considerations when replacing synthetic turf fieldssturf.lib.msu.edu/article/2012apr22a.pdfapr 22,...

CONSIDERATIONSwhen replacing synthetic turf fields

In the United States there are easilymore than 5,000 synthetic turf fieldsused by youth and adults of varying agesand competition levels. Each field has adifferent level of use, climate, installationquality, and maintenance practices thatdictate how it will wear after its initialdate of installation and ribbon cuttingceremony. Each field’s owner also hasslightly different expectation of howtheir field will wear and criteria for re-placing an existing field. For some ofyou, it could be largely a perception ofvisual quality, not necessarily playability.For some, the concern is safety and wearlevels. And for even others, it could bethat the field that has just not performedlike they expected or hoped it would andthey want to move on to a new and dif-ferent product.

With the many possible conditions ofa playing field, it is important to assesswhere your specific field is in the overallstate of its life cycle and assess the rea-sons why it is in its current conditionnow. This determination requires evalu-

N THE UNITED STATES there are easily more than 5,000 syn-thetic turf fields used by youth and adults of varying ages and com-petition levels. Each field has a different level of use, climate,installation quality, and maintenance practices that dictate how itwill wear after its initial date of installation and ribbon cutting cere-

mony. Each field’s owner also has slightly different expectation of how theirfield will wear and criteria for replacing an existing field. For some of you, itcould be largely a perception of visual quality, not necessarily playability. Forsome, the concern is safety and wear levels. And for even others, it could bethat the field that has just not performed like they expected or hoped itwould and they want to move on to a new and different product.

>> Above: Field assessment and evaluation

22 SportsTurf | April 2012 www.sportsturfonline.com

Facility&Operations | By Devin Conway, PE

>> Left: Field permeability test Right: Turf removal and salvage

I

SportsTurf 23www.stma.org

ating how the field was constructed—including its base anddrainage systems and the turf product used—then completing anon-site field evaluation which would include a review of the typeand number of events held on the field. This evaluation can be rela-tively straight forward and simple to complete. Our experience hasshown that the assessment should include the following test criteria:

• The planarity of the field and observed surface imperfections.• G-max/HIC test data during the lifespan of the field.• Seam and inlay integrity of the turf product, including at all

transitions from turf to the adjacent surfaces. • The quality of any past turf repairs.• The level and quality of the existing infill materials compared

to the initial installation and design specifications.• General visual condition of the turf, including fiber evaluation

(i.e., are fibers showing complete splitting, “hair splitting” or frac-turing?)

• Average length of fiber loss to date due to wear and tear. Fieldtraffic, grooming or other action may affect the fibers over a periodof time. Compare the current measured pile heights versus pileheight when the product was new. The projected length of fiber re-maining at the end of the warranty period is based on a projectionof the average annual wear.

• Drainage issues: Identify known or observed signs of drainageissues such as areas that pond or that are known be slow in draining

after a rain event. Staff with knowledge of the field should be inter-viewed to understand the history of the field’s drainage efficiency.

• Field permeability.• Environmental testing of turf materials.We recommend that the warranty for the turf product be re-

viewed to see if it is still in effect and, if so, what level of coveragemay currently exist. An analysis of the recommended care of thatturf company’s product should be compared to the level of on-going maintenance, including equipment used and frequency ofthose maintenance practices. It is important to understand whatsteps the owner is taking in maintaining the field, and if those stepsare positively or adversely affecting the quality of the current condi-tion of the turf.

For most turf fields we have evaluated, turf managers are con-cerned that the typically have is that there are issues with the fieldsurface that are not necessarily due to the physical makeup of theturf product: the fiber, infill, or backing material. Rather, some ofthe field’s inlays may be coming apart; there may be a hole in theturf due to wear issues and insufficient turf care or proactive repair;or the field’s base may not be draining properly or may have settled.

In our experience, base issues and turf installation quality aretypically the primary factors for a turf field to be considered in apoor state, not the product itself. This is not to say that the field’sfibers may not be matted down, frayed, split or fractured, and that


Facility&Operations

the infill levels aren’t uneven, as many fields can show some of thesecharacteristics. It is just that compared to a new turf field with im-proved fiber technology, they appear “old, tired, and used up.”

