consolidated report of network project on climate change
TRANSCRIPT
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Consolidated Report of Network Project on Climate
Change (NPCC)
2004-2012
Impact, Adaptation and Vulnerability of Indian
Agriculture to Climate Change
Submitted to
ICAR Network Project on Climate Change,
Department of Environmental Sciences (IARI)
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
Submitted by
Dr Ranbir Singh Rana, Principal Investigator, NPCC
Centre for Geo-informatics Research and Training
CSK, Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University
Palampur 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, INDIA
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Consolidated Report of Network Project on Climate Change (NPCC)
2004-2012
Title:
Impact, Vulnerability and Adaptation of Indian
Agriculture to Climate Change
Authors Dr. Ranbir Singh Rana, Scientist (Agronomy) ,Principal
Investigator, Centre For Geo-Informatics Research and
Training, CSKHPKV, Palampur E Mail : [email protected] (Mb 09418106167)
Dr. Navell Chander, Research Associate
Period PI/CO-PI Project Team
2004-07 Principal
Investigator
Dr. R.M. Bhagat, (Soils) Principal Investigator 2004-07
CO-PI Dr. Ranbir Singh Rana, Scientist (Agronomy) 2004-07
CO-PI Dr. Rajender Prasad, (Agro meteorologist) 2004-07
CO-PI Dr. Harbans Lal, Associate Professor (Economist) 2004-07
2007-12 Principal
Investigator
Dr. Ranbir Singh Rana, (Agronomy) 2007-12
CO-PI Dr. Vaibhav Kalia, Assistant Professor (Computer) 2007-12
CO-PI Dr. Sharda Singh, Professor (Mathematics), 2008-12
CO-PI Dr. Sanjay Kumar, AES, (Soils), 2007-09
CO-PI Dr. Sanjay Sharma, Scientist (Soils), 2009-11
CO-PI Dr S.K. Updhayay Horticulture 2007-09
CO-PI Dr S. K. Chauhan , Professor Economics 2007-09
CO-PI Dr S. K. Sharma , Professor Agronomy, Akrot 2010-11
CO-PI Dr Anup Katoch , Associate Professor ( Sociology) 2010-12
Affiliation CSK Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh-176062
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SUMMARY
Himachal Pradesh is a mountainous state. Its climatic conditions vary from hot to severe cold
regions. The state is dominated by rainfed farming on sloppy farmlands. Climatically, it is suitable for the
production of off-season vegetables and vegetable seeds in addition to various field and fruit crops. To
assess the effects of climate change on agricultural production five study sites have been selected to collect
basic information regarding the evidence of climatic change in the region through farmers’ survey, analysis
of climatic trends and crop assessment using crop models. A sub-temperate agro-climatic condition was
selected to assess the impact of temperate fruits of Himachal Pradesh. The water balance was also
calculated using the climatic data of different agro-climatic zones. Temperature trends clearly indicated an
increase of 0.7 to 2.4°C from lower altitude to higher. The magnitude of increase was higher in altitudinal
area compared to1980. Rainfall also showed decreasing trends in all elevations. The significant decrease of
40-50 per cent rainfall was observed in mid hill sub-humid region (700-1500 masl) compared to 1980’s.
Similarly, snowfall trends also indicated decrease of 360 mm. The climatic variability study on heavy
snowfall event 2004-05 revealed beneficial impact of 28 per cent more snowfall during season on
vegetables and fruit crops and short duration crops of Himachal Pradesh during rabi season. The impact
studied on apple revealed that apple productivity in lower elevations was impacted by increase in
temperature and increasing trends of temperature caused more opportunity in higher elevations for apple
and other fruits and vegetable crops. The impact on other temperate fruits in peach, plum and pear did not
show any impact of increasing temperature on their productivity. The tea crop in mid hill regions also
showed decrease in both yield and quality with increase in temperature and decreasing trends of rainfall.
Crop phenology also revealed forced maturity of crops in mid hill regions due to increase in temperature
during crop seasons. The crop simulation studies used for assessment and simulated adaptation clearly
indicated increase in yield of maize, rice, wheat, mustard and soybean with increase of CO2 levels by 50
and 100 ppm. The yield of rabi crops viz. mustard and wheat showed slight decrease in yield but delayed
sowing benefitted the crop at elevated levels of temperature. Kharif crops maize, rice and soybean showed
decrease in yield up to 90 per cent but delayed sowing proved best simulated adaptation at higher
temperature of 1 to 2˚C.Water resources were also impacted due to increase in temperature. The surface
water flow in major rivers showed decreasing trend in past four decades. Water balance studies indicated
40-60 per cent decrease over in past 2-3 decades. Climate related practices identified were validated with
farmer’s perception. Climate resilient practices showed good promise reduce the climate change impact.
The varieties of crops, vegetables etc were identified for higher temperature conditions. Climate literacy
programmes were also organized at headquarter (Palampur) and research stations located in different agro-
climatic regions of state. More than 400 farmers participated in these awareness programmes including
College and school children.
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INTRODUCTION
The state of Himachal Pradesh is a mountain province in the Indian Himalayas situated between
30° 22′ 44" and 33
° 12′ 40" N latitude and 75
°45′ 55" to 79
°04′ 20" E longitude. The physiographic features
of Himachal Pradesh comprise of different mountain ranges, hills and valleys exhibiting an altitudinal
variation from 350 m to about more than 6,975 m above mean sea level. Three physiographic zones the
Shivaliks, the Lesser Himalayas and the greater Himalayas are characterized by heavy deforestation and
torrential monsoons to snow capped peaks, glaciers and several mountains passes. Its one-third areas
remain snow covered for about seven months in a year. This snowy part of the State is the source of three
major rivers – Beas, Ravi, and Chenab while Sutlej and Yamuna Rivers originate from Tibet and
Yamnotri, respectively.
Climate of Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh situated in the lap of Western Himalayas. Its climatic conditions vary from
extremely hot to severe cold regions like Chamba, Kinnaur and Lahaul Spiti. Dharamshala and Palampur
in Kangra district receive the highest precipitation only next to Chirapunji (highest rainfall in the world),
while areas like Spiti almost have no rainfall during the winter season. Average rainfall of the state is 1122
mm (Fig. 2). Western part of state situated in foothills of Dhauladhar ranges of the Himalayas has the
highest annual precipitation ranging 1844 mm to 2601 mm. The areas like Lahaul and Spiti, Kinnaur
receive normal precipitation of 300 mm, during winter season. Northern part of the state is having by and
large temperate climate receiving precipitation between 332mm to 1088mm annually.
Fig. 1 Digital elevation map of Himachal Pradesh Fig. 2 Rainfall pattern of Himachal Pradesh
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Fig. 3 Annual maximum temperature pattern of
Himachal Pradesh
Fig. 4 Annual minimum temperature pattern of Himachal
Pradesh
Annual mean temperature of the state remains between 10.4°C to 22.7°C, with temperature decrease from
south west to north east part of the state (Fig. 4). Maximum and minimum temperature varies between
19.5°C to 31.9°C and 0.4°C to 17.0°C respectively with mean annual temperature up to 24°C (Fig. 2 and
Fig. 3).
OBJECTIVES
Studies on Climate Change indicators /trends in Himachal Pradesh
Fatehpur valley (District Sirmour) experienced rise in mean temperature through out the year
except during January and June where decreasing trend to the tune of 0.3 to 1.2°C was observed. Annual
rainfall reflected a decrease of -29.4 mm rainfall in past 23 years which was higher during kharif season (-
44.50 mm) compared to rabi (-22.07 mm). Evaporation showed increasing trends by 1.6 mm. Palam
valley indicated an increase of 1°C in annual mean temperature which was more in December to April.
There was exceptional decrease of 1000 mm in annual rainfall. The decreasing trend of rainfall was more
in kharif (-20.2mm) compared to rabi (-8.4mm). The mean temperature showed nearly 1.4°C and 0.93°C
increase in rabi and kharif season respectively. Evaporation showed decreasing trend at the rate of 2.6 mm
annually. Relative humidity also reflected increasing trends in all months except March and April. Kullu
Valley showed an increase of 2.8°C in mean annual temperature. Mean temperature showed increasing
trends in all the months except June and October. During rabi season temperature increased by 3.0°C
whereas kharif season showed no change in mean temperature during past 34 years. Rainfall in the region
showed decrease of 20.1 mm. Evaporation showed decreasing trends which was more during kharif
season. Rainfall at Katrain (District Kullu) was increasing at the rate of 2.5 mm per year during past four
decades. Theog valley showed mean temperature increase of 1.8°C annually except month of June. The
increase was more during rabi season (3.2°C) than in kharif season (2.3°C). Annual rainfall showed
decreasing trends of 127 mm annually during past two decades. Rainfall decrease during December to
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February was unprecedented. Rainfall showed decreasing trend during rabi season and increasing trend
during kharif season.
