal

Harish tal

Khurpa tal

Garud tal

73.60

84.70

62.27

24.4

3.00

4.00

9.00

4.50



Fisheries of Uttarakhand lakes

Littoral zone Limnetic zone Profundal zone

Gambusia Hypophthalmichthys

molitrix

Cyprinus carpio

Puntius Aristichthys nobilis Botia spp.

Barilius spp Tor putitora Nemacheilus spp.

Labeo rohita

Ctenopharingodon idella



Keystone disturbing elements in the

lake

� Gambusia - a larvicidalfish is one of the maincauses of disturbance inthe lake ecosystem-increasing the nutrientconcentration,phytoplankton population,reducing transparency,disturbing the populationof useful fishes in the

lake; grazing onzooplankters etc.

� The removal of Gambusiapopulation is thereforevery important.



P untius spp.

� Puntius has emerged as a dominantfishery of the lake during the fishingoperations carried out in the lake inthe past months

� Mortality of Puntius also occurs inthe lake during adverse ecologicalconditions.

� Puntius grazes on zooplankton.Hence it will reduce the populationof zooplankton which graze onphytoplankton

� It does not grow to a large size anddoes not have sport or food value

� It breeds in the lake and itspopulation may becomeuncontrollable after aeration.

� Like Gambusia it also affects thecommunity structure of zooplankton

� It will compete with Mahseer for food after the stocking of the latter.

� The removal of the excessive

population of Puntius is thereforeessential.



Common carp fisheries� Common carp fisheries exists

in the lake especially in the

littoral regions

� The fish breeds in the lake.

� It is therefore difficult to

maintain its controlledpopulation in the lake

� After aeration its fishery will

also get established in the

profundal region.

� The uncontrolled populationof common carp will not allow

the development of

environmentally important

fishery of mahseer.



Why removal of unwanted fishes is important

� Adversely affect theecosystem of the lake

� The uncontrolled populationincreases the concentrationof the nutrients

� Cause imbalancedpopulations of phytoplanktonand zooplankton

� Alter the community structureof the plankton like increased

population of blue greenalgae, disappearance of Daphnia etc.

� Increase concentration of nutrients



Development of environment friendly fisheries

� Fishes which do not affect the ecosystem of the lake

� Fishes which can help in reversing theeutrophication of the lake

� Fishes which can help in maintaining a proper balance of phytoplankton and zooplanktonpopulations in the lake

� Fishes whose controlled population can bemaintained in the lake

� Endemic fisheries of the lake� Which are of food value to the people and provide

sport to the people



Silver carp fisheries

� Silver carp may bestocked in the lake for thecontrol of phytoplankton

� It can well establish in the

lake� There is need for

selective fishing of silver carp; large sized fishescan be removed

� Stocking of fresh stock of silver carp should becontinued.



Development of mahseer fishery

� It is the endemic fishery of lakeNainital

� Due to pollution the mahseer fisheryhas almost vanished from the lake

� It is an omnivorous fish and has greatfood value

� It is also the world renowned sportfish attracting the people from far andwide for sport fishing.

� The successful establishment of mahseer fishery is possible after aeration of the lake.

� The technology for breeding andlarval rearing has been developedwhich will facilitate its stocking in the

lake every year.� Development of mahseer fishery will

help in maintaining a stable foodchain the lake



Benefit of developing the

environment friendly fishery� Development of balanced fishery of silver carpand golden mahseer will help in maintainingbalanced population of phytoplankton and

zooplankton� It will improve the watery quality of the lake

� Mahseer fishery in the transparent waters of Nainital after aeration will increase the tourist

attraction of the lake.� Both aeration and biomanipulation will reverse

the eutrophication of the lake and bring the laketo its old glory.



Fishing guidelines

� The detailed guidelines for fishing in lake

are being developed taking into

consideration:

± The existing fish fauna should not be hampered

± Continuous stocking of eco- friendly fishes to

be done

± Long term perspective of fisheries developmentin the lake vis-à-vis the restoration of lake

ecosystem through biomanipulation



Biomanipulation of lakes

� Assessment of existing fish fauna of the lakes

� Evaluation of the food chainspectrum of the lakes

� Control of unwanted fishes� Raising of the stocking material of

desired fishes for stocking in thelakes

� Stocking of the environment friendly

candidate fish species as bio-manipulation tools

� Environmental Impact Assessment

� Public awareness towards lakerestoration



Measures to be taken for

biomanipulation

� Evaluation of water quality by estimating

physico- chemical and biological parameters

� Assessment of existing fish fauna of the lakes

� Development of food chain and food web model

� Removal of unwanted fish species

� Stocking of advance fingerlings of eco-friendly

fish species� Environmental impact assessment and public

awareness



Salient achievements of Biomanipulation work

Preparation of eco- data base of the lakes

Parameters Nainit

al

Khurpa tal Bhimtal Naukuchiatal Sattal Para

meters

Nainital Khurpa tal Bhimtal Naukuchiatal Sattal

TDS

(mg/l)

160-420

150-292 70.0-90.0

70.0-140.0 40.0-65.0

CO2

(mg/l)

0-12 0.0-12.0 0.0-10.0 0.0-10.0 0.0-8.0

Conductivity(µs/cm)

170-470

185-380 50-160 50.0-140.0 30.0-98.0

Totalalkalin

ity(mg/l)