It is inevitable that you will have to replace your existing syn-thetic field at some point in the future. Unless the replacement iscovered under an in-effect warranty with the turf company, youwill need to contract for the removal and disposal (or ideally, recy-cling) of the old turf and purchasing and installing a new turfproduct. If there is a condition with the field that may be coveredby the warranty, you should directly contact the turf company foran investigation of the issues identified and potential solutions.Many warranties will not fully fund replacement by the turf manu-facturer. The amount of wear and tear will naturally be of consider-ation. The older the field the less cost discount will be offered bythe manufacturer on new turf.

When replacing an existing turf field, take the opportunity toevaluate the quality of the overall facility. In a general sense, did thefield and the overall space meet your expectations, exceed them orfall short? Were the activities on the field those that were initiallyidentified or were there additional activities and events that im-pacted the field? If there were, can modifications be made to thefield’s base or areas around the field to accommodate the change inactivities? Should a turf product with modified specifications to theone being replaced be considered? This consideration could be im-portant is there has been change in the field’s use. For example, afield used for field hockey has different field requirements than onefor football.

Another item to evaluate whether the existing dimensions of thesynthetic turf still meet your and user groups’ needs and goals, aswell as conforming to changes in sport rules and regulations. Forexample, if you have a lighted facility and two softball fields re-placed natural grass with synthetic turf, leaving the existing skinnedinfields. After several years of use, the user groups and turf profes-sional both agreed that the decision to keep skinned infields was amistake, as it minimized the amount of area for soccer fields in theshared turf area, and it also reduced the amount of days the fieldscould be used for softball due to inclement weather. So when thefield’s synthetic turf was recently replaced, you installed new syn-thetic turf throughout the field, eliminating all the skinned sur-faces. This decision reduced the amount of maintenance theinfields required, increased the number of days the fields could beused, and allowed the field area to have two full-size soccer fieldsthat could be used concurrently.

Field markings are also a key consideration when looking at re-placing a field. It is not uncommon for a new field to receive per-manent field striping for new field layouts not on the existing turffield. In other situations, the client decided to eliminate permanentfield lines altogether due to changing needs, frequent rules modifi-cations, the need for field flexibility so that no specific use is per-ceived as the dominant sport.

We also think an important item to evaluate is the infrastructureand utilities that service the turf area and the immediate surround-ing areas. At a recent field replacement, the original design had irri-gation quick couplers and drainage cleanout boxes that were

When replacing an existing turf field, take the opportunity to evaluatethe quality of the overall facility. In a general sense, did the field and the

overall space meet your expectations, exceed them or fall short?

>> TURF IMPACTS by other uses


exposed at the field surface and were less than one foot from theplaying field—certainly not an ideal situation from either a playa-bility or safety standpoint. So when it was time to replace the turf,the quick connect water couplings and boxes were moved to theouter edge of the turf, well beyond the playing field, and allcleanout boxes were lowered beneath the playing field surface. Inaddition, there may not have been infrastructure installed duringthe initial field construction projects that are now desirable or nec-essary.

Other considerations that should be included in the assessmentof the existing turf field are whether the field requires a shock pador if any new permanent embedments are needed in the turf (i.e.,sleeved goals, mounting standards for track cameras, sleeved nettingsystems, etc.). Making all upgrades before installation of new turf,not after, is the best practice due to the complexity of cutting theturf and completing base modifications without creating long-termissues with the base or associated turf product.

If you are in tune with the field’s regular use and maintenancepractices, you can develop a sense of how the field has performedand what the perception of the field is by the user groups. Thisknowledge is the most important information in making decisionsfor the turf replacement process. A design professional who has com-pleted many field replacement projects can be a valuable resource toguide you in the process of how to remove the old turf, complete anymodifications or repairs to the base or adjacent areas surrounding the

field (such as needed infrastructure improvements), and assist in de-veloping technical documents for the new field installation. By com-bining the determination of your needs with the knowledge andexperience of a professional, you can achieve a smooth transition be-tween the old and new—synthetic turf, that is. ■

Devin Conway, PE, is principal, Verde Design, Inc., SantaClara CA.

>> FIELD GRAND OPENING


These days, our lacrosse fieldshave to be built to precise specifi-cations concerning size and slope.But the game remains with us,and it certainly does continue togrow. According to the NationalFederation of State High SchoolAssociations (NFHS), more than170,000 boys and girls playedlacrosse competitively last year. Infact, among the girls, the sportvaulted into the top 10 mostpopular during the 2010-2011school year.