Heavy snowfall studies and its impact on water availability and crop productivity
The study on snowfall estimation during 2004-05 in Himachal Pradesh was carried out using
remote sensing techniques to estimate total snowfall and assess the impact of snow fall on water
availability and crop productivity. The snowfall estimates using remote sensing techniques for two periods
by using two sets of imageries before snow fall (October, 2004) and after snowfall (May 2005). This
indicated an increase of 28.7 percent area (3459.0 sq. km) in snow cover compared to pre snowfall period.
The heavy snowfall also caused glaciations of ice reserve by 7.97 percent (70.8 cubic km). The ground
data from 22 sites also indicated a significant rate of increase in snow cover from 2000 to 2500 m and
above 3000 to 4000 masl. However, observation sites located between 2500-3000m did not show much
increase compared from 1983-1993 and 1994-2003 decadal periods. The mean average snowfall from all
sites located at altitude from 2000 to 4000m also registered an increase of more than 50 percent higher
amount of snowfall during 2004-2005 compared to last two decades. The mean monthly snowfall data also
indicated higher amount of snowfall during 2004-2005 in all months from September 2004 to March,
2005.The impact of heavy snowfall was also analyzed on crops, fruits and vegetables production in
Himachal Pradesh. The area under different crops during rabi 2004 was found to be increased by 8.57
percent, whereas, subsequent kharif season registered 1.85 percent reduction in cropped area. The increase
also reflected in higher productivity during rabi season, 2004 and kharif season, 2005. The productivity of
total food grains increased by more than 19.0 percent during 2004-05 compared to 2003-04.The apple and
other fruits registered 12.1 and 59.8 percent higher productivity, respectively in 2004-05 compared to
2003-04. The impact of heavy snow fall was more pronounced in short duration vegetables crops. The total
vegetables arrivals in the market increased by 48.33 percent during 2004-05 compared to last year arrivals.
This indicated that there was a positive and significant effect of heavy snowfall on agricultural as well as
horticultural crop productivity. The increase in crop productivity also increased market arrivals of different
agricultural commodities.
Study on Indigenous Farmers perceptions related to climate change
The valuable inferences have been drawn from the analysis of past 20 years data relating to area,
production and productivity of major crops in 5 selected study sites and the state as a whole. Global
climate change impacted mountain people directly. Indigenous perception from all the elevation zones
ranging from 700 to >3000 m asl clearly revealed the change in climatic conditions viz. increase in mean
temperature during both summers and winters, drying up of surface water resources, uneven and
insufficient rainfall, increase in extreme weather phenomena like drought, flood etc., delay in the onset of
the winter season and short winter span leading to shrinking of winter period. A remarkable increase in the
area under off-season vegetables was noticed in the cropping pattern of Theog region and Bajaura valley.
The contribution of off-season vegetables in the total farm income increased from 4 to 12 percent to 21 to
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48 percent in all study sites. The snowfall showed decreasing trends in all the months reflecting shrinking
winter period in higher elevation. The area under apple increased from 0.49 hectare per farm to 1.09
hectare in Lahaul valley. The workforce showed a shift from agriculture sector to service sectors. The
workforce in agriculture sector in all the study sites declined from 70 to 86 percent in the past period to 57
to 74 percent in the present period. The total farm income in the lower elevations regions showed a
decreasing trend whereas the income increased in the higher elevation regions of Lahaul and Spiti due to
increase of 12 per cent in the fruit income.
Study on the sensitivity analysis of climatic parameters and productivity of major crops
The impact of rainfall was assessed on rice, wheat and maize yield on different agro-climatic
conditions.
Palam Valley in Kangra District
Rice: The yield of rice increased in general for fifteen years and rainfall impact was significant in the
variations in the rice yield. The productivity sensitivity with Kharif rainfall showed positive rate of 0.261
every year.
Maize: Maize yield showed decreasing sensitivity rate of 0.0121 with kharif rainfall. In general
productivity increased with decrease in rainfall.
Wheat: Wheat yield during rabi season showed positive sensitivity rate with the rainfall. Reduction in rabi
season rainfall had significant impact on yield of wheat with one unit change in rainfall i.e. ten percent
rainfall change causing thirty percent reduction in wheat productivity. The rate of change was 0.289 per
year.
Fatehpur valley in Sirmour District
Rice: In general rice yield increased at the rate of 24.8 kg per year but impact of rainfall variability was
small. However, 10 per cent decrease/ increase in rainfall caused 5-7 per cent increase or decrease in yield.
In general, productivity decreased with decrease in rainfall.
Maize: In general yield increased in last fifteen years but the impact of rainfall variability on yield
variation was not significant. The negative deviations in rainfall showed an increase in productivity and
vice versa.
Wheat: Wheat yield was almost stable in last fifteen years but rainfall variability caused some increase in
yield with increase in rainfall showing positive sensitivity rate with rainfall.
Bajaura Valley in Kullu District
Rice: In general rice yield increased in Kullu valley. Rainfall detrending indicated change in yield at the
rate of 0.118 kg with per unit change in rainfall. Yield pattern of rice showed that increasing trend in yield
with increasing trend in rainfall.
Maize: Maize yield trends indicated an increase in yield. Maize yield decreased with increase in rainfall.
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Wheat: Wheat yield also followed similar trend as observed in maize. The sensitivity rate of wheat yield
with rainfall was 0.131.
Theog Region in Shimla District
No significant impact was observed on rice and maize yield. However, wheat yield showed significant
change due to rainfall deviations. The sensitivity rate of change was 0.495 with rabi total rainfall.
Wheat and rice: Wheat and rice crops in all the elevation zones showed positive sensitivity with both
maximum and minimum temperature. This indicated that further increase in both maximum and minimum
temperature might decrease the yields/productivity in all elevation
Maize: The sensitivity to maximum and minimum temperature at Dhaulakuan below 700 m asl showed
positive relations. The further increase in temperatures might increase the productivity. Above 700 to 2000
m asl showed different relations with maximum and minimum temperature. Increase in minimum
temperature showed reduction in productivity whereas maximum showed contrary to minimum.
Study the Crop Phenology in Different Agro Climatic Zone vis-a-vis climatic conditions
The impact of increasing temperature on crop performance with regard to reproductive and
maturity phase were studied for both rabi and kharif season crops. The reproductive phase (days to
flowering) and maturity phase shortened by five and fifteen days in early sown and late sown wheat crop
observed at Palam valley of Himachal Pradesh in past two decade. The maturity phase was observed to be
extended by four days but reproductive phase shortened by nineteen days in last fifteen years in early
sown crop. Similarly, linseed crop also indicated decrease in days to reproductive and maturity phase in all
the varieties. The kharif season crops at Palampur behaved differently. The soybean crop showed increase
in number of days to attain flowering and maturity phases at Palampur. Last 30 years data indicated
decrease of 0.3OC in the September month which could have delayed the crop maturity and flowering in
soybean. Rice crop showed one to ten days shortening of reproductive phase in Palampur region. Medium
maturing varieties showed shortening of maturity phase by one to four days and enhancement of silking
stage phases by two to six days. The maturity phase in early maturing variety was increased by eight days
at Bajaura.
Assessment impacts of climate change on water resources of Himachal Pradesh in different agro-
climatic zones
The study assessed the impact of climate change on water resources viz. surplus water
balance, surface water flow of major rivers and snowfall trends. The study on water balance showed
decreasing trends in all the agro climatic zones in past three decades. The meteorological data of Palampur
showed sharp decline of 33.3 percent in precipitation during past three decades. The trend in five years i.e.
