considerations in evaluation of potential exposures to
TRANSCRIPT
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Considerations in Evaluation of Potential Exposures to Emissions from
Unconventional Oil and Gas Exploration
Lindsey Jones, MSToxicology DivisionTexas Commission on Environmental Quality
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Number of Producing Gas and Gas Condensate Wells, 1990-2016
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
Other 29 States Texas Pennsylvania Oklahoma West Virginia Colorado OffshoreSource: US Energy Information Administration, 2017
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Production in the Barnett Shale Area, 2000-2017
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Perm
its Is
sued
Prod
uctio
n
Barnett Shale Condensate Production (barrels/day) Barnett Shale Oil Production (barrels/day)
Barnett Shale Total Natural Gas Production (million cubic ft/day) Drilling Permits IssuedImage: http://industrialhousingsolutions.com/about/oilfield-locations/oilfield-housing-for-barnett-shale/
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Research Question
Are ambient air concentrations of pollutants at levels that could negatively impact public health or the environment in areas of high oil and natural gas activity? Not included in this question Traffic, noise, light (local jurisdictions) Indoor air quality or personal exposure Water (considered separately) Indirect impacts
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Potential Pollutants
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)Modified TO-15 suite of 84 VOCs (grab, 30-minute, or 24-hour discrete canister samples) Suite of 46 VOCs (1-hour continuous sampling using autoGCs)
Carbonyls (aldehydes) TO-11 suite of 18 carbonyls (1-hour or 24-hour discrete cartridge samples)
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Exposure Considerations
Constituents and concentrations
Distance to receptor Emission source is sometimes very close to residences
Length of exposure
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Typical Timelines
Site selection, pad site preparation
4-6 weeks
Drilling2-4 weeks
Fracturing3-5 days
ProductionDecades
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Investigative Strategy
Qualitative Sampling and Surveys Pro: Highly mobile, provides data closer to both sources and residents Con: Unspeciated data not useful for health effect evaluations
Quantitative Sampling Pro: Provides insight into pollutant concentrations and variability over
time Con: Not easily movable, expensive
Special Emission Inventory Pro: Provides insight into likely sources Con: Data collection takes time and relies on calculations
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Qualitative Data Collection
Handheld instrumentsOver 4000 surveys on the ground Almost all used a survey VOC monitor Over 90 investigations used a handheld H2S monitor
Infrared ImagingOver 3000 investigations used a handheld IR camera Thousands of images collected during flyovers in 2005 and 2007
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Quantitative Data Collection
Field SamplingOver 1700 individual canister samples 52 carbonyl samples Collected distance and source information
http://www.tceq.texas.gov/airquality/barnettshale
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Quantitative Data Collection
Mobile Monitoring Eight multi-day trips in 2009 and 2010 Discrete and real-time sampling for VOCs, NOx, sulfur compounds, carbonyls
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Quantitative Data Collection
Fixed-site monitors 2009 – 6 monitoring sites 2 autoGCs 6 canister samplers (2 collocated with autoGCs) 2 carbonyl samplers
2017 – 26 monitoring sites 15 autoGCs 13 canister samplers (2 collocated with
autoGCs) 2 carbonyl samplers
Image available at: https://www.tceq.texas.gov/airquality/barnettshale/bshale-maps
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Results to Date
Nearly all of the issues documented arose from human or mechanical failures.
These items were quickly remedied and could have been avoided through increased diligence on the part of the operator.
Corrective actions amounted to little more than replacing worn gaskets, closing open hatches, and repairing stuck valves.
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** Not all monitors met 75% data completeness objective.
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Changes in Annual Average BTEX Concentrations at Stationary Canister Sites, 2006-2016
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Single Canisters
Over 1700 samples collected since 2009
<4% of collected canisters had exceedances of short-term health or odor comparison values
Repeat investigations showed concentrations below short-term comparison values
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Investigation Canisters with an Exceedance of a Health or Odor Value, 2009-2017
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Investigation Canisters with an Exceedance of a Health or Odor Value, 2009-2017
One on-site sample excluded
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Investigation Canisters with an Exceedance of a Health or Odor Value, 2009-2017
0.0%
0.2%
0.4%
0.6%
0.8%
1.0%Pe
rcen
tage
of
Sam
ples
Exc
eedi
ng a
n A
MC
V
43 3 3
21
One on-site sample excludedBlue – exceedance of health-based AMCVGreen – exceedance of odor-based AMCVPurple – exceedance of health and odor AMCVNumbers indicate the number of individual samples with an exceedance
*Using 2017 air monitoring comparison values (AMCVs)
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Sampling DistancesReceptors within 100 ft from Source, 2%
Receptors 100-300 ft from Source, 24%
Receptors 300-500 ft from Source, 16%
Receptors >500 ft
from Source,54%
Unidentified, 4%
Location of Canister Samples with a Short-Term AMCV Exceedance
108
480390
184275
17882
1
30
26
2
6
1
1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Num
ber o
f Sam
ples
Sampling Distance from Potential Source
Location of Discrete Cansiter Samples in Relation to Potential Sources in the Barnett Shale, 2009-2017
Samples with anExceedance of an AMCVSamples with NoExceedance of an AMCV
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Carbonyl Concentrations
None of the 52 sample concentrations was above a level of health concern Relatively consistent concentration independent of sampling location Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls detected Formaldehyde concentrations were typical for populated areas
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Barnett Shale Special Emissions Inventory-VOCs , 2009
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
Arc
her
Bosq
ueC
lay
Com
anch
eC
ooke
Cor
yell
Dal
las
Den
ton
East
land Ellis
Erat
hH
illH
ood
Jack
John
son
Mon
tagu
ePa
lo P
into
Park
erSh
acke
lford
Som
erve
llSt
ephe
nsTa
rran
tW
ise
Rep
orte
d Em
issi
ons
(tpy
)
Water Tank
Vent
Turbine
Thermal Oxidizer
Separator
Oil Tank
Loading
Heater
Glycol Dehydrator
Fugitives
Frac Tank
Flare
Engine
Condensate Tank
Boiler
Amine Unit
Other
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Barnett Shale Special Emissions Inventory-VOCs , 2009
Condensate Tank39%
Fugitives25%
Oil Tank8%
Water Tank8%
Engine8%
Loading3%
Glycol Dehydrator2%
Vent2%
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Conclusions
Monitored ambient VOC, carbonyl, and H2S concentrations remain below a level of health concern
Using a multi-pronged approach to evaluating potential for exposure leads to a more complete picture of potential risk and helps to focus investigative efforts
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Moving Forward
Ensure transparency of our efforts through abundant and timely communication with all interested parties
Evaluate data from the existing ambient air quality monitoring network and samples collected during investigations
Maintain a frequent, routine investigative presence while also providing timely complaint response
Adjust as necessary
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Extras
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Wells and Ambient Air Quality Monitors