Reflecting this interest, an in-creased number of lacrossecamps and clinics are being of-fered, as are more travel teams

and opportunities for athletes.What does that mean for a fieldmanager? Better get ready forthe invasion.

THE BASICSLacrosse requires a large

amount of space to be played ac-

cording to the rules. Highschool boys’ lacrosse fields mustbe 330 feet (minimum) inlength, and 160 feet in width.NCAA men’s lacrosse fields are330 feet minimum length and180 feet standard width. Forboth high school and NCAA

girls/women’s lacrosse, the di-mensions are length 300 feetminimum/360 feet maximum,and width of 180 feet mini-mum/210 feet maximum. Out-side of the field itself, there arespecifications governing the sizeof the coaches’ area, and specificclearances around the field arerecommended for athlete andspectator safety.

Beyond those basics, thereare requirements (as there are forall sports fields) concerningslope and drainage. These re-quirements will vary accordingto whether the field is naturalgrass or artificial turf (and if nat-ural grass, whether or not it has

Facility&Operations | By Mary Helen Sprecher

Growing interest in lacrossecoming soon to a field near you

THEY DIDN’T HAVE HELMETS OR GOGGLES. They didn’t havemouth guards or cleated shoes. But the original Native Americans, who in-vented the game of lacrosse, had perhaps the most important thing of all:

abundant open space to play in.

Photos courtesy of Bernie Clasing

High school boys’ lacrosse fieldsLength - 330 feet (minimum)Width - 160 feet

NCAA men’s lacrosse fieldsLength - 330 feet (minimum) Width - 180 feet

High school and NCAAgirls/women’s lacrosse fieldsLength - 300 feet (minimum)

- 360 feet (maximum) Width - 180 feet (minimum)

- 210 feet (maximum)

>> HARVARD SOCCER FIELD. Photo courtesy of Stantec, Boston, MA


subsurface drainage, whether or not it iscrowned, etc.)

Many field builders note they are seeinga preponderance of synthetic fields beinginstalled, and being designated for lacrosse.They also note that lighting is being addedto many existing fields; lighting extends theplaying hours and allows one field to hostmore activities, thereby making it a morecost-efficient investment.

THE MARKINGS“We definitely see an increase in the

sport of lacrosse,” notes Dan Wright, whosecompany, Sports Turf Company, Inc. inWhitesburg, GA serves the Atlanta area.“More and more synthetic fields installedare requiring the markings for lacrosse.”

In such cases, he adds, men’s lacrosselines are inlaid and women’s lacrosse is“tick-marked” for painting.

Field builders note that if a facility willaccommodate multiple sports, such as soc-cer, football, field hockey and lacrosse, care

should be taken in lining it. Multiple sets oflines in varying colors can leave the fieldwith what has been called a “playground” or“gymnasium floor” look.

Instead, say the pros, field managersneed first to decide which sport the fieldwill host the most often (or perhaps whichis most important to the owner, such asthe high school or college whose propertyit is). That sport, then, is designated the“primary” sport, and those playing linesshould be marked in the brightest color.The primary field colors are typicallywhite and yellow if there are two sports onthe field.

Don’t be surprised if lacrosse is one ofthose primary sports. And don’t be sur-prised when you see what isn’t.

“We are seeing a large increase in men’sand women’s lacrosse around here,” saysLance Rosenberger of Medallion AthleticProducts in Mooresville, NC. “Almost everyuniversity we did last year included lacrosselines as part of their soccer field. In Geor-

gia, we did three fields with football andmen’s lacrosse, but no soccer.”

Additionally, he notes, “a few universitiesare planning on upgrading their lacrosseprograms from a club sport to an NCAAprogram.”

Once the primary sport(s) have been de-termined and marked in the brightest andmost visible colors, the secondary sports cantake more muted line colors such as blue orbrown. Another option is to provide limitedfield markings (hash marks or tick marks)that are inlaid into the turf, allowing fortemporary markings to be placed.

THE EQUIPMENTWhile players will carry around plenty of

their own sports equipment, includingsticks, balls and personal items such as uni-forms, gloves, helmets, goggles and so on(plus the added protective equipment car-ried by goalies), the equipment necessary tothe sport itself is rather light. It may includegoals, backstops, targets and rebound nets


Facility&Operations

(used in practice) and so on. The equip-ment itself, being light and portable, isoften brought to the field or stored nearby.Storage cages or sheds may be necessary ifmultiple teams will be using the field.