2004-2009, showed less rate of decrease than previous decades. Maximum availability of accumulated
surplus water was shifted from July during 1974-84 to August during recent decade and reduced to the
tune of 30.1 percent. Similarly, at Bajaura and Dhaulakuan maximum availability of surplus water was
reduced by 35.5 and 72.1 percent, respectively by the 2004-09. The water balance studies for low altitude
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at Dhaulakuan showed decreasing trend of lesser magnitude as compared to agro climate zone situated at
higher attitude. Both Palampur and Dhaulakuan, have exhibited water surplus during kharif season and
water deficit during Rabi season (except during 1974-84 at Palampur). On the contrary, Bajaura in Kullu
district revealed reverse trend for seasonal water availability during the period under study. The further
studies on surface water flow of major rivers showed sharp decrease in all the months. The impact was
sharp in the month of June corresponding highest temperature during month. The snowfall trends for past
two decades showed decrease of snowfall in all the studied sites in Sutlej basins to the tune of 36.0 m per
year. The decrease was higher in 2000-3000 m amsl. Snowfall clearly indicated shrinking winters in the
regions. The above studies clearly pin pointed that water resources have been impacted due in changing
climate conditions in mountains of Himachal Pradesh in past three to four decades.
Assessment impacts of climate change on apple and temperate fruit crops of Himachal Pradesh
Three study sites in three apple growing districts viz. Kullu, Shimla and Lahual and Spiti
representing different elevations were selected to examine the impact of climate change on apple crop
production in Himachal Pradesh and perceptions of farmers for climate change and to relate the chill units
with apple cultivations in the face of climate change. The study examines the impact of climate change in
1980-2009 on apple shift to higher altitude in Himachal Pradesh based on climate information and farmers
perceptions. It is evident that temperature in apple growing regions of Himachal Pradesh showed
increasing trends whereas precipitation showed decreasing trends. The temperature trends in apple growing
regions of Kullu and Shimla indicated 1.8 to 4.1 0C rise in past two decades which reflected in decrease of
chill unit hours accumulations. The annual snowfall showed a decreasing rate of 36.8 mm and decreasing
trends of snowfall during early winters (October and December) and late winters (March and April) clearly
indicated the shrinking winter period in high hills. The chill units hours showed decreasing trends upto
2400 meter above sea level from Bajaura in district, Kullu at 1221 meter above sea level to Sarbo in
district Kinnaur at 2400msl. The Dhundi station situated at 2700 meter above sea level showed increasing
trend of chill unit at the rate of 25.0 CUs per year. The increasing trends of chill units at 2700 meter above
sea level suggested that area is becoming suitable for apple cultivation in higher altitude. These findings
have also been supported by the farmers’ perceptions which clearly reflected that apple cultivation is
expanding to higher altitude in Lahaul & Spiti and Kinnaur. The average land use per farm in Lahual and
Spiti showed more than two percent shift towards apple cultivation but it showed reverse trend in other
apple growing regions of Himachal Pradesh. The income of the farmers increased more than 10 percent in
district Lahual & Spiti whereas it showed a decrease of more than 27 percent in Kullu and Shimla districts
from fruits in recent decade compared to 1995. The data on area under apple cultivation also compounded
statement that apple cultivation is expanding in Lahaul & Spiti in recent decade. The climate change has
demonstrated its impact of decreasing productivity of apple crop in recent years.
Temperate fruit crops in Himachal Pradesh
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The study examines the impact of changing climate on productivity of temperate fruit crops viz.
plum, pear, peach and apricot in Himachal Pradesh based on climate information and farmer’s perception.
It is evident that temperature in fruit growing regions of Himachal Pradesh showed increasing trends. The
mean temperature showed increase to the tune of 0.12, 0.16 and 0.04 0C per year in Shimla, Kullu and
Palam valley, respectively. Similarly, the rate of decrease of rainfall during winter season (November to
May) was -8.5 mm in Shimla, -1.96 mm in Kullu and -8.4 mm in Palam valley. The cumulative chill unit
hours during winter season showed decrease at Shimla, Kullu and Palampur. The chill units were
calculated using the UTAH model showed decline of more than 5.5 chill units per year during December
month in past 20 years of period in Shimla district. The reduction was more in February month (9.0 units
per year) as compared to January (2.3 units per year). The decrease of 1.3, 2.8 and 2.5 chill units every
year during December, January and February months were calculated respectively, at Kullu. Whereas, the
decrease of chill units during December to February ranged from -6.4 to -11.6 per year in Palampur. The
decreasing trends in cumulative chill units due to increase in temperature and reduction in rainfall
specifically during flowering to fruit set from February to June in all locations varied from sub temperate
climate in mid hills to temperate in high hills did not affect the productivity of stone fruits like plum, pear,
peach and apricot in Himachal Pradesh. The findings of climate change have also been supported by the
farmers’ perception regarding climate change which indicated that 100% farmer’s of Kullu and Shimla
reported a definite reduction in snowfall overtime during winter season while, 80 to 90% farmer’s of
Kullu, Shimla and Palampur noticed an increase in temperatures in past 10 to 20 years. The other signs of
climate change which were reported by the farmer’s were prolonged summer season, delay in the onset of
winter season with short winter period, decrease in snowfall in high hills, delay in the onset of rainy
season, insufficient and unpredictable rainfall.
Studies on impact of climate change on Tea production and quality under sub-humid sub-temperate
climate of Himachal Pradesh.
Maximum temperature showed the negative sensitivity with tea productivity in April, May, June,
July and October months, whereas March, August and September months showed positive sensitivity
which reflected that the increase in maximum temperature caused decrease of green leaf productivity
during April, June, July and October. The minimum temperature showed negative sensitivity with
productivity. Also, March to May rainfall showed negative sensitivity with Tea productivity whereas June
to October months showed positive sensitivity. Increase in rainfall has less impact on productivity then
decrease of rainfall from average of 69.1mm during June months. The further decrease of rainfall from
69.1 mm showed reduction in tea production during June month. Evaporation showed negative sensitivity
with productivity during April to July and October period of tea leaf plucking. Increase of evaporation
showed more impact of reducing the yield than increase of evaporation from mean monthly values. The
correlation coefficients were negative during these months signifying that increase in evaporation caused
reduction of yield. The relative humidity showed positive sensitivity with all months from April to
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October except March, August and September months. The duration of sunshine from June to October
were negatively correlated with productivity. The detrend analysis showed negative sensitivity with
productivity during June, July , September and October The decrease of sunshine hours during these
months impact less on yield than increase of the sunshine hours during these months.
Quality of Tea:
The Two leaves and bud (T&B) percent yield was correlated with each weather parameters and sensitivity
to parameter worked out. The maximum temperature showed negative sensitivity with quality during
April, June, July and October which reflected more decrease of quality tea leaf with increase of
temperature from the average value. The minimum temperature showed negative sensitivity during April
to June and decrease of average minimum temperature caused more reduction in quality. The rainfall of
June & September showed positive correlation with tea quality compared other months from April to
October. The sensitivity analysis showed negative sensitivity during March to May & August months. The
decrease of rainfall from average monthly rainfall during these months caused more yield with increase in
rainfall. The evaporation of April, May, July and October months showed negative correlations with
quality. The sensitivity of tea quality with Evaporation showed negative sensitivity during April to July
and October months. The relative humidity during March and May showed negative relation with quality,
whereas sensitivity of RH was negative during August and September. The further decrease of Mean
monthly humidity of these months causes more reduction in quality than increase. The correlations
coefficients and sensitivity of sunshine showed negative relationship during June-July and September to
October period.
Studies on indigenous farmers perceptions on honey bees’ ( temperate fruits pollinators) habitat at
different elevation zone H.P. vis-à-vis climate change
A survey was carried out in Spiti of district Lahual and Spiti of Himachal Pradesh for obtaining the
farmers perceptions on Phenology of apple and temperate fruits. These data were collected on well
designed questionnaires during 2008-09 particularly when apple blooming was in full swing.
Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Honeybees as the Pollinators and on Apple Production in
Himachal Pradesh
A survey was carried out in Chamba, Kangra and Kullu districts of Himachal Pradesh which
revealed that nearly 24 % farmers started using bees for pollination. The rate was higher (60%) in Katrain
and lower (7%) in Jallugran of district Kullu in Himachal Pradesh. In Seobagh 12% farmers used bees for
pollination. Among users, 42% were using regularly and 58% occasionally depending upon their
availability. The orchardists reported over eight times increase in apple production due to placement of
honey bee colonies for pollination purpose.