92-252 98.0-190 80.0-130.0

70-120 50.0-90.0

Transparency (cm)

67-350 120-320 114-240 110.0-164.0 125-250 DO (mg/l)

0-11.3 4.8-12.0 5.2-10.4 5.2-12.4 6.0-8.8

At.temp

(ÛC)

7.5-26.08.9-25.8 9.1-34.3 8.6-28.3 7.8-25.8

NO3-N(mg/l)

0.8-2.1 0.005-

0.048

0.05-

0.28

0.03-0.08 0.005-

0.010

Water temp(ÛC)

8.2-24 9.8-27.0 9.8-27.0 9.5-27.4 10.8-25.9

NO2-N 0.032-0.092

0.028-0.042

0.07-0.024

0.011-0.034 0.005-0.028

pH 6.9-9.3 7.2-9.4 7.3-9.2 7.2-9.1 7.5-8.9 PO4-P 0.08-0.78 0.09-0.034 0.016-0.030

0.09-0.20 0.014-0.10



Salient achievements

Assessment of primary andsecondary production

The predominantphytoplankton recorded inthe samples wasM icrosystis, M elosira,

Cymbella, Navicula,Nitzschia, Spirogyra,Zygnema, Nostoc etc.

The important generarecorded amongzooplankton were Lecane,Brachionus, Daphnia,M oina, Cyclops etc.

The predominant benthicgenera recorded wereBaetis, Rhycophila,Leptocella, Gomphus,Dytiscus, Atherix,

Chironomus etc.




Assessment of Fish diversity

SI. No. Fish species Nainital Bhimtal Naukuchiatal Khurpatal Sattal

1. Puntius spp 29 6 15 28 23

2. Gambusia spp 59 3 9 9 4

3. Cyprinus carpio 7 12 10 8 10

4. Tor putitora 1 69 43 32 28

5. Labeo rohita 1 3 4 6 12

6. Tor tor - 1 - - 1

7. Nemacheilus spp. - - 1 2 2

8. Barilius spp. 1 1 2 2 4

9. Botia spp. - 1 2 2 2

10 Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix - 2 5 7 8

11. Aristichthisnobilis 1 - - - -

12. Ctenopharingodon

idella

- 1 7 2 4

13. Chanda spp. 1 1 2 2 1



Salient achievementsRemoval of unwanted fishes

Species Nainital Naukuchiatal Khurpatal Sattal Bhimtal

Gambusia

spp.

3761820 900 - - 1000

Puntius spp. 1057034 1100 10000 1000 950

Aristichthis

nobilis

3000 Kg. - -

- -




� Stocking of advanced

fingerlings of

candidate species in

Nainital lake




� Public awarenessprogrammes



OUR LAKE NAINITAL

� Highly eutrophic/ polluted nutrient rich water body withblooms of algae for major part of the year

� The transparency in the lake is very poor

� Hypolimnion is devoid of oxygen

� Concentrations of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide andmethane very high

� Blue green algae predominates in the lake

� Look bottom becomes anoxic during the time of overturn

� Lake experiences mass mortality of fishes especiallyduring winters

� The water of the lake is not suitable for drinkingpurpose



Solution

The aeration of the lake is the only remedy

to control the pollution and thus restore thelake ecosystem



Lake Aeration Systems

For more information, visit us at http://www.paradisenw.com



Benefits of Aeration

� Increases transparency of lake� Decreases the concentrations of toxic gases like

carbon dioxide. Ammonia, hydrogen sulphide andmethane

� Decreases the production of algae thus increasing the

transparency of lake water � Replaces the undesirable flora and fauna and leads to

the development of desirable life forms in the water.

� Creates conditions suitable for the growth and

breeding of environment friendly fish species likemahseer

� Increases the concentrations of dissolved Oxygen inthe lake.

� Restores the lake ecosystem completely.



What Bottom Oxygenation Does

IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN:

� Organic waste from man¶s activities

becomes food.

� Bacteria, Aquatic Insects Snails,

Worms, and Fish convert unwantedwaste.

� Water Quality dramatically improves:

BOD reduction, Odor elimination,

reduced algae, better water clarity,

nutrients reduction, thermocline

elimination.

� The living cycle is created through

bottom oxygenation which is the vital

link for sludge digestion and it¶s build

up.



Worldwide Famous ProjectsBaima Canal, ChinaWillow Creek, USA Bear Creek Reservoir, USA

Lake Nainital, India

� Established in 1965 (formerly Hinde Engineering Company).

� Recognized leader in aeration systems from small lakes to giant

reservoirs for over fifteen years.

� Successful design and application of over one thousand different

domestic and wastewater systems as well as reservoirs, lakes,

aquaculture and marina ice melting systems.� Research and Development department devoted to bringing state-

of-the-art technology into production for you.

� Devoted exclusively to the fine bubble aeration industry, we have

no other conflicting business interests.

� ³ADS´ employees have a combined total of over seventy-five years

experience in the fine bubble market place.



Outstanding results

Typical observed water testing shows:

� Increased dissolved oxygen concentrationsthroughout the entire water column.

� Increased availability of habitat for all fishspecies (warm and cold).

� pH is homogenous and stabilized.

� Temperatures are homogenous throughout

the entire water column.

Ill ustration of nutrient oxidation by ADS fine bubbl e aeration

(from l eft to right, highl y oxidized, sl ight l y oxidized, initial sampl e)

conservation & rehabilitation of lakes

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