Because games move quickly, spectatorsenjoy lacrosse. And while folding chairsand picnic blankets are a time-honored tra-dition, your players’ families and friendswill enjoy the experience more if there arebleachers available. (In this respect, lacrosseis no different from any other spectator

sport, where the wish list includes conces-sions, rest rooms and shaded picnic areas aswell).

“An item we feel would be particularlyuseful would be high nets beyond the endof the field to catch those balls that areovershot,” notes Jeff Shyk of K&W Engi-neers in Harrisburg, PA.

FIELD MAINTENANCEAs with all sports, lacrosse causes wear

in specific areas of the field.

“Care should be concentrated in thegoal crease area,” says Wright. “The goalcrease area is where the majority of concen-trated play occurs. For synthetic turf fields,this area requires additional grooming tokeep the infill material depth consistent.This is where the most damage will occuron a natural turf field. Re-sodding and/orre-seeding may be required to bring theseareas back to a condition suitable for othersports.”

Part of the reason for the wear and tearis the pace and positioning of the game,says Lee Narozanick of American AthleticCourts in Vincentown, NJ.

“There can be 50 shots on goal in mostgames. Shortly after the season begins, thegoal areas on grass fields lose their grass andby the end of the season, it can be treacher-ous during a rainy game. Most syntheticturf fields hold up well, but the area stillgets the most wear.”

Besides, Narozanick notes, he has aunique perspective. “I know a lot about thegoal area because my daughter took up theillustrious job of being a lacrosse goalie. Gofigure.”

As with all athletic fields, regular main-tenance is needed to keep the field in goodcondition generally. Natural grass needsmowing and irrigation as well as seasonalfertilizer and repair of worn areas. Syntheticturf should be groomed, cleaned andchecked on a regular basis. In all cases,good drainage will be tied to the perform-ance of the field throughout its useful life.

A shortcoming all field managers haveto deal with is the constant use of facilities.Whereas the Native Americans who in-vented lacrosse could simply move on toanother area when their field became de-nuded of grass or looked a bit worn, manyof today’s facility managers are land-locked.But for those who are in the enviable posi-tion of being able to redistribute playamong different fields, the pros urge takingfull advantage of that ability.

“If I could give any extra tip, it wouldbe to have more maintenance, and to restthe field and let it recover from usage,” saysDan Wright.

“The more rest a grass field gets, thebetter it will perform,” says Narozanick.“So rotate, rotate, rotate.”

>> BOSTON COLLEGE. Photos courtesy of Stantec, Boston, MA


Keep a close eye on the field. Clean off litter and debris, andkeep a lookout for problems like pests, weeds, drainage issues andother problems. If you see trouble brewing, address it immediately.It is easier to prevent an injury than it is to deal with the aftermath.

Oh, and one more thing, say field pros. No matter what othersports take place, there’s one you should nip in the bud: prohibitlocal dog owners from using the facility as a place to play fetch orget some exercise (a euphemism for activities that result in unpleas-ant playing conditions for athletes).

Mary Helen Sprecher wrote this article on behalf of the AmericanSports Builders Association. Available at no charge is a listing of allpublications offered by the ASBA, as well as their Membership Direc-tory. For info, 866-501-2722 or www.sportsbuilders.org.

No matter what other sports take place,there’s one you should nip in the bud:prohibit local dog owners from using thefacility as a place to play fetch or getsome exercise (a euphemism for activitiesthat result in unpleasant playing condi-tions for athletes).

>> VERT TRACK SOCCER LACROSSE STADIUM. Photo courtesy ofMedallion Athletic Products, Inc., Mooresville, NC


IN DECEMBER 2005, Bill Williams sued a well-known US chain of gyms because he fell in the saunaat one of their locations. Apparently he slipped onthe floor, fell on a bench and now, according tocourt documents, experiences “persistent neck and

head pain and associated intermittent tingling feelings” inhis hands.

Williams sued the gym claiming negligence and allegedthat several members of the gym had warned gym managersabout hazards in the sauna, indicating it was a “problemwaiting to happen.” At trial, the court agreed with Williamsand awarded him $15,000 for medical costs, pain, and suf-fering. However, in what was considered an unexpected turnof events, an appeals court reversed the decision, stating thatWilliams as well as all gym members had signed a contract“expressly releasing gym management from liability due toimproper maintenance.” [*Editor’s note: The names havebeen changed here, this is an actual occurrence and involveda Gold’s Gym.]