The climate change has brought adverse effect on the population of beneficial insects, the honeybees
providing good pollinator services particularly to the apple crop in which productivity level is falling. The
population density of Apis dorsata was found to be declining from 93/km2 in 1993-94 to just 11/ km
2 in
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2003-04 and to 08/km2 in 2006-07. The number of households rearing Apis cerana honeybees have also
declined by 60% and of bee colonies by 28% over the years of 1993-94 to 2003-04. However, the total
number of indigenous honeybees on sample villages declined to 325 in 2003-04 from 533 in 1993-94.
Decline in bee flora, shrinking forest areas and tampering by untrained people in an attempt to harvest
honey were known the main reasons for the decline in their population reported by farmers. The excessive
and indiscriminate use of pesticides was another reason reported for decline in honey bees flora. The
orchadists apply pesticides mostly at the time of pink bud stage. In the process of application, it falls on the
flowers of brassica and white clover grown beneath apple trees. These flowers are frequented by the bees
for collecting nectar and pollen and get affected.
Farmers’ perceptions on change in climate over time for apple and temperate fruit phenology in
temperate climate
All the farmers residing in the sampled villages experienced or realized change in climate over a
period of time in last 15 years. In 80 per cent of the studied villages, the farmers as a whole reported
advancement in natural flowering of apple, temperate fruits and crop flowering around villages by a week
time, whereas, remaining 20 % farmers responded no advancement in natural flowering around villages. In
the study villages 60 per cent farmers had perceptions of advancement in fruit setting by a week time and
in 30 percent of responded delay in fruit setting by a week time. The ten per cent farmers responded
increase in frequency of hail storms. There was increase in dry spell as the rain fall was decreasing and the
frequency and amount of snow fall was also declining. As per the information collected, 90 percent of
farmers reported decrease in snow fall in comparison to past. Occurrence of snow fall was higher (5 to 6
feet) in old days and there was also rise in temperature (both minimum and maximum). In all the sample
villages, the size of glaciers was noticed to be reducing due to early melting and lasting for long time
Due to climate change and favorable to cultivation of vegetable crops, 100 farmers have switched over to
vegetable crops especially the garden pea which provides higher returns to them as compared to cereals.
Impact assessment of climate change using crop growth simulation model of major crops in different
agro-climatic of the state.
Maize
The magnitude of impact of elevated CO2 was more under rainfed conditions. Under no resource
conditions 50 ppm & 100 ppm levels indicated an increase of more than 3.0% and 5.4% in 10th June
sown crop. Whereas, the subsequent planting window of 20th June showed 3.8 and 6.3% increase in
yield.
The highest yields under potential conditions and rainfed conditions were obtained on 10th June sown
crop at all levels of CO2. Under rainfed conditions 50 ppm and 100 ppm levels indicated an increase of
more than 4.3 and 8.1% in 10th June sown crop the elevated CO2 levels i.e. 420 and 470 ppm showed
an increase in yield.
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The impact 1 oC and 2
oC rise in temperature was simulated for maize crop at 370 ppm + CO2 levels.
The result showed decrease in yield due to increase in temperature by 1 oC and 2
oC rise in both
maximum and minimum.
Under no resource limitations conditions the magnitude of increase was higher at 100 ppm elevated
CO2 level. The best yield was obtained at 10th June planting window under potential conditions. Under
rainfed conditions the yield trends showed increase with increase in CO2 levels. There is an increase of
1-2 q/ha increase in yield due to CO2 levels. The best yield was obtained in 20th June sown crop.
The best simulated planting window for maize was 20th June under increased temperature of 1 and 2
oC under Dhaulakuan conditions based on 1989-2008 data.
Delay in sowing showed more impact of increased temperature.
Based on the simulated adaptations, the demonstration on different sowing at Farmers field were laid
out in Una districts represents similar elevation and climate of Dhaulakuan. The sowing done after 10th
– 20th June showed 4.6 quintal /ha higher yield of maize compared to 3rd week of June sowing.
Late sown Wheat
The late sown wheat crop under irrigated conditions at Palampur indicated that 30th November sown to
be the best planting window followed by 15th December under different planting windows from 30
th
November to 30th December.
Elevated levels of carbon dioxide 50 ppm and 100 ppm simulated under irrigated conditions were
compared with control 370 ppm indicated increase of 3.6 to 4.0 % and 1.7 to 7.5 % wheat yield in
Palampur conditions under planting windows from 30th
November to 30th December.
Under irrigated conditions the increase in temperature of 1 oC and 2
oC also increased the yield in all
the planting windows to the tune of 17.9 to 63.0 % and 33.2 to 113.4 %.
The simulated yield of late sown wheat crop under irrigated conditions at Palampur increased with rise
in 1 oC and 2
oC temperature when coupled with the elevated carbon dioxide levels of 50 and 100
ppm over different dates of sowing from 30th
November to 30th December. The increase in the yield
was found to be 23.0 to 69.7 % and 39.5 to 123.5 % under 1 oC and 2
oC elevated temperature levels
when coupled with increased 50 ppm CO2 level. Further increase of 100 ppm CO2 level increased the
yield by the tune of 27.9 to 76.1 percent..
The simulated planting windows worked out from 20 years simulations for maize and mustard crop.
The simulated planting windows and observed planting windows for maize and mustard crop in
farmers fields showed similar trends of yield in seven demonstrations during Kharif,2009 and Rabi
2009-10.
The productivity and tea quality (Two leaf and bud) showed increasing trends during past 27 years in
an experimental plot. The rainfall during March to May showed more than 50 percent reduction and
14
reflected in significant reduction of tea yield during these months the further decrease of rainfall would
decrease the yield of tea. Tea being a shady loving plant showed increase in productivity with increase
of sunshine during March to May but remaining month it showed decrease with increase of sunshine
durations. Evaporation increase during April to July showed decrease in productivity. Relative
humidity increase during March, August and September caused decrease in tea quality and
productivity. During entire plucking period from March to October, the increase in temperature from
mean temperature of 21.4 0
C showed increasing trends in productivity, whereas the quality lowered
down with increase in temperature.
All the transplanting windows from 10th June to 10
th July, the 20
th June transplanting to be the best
transplanting window showed maximum rice yield followed by 30th June under Palampur conditions.
Elevated carbon dioxide levels of 50 and 100 ppm over 370 ppm CO2 level showed an increase of 7.6
to 11.7 % and 14.8 to 20.8 % in yield of rice in all the transplanting windows from 10th June to 10
th
July under Palampur conditions.
Elevated temperature levels of 1 oC and 2
oC showed an increase in yield of rice in all the
transplanting windows. The simulated yield with 1 oC and 2
oC rise in temperature showed increase of
6.8 to 25 % and 14.8 to 35.6 percent under Palampur conditions.
The temperature rise of 1 oC and 2
oC coupled with 50 ppm elevated carbon dioxide level caused
reduction in the rice yield by 6.9 to 14.9 % and 6.5 to 25.9 % in almost all the transplanting windows
from 10th June to 10
th July. The further increase in carbon dioxide level to 100 ppm coupled with
temperature rise of 1 oC showed increase in the yield to the tune of 3.3 to 9.5 % in all the transplanting
windows except 10th June transplanting whereas, with the rise of 2
oC temperature the 20
th June and
10th July transplanting showed increase in the yield by 0.3 to 2.1 % in all transplanting windows under
Palampur conditions.
The reduction of 10 and 20 % of rainfall under Palampur conditions caused reduction in the rice yield
to the tune of 0.1 to 0.7 % under 10 % rainfall reduction except 30th June transplanting and 1.0 to
9.6 % under 20 % rainfall reduction.
Under dry spell of first two weeks of August month the yield of rice crop reduced in first two
transplanting windows 10th and 20
th June by 31 percent whereas, there was a increase of 1 to 7 percent
in yield under 30th June and 10
th July transplanting windows. However, under rainfed conditions with
the dry spell of first two weeks during the month of August and adaptation as one irrigation level the
yield of rice showed increase of 42.8 to 46.5 % in first two transplanting windows of 10th
and 20th June
whereas, the last two transplanting windows of 30th June and 10
th July reduced the yield.
The local knowledge with respect to SW monsoon amount and distribution was validated with local
observed data for different agro meteorological station. The data showed compliance of local
knowledge with observed weather data in past 36 years at Palampur whereas it was showed
inconsistent trends with Bajaura and Dhaulakuan.
In the climate literacy, three one day awareness programme/seminar on climate and weather and farmers were
organized at CSKHPKV, Palampur, Rice and Wheat research station Malan and KVK Kullu where 152, 48 and
15
36 farmers participated in the seminar. The Hindi literature on climate and its impact and role of weather forecast
in reducing the climate impact on crops were distributed.
Rice
All the transplanting windows from 10th June to 10
th July, the 20
th June transplanting to be the best
transplanting window showed maximum rice yield followed by 30th June under Palampur conditions.
Elevated carbon dioxide levels of 50 and 100 ppm over 370 ppm CO2 level showed an increase of 7.6
to 11.7 % and 14.8 to 20.8 % in yield of rice in all the transplanting windows from 10th June to 10
th
July under Palampur conditions.
Elevated temperature levels of 1 oC and 2
oC showed an increase in yield of rice in all the
transplanting windows. The simulated yield with 1 oC and 2
oC rise in temperature showed increase of
6.8 to 25 % and 14.8 to 35.6 percent under Palampur conditions.
The temperature rise of 1 oC and 2
oC coupled with 50 ppm elevated carbon dioxide level caused
reduction in the rice yield by 6.9 to 14.9 % and 6.5 to 25.9 % in almost all the transplanting windows
from 10th June to 10
th July. The further increase in carbon dioxide level to 100 ppm coupled with
temperature rise of 1 oC showed increase in the yield to the tune of 3.3 to 9.5 % in all the transplanting
windows except 10th June transplanting whereas, with the rise of 2
oC temperature the 20
th June and
10th July transplanting showed increase in the yield by 0.3 to 2.1 % in all transplanting windows under
Palampur conditions.
The reduction of 10 and 20 % of rainfall under Palampur conditions caused reduction in the rice yield
to the tune of 0.1 to 0.7 % under 10 % rainfall reduction except 30th June transplanting and 1.0 to
9.6 % under 20 % rainfall reduction.
Under dry spell of first two weeks of August month the yield of rice crop reduced in first two
transplanting windows 10th and 20
th June by 31 percent whereas, there was a increase of 1 to 7 percent
in yield under 30th June and 10
th July transplanting windows. However, under rainfed conditions with
the dry spell of first two weeks during the month of August and adaptation as one irrigation level the
yield of rice showed increase of 42.8 to 46.5 % in first two transplanting windows of 10th
and 20th June
whereas, the last two transplanting windows of 30th June and 10
th July reduced the yield.
Soybean
10th June sown crop to be the best planting window under rainfed conditions of Palampur. One and
two degree rise in temperature and CO2 levels did not change the planting window in soybean.
Elevated levels of 50 ppm and carbon dioxide showed an increase by 5% and 10.2 percent in soybean
yield.
The temperature rise of 1 and 2oC showed reduction to the tune 1.3 to 3.5 and 4 to 6 percent
respectively. The temperature rise of 1 and 2oC coupled with 50 ppm elevated carbon dioxide
increased the yield in all planting windows. The further increase in carbon dioxide level to 100 ppm
increased ranging 11 to 13.6 percent in 1 oC and 7 to 10% in 2
oC rise in temperature.
Rainfall decrease of 10% increased the yield by 1 to 1.5 %, but with 420 ppm carbon dioxide increased
the yield by 8.4 to 12.7 % in all dates of sowing.
16
Mustard
The results revealed that 09 November to be the best planting window but this planting shifted to early
date to 20 October under two and three irrigations conditions. Under the four and six irrigations levels,
10 October was the best planting date for mustard.. Yield showed decrease with delay in sowing from
10 Oct to 09 November
Under rainfed and two irrigations conditions 1 0C rise temperature caused reduction in yield in 10
th Oct
to 09 November sown crop. Four and six irrigations conditions were benefited with 1- 2 0C rise
temperature in all the sowing windows.
Elevated levels of carbon dioxide 420 and 470 ppm levels of carbon dioxide showed in general
increase in yield all dates of sowing and under irrigated conditions. however the results simulated were
inconsistent. The yield in general increased under two and rainfed conditions at higher levels of Co2
but it showed decrease when compared with control. Irrigated conditions
Under rainfed and two irrigations conditions yield of mustard decreased with rise in 10C and 2
0C
temperature over different dates of sowing. The four and six irrigations levels showed Increase in yield
in all planting windows with 1and 2 0 C rise in temperature + 50 ppm carbon dioxide.
The 10 percent rainfall reduction plus one degree rise in temperature showed decrease in yield in all
the planting windows compared with normal conditions based on last one decade data. The magnitude
of decrease in yield due to rain fall reduction and increased temperature and co2 was more in early
sowing than delayed sowing of crop.
Demonstration studies for verifications of simulated adaptations for maize and wheat in Kangra and
Chamba district of HP
The field demonstrations on farmers’ fields at Una, Kangra and Chamba with ECFs farmers for
simulated maize planting windows and Mustard crops laid out to verify the simulated adaptations viz.
Change of sowing windows. The 200 sq mt area was taken for demonstrations.
Maize: The best simulated planting date for maize was 20th June under increased temperature of 1 and 2
0C
under Dhaulakuan conditions (Based 1989-2008 data) and delayed sowing showed more impact of
increased temperature. Based on the simulated adaptations, the demonstrations on different sowing at
Farmers field were laid out in Una districts represents similar elevation and climate of Dhaulakuan.
Likewise 2009 similar results were obtained during this year. The sowing done after 10-20 June showed
3.0 quintal /ha higher yield of maize compared to 1-10 June sowing window both under farmers practice
and recommended packages (Table 1).
Rice: The calibrated and validated crop model showed higher yield late transplanting of rice. The
demonstration also showed the results that late transplanting under subtropical conditions gave higher yield
that timely transplanted crop. Late transplanted crop gave 8.6 Percent higher yield. The late onset and
sluggish start of monsoon is climate major constraint (Table 1).
17
Mustard: The simulated planting windows for mustard was November ,9 based on 20 years simulation
under increased temperature and 1-3 irrigations conditions at Palampur region. Based on the simulated
planting windows demonstration on farmers field was laid out to verify the simulated adaptations. The
yield of mustard crops was 21 kg /ha higher when crop was sown during 1-15 November, 2010 compared
to crops sown during October 20-30 October. The farmers practice also showed similar results (Table 1).
Wheat: The simulated planting windows for wheat under Palampur conditions showed late sowing as the
best sowing. Based on the simulated planting windows demonstration on farmers field was laid out to
verify the simulated adaptations. The yield of wheat crops sown during 1-10 November was 12 percent
lower than crops sown during November 11-20, 2010(Table 1).
Validation of Local Indigenous Traditional knowledge (ITK) of climate and weather.
The farmers from Palampur, Baijnath, Nagrota, Nurpur, Bhatyat and Chamba were surveyed and
information on the ITKs mentioned was collected for its usage in their crop production activities. Total
100-120 farmers were tested.
Validation of ITK’s on weather information from farmers
Farmers from various districts of Himachal Pradesh have accumulated indigenous knowledge of
their environment to find solution to management problems by taking series decisions and implementing
them by allocating resources in manner to be the most effective or efficient. The different observations are
then used in different agricultural activities.
The interview with farmers revealed that by observing the behaviour of honey bees, dragonflies, cranes,
ants, frog etc. occurrence of rainfall can be predicted. 80 percent of the farmers interviewed in the
Palampur region professed that honey bees flying towards northern hills indicate lack of rains. 95 percent
farmers felt that when frogs start croaking indicates onset of rainy season. 77 percent farmers reported that
when fruits of Jamun and Mango ripe on the trees the year will witness bumper harvest of all other crops.
Farmers also believed that by observing the heavenly bodies various weather phenomena can be predicted.
40 percent of farmers perceived that appearance of a comet during March and April and rainy season is an
indicator of good rains during summer and excessive rains during rainy season. Its appearance, however
during other seasons gives extremely dry and famine conditions. 90 percent farmers also felt that when
water drops are adsorbed on the water pipes during morning hours, then the rainfall is expected within a
week. 45 percent farmers believed that cawing of crows during night, appearance of foxes during day time
climbing of trees by snakes suggest ensuing dry spells.