Although the appeals court sympathized with Williamsand did believe gym management was negligent, the signed

contract by gym members super-seded any compassion for the vic-tim. Though the gym’smanagement may have ultimatelywon this case, it still cost severalthousand dollars in legal fees, plusa lot of negative feelings and pressthat impacted the gym’s memberbase and the local communitywhere the accident occurred.

And, this is just one example ofa slip and fall accident. Althoughthe statistics can vary, the numberof slip and fall accidents in the USis staggering. For example, it is es-timated there are about eight mil-lion slip, trip, and fall accidentseach year. They occur in homes,offices, gyms, and other public fa-cilities. Of these, about half a mil-lion people require some sort ofhospitalization and more than16,000 result in death. In fact, slipand fall accidents are consideredone of the leading causes of deathin the workplace. However, just aswith the unfortunate case discussedearlier, many of these accidents canbe prevented through preventivestrategies, proper floor care, clean-ing, and maintenance.

RISK FACTORSBefore venturing further, some

clarifications are due. A slip is theresult of too little friction or trac-tion between footwear and thefloor. Trips, on the other hand,occur when one or both feet strikeor hit an object, causing loss ofbalance. Both slips and trips canaffect your forward motion, caus-ing your upper-body positioningto fall ahead of or behind yourlower body—eventually, you loseyour balance and a fall is often theresult.

Slips, trips, and falls can occurjust about anywhere in an officesetting, school, factory, publicbuilding, and gym. A variety of

Slip and fall issues always sticking around

Facility&Operations

By Dawn Shoemaker

It is estimated there are about eightmillion slip, trip, and fall accidents eachyear. They occur in homes, offices, gyms,and other public facilities. Of these,about half a million people require somesort of hospitalization and more than16,000 result in death.


Facility&Operations

what are termed risk factors or indoor haz-ards can trigger an accident. Some of themost common factors and hazards include:

• Wet or oily floor surfaces • Inappropriate footwear • Loose, unanchored carpets, rugs, mats,

or floor tiles • Obstructed views • Poor lighting • Clutter on the floor • Wrinkled carpeting • Cables or cords laid across walkwaysGym managers should be aware of these

risk hazards and regularly take the time towalk through their gym and see if any ofthese exist in their facilities. Correctivemeasures now can help prevent a serious ac-cident later.

One of the best ways any facility, includ-ing a gym, can take to prevent a slip, trip,or fall is to install high-performing mattingsystems. An effective matting system is de-signed to trap and hold moisture, soil,grease, dirt, and other contaminants beforethese are walked in the door.

According to Christopher Tricozzi, vicepresident of sales and marketing for CrownMats and Matting, stopping moisture andsoil before it enters the door is key. “Manymanagers will place matting systems insidedoorways, but they should actually start out-doors by installing what are termed ‘scraper’mats at all building entries,” he says.

Tricozzi says that the scraper mat shouldbe followed by a wiper/scraper mat, directlyinside a building. “Often, this is the entryvestibule area between two sets of doors.And, this is followed by a wiper mat, de-signed to capture and hold any remainingmoisture and soil off shoe bottoms.”

“Gym managers need about 15 feet ofmatting outside and inside the building,” headds. “We really can’t depend on people toproperly wipe their feet so the 15 feet of mat-ting [helps] ensure that as much as 80 per-cent of the moisture and contaminants areprevented from being walked in the gym.”

Also, as referenced earlier, Tricozzi addsthat managers should select what aretermed high-performance mats. These aremats that facilities typically purchase, ratherthan rent. Not only are these mats engi-neered to be more effective, they last muchlonger than a rental mat. “A high-perfor-mance mat may last two years or more,whereas a rental mat may only last a fewmonths and end up in a landfill [shortlythereafter].”

FLOOR CARE AND MAINTENANCE

Next to eliminating risk factors and in-stalling high-performance matting, properfloor care and maintenance is essential.Gym managers are advised to incorporateregularly scheduled strip, scrub, and refinishprograms to keep floors as clean as possible.This should definitely include locker roomand shower areas, where tile and groutfloors are often installed. These cleaningregimens will help remove bacteria that maybe developing in grout areas, which cancause a slip or fall.

Very often, the type of floor equipmentused in floor care can help promote floorsafety, says Daniel Frimml, a technical serv-ice representative with Tornado Industries,a manufacturer of floor care equipment.“Many facilities use rotary floor machines.While these can do an excellent job, for tile

and grout floors, a different technology,cylindrical floor machines, may prove to bemore effective.”