Rambaan (Agave Americana) is used by 75 percent of farmers against insect diseases like leaf folder, Rice
hispa and bacterial blight whereas 88 percent farmers use chulla(wood ash) ash on vegetable crops like
cucurbits, onion, brinjal, tomato, garlic for the control of insect like red pumpkin beetle, defoliating beetle,
thrips and aphids. Mixed cropping (Wheat + sarson) (Maize + soybean/cowpea/Mash/Cucumber, Rice +
mash) is practiced by 95 percent of farmers under low rainfall conditions. Farmers use drek plant (Melia
azandrach) (60%) tara mira (77%) and tobacco leaves (70%) for curing various animal diseases.
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The validation of local knowledge on SW monsoon rainfall distribution was done. The maximum
temperature during 7 to 24 June showed the positive trends with amount and distribution of SW- monsoon.
At Palampur, when teer period temperature showed increase, the rainfall distribution i.e. dry days viz. 1-
day, 2-days , 3-consective days.4-consective days and 5-consective dry days during July to September
showed decrease in last 36 years data. The July and September months showed negative correlations with
dry days. Whereas August showed positive correlations signifying that frequency of dry days showed
increase with increase in maximum temperature during teer period. The amount of SW monsoon showed
positive correlation with temperature during teer period. Higher the temperature during teer period higher
is the amount of rainfall. The local knowledge was also verified for the Dhalakuan and Bajuara region but
showed inconsistent results. The perceptions of the farmers about local knowledge correspond true with
weather data of past 36 years for Palampur region.
Identification of resilient varieties adapted (field and vegetable crops) to changing climate in
Himachal Pradesh
The total geographical area of Himachal Pradesh has been divided into four agro-climatic zones
which represent regions of different elevations and weather conditions. The climatic conditions of state are
suitable for raising variety of field and fruit crops including off-season vegetables and seed production of
temperate vegetables. Various climate resilient varieties for field and vegetable crops suitable for rainfed
cultivation are identified for different agro-climatic zones of the state.
Climate literacy among stakeholders
Technology dissemination : One day awareness programme on Climate literacy to Farmers were
carried out in three places at CSKHPKV, Palampur, rice and wheat research Station Malan and KVK
Kullu.
Seminar on Climate, Weather and Farmers:
The 152 farmers, (men and women), four media persons, four Agriculture department officers and
15 faculty from four districts Una, Chamba, Hamirpur and Kangra participated in the one day seminar on
“Climate, Weather and Farmers” held in seminar hall, Directorate of Extension Education of CSK HPKV,
Palampur on dated 17.03.10. Climate change, its indicators and impact of climate change was displayed
through the poster s and lecture on different aspects were delivered. In addition to this application of
weather forecasts to reduce the climate vulnerability was also discussed
Two one day awareness programme at Rice and wheat research station Malan, Kangra where 48
farmers participated and at KVK Kullu 36 farmers attended the one day awareness programme on climate
on 5.4. 2010 at Malan and KVK, Kullu on 12.4.2010.
The precise survey schedule was prepared and distributed to the farmers. The farmers’ perceptions
were worked out on the percent response of the farmers to particularly query. More than 84 percent
farmers perceived that television is the best media for climate and weather information. With regard to
climate change majority of farmers responded that they have changed their cropping patterns and sowing
19
dates. The planting dates are changed every year depending upon the sowing rains during rabi and Kharif
season. The delayed maize sowing during second week of June is beneficial these days. All the farmers
showed their willingness for such seminars.
Earth Day Celebration 22 April 2011 was celebrated and the theme
of the day was Global Warming and Agriculture The total 71 college
Students and 30 faculties participated in CSKHPKV Palampur.
Painting Competition: Among the 81
student from 12 schools surrounding
Palampur participated in the competition to create awareness of climate
literacy. The theme of painting was Global warming: Towards Clean and
Green Himalayas.
Under NSS volunteer Programme: A
programme in Sidhwari School was organized with local farmer’s
participation to demonstrate the indication impact of Climate Change
in crops and water resources 80 students participated in the camp.
NGO’s Jagori : An awareness programme on 17 February 2011 was
organized where TIW lecture to members were delivered in Hindi :
Climate change impacts and value added weather information .
20
Research gaps or Future Thrust in Mountain agriculture in Himachal Pradesh
1. Development of climate risks matrix for each climate change risk to be used for adaptations.
2. Promotion of climate resilient practices and ITKs validations for enhancing adaptive capacity
3. Local germplasm be modified for short duration to mitigate failure of rainfed crops in the face of
climate change and Heat and drought tolerant varieties adapted to climatic variability and
changes specific to mountain agriculture.
4. Assessment of spatial and temporal availability of surface and ground water irrigation.
5. Forecast models for yield predictions research be strengthen to reduce after harvest losses.
6. Promote application of microbiological inputs in agriculture (bio-fertilizer and bio-control agents
to reduce the climate vulnerability)
7. Value added weather management services vis-à-vis agricultural activities at block scale.
(Application of short, medium and long range weather forecast for reducing production risks)
8. Land use changes is relation to higher Carbon sequestration potential based cropping system be
encouraged.
9. Development of Geospatial and remote sensing database for agricultural activities including
precision farming for climate change (DEM and satellite imageries and development of decision
support systems based on geospatial database. And change detection)
21
10. Developing pest forecasting system covering a range of parameters for contingency planning and
monitoring of insect-pests scenario with a view to identify the insect-pests invading crops in the
state.
11. Strengthening research on quantifying the regional level impact assessment of climate change on
production resources, crops, livestock and fisheries using field and controlled environment
facilities as well as simulation models.
12. Monitoring of phenology, especially of perennials as bio-indicators of climate variability and
change.
13. Cost-effective opportunities for reducing GHGs generation from Agriculture
Research and Development in climate change
List of Publication related to climate change
Research papers
1. Ranbir Singh Rana, R.M. Bhagat, Vaibhav Kalia and Chitra Sood (2006) Inventory of glaciers and glacial lakes as affected by changing climate in Satluj river basin of Himachal Pradesh. Journal of
Agricultural Physics. Vol. 6(1):28-34.
2. Ranbir Singh Rana, R. M. Bhagat, Vaibhav Kalia, and Harbans Lal 2010.IMPACT OF CLIMATE
CHANGE ON SHIFT OF APPLE BELT IN HIMACHAL PRADESH. Paper published in ISPRS WG VIII/6 Archives XXXVIII-8/W3 Workshop proceedings: Impact of climate change on Agriculture pp
131-137( Edited by: Sushma Panigrahy, Shibendu Shankar Ray and Jai Singh Parihar Space
Application Centre Ahmadabad 3. Ranbir Singh Rana, R. M.Bhagat, and Vaibhav Kalia
and Rohit Sharma 2010.Global warming impact
on Himalayan Water reserves of Himachal Pradesh. Key lecture presented in National Symposium on
climate change & Live stock productivity in India w.e.f. 7-8 October, 2010 at NDRI Karnal (Session VI) Pg 135-142.
4. Ranbir Singh Rana, R. M. Bhagat and Vaibhav Kalia, 2011 Impact of climate change on apple crop
in Himachal Pradesh, India, Journal of Agro meteorology. Vol 13 (2):91-99.
5. RAJENDRA PRASAD* AND R.S. RANA, 2010, Length of Rainy Season and Climatic Water Balance as Influenced by Climate Change in the Sub Temperate and Sub Tropical Mid Hills of
Himachal Pradesh. Journal of Agricultural Physics Vol. 10, pp. 44-49 (2010)
6. R. S. RANA, R. M. BHAGAT and VAIBHAV KALIA (2011) Impact of climate change on apple crop in Himachal Pradesh. Journal of Agrometeorology 13 (2): 97-103 (Dec 2011)
7. R.S. RANA, A.B. BHOSALE, RUCHISOOD, ROHIT SHARMA and NAVELL CHANDER.
(2011). Simulating impact of climate change on mustard (Brassica juncea) production in Himachal
Pradesh .Journal of Agrometeorology 13 (2): 104-109 (Dec 2011)
Papers presented in Symposium/Workshop
1. Ranbir Singh Rana, R.M. Bhagat, Vaibhav Kalia and Chitra Sood (2006) Inventory of glaciers and
glacial lakes as affected by changing climate in Satluj river basin of Himachal Pradesh. Poster
presented at the International Policy workshop on ‘Application of space technology for monitoring
natural resources, climate change and social development’ held at Shimla, India on May 31, 2006.
2. Ranbir Singh Rana, R.M. Bhagat, Rajinder Prasad, Harbans Lal, Vaibhav Kalia and Chitra Sood
(2006) Climatic element trends at different elevation and impact on water resources in Himachal
Pradesh. Poster presented at the International Policy workshop on ‘Application of space technology
22
for monitoring natural resources, climate change and social development’ held at Shimla, India on May 31, 2006
3. R.M. Bhagat, Vaibhav Kalia, Ranbir Rana, 2008. A Disastrous Flash Floods in Himachal Pradesh,
India– A case study of Satluj River Basin, Paper presented in Xth International symposium on high mountain remote sensing cartography (HIMRSC-X)- Himalaya From Space, EDUSPACE held at
ICIMOD Kathmandu w.e.f. 8-11 September,2008 pp 53.
4. Ranbir Singh Rana, R. M. Bhagat, Vaibhav Kalia and Harbans Lal. Impact of climate change on shift of apple belt in Himachal Pradesh. 2009 . Presented paper in International workshop on
“Impact of climate change on Agriculture w.e.f.17-18 December, 2009 at SAC ISRO, Ahmadabad,
India, Proceedings of seminar (Published In Technical Session Abstract Map India 2010.
5. Ranbir Singh Rana, Man Mohan Singh Sandhu, S.K.Upadhyay,Rohit Sharma and Ruchi
Sharma.2010 Impact of changing climatic conditions on temperate fruit crops of Himachal
Pradesh.2010.Paper presented in National Symposium “Impact of climate change on fruit crops (ICCFC-2010) w.e.f.608 October,2010 AT PAU Ludhiana.(Abstract 4.3.9 Souvenir & Abstract pp
102-103.
6. Ranbir Singh Rana, Sharda Singh, Vaibhav Kalia, Vijayshri Sen, Ruchi Sood and Kunal Sood,
ORGANIC FARMING: AN ENTERPRISE TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE IN MOUNTAIN
AGRICULTURE. Presented in National Symposium-cum-Brainstorming Workshop on Organic Agriculture" organized by the Organic Society of India, Palampur (HP) INDIA at CSKHPKV,
Palampur (HP) INDIA on April 19-20, 2011.
7. Ranbir Singh Rana, Anup Katoch, Sharda Singh, Vijayshri Sen, Sunil Kumar and Ruchi Sood,
Revisiting traditional farming knowledge and weather predictions in Himachal Pradesh:
Adaptations to climate change through organic agriculture. Presented in National Symposium
cum-Brainstorming Workshop on Organic Agriculture" organized by the Organic Society of India,
Palampur (HP) INDIA at CSKHPKV, Palampur (HP) INDIA on April 19-20, 2011.
8. Ranbir Singh Ranaa, Anup Katoch
b, Man Mohan Singh
c, Ruchi Sood
a , Vijayshri Sen
a and
Jai Dev Sharma. Climate resilient practices in rural areas and indigenous technical knowledge
on climate information in Himachal Pradesh. Presented in Seminar on Rural Development: Present
Scenario and Future Challenges” to be organized from March 26 to 27, 2011 at Hotel Holiday Home,
Shimla.
Book Chapter:
1. Rajiv Mohan Bhagat, Ranbir Singh Rana, and Vaibhav Kalia 2009.Weather Changes related Shift
of Apple Belt in Himachal Pradesh. In- Global Climate change and Indian Agriculture (edited Book).
Indian Council of agricultural Research, New Delhi.2009 .pp48-53.
2. RANBIR SINGH RANA, R. M. BHAGAT VAIBHAV KALIA and HARBANS LAL, Impact of
Climate Change on Shift of Apple Belt in Himachal Pradesh, India Book Chapter submitted Climate Change, Development and Governance: A Handbook on Climate Change and India: Development,
Politics and Governance . Edited by; Navroz K. Dubash OXFORD UNVERSITY PRESS-2011
Lead paper: 1. Ranbir Singh Rana, R. M. Bhagat, and Vaibhav Kalia
and Rohit Sharma 2010.”Global warming
impact on Himalayan Water reserves of Himachal Pradesh”. Key lecture presented in National
Symposium on climate change & Live stock productivity in India w.e.f. 7-8 October, 2010 at NDRI,
Karnal (Session VI ) Pg 135-142.
23
2. Impact of climate change on Mountain agriculture (In Hindi) in the national symposium on weather and climate organized by Ministry of Earth Sciences GOI New Delhi on 10 December, 2010.
Invited Lecture published in Compendium:
1. Natural and anthropogenic causes of climate change Delivered to Scientists from KVKs of Himachal
Pradesh on 29.3.2010 Vide office order No 3-25/Tech/DEE/CSKHPKV/3890-3904 dated 26.3.10 in
the directorate of Extension Education.Lecture published in Compendium
2. Role of crop modeling in assessing impacts of climate change and adaptations options. Delivered to
Scientists from KVKs of Himachal Pradesh on 29.3.2010 Vide office order No 3-
25/Tech/DEE/CSKHPKV/3890-3904 dated 26.3.10 in the Directorate of Extension Education.
3. Ranbir Singh Rana, R. M.Bhagat, and Vaibhav Kalia and Rohit Sharma 2010.”Global warming impact
on Himalayan Water reserves of Himachal Pradesh”. Key lecture published In compendium on
National Symposium on climate change & Live stock productivity in India w.e.f. 7-8 October,2010 at NDRI Karnal (Session VI ) Pg 135-142.
4. CLIMATE CHANGE INDICATORS AND ITS IMPACTS ON MOUNTAIN
AGRICULTURE. Indian Council Social Science Research sponsored Seminar on
Diversification of Agriculture and Vulnerability to Climate change for sustainable Food Security and livelihoods in North Western Himalayas Organized by Department of
Agricultural Economics, Extension Education & Rural Sociology on 28 February to March 1,
2011 at COA, Palampur.
Hindi Book:
Book entitled “Jalvayu paribatan avam parvatiya kheti ”Edited by Ranbir Singh
Rana, Published from Directorate of Research, CSKHPKV, Palampur
International Seminar/Conference Attended:
1. Attended International workshop on “Impact of climate change on Agriculture w.e.f.17-18 December, 2009 at SAC, ISRO, Ahmadabad, India
2. Attended Himalayan Chief Minister’s Conclave on Indian Himalayas : Glaciers, Climate Change and
Livelihoods organized by Department of environment, Science and Technology & LEAD –India at Peterhof Shimla on 29-30 October,2009
Participation in National Seminars/Symposia/Workshop/Conferences etc.
1. Attended Annual workshop of Project “Impact, Vulnerability and Adaptation of Mountain Agriculture to Climate Changes’ at Central plantation Research Institute at Kasaragod Kerala, INDIA w.e.f. 22-25
September, 2005.
2. Attended workshop on Impacts of future climate change scenarios on different crops under Project “Impact, Vulnerability and Adaptation of Mountain Agriculture to Climate Changes’ at Division of
Environmental Sciences, Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi, INDIA w.e.f. 12-17
December, 2005
3. Attended workshop on” Assessing Impact of Changing Climate on Soil and Water Resources” w.e.f. February 27 to March,1,2006 at Central Soil & Water Conservation Research and Training Institute
(ICAR) Dehradun (Uttranchal) .
4. Attended Annual workshop of Project “Impact, Vulnerability and Adaptation of Mountain Agriculture to Climate Changes’ at National Dairy Research Institute at Karnal Haryana, INDIA w.e.f. 10-11
August, 2006.
5. Attended Annual Review Meeting of the project “Impact, Vulnerability and Adaptation of Mountain Agriculture to Climate Changes’ at Central Marine Fishery Research Institute at Cochin (Kerala),
INDIA w.e.f. 19-21, March, 2007.
6. Attended workshop on Detail methodology for impact assessment using Info crop model of project of
the project “Modelling Impacts, Adaptations of Major crops of Himachal Pradesh at Division of
Environmental Sciences Indian Agricultural Research Institute Pusa New Delhi INDIA w.e.f. 14-
16, June, 2007.