Cylindrical floor machines use counter-rotating brushes and not pads, which arefound on conventional machines. Rotatingat more than 1,000 rotations per minute,the brushes penetrate the porous surfaces ofa floor. These machines reach deep intogrout areas to help remove embedded bac-teria and soil, which also helps maintain thefloor’s slip resistance. “Also, because the ma-chine does a lot more of the work, lesswater and chemical are usually called for,making this technology Greener and moresustainable,” adds Frimml.

Additionally, as to daily care, Frimml ad-vises that gym floors should be dust-mopped or vacuumed and damp-moppeddaily and sometimes several times duringthe day. The mop heads and cleaning solu-tion should be changed frequently in thecleaning process to help prevent the spreadof germs and bacteria which have the po-tential of causing floors to be slippery.

And, Frimml has one final recommenda-tion. All gyms should have in stock and usewarning and safety cones. “Whenever andwherever floors are being cleaned or there isa suspected problem that could lead to aninjury, use these [safety devices]. At the veryleast, it can limit your liability should therebe an accident and at its best, the warningand safety cones can prevent [an incident]from happening at all.” ■

Dawn Shoemaker is a writer for the profes-sional cleaning, building, hotel, and hospitali-ties industries. She may be reached [email protected]

A S BABY BOOMERS GROW OLDER and presumablywiser about economic matters, more are finding them-selves in a position of caretaker for elderly parents. Rais-

ing the topic of money with parents can be difficult. But with the

right choice of words, timing, and tone, you can open the door toa meaningful conversation.

Select a Representative. An initial conversation about financesshould be done one-on-one. Involving too many people can be

ROLE REVERSAL: when children should talk to parents about money

By Sandee Smith and Harrison Hill


overwhelming and appear threatening. If you have siblings, selectone—perhaps the oldest, most financially knowledgeable, or onewith whom your parent(s) may feel most comfortable—to lead theway. Remember, this is about your parent's money, not about yoursor your children's.

Be Sensitive. To some extent, our financial lives influence howwe view ourselves as independent human beings. For many, old ageis a time of coping with a series of physical and emotional losses:hearing, eyesight, mobility, memory, as well as friendships. Withany conversation about money, be sensitive to the fears and con-cerns your parents may harbor about their possible loss of controlor independence.

Break the Ice Skillfully. A subtle opening could involve an an-ecdotal story about a person you know in common, a news articlefound in the daily paper, or even about yourself.

• I need help with my will. Who did you use?• How's Aunt Mary doing since Uncle Joe passed away?• Have you seen the new Social Security statements?• What was it like for your parents during the Great Depres-

sion?• Did you watch that TV special on hospitals last week?Start Slowly. Don't commence a dialogue during a crisis situa-

tion or try to resolve all details in one meeting. Raise questions thatyour parents can consider for a follow-up conversation. “I'll stop by

for coffee next week, and we can continue our talk. Maybe you'llhave those papers by then?”

Your parents may actually enjoy the attention. After several infor-mal conversations, you may want to consider the help of a financialprofessional. For more information, contact the National Council onAging (www.ncoa.org) and AARP (www.aarp.org). ■

For More InformationIf you would like to learn more, please contact Sandee Smith or Harrison Hill at

816-932-7800. You can also email [email protected] [email protected]

The author(s) and/or publication are neither employees of nor affiliated withMorgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC ("MSSB"). By providing this third party publi-cation, we are not implying an affiliation, sponsorship, endorsement, approval, in-vestigation, verification or monitoring by MSSB of any information contained inthe publication.

The opinions expressed by the authors are solely their own and do not necessar-ily reflect those of MSSB. The information and data in the article or publicationhas been obtained from sources outside of MSSB and MSSB makes no representa-tions or guarantees as to the accuracy or completeness of information or data fromsources outside of MSSB. Neither the information provided nor any opinion ex-pressed constitutes a solicitation by MSSB with respect to the purchase or sale ofany security, investment, strategy or product that may be mentioned.

Article written by McGraw Hill and provided courtesy of Morgan Stanley SmithBarney Financial Advisor Sandee Smith and Harrison Hill. Morgan Stanley SmithBarney LLC. Member SIPC.

© 2011 McGraw-Hill Financial Communications. All rights reserved. March2011 (2011-PS-242)

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