24
7. Attended National Conference on Climate Change and Indian Agriculture at NASC New Delhi w.e.f. 12-13 October, 2007.
8. Attended Annual Review Meeting of project” Modelling Impacts, Adaptations of Major crops of
Himachal Pradesh at NASC Complex, New Delhi INDIA w.e.f. 14-15, October, 2007. 9. Attended Annual Review Meeting of project” Modeling Impacts, Adaptations of Major crops of
Himachal Pradesh at CRIDA-Hyderabad INDIA, w.e.f. 23-24, June, 2008.
10. Attended Annual workshop of project” Impact, Adaptation And Vulnerability Of Indian
Agriculture to Climate Change” and NATCOM w.e.f. 2 to 4 July, 2009 at CRIDA Hyderabad. 11. Attended Annual Review Work shop of project “Impact, Vulnerability and Adaptation of Mountain
Agriculture to Climate Changes’ submitted to ICAR New Delhi ( September,21-23 At AAU Anand, Gujarat)
Popular articles
1. Ranbir Singh Rana, R Prasad Singh, Vaibhav Kalia, Ruchi Sood and Rohit Shrama, 2010. Himachal Main Jalvayu parivartan ke Krishi par parbhav ba niyantran ke liye su jhav ( Impact of climate change
on agriculture and methods to reduce the impact. Parvitya Kheti bari ,July-September Vol.30 (3) page:
20-25 DEE , CSKHPKV Palampur. 2. Ranbir Singh Rana, Man Mohan Singh, Ruchi Sharma and Rohit Sharma, 2011. Madhya parvitiya
kshetron main Madhyam Avadhi mousam poorvanuman ki yathartkata avam Krishi main upyog.
( Reliability of medium range weather forecasts in mid hills of H.P and its application in agriculture)
Parvitya Kheti Bari, October to December Vol.31(4),pp 23-25.
25
Book chapter in Hindi (Published by Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOES ) New Delhi)
1. Ranbir Singh Rana, Rajiv Mohan Bhagat, Sharda Singh, Rohit Sharma Vaibhav Kalia and
Vijayshri Sen ,ihmaacala pd̀oSa maoM jalavaayau pirvat-na ko saUcak Ê pB̀aava evaM inayan~Na ko sauJaava (Climate
change indicators, impact and mitigations measures in Himachal Pradesh). In Climate change book
Published by Ministry of Earth Sciences (in Hindi) New Delhi,2011
2. Ranbir Singh Rana, Man Mohan Singh, Rohit Sharma , Aditya Rana and Vijayshri Sen maQya
pva-tIya xao~aoM maoM maQyama AvaiQa maaOsama pUva-anaumaana kI yaqaaqa-ta evaM ]pyaaoigata kI vaOQaainak isqait,,
(Reliability and applicability of Medium range weather forecast in mid hill regions of Himachal
Pradesh). In Climate change book Published by Ministry of Earth Sciences (in Hindi) New Delhi,2011
3. Rohit Sharma, Ranbir Singh Rana, Vijayshri Sen, Aditya Rana and Ruch Sood, PaSaupalana maoM
maaOsama pUva-anaumaana AaQaairt kRiYa maaOsama pramaSa- saovaaeoM maO mah%ba, , (Importance of Agro advisory
services based on medium range weather forecast in livestock management ). In Climate change book
Published by Ministry of Earth Sciences (in Hindi) New Delhi,2011
4. Ranbir Singh Rana, Harbans Lal, Rohit Sharma Vijayshri Sen, Aditya Rana and Ruchi
Sood.,iksaanaaoM kI raya maoM ihmaacala pd̀oSa ko pva-tIya xao~aoM maoM jalavaayau pirvat-na: ek pk̀r̀Na AQyyana
(Farmers’ Perceptions of climate change in Himachal Pradesh). In Climate change book Published by
Ministry of Earth Sciences (in Hindi) New Delhi,2011
Radio Talk
1. Participated as an expert in Madyam avadhi mousam Poorvanuman ka Krishi man mahatav (Utility of
medium range weather forecast (MRWF) in Agriculture) 24th March 2002. AIR, Dharmshala (H.P.).
(Importance of Medium Range Weather Forecasting in Agriculture).
Doordarshan Talk
1 Participated as an expert in Public Help Line (Live-Phone-in) on topic “Impact of adverse weather
conditions on crops. Date of telecast (Live) 9.03.2006 at 7.30 pm for 30 minutes.
2. Live –Phone- In on dated 11.8.2010 at 6.00pm on Topic “ Badalate mousam ka krishi par prbhav” as an expert,Vide letter no. SML/DDK/KD/2008-09/4351 dated 29.7.2010.
3. Recorded TV programme on Climate Change as part of university documentary and telecasted in
Doordarshan Delhi on 30.3.2010 at 6.15 am
National Workshop/Symposium /Kisan Divas organized:
Kisan Divas on climate change Organized:
1. Organized one Day Farmers’ Interaction Meets/Awareness programme on “Climate change weather
forecasting” in collaboration with Rice and Wheat Research Station at Malan Kangra on 5.4.2010. 45
farmers and eight research scientist participated in the awareness camp at Malan
2. Organized one Day Farmers’ Interaction Meets/Awareness programme on “Climate change weather
forecasting” in collaboration KVK Kullu at Bajaura on 12.4.2010. 38 farmers and seven scientists
participated in the camp
3. Organized One day seminar on “Weather climate and Farmers” on 17.3 2010 in CSKHPKV Palampur
under IAAS project. About 130 farmers from Kangra ,Una , Chamba and Hamirpur and 20 Faculty
Media persons and civil society members participated in the seminar
Invited Lecture: 1. Topic “Contingency plan for rainfed agriculture with respect to climate change on 26.02.2010 at
Forest Complex Dharamshalla under HP Mid Himalayan Watershed Dev. Project in the STATE
LEVEL WORKSHOP ON RAINFED AGRICULTURESTATE LEVEL WORKSHOP ON RAINFED
AGRICULTURE organized by HP Mid Himalayan Watershed Dev.Project at Dharamshalla.
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2. Natural and anthropogenic causes of climate change Delivered to Scientists from KVKs of Himachal
Pradesh on 29.3.2010 Vide office order No 3-25/Tech/DEE/CSKHPKV/3890-3904 dated 26.3.10 in
the directorate of Extension Education.
3. Role of crop modeling in assessing impacts of climate change and adaptations options. Delivered to
Scientists from KVKs of Himachal Pradesh on 29.3.2010 Vide office order No 3-
25/Tech/DEE/CSKHPKV/3890-3904 dated 26.3.10 in the Directorate of Extension Education.
4. Impact of climate change on Mountain agriculture (In Hindi) in the national symposium on weather
and climate organized by Ministry of Earth Sciences, GOI New Delhi on December 10, 2010.
5. Invited lecture for ICSSR sponsored seminar on Diversification of Agriculture and vulnerability to climate change for sustainable food security and livelihoods in North Western Himalayas” to held at
CSKHPKV, Palampur w.e.f. 10-11 February ,2011 ( vide letter no 5-7?econ/Seminar-2859 dated
1.12.2010 organized by Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension Education and Rural
Sociology COA, CKHPKV , Palampur( Vide letter No 5-7/Econ/seminar-255 dated 13.1.2011 by HOD )
6. Invited lecture on “Application of Geographic Information system and remote Sensing in water
resources vis-à-vis climate change in Himachal Pradesh” in State level Workshop on “Spring
recharge rejuvenation of Natural springs by artificial recharge and catchment treatment at,
Hotel Vishal Residency, Palampur on 28 March, 2011organised by Regional Director Central Ground
Water Board Ministry of Water Resources) GOI NHR Barol Dari Dharamshala)
7. Invited lecture on Climate change adaptations in land based livelihoods & gender Perspective
Organised by JAGORI RURAL CHARITABLE TRUST VPO RAKKAR Dharamshalla on
February , 21, 2011 at Jagori Training Centre
8. Invited lecture of 1st Indian forest Congress Workshop on Forest and climate to be held at
Shimla on August 17,2011
Members of specialist Committee:
Appointed as core committee member of Drought mitigation of the university
Appointed as core committee member for weather related queries of the university
Appointed the member of District wise Contingency Plan by Hon’ble Vice Chancellor Appointed the
member of team to address the issues related to Climate Change by Hon’ble Vice Chancellor
Appointed the Nodal officer for H.P state on Weather forecasting and agro advisory services under
NeGP Agricultural Mission mode project by the state Government of H.P.
Appointed Member of state working group on mission Sustainable agriculture